History of the Root Server System
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ARIN History and Services
History and Services www.arin.net Table of Contents Part I: History..............................................................................................3 How did ARIN get started?..................................................................3 Where does ARIN fit in the “Big Picture”?.......................................4 Key Organizations - ICANN, the NRO, and PTI/IANA..................5 ARIN Community & Membership......................................................7 Stakeholders.............................................................................................7 ARIN the Organization..........................................................................8 ARIN Staff...................................................................................................8 ARIN Elections........................................................................................12 Part II: Services........................................................................................13 The Internet Numbering Landscape.............................................13 ARIN’S Strategic Plan..........................................................................16 Scope of ARIN Services – the things we do for you!................16 Get Involved...........................................................................................20 Acronym Quick Guide.........................................................................21 2 Part I: History How did ARIN get started? 1960s to 1980s: Internet Foundation The formation of -
Initiatives Actors
Governing the internet – actors and initiatives An illustration of the diversity of actors and initiatives influencing the rules, norms, principles and decision-making processes governing the use of the internet globally.* Initiatives Multi-stakeholder Internet and Global Forum EU Internet Global Network UN Open Ended Jurisdiction of Cyber Forum Initiative Working Group5 Policy Network Expertise Alliance for Internet Paris Call2 Affordable EURODIG3 Governance Internet Forum The Geneva WeProtect Christchurch ICANN1 Internet Society Dialogue Global Alliance Call4 Intergovernmental United G7 Digital & Transatlantic International Nations Technology High Level Watch and Group on the Ministerial Group Working Group…6 Warning Network Information UNODC Society Intergovern- Freedom Online mental Expert UNGGE7 Coalition Group on Cybercrime Actors Governments International Organisations (including regional) Technical communities Number World Wide Internet Resource Web Consortium Infrastructure Organization (W3C) Coalition Global Network Internet Operator Group Architecture (NOG) Alliance Board 13 9 12 Regional 11 Industrial 10 Internet ITU8 Internet ARIN Consortium Registries (RIRs) APNIC AFRINIC LACNIC RIPE NCC Multinational companies Online platforms Oversight Facebook Microsoft Apple Tencent Board** Snapchat Instagram Skype iMessage WeChat Telegram Alphabet Baidu Twitter Messenger Bing Facetime QQ SinaCorp Whatsapp LinkedIn YouTube Tieba Qzone ByteDance Mail.ru Verizon Weibo Google Sohu Kuaishou Naver GoDaddy Douyin Yahoo! Reddit Yandex TikTok -
Configuring DNS
Configuring DNS The Domain Name System (DNS) is a distributed database in which you can map hostnames to IP addresses through the DNS protocol from a DNS server. Each unique IP address can have an associated hostname. The Cisco IOS software maintains a cache of hostname-to-address mappings for use by the connect, telnet, and ping EXEC commands, and related Telnet support operations. This cache speeds the process of converting names to addresses. Note You can specify IPv4 and IPv6 addresses while performing various tasks in this feature. The resource record type AAAA is used to map a domain name to an IPv6 address. The IP6.ARPA domain is defined to look up a record given an IPv6 address. • Finding Feature Information, page 1 • Prerequisites for Configuring DNS, page 2 • Information About DNS, page 2 • How to Configure DNS, page 4 • Configuration Examples for DNS, page 13 • Additional References, page 14 • Feature Information for DNS, page 15 Finding Feature Information Your software release may not support all the features documented in this module. For the latest caveats and feature information, see Bug Search Tool and the release notes for your platform and software release. To find information about the features documented in this module, and to see a list of the releases in which each feature is supported, see the feature information table at the end of this module. Use Cisco Feature Navigator to find information about platform support and Cisco software image support. To access Cisco Feature Navigator, go to www.cisco.com/go/cfn. An account on Cisco.com is not required. -
Adopting Encrypted DNS in Enterprise Environments
National Security Agency | Cybersecurity Information Adopting Encrypted DNS in Enterprise Environments Executive summary Use of the Internet relies on translating domain names (like “nsa.gov”) to Internet Protocol addresses. This is the job of the Domain Name System (DNS). In the past, DNS lookups were generally unencrypted, since they have to be handled by the network to direct traffic to the right locations. DNS over Hypertext Transfer Protocol over Transport Layer Security (HTTPS), often referred to as DNS over HTTPS (DoH), encrypts DNS requests by using HTTPS to provide privacy, integrity, and “last mile” source authentication with a client’s DNS resolver. It is useful to prevent eavesdropping and manipulation of DNS traffic. While DoH can help protect the privacy of DNS requests and the integrity of responses, enterprises that use DoH will lose some of the control needed to govern DNS usage within their networks unless they allow only their chosen DoH resolver to be used. Enterprise DNS controls can prevent numerous threat techniques used by cyber threat actors for initial access, command and control, and exfiltration. Using DoH with external resolvers can be good for home or mobile users and networks that do not use DNS security controls. For enterprise networks, however, NSA recommends using only designated enterprise DNS resolvers in order to properly leverage essential enterprise cybersecurity defenses, facilitate access to local network resources, and protect internal network information. The enterprise DNS resolver may be either an enterprise-operated DNS server or an externally hosted service. Either way, the enterprise resolver should support encrypted DNS requests, such as DoH, for local privacy and integrity protections, but all other encrypted DNS resolvers should be disabled and blocked. -
A Letter to the FCC [PDF]
Before the FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION Washington, DC 20554 In the Matter of ) ) Amendment of Part 0, 1, 2, 15 and 18 of the ) ET Docket No. 15170 Commission’s Rules regarding Authorization ) Of Radio frequency Equipment ) ) Request for the Allowance of Optional ) RM11673 Electronic Labeling for Wireless Devices ) Summary The rules laid out in ET Docket No. 15170 should not go into effect as written. They would cause more harm than good and risk a significant overreach of the Commission’s authority. Specifically, the rules would limit the ability to upgrade or replace firmware in commercial, offtheshelf home or smallbusiness routers. This would damage the compliance, security, reliability and functionality of home and business networks. It would also restrict innovation and research into new networking technologies. We present an alternate proposal that better meets the goals of the FCC, not only ensuring the desired operation of the RF portion of a WiFi router within the mandated parameters, but also assisting in the FCC’s broader goals of increasing consumer choice, fostering competition, protecting infrastructure, and increasing resiliency to communication disruptions. If the Commission does not intend to prohibit the upgrade or replacement of firmware in WiFi devices, the undersigned would welcome a clear statement of that intent. Introduction We recommend the FCC pursue an alternative path to ensuring Radio Frequency (RF) compliance from WiFi equipment. We understand there are significant concerns regarding existing users of the WiFi spectrum, and a desire to avoid uncontrolled change. However, we most strenuously advise against prohibiting changes to firmware of devices containing radio components, and furthermore advise against allowing nonupdatable devices into the field. -
Internet Governance Project
International internet Policy Priorities United States Department of Commerce, National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) [Docket No. 180124068–8068–01] RIN 0660–XC041 The Internet Governance Project (IGP) is a group of professors, postdoctoral researchers and students hosted at the Georgia Institute of Technology’s School of Public Policy. We conduct scholarly research, produce policy analyses and commentary on events in Internet governance, and bring our ideas and proposals directly into Internet governance processes. We also educate professionals and young people about Internet governance in various world regions. IGP welcomes NTIA’s broadly focused NOI on “International Internet Policy Priorities.” We believe that agency is asking many of the right questions and appreciate its desire to look for guidance from the public. Our response will follow the template of the NOI. I. THE FREE FLOW OF INFORMATION AND JURISDICTION A. What are the challenges to the free flow of information online? There are two distinct challenges to the free flow of information. The biggest and most fundamental is alignment,1 which is related to the issue of jurisdiction. Alignment refers to the attempt by national governments to assert sovereignty over cyberspace, by imposing exclusive territorial jurisdiction and national controls in a globally interoperable cyberspace. Data localization is one obvious example of a policy that seeks to achieve alignment, but the process is evident in multiple domains of Internet governance: in cybersecurity policy, trade policy, intellectual property protection and content regulation. In each case states erect barriers that 1 The concept of alignment was described in the book Will the Internet Fragment? (Polity Press, 2017). -
Reverse DNS What Is 'Reverse DNS'?
Reverse DNS Overview • Principles • Creating reverse zones • Setting up nameservers • Reverse delegation procedures What is ‘Reverse DNS’? • ‘Forward DNS’ maps names to numbers – svc00.apnic.net -> 202.12.28.131 • ‘Reverse DNS’ maps numbers to names – 202.12.28.131 -> svc00.apnic.net 1 Reverse DNS - why bother? • Service denial • That only allow access when fully reverse delegated eg. anonymous ftp • Diagnostics • Assisting in trace routes etc • SPAM identifications • Registration • Responsibility as a member and Local IR In-addr.arpa • Hierarchy of IP addresses – Uses ‘in-addr.arpa’ domain • INverse ADDRess • IP addresses: – Less specific to More specific • 210.56.14.1 • Domain names: – More specific to Less specific • delhi.vsnl.net.in – Reversed in in-addr.arpa hierarchy • 14.56.210.in-addr.arpa Principles • Delegate maintenance of the reverse DNS to the custodian of the address block • Address allocation is hierarchical – LIRs/ISPs -> Customers -> End users 2 Principles – DNS tree - Mapping numbers to names - ‘reverse DNS’ Root DNS net edu com arpa au apnic in-addr whoiswhois RIR 202202 203 210 211.. ISP 6464 22 .64.202 .in-addr.arpa Customer 2222 Creating reverse zones • Same as creating a forward zone file – SOA and initial NS records are the same as normal zone – Main difference • need to create additional PTR records • Can use BIND or other DNS software to create and manage reverse zones – Details can be different Creating reverse zones - contd • Files involved – Zone files • Forward zone file – e.g. db.domain.net • Reverse zone file – e.g. db.192.168.254 – Config files • <named.conf> – Other • Hints files etc. -
Rough Consensus and Running Code: Integrating Engineering Principles Into Internet Policy Debates
Federal Communications Law Journal Volume 63 Issue 2 Article 2 3-2011 Rough Consensus and Running Code: Integrating Engineering Principles into Internet Policy Debates Christopher S. Yoo University of Pennsylvania Follow this and additional works at: https://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/fclj Part of the Administrative Law Commons, Communications Law Commons, Computer and Systems Architecture Commons, Internet Law Commons, and the Legislation Commons Recommended Citation Yoo, Christopher S. (2011) "Rough Consensus and Running Code: Integrating Engineering Principles into Internet Policy Debates," Federal Communications Law Journal: Vol. 63 : Iss. 2 , Article 2. Available at: https://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/fclj/vol63/iss2/2 This Symposium is brought to you for free and open access by the Law School Journals at Digital Repository @ Maurer Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in Federal Communications Law Journal by an authorized editor of Digital Repository @ Maurer Law. For more information, please contact [email protected]. SYMPOSIUM INTRODUCTION Rough Consensus and Running Code: Integrating Engineering Principles into Internet Policy Debates Christopher S. Yoo* I. TUTORIAL ............................................. 343 II. THE CONTINUING DEBATE OVER NETWORK MANAGEMENT AND QUALITY OF SERVICE ........................... 344 III. CHANGING TECHNOLOGY AND THE LIMITS OF THE LAYERED AND END-TO-END MODELS ............ ............... 346 IV. ARCHITECTURE AND NETWORK SECURITY ..................... 349 V. KEYNOTE ADDRESS BY PAUL -
The Risks Digest Index to Volume 11
The Risks Digest Index to Volume 11 Search RISKS using swish-e Forum on Risks to the Public in Computers and Related Systems ACM Committee on Computers and Public Policy, Peter G. Neumann, moderator Index to Volume 11 Sunday, 30 June 1991 Issue 01 (4 February 1991) Re: Enterprising Vending Machines (Allan Meers) Re: Risks of automatic flight (Henry Spencer) Re: Voting by Phone & public-key cryptography (Evan Ravitz) Re: Random Voting IDs and Bogus Votes (Vote by Phone) (Mike Beede)) Re: Patriots ... (Steve Mitchell, Steven Philipson, Michael H. Riddle, Clifford Johnson) Re: Man-in-the-loop on SDI (Henry Spencer) Re: Broadcast local area networks ... (Curt Sampson, Donald Lindsay, John Stanley, Jerry Leichter) Issue 02 (5 February 1991) Bogus draft notices are computer generated (Jonathan Rice) People working at home on important tasks (Mike Albaugh) Predicting system reliability (Martyn Thomas) Re: Patriots (Steven Markus Woodcock, Mark Levison) Hungry copiers (another run-in with technology) (Scott Wilson) Re: Enterprising Vending Machines (Dave Curry) Broadcast LANs (Peter da Silva, Scott Hinckley) Issue 03 (6 February 1991) Tube Tragedy (Pete Mellor) New Zealand Computer Error Holds Up Funds (Gligor Tashkovich) "Inquiry into cash machine fraud" (Stella Page) Quick n' easy access to Fidelity account info (Carol Springs) Re: Enterprising Vending Machines (Mark Jackson) RISKS of no escape paths (Geoff Kuenning) A risky gas pump (Bob Grumbine) Electronic traffic signs endanger motorists... (Rich Snider) Re: Predicting system reliability (Richard P. Taylor) The new California licenses (Chris Hibbert) Phone Voting -- Really a Problem? (Michael Barnett, Dave Smith) Re: Electronic cash completely replacing cash (Barry Wright) Issue 04 (7 February 1991) Subway door accidents (Mark Brader) http://catless.ncl.ac.uk/Risks/index.11.html[2011-06-11 08:17:52] The Risks Digest Index to Volume 11 "Virus" destroys part of Mass. -
Rock-Solid Internet Infra Structure. (Yeah, We Keep Our Stuff in Bunkers.)
Rock-solid Internet infra structure. (Yeah, we keep our stuff in bunkers.) WHO DO YOU TRUST TO GET THE JOB DONE? Innovation at the core of the Internet Netnod operates the largest IXPs in the Nordics and When it comes to Internet provides a secondary DNS service to TLDs, part- services, you need a partner ners and enterprises throughout the world. If these terms are new to you, take a look at the fact box to you can trust. Netnod brings see how these crucial parts of the Internet work. you all the benefits that come 20 years of stability and security from choosing one of the We are innovators at the core of the Internet with most respected organisations a worldwide reputation for our services and the expertise of our staff. For more than 20 years, we working in the Internet today. have been ensuring the stability and security of critical Internet infrastructure by: • running the largest IXPs in the Nordics with the IXP: Internet DNS: Domain NTP: Network highest traffic per peer in Europe Exchange Point Name System Time Protocol • providing secondary DNS services to some of An IXP is a physical intercon- The DNS is the distributed NTP is the most commonly the largest TLDs in the world nection point where networks database which every Internet used protocol for synchronising • operating i.root-servers.net, one of the world’s such as Internet Service Provid- application uses to transform the time on computer systems. 13 root name servers ers (ISPs) and Content Delivery human-readable names such as An accurate, NTP-based system • distributing Swedish national time through NTP Networks (CDNs) come together www.netnod.se into the nu- is essential not only for individ- to exchange traffic (peer). -
The Regional Internet Registry System Leslie Nobile
“How It Works” The Regional Internet Registry System Leslie Nobile v Overview • The Regional Internet Registry System • Internet Number Resource Primer: IPv4, IPv6 and ASNs • Significant happenings at the RIR • IPv4 Depletion and IPv6 Transition • IPv4 transfer market • Increase in fraudulent activity • RIR Tools, technologies, etc. 2 The Regional Internet Registry System 3 Brief History Internet Number Resource Administration • 1980s to 1990s • Administration of names, numbers, and protocols contracted by US DoD to ISI/Jon Postel (eventually called IANA) • Registration/support of this function contracted to SRI International and then to Network Solutions • Regionalization begins - Regional Internet Registry system Jon Postel forms • IP number resource administration split off from domain name administration • US Govt separates administration of commercial Internet (InterNIC) from the military Internet (DDN NIC) 4 What is an RIR? A Regional Internet Registry (RIR) manages the allocation and registration of Internet number resources in a particular region of the world and maintains a unique registry of all IP numbers issued. *Number resources include IP addresses (IPv4 and IPv6) and autonomous system (AS) numbers 5 Who Are the RIRs? 6 Core Functions of an RIR Manage, distribute -Maintain directory -Support Internet and register Internet services including infrastructure through Number Resources Whois and routing technical coordination (IPv4 & IPv6 registries addresses and Autonomous System -Facilitate community numbers (ASNs) -Provide -
The Internet and Isi: Four Decades of Innovation
THE INTERNET AND ISI: FOUR DECADES OF INNOVATION ROD BECKSTROM President and Chief Executive Officer Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) 40th Anniversary of USC Information Sciences Institute 26 April 2012 As prepared for delivery It’s an honor to be here today to mark the 40th anniversary of the University of Southern California’s Information Sciences Institute. Thank you to Herb Schorr for inviting me to speak with you today and participate in the day’s events. When he steps down he will leave some very large shoes to fill. When I received Herb’s invitation, I seized upon it as an opportunity to come before you to express the sincere gratitude that my colleagues and I feel for the work and support of ISI. When I think of ICANN and its development, and all we have accomplished, I never forget that we stand upon the shoulders of giants, many of whom contributed to my remarks today. In fact, I owe a special debt of gratitude to Bob Kahn, who has been a mentor to me. I am honored that he took the time to walk through a number of details in the history I have been asked to relate. The organizers asked me to speak about the history of ISI and ICANN. They also invited me to talk a bit about the future of the Internet. In my role as President and CEO of ICANN, I have many speaking engagements that are forward looking. They are opportunities to talk about ICANN’s work and how it will usher in the next phase in the history of the global, unified Internet that many of you have helped to create.