The Schedography of Nikephoros Basilakes

CEU eTD Collection

THE SCHEDOGRAPHY OF NIKEPHOROS BASILAKES MA Thesis inComparative History,with aspecialization in Interdisciplinaryin Medieval UNRAVELING THE CORD: Central European University Zachary Rothstein May Budapest

2015 -

Dowden Studies.

CEU eTD Collection

of the Arts MasterInterdisciplinary degreeHistory, of inComparativewithaspecialization in Central European University,fulfillmentBudapest, oftherequirements partial in THE SCHEDOGRAPHY OF NIKEPHOROS BASILAKES Accepted inconformancewith Thesis submitted tothe Thesis submitted ______

UNRAVELING THE CORD: Chair, Examination CommitteeChair, Examination Zachary Rothstein (United States ofAmerica) Medieval Studies. Thesis Supervisor Month YYYYMonth Examiner Examiner DepartmentStudies, ofMedieval Budapest by

the standards CEU. of the -

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Central European University,fulfillmentBudapest, oftherequirements partial in of the Arts Master degreeHistory, of inComparativewithaspecialization in THE SCHEDOGRAPHY OF NIKEPHOROS BASILAKES Accepted inconformancewith tothe Thesis submitted ______

UNRAVELING THE CORD: Interdisciplinary MedievalStudies. Zachary Rothstein (United States ofAmerica) External Reader May DepartmentStudies, ofMedieval Budapest by

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Dowden

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UNRAVELING THE CORD: Interdisciplinary Me Zachary Rothstein (United External Supervisor States ofAmerica) May Budapest by

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CEU eTD Collection Budapest, to any instit other form this in submitted been has thesis the of part no external that declare also I copyright. institution’s or such only and research my I illegitimate use was made of bibliography.the work of others, on and no and part of the thesis infringes notes on any based person’s in credited work, properly as own information my the exclusively that herewithis declare thesis Studies present Medieval Interdisciplinary in specialization a with History, undersigned, the I, 20

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CEU eTD Collection Bibliography Conclusion Chapter 3 Chapter 2 Chapter 1 Introduction

Secondary Primary 3.3 The Missing 3.2 The Testimony AnnaKomnene of 3.1 The Testimony Basilakes of 2.2 The History ofSchedography 2.1 Byzantinein the Eleventh Education andTwelfthCenturies 1.2 Works 1.1 Biography – – –

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CEU eTD Collection Νικολάον 4 3 vindobonensibus et taurinensibus venetis, romanis, parisiensibus, neapolitanis, monacensibus, 2 Basilace.” Niceforo Pignani, Garzya/A. 1 to related articles general short published others and Pignani, Garzya, editions, critical the individually. published were orations the of the professed reason that the text is “très brought to light by Emmanuel Miller in 1873 in which the author translates only piecemeal for 1984. criti modern the of publication the before works his of inaccessibility useful toscholarship and originalandtoourunderstanding contribution Basilakes. of i of and in is schedography, of discussion later the guides it while therefore, chapter, This literature. secondary disparate the or sources primary of readings meticulous to turn more the beca necessary all is This moved. he environment and circles what in and was he who exactly establish necessaryis to it focus, and point starting its Basilakesasuses thesis the sources.As informat drawing Basilakes, of works Iaim, eleventhfirst provid Tothis century. understood poorly the beginningat of exerciseperformative least from extant the school schedography, of a type the examine to Basilakes, Nikephoros the

B Mill Basilakes, “Modoi, Basilakes, Basilakes, asilakes, Prologos er, “Préface d’un auteur byzantin,” 136. byzantin,” d’unauteur “Préface er, 1

Some Some TheBasilakes scholarlyactivity lackconcerning hinges of onthesheerphysical partly in passage problematic a of analysis comparative close a throughattempts, thesis This

δ ᾿ Il Panegirico di Niceforo Basilace per Giovanni Comneno Giovanni per Basilace Niceforo di Panegirico Il

τ iehr Bslce rtoe e epistolae et orationes Basilacae Nicephori ὸ ν

progymnasmata Μουζαλώνα use no such thorough biography exists, and those interested are compelled to compelled are interested those and exists, biography thorough such no use f h twelfth the of

diēgēmata kai ēthopoiïai”; Walz, .”

- a apae i erir collections. earlier in appeared had etr Bznie uhr shotahr ad rhetorician and schoolteacher, author, Byzantine century

Introduction ion particularly from his own writing and other primary primary other and writing own his from particularly ion

- diffic e

4 a biography detailed oftheand and life overview Rhetores graeci, ex codicibus florentinis, mediolanensibus, ile à com 1 In the the In

Basilakes, ; 19 prendre 60s, in connection with their work on work their with connection in 60s,

; Korbeti, “ Korbeti, ; rgmam e monodie e Progimnasmi .” 3

In the twentieth century two nttto o anti of institution 2 Ἐ

cal editions in 1983 and 1983 in editions cal The γκώμιον Prologos

ε . ἰ

τ Reinsch, ; ὸ ν

πατριαρχ a first was

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CEU eTD Collection Neuedition.” kritischen zur Bemerkungen Basilakes: 7 1993). Press, California of University (Berkeley: in Reaction?,” Normal A Basilakes: Nicephoros of in tradizione 605 la “Per Criscuolo, Basilakestradition”; 6 der “Cruces Costantino.” il fratello per Basilace Wirth, Niceforo di monodia della manoscritta Basilace”; verbannt?”; Niceforo di Basilakes prosa nella Nikephoros ritmica clausola “La Maisano, Basilace”; Niceforo di Muzalone IV Nicola il Patriarca per dell’encomio il testo “Per Muzalone”; IV Maisano, Nicola il Patriarca per Polemiken rhetorische und “Literarische Garzya, VII”; Philologica “Varia Garzya, Basilace”; Niceforo di Giudiziaria Declamazione “Una Garzya, Pasiphaé”; de per Giovan Basilace Niceforo di inedito “Encomnio Garzya, Aristeno”; Alessio per Basilace Niceforo di inedito “Encomio Garzya, Basilace”; Niceforo visse quando “Fin Garzya, Basilace”; Niceforo di oratoria produzione “La Garzya, Niceforo Basilace”; Garzya, “Il Prologo di Niceforo Basilace”; Garzya, “Intorno al pr 5 schedography that suggest I century. twelfth the of middle the to eleventh the of beginning to discusses ownschedographic his activity (p. Basilakes’ in passage difficult a explain to attempt an in schedography space,involve a wouldnecessarilyofthe careful given sources. reappraisal influences, essential to the study of his works but not undertaken here due to a lack of time and Basilakes’ of studyA examples. selectivetheir and entries dictionaryLSJ the of reflections simply are cited quotations supposed the of Many equipped. are editions these review of his in Reinsch by provided corrections welcome the with editions, modern only these on rely to compelledbeenI nevertheless have texts. already obscure the of interpretation the for basis supply personagesand historical events. details to and contextualize to and works his of aspects literary explore to continued has Basilakes on a worksBasialkes’

enc, A Gry/. inn, ieoo aiae; öade, Z de “Zu Hörandner, Basilace”; Niceforo Pignani, Garzya/A. “A. Reinsch, aza “n eté u iiu u I sèl: iéhr Bslks; aza “rcszoi u Poes di Processo sul “Precisazioni Garzya, Basilakès”; Nicéphore siècle: XII du milieu du lettré “Un Garzya, Ioannis Polemis, “A Note on the ofPraefatio Nikephoros Basilakes,” The Author in Literature Middle Byzantine Author The ae se bc ad xmn the examine and back step a take – 7; Aglae Pizzone, “Anonimity, Dispossesion and Reappropriation in the the in Reappropriation and Dispossesion “Anonimity, Pizzone, Aglae 7; h bl o te hss hn un t te usin f eleventh of question the to turns then thesis the of bulk The e Pignani’s and GarzyaSadly, ni Axuch”; “Quatro Garzya, Epistole di Niceforo Basilace”; Garzya, “Nicéphore Basilakès et le mythe the the text. 7

nd the details of the his life. his the of details the nd Reinsch also warns against the overabundant

ditions are riddled with errors, providing no dependable no providing errors, with riddled are ditions (Berlin: De Gruyter, 2014), 225 Gruyter, De (Berlin: 2014),

rgn o shdgah ad t eouin rm the from evolution its and schedography of origins

der Komnenenzeit”; Maisano, “Encomio di Niceforo Basilace Basilace Niceforo di “Encomio Maisano, Komnenenzeit”; der

Of Strangers and Foreigners (Late Antiquity (Late Foreigners and Strangers Of 33 be 2 5

More recent scholarship focusing specificallyfocusing scholarship recentMore 6 low). Inlow). order it todothis,

By zantinische Zeitschrift zantinische

apparatus apparatus fontium n Progymnasmata des Nikephoros Nikephoros des Progymnasmata n – Prolog 43; Paul Magdalino,Bagoa “The43; Paul ologo ologo di Niceforo Basilace”;

of Nikēphoros Basilakes,” Basilakes,” Nikēphoros of - Prologos

n twelfth and

it, Whn ward “Wohin Wirth, is firstnecessary primary literary primary

94, no.94, 2 (2001):

- in which he which in

Middle Ages) Middle with which - century s

CEU eTD Collection 10 history. of his in edition the second appears 9 Komnene, II. Alexio et Manuele Joanne, Wissenschaften der Wiederaufleben seit Litteratur dem classischen 8 the tes examines who Schirò, Giuseppe by addressed directly more once was schedography so a by book negativ Bibliotheken.” der Staub dem in verdientermaßen ruhen Elementarschulbücher dieser “die sich nun in den Katalogen stolz als ‘Codices graeci’ brüsten,” and sneers that “die meisten “zur untersten Gattung der Schul history. his Henrichsen was followed i the of overview first the representing significant, is mark on secondary literature, Henrichsen’s contribution to the understanding of schedography Byzantinist R. Henrichsen in a little the “inner”and puns. “outer” ofits level both Greekin Atticist used that schedography of kind acreated instead and effect,reach its to sc newest the up took he that be to seems claim the time of Basilakes, some had even taken on the full character of phonetic riddles. Basilakes’ puzzles, which students were called upon to solve or even compose in front of an audience. By century eleventh the of end the By precedence. take to began exercises these of element antistoichic and orthographic the time, With analyses. grammatical simple of performances as began

Krumbacher, Krumbacher, For several previous and brief discussions of

Festa, “Note preliminari su Longibardos”; Longibardos”; su preliminari “Note Festa, timony of eleventh e attitude did not prevent Nicolaus Festa from preparing a critical edition of a grammar ceorpy eevd t frt oorpi tetet t h hns f the of hands the at treatment monographic first its received Schedography schedē Alexias He treats the topic briefly and with contempt, asserting that such exercises belong exercises such that asserting contempt, with andbriefly topic the treats He Geschichte der byzantinischen Litteratur byzantinischen der Geschichte , at least in the context of the of context the in least at , , vol. 131, col. 1165 note 91. note col.1165 131, vol. , - ald ogbro, aig rm h eeet century. eleventh the from dating Longibardos, called -

and and twelfth

Comnenis Romanorum byzantinorum imperator byzantinorum Romanorum Comnenis by Kru

bücher” only one step above mbacher, mbacher, who takes up schedography in the second edition of - century authors in order to shed light on a set of anonymous - read booklet of 1843.

Festa, “Longibardos Festa, schedē

None of these, however, reaches definitive results. results. definitive reaches however, ofthese, None

and and schedography, cf. theatron, 3 , sec. 250. sec. ,

hedography, which employed vernacularisms vernacularisms employed which hedography, .”

, , vol. 1, sec. Wilken, 118;

Krumbacher’s analysis of schedography only only schedography of analysis Krumbacher’s had taken on the for the on taken had se n a atmt t definition. a at attempt an and ssue 8

Despite his failure to leave a serious psychagogiai Heeren, Heeren, ibus gestarum libri quatuor libri gestarum ibus Geschichte Geschichte des Studiums der , or interlinear texts, m of antistoichic of m 10 Rerum ab Alexio: I. Rerum Alexio: ab

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, 488; , T his CEU eTD Collection 15 14 τ “Προβλήματα Patronage.” Polemis, Prodomo”; Teodoro a fino 13 precedenti suoi sui βυζαντιν e Moscopulo di schedografia Marcia codice “Il Browning, “Moschopulea”; 12 11 eine können, überprüfen ihn wir soweit Sprachgebrauchs, dem nach Frage find to unpublished and possibly also as are most that fact the by complicated is and have, we that texts the of basis the on difficult fundame Latinthe West. in parallels its and schedography on generally more speculates and schedography Byzantine aspect. competitive its as well as language. of registers schedography in its low connection to early education and poetry at the end of the eleventh century and high of convergence a as partic schedography, towards attitudes and on testimonies examines closely and Basilakes to relevant period the with deals who Agapitos Panagiotis an manuscripts. overviews unpublished through laid been has Groundwork understood poorly phenomenon. this of importance the of realization growing a and system education in interest of increase literature. profane on handbook his Hunger by incisively but briefly treated was Schedography Martyrs. Forty the of School the to dedicated poems

Gaul, “Rising Elites and Institutionalization”; ibid., 269ff. ibid., Institutionalization”; and Elites “Rising Gaul, Bernard, Hunger, Agapitos, “Anna Komnene and the Politics Politics the and Komnene “Anna Agapitos, In particular attention has been paid to the collection of Moschopoulos, for which see below. below. see which for Moschopoulos, of collection the to paid been has attention particular In ῆ a definition was Hunger, who concedes that that concedes who Hunger, was definition a But despite a century and a half of study and the recent flourishing of interest, the most ς σχεδογραφίας”; Vassis, “Τ Vassis, σχεδογραφίας”; ς ntal facts about schedography remain obscure. Defining schedography has proved proved has schedography Defining obscure. remain schedography about facts ntal Die hochsprachliche profane Literatur der Byzantiner der Literatur profane hochsprachliche Die Writing and Reading Byzantine Secular Poetry Secular Byzantine Reading Writingand

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ihy eeat o hs hss r as to eet rils of articles recent two also are thesis this to relevant Highly

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Niels Ga Niels , possibly spurred on by a rising interest in the Byzantine the in interest rising a by on spurred possibly , no gr. XI.31e la schedografia bizantina”; Gallavotti, “Nota sulla sulla “Nota Gallavotti, bizantina”; schedografia la XI.31e gr. no of Schedographic Training”; Agapitos, “Grammar, Genre and and Genre “Grammar, Agapitos, Training”; Schedographic of ul has written on an instance of peripheral late peripheral of instance an on written has ul 4

, 254ff. , The only scholar

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ῆ ie ς - CEU eTD Collection 16 to say Greekway children. taught to thethatAtticist was hope to provide some additional insight into the Byzantine school system of the time, which is ado spread wide its of beginning the from innovative and progressive aggressively as schedography presents It sources. enigmatic and sparse the in chronology a read to trying by scholarship to contribute to attempts study This no to little contains literature secondary the but schedography, “ termini aitosrie i lrey h rsl o a og hi o dvlpet n eouin of evolution and development of chain long a of result the largely is Variationsbreite”

Hunger, Hunger,

Die hochsprachliche profane Literatur der Byzantiner der Literatur profane hochsprachliche Die schedos , schedographein

und ption to the time of Basilakes. By doing so doing By Basilakes. of time the to ption schedographia 5

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I also I CEU eTD Collection ll. 10 5, p. 21 20 19 18 Litteratur byzantinischen der 17 as uncle this describes Nikephoros brother, his for and Nikephoros, as a talented Atticist, helped h uncle twice. This uncle, according to the for a nameless afriend, fact that bolsters claim.this the standard rules of composition. A father is mentioned in Basilakes’ other surv toaccording monodybrother the for in place certainlya have would heliving, fatherwere elusively mentioned is who father, Nikephoros’ in absence his by conspicuous is who family the of γένους bu writings, his in directly mother Basilakes about known is Little 1.1 information inform available the interpret and systematize of his writing. It therefore time, space, and Though non literature, secondary This chapter

Basilakes, Basilakes, ll. 249, 320 p. Ibid., Basilakes, instance for See Biograph ) ,

information is admittedly sparse, it is nevertheless essential for situating nevertheless for essential th is admittedly sparse,it information is - assuring us of the presence of other, likely more distant, relatives. distant, likelyother, presenceof more the of assuringus 15. and Monodi Monodia in Constantinum Basilacum in Constantinum Monodia quemdam amicum in Monodia

introduces introduces Nikephoros Basilakes. Theconcludesof hisworks. chapter witha survey only once. only Chapter 1 Garzya, “Un lettré du milieu du XII siècle: Nicéphore Basilakès”; Krumbacher, Krumbacher, Basilakès”; Nicéphore siècle: XII du milieu du lettré “Un Garzya, society a in Constantinum Basilacum Constantinum in a - 4. 4. y

, which in turn is a necessary preliminary for a historical interpretation , 473 , 19

e seems

This likely means that he died in the boys’ infancy. Indeed, if the if Indeed, infancy. boys’ the in died he that means likely This f hs hs en executed been has these of – 74.

’

useful useful to go through the source material carefully and family history. He speaks of his brother, maternal uncle and uncle maternal brother, his of speaks He history. family – as mnin “h rs o hs aiy ( family” his of rest “the mentions also t , ed. Pignani, p. 257, l. 124 et 124 passim.l. 257, ed. , p. Pignani,

Nikephoros Basilakes Prologos , ed. Pignani, p. 238,67 ll. ed. , p. Pignani, , ed. Pignani, p. 242, ll. 146 242, ed. , p. Pignani, im im to compose dignified letters. ation 6 While While partial biographies are to be found in the

, occupied a high position in the civil service, , providing direct references to support all support to references direct providing , 20 tropheus

He does, however, mention his maternal n sseai o toog way thorough or systematic a in , possibly indicating that he took took he that indicating possibly ,

- 9; Basilake 9; - 7.

s, 18 Prologos

The one memberoneThe 21

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CEU eTD Collection 31 171ff; ll. 30 29 28 27 after1155. theoccurred death il noteper 33 Costantino,” 1; fratello Basilakes, 26 25 24 23 22 hemmed. be was married,canfromnoteworthya not inferred fact the thatKonstantinos which be not could war for passion his that but politics, and scholarship and had a role in fin skill in the twelfth century. useful and unusual Latin,an knowledgeof and abilityrhetorical his for apparently embassies, sense. broader a in of the recipient incorrect, is asKonstantinos andthe wordmetaphorically issimply and meant ἀ addressed to his “ 1155 years the in somewhere death Nike before just battle in killed was and Komnenos, I Manuel of expedition Italian the on served Odysseus. to Konstantinos and Laertes to himself equates Nikephoros where l therefore was He be quite normalBasilakesaassociation uncle. fortohave close withhis the eleventh and twe absence. father’s the in boys the of charge δελφ

Basilakes, monodyas “ somewhatthe ambiguouslyin is described He Basilakes, Basilakes, 575. VII,” “VariaPhilologica Garzya, For a discussion of the dating, see ll. 251, 368 p. Ibid., ll. 249, 305 p. Ibid., Wharton, Kazhdanand Basilakes, phoros’ exile, of which there is no mention in the monody. This would seem to place his place to seem would This monody. the in mention no is there which of exile, phoros’ ῶ His brother, Konstantinos Basilakes, was schooled in rhetoric by Nikephoros himself. Kinnamos, Kinnamos, ι

superscribed in the title in both extant manuscripts. Adversus Bagoam Adversus Basilacum Constantinum in Monodia Monodia in Constantinum Basilacum Constantinum in Monodia Basilacum Constantinum in Monodia ὁ Ioannis Cinnami epitome rerum ab Ioanne et Alexio Comnenis gestarum Comnenis Alexio et Ioanne ab rerum epitome Cinnami Ioannis - - μόσπορος ikely considerably younger. This might also be inferred from a metaphor a from inferred be also might This younger. considerably ikely 71. 71. 7. 28 ance abroad. lfth centuries that the extended family grew in importance and that it would

Change in Byzantine Culture in the Eleventh and TwelfthCenturies and the in Culture Eleventh Byzantine in Change

hl i te iiay Kon military, the in While

, ed. Garzya, p. 114, Garzya, p. ed. , 29

” written while in exile (post 1157) and with the He also served as a

Criscuolo, “Per Criscuolo, la manoscritta tradizione della monodia di Niceforo Basilace 30

Nikephoros reports that he begged him to devote himself to - 6. 26 Progimnasmi e monodie Progimnasmi

Yet this dating seems to be contradicted by a letter a by contradicted be to seems dating this Yet , ed. Pignani, p. 249, ll. 309 249, ed. , p. Pignani, ll. 152 242, ed. , p. Pignani, 240 ed. , pp. Pignani, 22

l. 5. l.

It was in any case also a general phenomenon in phenomenon general a also case any in was It 7

royal royal scribe, a fact corroborated by Kinnamos, tnio ws hsn o ev o multiple on serve to chosen was stantinos ταμίας

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, , 63. 1, ll. 120ff.1, ἐ

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ἰ κείωι 24

CEU eTD Collection worksthe 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 These preserved. been not nevertheless have which but destroy not did he that works other he when himself author the by destroyed O including lost, now works of number a composed Basilakes that and student a as time the with dissatisfied and innovative aggressively being as leading to his banishment. He gives us no hint as to who his teachers were, but presents himself was written during the author’s exile, it is easy to see in this comment a reference to the events classmates. his of many of jealousy the incurred he that so much so student, age. early an at military aristocracy. the concerning particularly centuries, twelfth and eleventh the characterized that of descent nobility and genealogy in interest general the with keeping in was ancestor illustrious III Nikephoros against revolt Botaneiates. a led who famous century more previous the the of of descendent Basilakes a Nikephoros was Basilakes that speculate to cause just give also warriors and scholars. observed by Pignani. whi

nothriambos, Stypax, Stephanitai Stypax, nothriambos, Krumbacher suggests that these works were most likely prose satires in the style of Lucian as can be found in in found be can as Lucian of style the in satires prose likely most were works these that suggests Krumbacher ll. 18 Ibid., 30 3, ll. p. Ibid., Basilakes, Wharton, Kazhdanand 611 Basilakès,” siècle: Nicéphore XII du milieu du “Un lettré Garzya, Basilakes, Basilakes, h os o mnin wf o cide, tews a oml htrcl eurmn, as requirement, rhetorical formal a otherwise children, or wife a mention not does ch Nikephoros himse Nikephoros of family a be to known is it that writes Basilakes family, the of history the to As of Theodoros Prodromos. Prodromos. Theodoros of Prologos Basilacum Constantinum in Monodia monodie e Progimnasmi - 23. 34

The name does not seem to have been a been have to seem not does name The - 36 7. 7.

In the In

, ed. Garzya, p. 2, ll. 25ll. 2, Garzya, p. ed. , 35 32 Change in Byzantine Culture in the in Culture Elevent Byzantine in Change 33

Certainly his and his brothers’ career Prologos

lf clearly received the best possible education in his youth, starting youth, his in education possible best the received clearly lf

Krumbacher, Krumbacher, , , 64. , Basilakes immodestly describes himself as a highly gifted highly a as himself describes immodestly Basilakes ,

and - 7.

Ho Talantouchos Hermes Talantouchos Ho Geschichte der byzantinischen Litteratur byzantinischen der Geschichte , ed. , turned to God later in life. in later God to turned Pignani, p. 244, ll. 190 244, p. Pignani, 8

common one, and an allusion to an to allusion an and one, common

h and TwelfthCenturies and h canonical styles. canonical s support this statement. This may – 12.

- 7. 7. . These comic works were works comic These .

He also names several names also He 38 , 473. , 37

It was during hisduring Itwas

, 102 , Since this wor this Since

– 103.

the k CEU eTD Collection 86. Basilace,” Niceforo Pignani, Garzya/A. Basilakes, Nikephoros of whomopponent, Garzya improbably withassociates Italikos, Michael see also Polemis, “A Note on the λέξιν ἠ Ἀ τ βιβλίον δο γ ἤ ὑ m to able be not would and him like stutter would I that so tongue my press and straighten could he thought, apostolic and great of handbook small this possessing a the of one whom queen?) a and woman sloppy a than other (what theology of ignorant woman, lazy a to (appropriate) mocker be to Paul Paul, of Epistles of the on commentary an abridged containing book mea he gave finally And ofvirtue. celebration praise my understood he For uncontrollably. raging and eyebrows his arching deeply, brow his knitted again and displeasure, with this even heard he But ministry. your thatTimothy, ( to from the (letters) the speech 45 moregenerally. theissue illustrate 44 195. 1962, Century,” the Twelfth 43 42 41 i Reappropriation and Dispossesion “Anonymity, Pizzone, 40 the in Paul of letters the of the epistles of Paul. ρητόρων διδάσκαλος titled were which positions, four only of one School.” “Patriarchal to acertainBasilakios author complains that the position of notary, for which he himself had applied, h of title the like hisbrother, include the ὰ ὰ εωρφυ τ πεζωγράφουν ξίου τ ξίου κουσεν,

θηνα Basilakes, responsibilities the about known is little very fact In see School Patriarchal the on information further For Cf. 17 Italikos,” “Michael Treu, self Basilakes’ of discussion critical a For

το ρ θε ῖ Michael, Michael, ὑ (κα α ῖ ῦ ὴ ος πάλαι τ πάλαι ος παλλάττειν μηδ’ μηδ’ παλλάττειν

cet wod a Creds h Ahna oc fwe uo Cepta H hpd ht hog my through that hoped He Cleopatra. upon fawned once Athenian the Carneades as wooed, ncients ν γλ ν e later He Παύλου Παύλου ἀ ὺ . A comparison of these titles suggests that his chief responsibility was to lecture on on lecture to was responsibility chief his that suggests titles these of comparison A . λλ ς ὶ

ῶ ἐ Prologos ί γ τί ὰ notarios. Hieroi , πίτομον πίτομον φέρον τ σσαν σσαν

Lettres et discours et Lettres κα διδάσκαλος ῷ ὰ ὴ ἔ ὶ ρ

ν Κλεοπάτραν Κλεοπάτραν ν ανν σαρκασμ παινον a fact discovered by Garzya who notes that the cod. bya Garzyawho fact discovered πάλιν πάλιν λόγ ἐ ae isl t ocp te fie of office the occupy to himself came ἢ π , the

, ed. Garzya, pp. 6 pp. Garzya, ed. , ὶ γυνα ῳ 44

τοσο 41

ὁ

” 605; For the correction of τινα to to τινα of correction the For 605; ” 43 ἐ τ This supposition is confirmed by Basilakes’ own account of his exegesis τιο .

ῶ πισυν 42 This is further supported by a letter of Michael Italikos, in which the which in Italikos, Michael of letter a by supported further is This Exegematikoi ῖ κα The exact role of the of role exact The πρ ν ῦ ῦ

ῶ τον τον – ) I olw h pntain f oei. o a icsin f h iett o the of identity the of discussion a For Polemis. of punctuation the follow I ν).

18. ν ν Παύλου ρυφ το ῆ

ὸ 12. note 163 , ὑ γεν γεν

ἀ ς Τιμόθεον Τιμόθεον ς

ῦ π ποστενο ῶ

ὸ ῄ

Prolog ο ν σαν ει, ο ει, ἡ ἀ μ ποστόλου ἰ ῖ -

κε ν βαρ ν ἐ 7, ll. 26 ll. 7, ῦ κα πιστολ

τό με φέροντα μεγάλης κα μεγάλης φέροντα με τό ῖ , the ῦ ον - ὶ ν κα ν os portrayal as an author liberal an liberal author an as portrayal

phrase in which he says) ‘be sober in all things’ whileout carrying in things’ all sober ‘be hewhich says) in phrase βασιλίδα ὺ ἐ

ἡ wih paety e t controversy. to led apparently which ,

κε

γε τ Ortholektes ὶ ῶ - ὸ

ake any rejoinder.” ( rejoinder.” any ake 4: “I was once discussing Paul’s ministry and was describing describing was and ministry Paul’s discussing once was “I 4: ῖ ὑ ῖ ν ν τ ο τ νο

, ο κα το, ἐ ποθλίβειν, ποθλίβειν, πισκύνιον τοξοποι πισκύνιον ὴ διδάσκαλος διδάσκαλος

ν ;) ;) 9 of the various professors. The case of Basilakes helps to to helps Basilakes of case The professors. various the of ὸ Browning, “The Patriarchal School at Constantinople in in Constantinople at School Patriarchal “The Browning, ἐ

τ ξήγησιν, ‘ν ὶ nthe

ῶ τ ῆ ν ὰ φε

δι

τις < τ ὁ . Prolog τις ῆ δάσκαλος 40 πόσον , the true manuscript reading, see Reinsch, “A. Reinsch, see reading, manuscript true the , ἐ ς π ν

> ὃ He later likely served as a court scribe ἀ

ρετ κα παλαιοτέρων

ᾶ διδάσκαλος ὶ το το

σιν’

ὶ Δ ἀ of Nikēphoros Basilakes.” ofNikēphoros ἂ ῶ

ῆ πρ ποστολικ ῦ ι ῦ ν κ ν ς ν τ ν ῄ

ειν ποτ ειν ὸ ἀ ἐ ἱ

ἀ ς γυνα ψαλτ υχριε ρτλ. κα κρόταλα. δυσχέραινε ὰ εροφαντ ποστόλου κε d careless with his own works, see see works, own his with careless d ς το ὀ ῖ νος νος ῦ φρ o hm isl ad scorned and himself him of y ὲ ῆ

ῆ Laur.gr. 32.33 ῖ

ἐ κα βραχύπονον κα ς διανοίας μικρ διανοίας ς ῦ τ ε

ρος θώπευσεν ὑ κα ς ὴ ὐ ῶ το πεβαττάρισε, ν Παύλου ποιμαντικ Παύλου ν αγγελίου , κα ν, ῦ

ὶ

is unknown. It was It unknown. is

and and μηνι ἀ ὶ ποστόλου

ο , ῶ ὐ ὡ μα ad givenbeen δ ν 45 / ς ὲ

ἀ ὸ

Καρνεάδης ΐ ἰ κάθεκτα τα κα e s also is He ν σ

κονομικ gives him ὶ ὶ ἐ τω ῦ

ὶ ὀ γχειρίδιον γχειρίδιον

έο κα τέλος τα τα Praefatio μηδ λιγόνουν

ϱ n the in ὴ

ἡ ὲ ν κα ν δέως δέως . τ . τ

τ ῶ ὸ ὴ ὸ ν ὁ ν ς ν ὶ ὶ

CEU eTD Collection Byzantin l’empire Entwicklung der Theologie der Eucharistie in Byzanz von 1054 50 13. Century,”1963, 49 Basilace.” Niceforo di sul Processo “Precisazioni 48 47 ῥ ἀ 46 of patriarchposition inAntioch. Basilakes was banned from Constantinople, and Soterichos was forced to give up his promised who Soterichos, support in dialogues of of series a published backing formidable the Despite Father. the with together Eucharist the receive Spirit the and Son the that saying for Basil ridiculed publicly and sermon such ε of positions the time the at held Thessaloniki, of archbishop an of relative known is little former, the Concerning B history. his related in fullyby Kinnamos more embroiled The inatheologicaldispute. conflict, which to Basilakesalludes inhis was not the case for Basilakes, who was fo became frequently elite. with employed been have conceivably could teachers qualified most excluded given how little we know of the “Patriarchal School” and the possibility that even the be cannot alternative the but position, august this held he before time a to dates grammar of described in this capacity by Niketas Choniates. ήσεων ὐ ναπτύσσων ναπτύσσων

asilakes and h and asilakes Angold, Cinnamos, 168. 1962, Century,” Twelfth in the Constantinople at School Patriarchal “The Browning, it, Mcal o Teslnk?; rwig “h Ptirhl col t osatnpe n h Twelfth the in Constantinople at School Patriarchal “The Browning, Thessalonike?”; von “Michael Wirth, Choniates, Niketas αγγελίου

τ The men who held these positions in the “Patriarchal School” were public figures and figures public were School” “Patriarchal the in positions these held who men The ῇ

Church and Society in Byzantium under the Comneni, 1081 Comneni, the under Byzantium in Society and Church ἀ σαφεί ἐ Epitome rerum ab Ioanne et Alexio Comnenis gesta Comnenis Alexio et Ioanne ab rerum Epitome and π’ ἐ

κκλησίας κκλησίας ᾳ au temps des Comnènes et des Anges des et des temps Comnènes au

is colleague, is μα

ὑ πομελαίνονται

Historia ΐ bishops in important provincial cities provincial important in bishops σ τω ϱ ἐ πιστολ

τ Mn7 e. a Dee, . 211.5 p. Dieten, van ed. Man.7, , ῶ ν Michael of Thessaloniki ( Thessaloniki of Michael

ρητόρων

ὰ κα ς κα ς 50 ὶ

ῷ ὶ

τ διαλευκαίνων βάθει .

simultaneously. The latter, so called as being a favorite and possibly a a possibly and favorite a being as called so latter, The

το rced to leave Constantinople in

of Basilakes, the case was lost. Michael recanted, recanted, Michael lost. was case the Basilakes, of ῦ

Πνεύματος Πνεύματος 10 48 , 30ff. , 46

A certain began toabuse Basil deacon named ῷ

It seems likely that Basilakes’ own teaching

ῆ - ς καλλιρρημοσύνης φωτ καλλιρρημοσύνης ς 1453,” 1453,” 164ff; Oeconomos, - ἐ 49 ὁ 8: 8: πιφρίσσουσι. rum

το Basilakes and Michael attended one attended Michael and Basilakes after their tenure as teachers. as tenure their after ὁ

, 4.16, ed. 4.16, , ῦ - τ Νικηφόρος Βασιλάκης 1261

Θεσσαλονίκης , 83, 97 83, ,

Meineke, p. 176.13 p. Meineke,

tutor the children of the of children the tutor – 98, 146; Grolimund, “Die “Die Grolimund, 146; 98, 1157 ὶ

ὅ σαι τ σαι La La vie religieuse dans )

, in his in , διδάσκ

after becoming ῶ ὰ ν το ς Prologos ἀ ποστολικ αλος sermons. sermons. ῦ - ;

47 Παύλου Παύλου Garzya, Garzya,

This το , is ῶ ῦ ν

CEU eTD Collection Zeitschrif Byzantinische Bucarest. in Library Academy Romanian the of 54 53 52 51 part. took canit reading colorKinnamos our of education, Basilakesbecause went into exile when other Unfortunately none of these students is named in the letters. It is interesting to speculate which to letter mentioned well as students, his to exile from written letters three have however, do, We out. ruled be can possibility neither though own, his of children any or wife a had he whether metropolitan of Athens. is as 1182, year the after sometime to demonstrated dated be can which death, his until remained he where point some at Constantinople to returned likely He exile. in remained he long how a disagreement, the details yearsthese at the urging of his friends. the capital is evident from his letters, which, together with the h the fromestrangement his bitterlyresented he writing.That his in other the mentions neither although 1146, in Philippopolis of metropolitan was appointed who Italikos, Michael with contact into come more once have may he true, is this If

Basialkes, Basilakes, 389 verbannt?,” Basilakes Nikephoros ward “Wohin Wirth, Th e heading of a letter addressed to Michael Choniates survives without text in the cod. gr. 508 (594 Litzica) (594 508 gr. cod. the in text without survives Choniates Michael to addressed letter a of heading e

contemporary Concerning Basilakes’ personal life very little is known. We know from no sources no from know We known. is little very life personal Basilakes’ Concerning Basilakes seems to have spent his years of exile in the Bulgarian city of Ph

If the dating of dating the If Prologos Epistolae

y i crepnec wt Mcal hnae wie h lte ws already was latter the while Choniates Michael with correspondence his by , ed. Garzya, pp. 5 Garzya, pp. ed. , , 1, ed. Garzya, 112.19 ed. p. 1, ,

t authors could have been his pupils. If so If pupils. his been have could authors

64 (1971): 301 (1971): 64 i bohr cery eosrtn a ls proa connection. personal close a demonstrating clearly brother, his 54

van D van

of which are not recorded, with a certain Macedonian.

ieten of Niketas’ birth to some to birth Niketas’ of ieten – - 6, ll. 35ll. 6, 2. 2.

’

account of the Christological debate in which Basilakes Christologicalin which Basilakes account ofthe debate 52 -

22 - Even in exile he was unable to avoid conflict. He had See: 7.

Antonio Garzya, “Fin Quando Visse Niceforo Basilace,” Basilace,” Niceforo Visse Quando “Fin Garzya, Antonio 11

the latter – 92.

was was about Iffourteen. this is true, Prologos , it was for the earlier part of his of part earlier the for was it , igh culture and Attic and cultureigh time between 1155 and 1157 is 1157 and 1155 between time , were composed during 53 as the above the as ilippopolis.

ist It is unclear

Greekof 51 -

CEU eTD Collection Muzalone.” IV Nicola Patriarca Basilakes, Basilace”; Niceforo di 56 55 autobiographical component, several of Basilakes’ co (ca (1241 Cyprus of II Gregory as such authors later and 1155 (ca. work. own his of collection instance in as notable also is It reformed. have to claims and age, its of culture rhetorical and Konstantinos thirteenth single a by transmitted is andauthor the autobiography short of a exists. renders a full survey a useful contribution to scholarship, as no translations of lack the because also but draw, frequently will schedography of discussion the which on sources the are works these because only not discussion a merits output literary His epistolography. to autobiography to lost) (now satire to exercises school from genres, many span They intact. down passed been had corpus full his if astounding more the all be surely works Basilakes’ 1.2 yearsseveral allowfor thispossibilityas ofcould well. leeway correct, Niketas Choniates wasyoung too beenhave to Basilakes’ student before his exile, but

For For a partial translation of Basilakes’ Jan .

- Louis van Dieten, ed., ed., Dieten, Louis van 20 r 1280 or 1260 Works 56 Basilakes’ work of greatest significance for this study is his is study this for significance greatest of work Basilakes’

- 1215), who wrote an autobiographical introduct autobiographical an wrote who 1215),

are remarkable for their wide variety of themes and styles, which would which styles, and themes of variety wide their for remarkable are s oeoty o svrl reasons. several for noteworthy is - 30 ad hooo Mtcie (2370 Metochites Theodoros and 1330) Nicetae Choniatae Historia Choniatae Nicetae

As a near contemporary, one might compare might one contemporary, near a As rgmam e monodie e Progimnasmi

Prologos particularly - century manuscript in conjunction with conjunction in manuscript century was designed as a preface to a prefaceto a as designed was , , see: Miller, Miller, “Préface d’un auteur byzantin”; Garzya, “Il Prologo

12 on the issue of schedogra of issue the on

(Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter, 1971), 18 1971), Gruyter, de (Berlin, Walter York: New

Miao “noi d Ncfr Bslc pr il per Basilace Niceforo di “Encomio Maisano, ; - lleagues offer parallels in their inaugural

1290), Joseph Phiosophos Rhakendytes Phiosophos Joseph 1290), t rvds sfl nomto o the on information useful provides It ion to his collected works as well as works collected his to ion

f Bznie uhr dtn a editing author Byzantine a of 55 such survey, to my knowledge,

- 1332). In terms of the the of terms In 1332). Prologos collection phy, which Basialkes which phy,

, chael Choniates chael the monody for for monody the which contains which

his works. his – 20.

It ,

CEU eTD Collection 61 60 Neuedition.” kritischen zur Bemerkungen 59 Hinterberger, on Basilakes”; the ofNikephoros Praefatio Note “A Polemis, byzantin”; auteur d’un “Préface Miller, Basilace”; Niceforo di Prologo “Il Garzya, Basilace”; the of Re and Dispossesion 58 57 his exile date them, but it seems likely that the The system. the within innovate conservative Byzantine world as of rhetoric was,well the willingnessofBasilakes as ofthe to Testaments. New Oldandthe both from drawingbiblicalthemes, include to theyfirst the that are remarkablein significantly more polished than are their predecessors. norm. the was as to the student on composition, but were meant rather to be used as models and learned by heart, containrhetorical collections material. of codices these of All century. eighteenth or seventeenth the from one and century sixteenth the from the of remainder dating manuscripts the twelve in piecemeal us to down passed been have They period. Byzantine for legacy enduring most Basilakes’ been have to seem exercises to the author’s exile. of Eustathios Ternikes, George including Scool,” Thessalonike, Michael Italikos and George Stilbes. “Patriarchal the at the at orations

Hunger, “On the Imitation (μίμησις) of Antiquity in Byzantine Literature,” 20 Literature,” Byzantine Antiquity in of (μίμησις) Imitation “Onthe Hunger, Roilos, Hinterberger, Basil o a eet ramn o the of treatment recent a For Prolog akes, eis o series A Amphotero

despite their not being mentioneddirectlyinthe thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, as well as three later manuscripts, two from the from two manuscripts, later three as well as centuries, fourteenth and thirteenth

rgmam e monodie e Progimnasmi a treatment of the key issues of Basilakes trial Basilakes of issues key the of treatment a Autobiographische Traditionen in in Byzanz Traditionen Autobiographische 61 appropriation in the the in appropriation glossia

They may even have been intended as performance pieces, as they are are they as pieces, performance as intended been have even may They These are implemented only in the in only implemented are These progymnasmata 58

, 33 ,

– 40. Prologo

, 51; Hörandner, “Zu den Progymnasmata des Nikephoros Basilakes: Basilakes: Nikephoros des Progymnasmata den “Zu Hörandner, 51; , progymnasmata Prolog

s opie h ags pr fhs uvvn ps These opus. surviving his of part largest the comprises y stem from Basilakes’ time as a grammar teacher before

n Bslks atoil technique authorial Basilakes’ and

of Nikēphoros Basilakes”. Nikēphoros of 59

Basilakes’ Basilakes’ 13 Autobiographische Traditionen in Byzanz Traditionen Autobiographische

, 22:80. ,

provide little information that would help to help would that information little provide 57 . See also: See .

The progymnasmata

60 ē thopoi

Th Prologos Prolog

e Garzya, “Intorno al prologo di Niceforo di prologo al “Intorno Garzya, progymnasmata ï

ai Pizzoni . . This is both a mark of how of mark a both is This .

– can be dated with certainty 21. see: ,

sees in the authorial themes themes authorial the in sees contain n contain

Pizzone, “Anonymity, “Anonymity, Pizzone,

of Basilakes are o instructions , , 22:349 – 352.

CEU eTD Collection Die arischen Personennamen und ihre Träger bei den Alexanderhistorikern: Studien zur iranischen iranischen zur Studien Alexanderhistorikern: den bei Träger ihre und Anthroponomastik Personennamen arischen Die whomhere. is isto alluded It thesurelythird Alexander. whoofthe lover wasbecame eunuch a third high a was 62 br his for monody the of composition the after sometime the of composition the before written work final the therefore being the in mentioned is it because B of time the to dated tentatively be can composition The Garzya. of edition criticalthe with conjunction in consultedbeen has manuscript the thesis Forthis gr. 321. phil. Byza by used little only been far so has and interest, historical and literary both of is whole The Basilakes. rhetoric the of discussion technical Bas i.e. prosecutor, anonymous defiled them with dung. Bagoas paid the bail for Hierotheos and is now himself attacked by an previously having of Kosmas certain a accused and church the of icons the on honey smeared which in scandal a during abused he which church the in position high a attained undeservedly who Bagoas, name identifying the with origin, interest as being the only The involved. was element performative a that likely seems such of use exact The disappeared. speech, forensic the of genre antique technique. and theory rhetorical of range full the on drawing than restricted less and longer are They study. of level higher a at attempted discussion. merits Bagoam” “Adversus

The name Bagoas is born by three separate figures in the histories of Alexander the Great. The first of these these of first The Great. the Alexander of histories the in figures separate three by born is Bagoas name The n oncin ih the with connection In - ranking official in the in official ranking ntinists. It is transmitted by only one thirteenth one only by transmitted is It ntinists. , Diss., Univ. of Vienna, ofVienna, Diss.,Univ. , meletē

court of Artaxerxes. The second was appointed trierarch by Alexander. The The Alexander. by trierarch appointed was second The Artaxerxes. of court

Prolog from the Komnenian era. It is a speech against a man of Persian ilakes. progymnasmata 1982 meletai al os

etre atr h patcl plctos f uh had such of applications practical the after centuries 62 technique employed, written in the first person by by person first the in written employed, technique ;

as the work that “dissolved his last birthing pains,” pains,” birthing last his “dissolved that work the as s.v. Bagoas; Badian, “The Eunuch Bagoas.” Eunuch “The Badian, s.v.Bagoas;

h wr bgn wt a with begins work The Meletai

is therefore the subject of speculation, though it it though speculation, of subject the therefore is 14

r exerc are aiae’ ige surviving single Basilakes’ another priest by the name of Hierotheos Hierotheos of name the by priest another other. The possibility that the work work the that possibility The other. Adversus Bagoam Adversus ises in declamation which are are which declamation in ises - Meletai century manuscript, cod. Vind. cod. manuscript, century protheor

in general continue the continue general in Prolog progymnasmata ia

asilakes’ exile, exile, asilakes’ is of particular particular of is a hr and short a , os meletē,

tef but itself, Cf. Werba, the ,

CEU eTD Collection 66 65 Costantino.” il fratello per Basilace 64 Reaction?” Normal 63 Cyprus in 1107 but then abdicated and returned to the capital. The oration was composed during is fourth The period. same 1137 of campaign Syrian formerly Adrianos Komnenuos, which discusses the imperial family and includes details of editio original the in (third oration surviving second The of the rhetorical ability of its subject, in keeping with the standard guidelines for an encomium. the Garzya orations. of former may have been composed around 1155 (see above) and the latter cannot be surely dated. The Konstantinos. for monody authentic surely the than shorter also is and friend the about for the transmitted by only one manuscript, namely Vind. phil. gr. 321, which is also the unique source also contain two fourtee and thirteenth the from all manuscripts, four by transmitted is already first, The mentioned above, is an important source of regarding information the author and his family. It friend. anonymous an to other the and brother his to addressed is One be ruled outbased evidence. oninternal was in fact composed during the controversy that led to Basilakes’ exile is tempting and cannot

Cf. Cf. Cf. the of analysis general a For Prologos Basilakes, Basilakes, Garzya, “Encomio inedito di Niceforo Basilace per Alessio Aristeno,” 93 AlessioAristeno,” per Basilace Niceforo di inedito “Encomio Garzya, “La Garzya, Adversus Adversus Bagoam

This compilation, the with together Pignani by published been have monodies two The suggests that it may have been the first of the two, based on Basilakes on based two, the of first the been have may it that suggests 65 . It most likely dates to the period between 1140 and 1150.

Progimnasmi Progimnasmi e monodie Two of these these of Two produzione oratoria di Niceforo Basilace.” Niceforo di oratoria produzione

progymnasmata

. It is likely only an - made by the author while in Philippopolis also contained a alsocontained selection whileinPhilippopolis made author bythe 38. The third is an encomium of John Komnenos dealing with the with dealing Komnenos John of encomium an is third The 38. Adversus Bagoam Adversus an encomium o encomium an were

, attesting to its use as school text. school as use its to attesting , , , 65; Criscuolo, “Per la tradizione manoscritta della monodia di Niceforo rte o Aeis rseo, u ol n a survived. has one only but Aristenos, Alexios for written 63

, see: , f Nikolao f exercise, exercise, as it contains little personal information 15 Magdalino, “The Bagoas of Nicephoros Basilakes: Nicephoros of Bagoas “The Magdalino,

s M s o n) is for John, bishop in Bulgaria, in bishop John, for is n) uzalon, who was made bishop of of bishop made was who uzalon, – 4.

64 nth centuries, of which which of centuries, nth 66

The other monody is monody other The

The whole is a praise progymnasmata ’

description the

in A .

CEU eTD Collection 71 228 Basilace,” 70 Cf. Basilakes. only could be 69 68 Basilace.” Niceforo di Muzalone IV Nicola il Patriarca per dell’encomio 67 be this Let works. and life his of criticism a build to which on foundation a for need the and neglected. “ as he inthe mentions Basilakes had gained experience as a letter writer while helping his maternal uncle in his youth, re requires conjecture this exile, Basilakes’ to previously is understood third by Garzya as addressed to Basilakes’ The brother. However, because Konstantinos died students. their and Basilakes like teachers important between bond personal The second and four friends. two to addressed is first The 6. (A) A III gr. Neap. by transmitted also is which first Prolog condi living his of bitterly complain and exile his suspects oration. be to part of this a is There Domestic style. simpler its for reason the is this that states and the in claims Basilakes patriarch. 1147 of controversy the einer der fruchtbarsten und gewandtesten Redner des 12. des Redner gewandtesten und fruchtbarsten der einer

Krumbacher, Krumbacher, This letter is also attributed to Theodore Prodromos, but a comparison with the other letters reveals that its other “Encomn Garzya, Cf. o a re assmn o Bslks eitlgahc upt see: output, epistolographic Basilakes’ of assessment brief a For Maisano, “Encomio “Encomio Maisano, , these letters have been transmitted only by Scor. gr. Y.II.10, withthe Scor.exceptionof the been, theseonlyby letters transmitted have It should now be clear to the to clear be now Itshould We also have four letters of Basilakes, mentioned above. These were composed during lso a fragment, which appears at the end of Garzya’s edition, and which the editor the which and edition, Garzya’s of end the at appears which fragment, a lso 71 John Ax John

– The reason for this neglect has been a lack of good editions, a lack of translations, 29. Gesch

io inedito di Niceforo Basilace per Giovanni Axuch.” Giovanni per Basilace Niceforo di inedito io ichte der byzantinischen Litteratur byzantinischen der ichte ouch. It praises him for his military exploits and support of the empreror. the of support and exploits military his for him praises It ouch. th are addressed to a group of former students, confirming for us the close Prolog di Niceforo Basilace per il Patriarca Nicola IV Muzalone”; Maisano, “Per il testo testo il “Per Maisano, Muzalone”; IV Nicola Patriarca il per Basilace Niceforo di Garzya, “Varia Philologica VII.” “VariaPhilologica Garzya,

- 11 hn aul Kmeo atmtd o pon M appoint to attempted Komnenos I Manuel when 1151 os

. 70

68 Prologos

reader that Basilakes, whom Krumbacher already termed termed already Krumbacher whom Basilakes, that reader

to have written this for one of his young students students young his of one for this written have to 16 , 473. ,

tions and the absence of culture. Like the the Like culture. of absence the and tions

h fnl rto i for is oration final The - evaluation, as mentioned above. mentioned as evaluation,

Garzya, “Quatro Epistole di Niceforo Niceforo di Epistole “Quatro Garzya, Jahrhunderts” has been wrongly wrongly been has Jahrhunderts”

h Grand the o uzalon 69

CEU eTD Collection theus turn questionof schedography. justification enough for the preceding introduction to this study’s princi

pal pal personage. Now let CEU eTD Collection 72 understood, thatorthography a attained diff phonology. Here, the modern pronunciation was so deeply entrenched and the ancient so poorly in successful largely were and authors, Classical the to possible and syntactic changes. Educated speakers and writers attempted to produce Greek as similar as far seen had period the of language spoken the one thousand years since the venerated Classical authors had committed their works to writin intheeleventhInConstantinople spoken onthestreetsthan ofandtwelfth themore centuries. in students pr educate and to understanding foremost and first was education, children’s of years early the in system,especially this of purposeThe centuries. twelfth andeleventh the of educationsystem Twelfth and Eleventh the Centuries in Education Byzantine 2.1 meaning of the word, its first implementation in schools, its diffusion, and its ultimate function. where the First schedography. early Byzantine school system of the eleventh and twelfth century with is described, this being the setting associated problems fundamental most the bare lay subobscura curas Krumbacheri In 1902 Leo Sternbach wrote that

Sternbach, “Spicilegium Laurentianum,” 72. Laurentianum,” “Spicilegium Sternbach, Chapter 2 schedē ceorpy ut e understo be must Schedography

were compos were

oducing Atticist Greek, which differed significantly from the Greek Greek the from significantly differed which Greek, Atticist oducing –

The Birth of Schedography in the ed and used. Then attention is turned to turned is attention Then used. and ed

Eleventh Century . 72 schedographiae Byzantinae primordia … etiam post eximias

The situat The

d n itrrtd n h cnet f h Byzantine the of context the in interpreted and od icul ion has improved little. This chapter attempts to attempts chapter This little. improved has ion 18 - tycomparable English. tothatof reaching phonological, morphological, lexical lexical morphological, phonological, reaching

every category except that of that except category every schedē

themselves, the the themselves,

CEU eTD Collection 77 76 75 74 73 shall see, Eustathi church. the to threat serious a their represent didn’t furthermore and Homer value. ethopoetic form, their of perfection the of because students young for useful further were th express to how as well as thoughts the twelfth century. He was seen as a rhetorical author, ideal for learning how to express one’s in prominence in gained even and dialect, mixed his despite author principal the was Homer bein lines thirty daily, text of sections large memorize and spelling, meter, and Classical poetry. Students would begin with Homer, focusing on the π ἔ (Ο grammarians” to you entrusted and … child’ fro one, learned admirable oh parents, “your education: childhood his to seeing for parents Alexios’ cases. most in earlier much lev first the attending students. young ungrateful sometimes teaching of frustrations the even and teacher and student between connection the focus sharper into brings anecdote specific about Information church. the or administration imperial court, the of world the enter to eager class, middle aspiring the and class upper the among both demand high in therefore was and society Byzantine of τ’ αρακατετίθουν).

Basilikopoulos n. 181. 268 Institutionalization,” and Elites “Rising Gaul, Basilakes, l de “De structure la Markopoulos, 266 Institutionalization,” and Elites “Rising Gaul, ἐ να καλ όντα The first years of formal schooling were taken up with the study of basic grammar, basic of study the with up taken were schooling formal of years first The Education in Atticist Greek was the ticket to enter Oratio in Alexium Aristenum Alexium in Oratio m the poem that ‘you should teach what is good (to your son) while he is still a still is he while son) your (to good is what teach should ‘you that poem the m ὰ - Ioannidou, Ioannidou,

διδάσκειν διδάσκειν 75 os of Thessaloniki even sees examples of

el school at about twelve years of age, though education surely began began surely education though age, of years twelve about at school el Ἡ

ἀ ἔ ναγέννησις τ ναγέννησις γ’ παρ ργα’ 74

' n i ecmu o Aeis rseo, aiae commends Basilakes Aristenos, Alexios of encomium his In école byz école , 18, ed. Garzya, p. 17 ll. Garzya, p. 17 ed. 18, , ὰ col i dsponigy pre bt h occasional the but sparse, disappointingly is schools oughts that other have previously expressed. His works His expressed. previously have other that oughts ῶ

antine,” 89. antine,” ν γραμμάτων κατ γραμμάτων ν τ ῆ ς ποιήσεως ποιήσεως ς – 67. 19

ἱ

γάρ σε τεκόντες, τεκόντες, σε γάρ ὰ ἐ

διδάχθησαν καί σε … γραμματιστα … σε καί διδάχθησαν ὸ 13 ing and belonging to the higher levels νιβ’α - 16. schedē g a somewhat standard number. standard somewhat a g

ἰῶ να 73 , 57 , in Homer. They would then

ὦ hlrn eeal began generally Children

– θαυμάσιε, τ θαυμάσιε, 60.

ὸ

‘χρ 77 ὴ

As we As

Iliad πα ῖ δ’ δ’ 76 ῖ ς ,

CEU eTD Collection 80 79 78 (τ Hermes” of arena the of dust the in other any than sett school associated with rhetoric. a in competitions to refer to metaphors military use to century twelfth and eleventh the of authors for common is It nature. competitive apparent its is comment pieces ofthe time. of performability ē apparent the and situation this Given own. their of composition the in students memorized the stories in coll of series the The Bible. the Basilakes, of those in time first the for myt Classical from instances taking Y,” when said haveX of this period. lowest levels ofeducationand as the with association their of because on down looked contacts, some in were, poetry of works these yet And usages. unusual of examples excellent provide and limits its to language Attic were particular in playwrights The education. early of teachers. their interrogatedby Psalms of David, also working with summaries of the texts, and would be lecturedboth to and after perhaps Homer himself. They wouldcontinue through classicalthe cannon as well move on to the tragedians, who are possibly the most cited Classical authors during this period, thopoiïai

Ibid., 253ff. Ibid., Bernard, l de “De structure la Markopoulos, Another point of the Byzantine grammar school of this period that deserves special deserves that period this of school grammar Byzantine the of point Another The Writing and Reading Byzantine Secular Poe Secular Byzantine Reading Writingand , it is somewhat strange that strange somewhat is it ,

ē thopoiïai Ē progymnasmata thopoiïai

, mentioned above, were also an important part of grammatical education 80

are brief compositions that begin by posing the question, “what would

So forSo instance speaks Basilakes ofDemosthenesas “covered more 78

wih ei wt sml mtooia sois Presumably stories. mythological simple with begin which , ' école byzantine,” 89. byzantine,” école

It is clear from this list that poetry constituted a princip a constituted poetrythat list this from Itclear is

being puerile. ections ections such as that of Basilakes and used them as models schedē 20 try

79 and not these were the premier performance performance premier the were these not and

, 213 ,

– 215. ē

ὴ useful models because they push the the push they because models useful thopoiïai ν

hology, history, current events, and and events,current history, hology, Ἑ ρμο ῦ

seem to mark the climax in climax the mark to seem κονίστραν ε κονίστραν ἴ περ τις τις περ ing or or ing

al ἄ as as the λλος

part CEU eTD Collection 85 1180 84 83 Sophistik spätbyzantinische die und Magistros 82 81 το things all ambition is excusable,” (ο teaching, burden inwhich ortookonthe I of rhetors work of there, the pursued either (where) Basilakes asserts that eloquence. Alexios’ of “the concept of broad A periods. Byzantine late and middle the of institution essential this of understanding however, earlierw itmaintained technical its as meaning word, the of use Basilakes’ from clear is As factor. defining the was space physical the not communities who would gather to read works in high style. formalized. heavily Such spaces. performance concrete fairly then were logoi technical to the general or metaphorical. word the like mobility,as see,a we and development waskey shall factor inthe ofschedography. upwards for fought they as class middle the among particularly atmosphere, competitive ἀ κριβ

Basilakes, particularly: See Bernard, Basilakes, o a oeve o maig ta ti wr cud ae n h ltr eid se particu see period, later the in take could word this that meanings of overview an For ῦ το καλούμενος , ” which served as a venue for schedic performances. These early eleventh 337ff. ῶ theatron κονισάμενος). ς It is worth pausing to examine the contribution of Basilakes’ writing to our our to writing Basilakes’ of contribution the examine to pausing worth is It An institution which deserves special comment is that of the Writing and Reading Byzantine Secular Poetry Secular Byzantine Reading Writingand

In Nicolaum Muzalona Nicolaum In Oratio in Alexium Aristenum Alexium in Oratio theatron schedos

Mullett, “Aristocracy and Patronage”; Magdalino, Magdalino, Patronage”; and “Aristocracy Mullett, of all Greeks” ( ἢ

83 is exemplified in Basilakes 85

ῥ

he “did not go to

ητόρων ητόρων By the twelfth century the word had extended to be use be to extended had word the century twelfth the By , has seen a number of usages in Byzantine sources, ranging from the from ranging sources, Byzantine in usages of number a seen has , A more restricted use of the word can be found in the the in found be can word the of use restricted more A 81

hs elgrne a srl te rdc o a of product the surely was belligerence This

, 1, ed. Garzya, 75.7. 1, ed. , p. ἔ ργα μετι ὑ π ὸ , 4, ed. Garzya, p. 11.27 Garzya, p. ed. 4, ,

ὐ Πανελληνί [ χ , 18 , ] theatra ὼ

82 ὡ ν –

ς Bernard connects the word with the “contests in ἢ 23. ἀ

διδασκαλικο πειρόκαλος ε

as one who is tasteless, but rather as one invited ’ ’ oration for Alexios Aristenos where he speaks ῳ

, 253ff. , τ

ῷ

θεάτρ theatra

- 8

ell, atacademic least an context. in ὺ ἰ ῳ ς ς θέατρα καταβαίνων, ς ς πόνους The Empire of Manuel I Komnenos, 1143 Komnenos, I Manuel of Empire The 84

), where all the world is a stage for were presided over by judges and judges by over presided were

Here evidently, the audience and theatron ἐ πιφορτισθείς, πιφορτισθείς, . This word, much larly: Prologos - century oe general more d for learned for d ἀ Gaul, Gaul, λ ἐ λ’ ν ο

ὡ , where , theatra ἷ Thomas Thomas ς ς ς α ἅ παν ὐ hoi τ

ὸ -

CEU eTD Collection 89 Reinsch. 88 87 [ Insertion of than rather place. as a people the of conceived have indeed may he that suggests here word the of use Basilakes’ word the uses Basilakes 86 in joy very much alive in th arenathe ( competition the enters one before for preparation and practice of importance the in sucha setting. and theatrical technical terminology, that it is evident that it was intended itself to be performed Indeed this τ βουλ γένη συγκ spectacle a made the foreigners; when he had called together such an the for arch gathers priests He spectacle. of manner all together “calls latter the accusation, their make Hierotheos emperor. the of appearance a assembling people the of speaks he Komnenos of John hisencomium instance, for in area. specific physical So, not restrictedtoa being turned into learned circle and a didactic setting. ε ῶ ὐ

Basilakes, Basialkes, Basilakes, Basilakes, άφορμον τ άφορμον ν

ἱ ῆ ερέων ς theatra

Basilakes, in his oration for John of John for oration his in Basilakes, [ στίφη

( αλε θέατρον Oratio in Ioannem Ep. Bulgariae ex Adriano Comneno Adriano ex Bulgariae Ep. Ioannem in Oratio Ioannem In Adversus Bagoam Adversus Prologos

melet α ὸ ἶ ῖ , loves the arena and longs for the stage”( the for longs and arena the loves , σχος ται ται περ

], ], φιλότιμον). το ē

theatra of the pollution of the church, and seems <…> towards piety.” ( piety.” towards <…> seems and church, the of pollution the of

, 8, ed. Garzya, p. 5.26 p. Garzya, ed. 8, , contains such a range and density of what seems almost gratuitous dramatic ), making it clear that the eleventh century conception of the word was still wasword the of centuryconception eleventh the clearthat it making ), , ὺ ς θεατρίζει e school context of Basilakes time. Comnenum Imperatorem Comnenum

ὶ ὡ ἄ

τ peoiinly Ti (pseudo This prepositionally. ς στεως ὴ

ν θέαν,

by a sudden public showingconsensus, that the , 6, ed. Garzya, p. 96.25 p. Garzya, ed. 6, , - 86 priests,

Here we seem to see a glimpse of something that is at once a once at is that something of glimpse a see to seem we Here 87 ,

τ το

ὸ iial i the in Similarly ἀ

ὺ τ ρχιερέας ς ῆ

altar attendants, the droves of councilmen, the townsmen, the councilmen, of droves the attendants, altar

χ ς ἐ In Basilakes’ writings we can ] is my own for Garzya Garzya for myisown ]

πήλυδας ἐ - κκλησίας 28. If the reading given by Garzya is correct, it is of interest that that interest of is it correct, is Garzya by given reading the If 28. , 1, ed. Garzya, p. 49.5 Garzya, p. 1, ed. ,

t ἀ heatron

θροίζει Bulgaria, former Adrianos Komnenos, speaks of of speaks Komnenos, Adrianos former Bulgaria, · 22 - τοιο 29. The first lacuna in the edition of Garzya is filled by by filled is Garzya of edition the in lacuna first The 29.

ἄ - melet γος )prep audience ῦ

, τον θαρν υαερμν fr h public the for συναγείρομεν) (θέατρον το , osition is generally reserved for humans, and and humans, for reserved generally is osition ὺ κα 89 ē χαίρει θεάτροις κα θεάτροις χαίρει

ς κ

θέατρον

, 1, ed. Garzya, 1, ed. , p.26.

He writes that the sophistic art “takes . ὶ gis Bga, hn aas and Bagaos when Bagoas, against το

δοκε , he exposed disgrace of the clergy, ῦ -

10. βήματος ῖ

<...> <...> συγκροτήσας also find examples of spaces theatron

προκαθημένους πρ theatra ὸ 1 ὶ ς

- κονίστρας

9; p. 27.1 p. 9; τ

ὴ rather as a group of group a as rather ν

ἐ

κπομπεύει ε for him were ὐ ἱ σέβειαν ερέων ερέων ἀ - 3. γών

ἐ , ρ τ ) ᾷ ὰ

ὅ and and τ κα ).

λα λα ῆ τ 88 ὸ ς ὶ

CEU eTD Collection 320. ed.Uthemann, p. 24(.1).131, 95 94 93 Grotiaferrata di Badia 92 91 90 vern many with As time. the of language “notes.” be to seems context, the by Its judging meaningwriting Sinaites. ofAnastasios here, TheodorosSaint and inthe Sykeotes seemvariety imply too as an well. older (τ Sphorakios of Theodoros Christophor by poem a in showing that eleventh century. th have they that held generally is It milieu. performative of Schedography History 2.2 The academic environment. frequent the time, same the At the passage cited above where he speaks of attending the in as just didactic, clearly is setting the teacher, young a as already or student a as time his of myself” (θαμ to youths of troops entire drew I frequently, performing “by that writes he education, his of Speaking century. previous the in used was it as word the of use technical equally an being γλίχεται βήματος

Christophoros Mytilenaios, Mytilenaios, Christophoros Psellos, See: nei secoli Bisanzio “LaGiuseppe XI schedografia a Schirò, Basialakes, Basilakes, Gregorios Sykeotes, Sykeotes, Gregorios The word The Schedē Oration in Ioannem Comnenum Ioannem in Oration Prologos, Prologos, Scripta minora Scripta ὰ schedē

, as school exercises, seem to have grown directly out of this competitive and competitive this of out directly grown have to seem exercises, school as , θεατρίζων θεατρίζων 92 ). schedos schedos 90

They are discussed by Michael Psellos (1018 III (1949): 15III(1949): i d Tédr d Sykeôn de Théodore de Vie

3, ed. Garzya, p. 3.18. p. ed. Garzya, 3, played played a role in his life as a teacher. It is therefore quite tempting to take his testimony from the from testimony his take to tempting quite therefore is It

Versus varii Versus , ep. 16 and 24, ed.Kurtz 24, and 16 , ep. os Myteleneos (c. 1000 (c. Myteleneos os ὅ itself is first attested in the writings of writings the in attested first is itself λας νέων ῶ

ν πάντων κρατέουσι νέων σχεδέων). νέων κρατέουσι πάντων ν

– 1 6. eto of mention

, 10.15, ed. de Groote, p. 11. Groote,p. ed.de 10.15, , 95 ἀ , 2, ed. Garzya, p. 50.10 ed.Garzya, p. 2, ,

γέλας ε It is likely that the word was taken up from the spoken the from up taken was word the that likely is It

acular words, its etymology poses some problems. It problems. some etymologyposes its words, acular sc 15 e. etgèe Anast Festugière; ed. 165, sec. , theatra ἰ 23 ς -

Drexel, pp. 19.20 pp. Drexel, ἑ

αυτ - 1050) to the new the to 1050) - XIIe XIIe la dei scuola SS XL Martiri,”

ὸ n h oain se t bsek non a bespeak to seem orations the in ν ἐ 93 πεσπώμη theatron -

11. More definitive still is the reference

eir origins in the beginning of the of beginning the in origins eir

- 20.19 and 30.22 and 20.19 - 1078) in several of his letters,

as a teacherly responsibility. ν).

94 the seventh the schedē

91 The “new “new The

Whether he isspeaking so Sinaites, asios

of the school of St. St. of school the of - 31.23. - schedē century life of of life century Bollettino dellaBollettino

Pr ologos ie Dux Viae ” would ”

as - , CEU eTD Collection δι καλ 100 99 with ofcontamination likelihood 98 tomus. et sicut Graecum, est nomen et est; in libris redactum et necdum emendatur, adhuc 97 96 re to students calledon schedography, of which formlater to the point well equallylanguage could schedē Henrichsen the of direction the in point to seems definition This Magnum serv only lexicons Byzantine Aglancecenturynew schoolapplied But form exercise? andtoaexercise. of this at what was bycomposition Polybios. ) re was cut.” is a new formation within Latin and may show a contamination with the Greek verb scheda, adjective σχέδιος ultimately belongs to a family of words associated with writing and composition. The Classical σχεδιάζω

ασκεδαζόμεναι γ ασκεδαζόμεναι Polybios, Polybios, Seville, of Isidore maior, Plinius

Chantraine, Chantraine, Etymologicon Etymologicon Magnum, ῶ κα ς 96 - nlz wr budre (ιμρζν τ (διαμερίζον boundaries word analyze

- Isidore of Seville defines Seville of Isidore as an ou an as logic. of means by comprehended are and (constituents) fine into logically divided σκεδ σκεδάζω alongside Or phrases. and words dividing and well dissolving of) act Schedos The word

, orwd no re as Greek into borrowed with an alternate form alternate an with ὶ

contains the followingentry: hsiy hon oehr (rm h adv. the (from together” thrown “hastily schedius , , “to do a thing off Historiae ιμρζν τ διαμερίζον σ σέο ad χδς fr h wrs r boe u, n a i were, it as and up, broken are words the for σχέδος, and σκέδος άσω itonie tmlgqe e a age grecque langue la de étymologique Dictionnaire 100 Naturalis historia Naturalis ὰ — tgrowth of tgrowth ρα schedos Etymologiarum siue Originum libri XX libri Originum siue Etymologiarum , fr. 46, ed.Büttner fr.46, , alongside χέω, “pour” χέδος and σχέδος, as though (referring to the to (referring though as σχέδος, and χέδος “pour” χέω, alongside

“ha ἱ

λέξεις κα λέξεις ὰ λξι κα λέξεις ς stily built” and the noun the and built” stily ed, Gaisford, s.v.

, then, was taken up by the competitive schoolmasters of the eleventh 99 epimerismoi

schiz ὶ -

, 13.23(77); 13.24(80), ed. ed. Ian 13.24(80), 13.23(77); , hand” hand” from the adjective ο es to deepen the confusion. The twelfth The confusion. the deepen to es

ἱ ονε scida ō

ὶ scheda in the word word the in

ὶ - σχέδη

Wobst, p. 520.11 p. Wobst, μεριζόμεναι ε μεριζόμεναι το , “a strip of papyrus,” already attested in Pliny the Elder, Elder, the Pliny in attested already papyrus,” of strip “a , ὺ σχέδος: σχέδος: <Σχέδος>: Παρ ς λόγους. λόγους. ς

, grammatical parsing exercises. On the other hand, its hand, other the On exercises. parsing grammatical , “page.” ,

as a work not yet ready for publication. for ready yet not work a as schedē 24 ἰ ς λεπτ ς Ἢ ὰ

schedium -

λξι κα λέξεις ς

12. in the meaning of “page.” ofmeaning inthe 98 παρ , 6.14.8, ed. Lindsay, p. 201.9 p. Lindsay, ed. 6.14.8, ,

ὰ

lsia Gek lo a a eb ( verb a had also Greek Classical

δι ὰ - σχέδιος σχεδόν Mayhof, p. 443.17; p. 444.16. p. 444.16. 443.17; p. Mayhof,

ὰ sv schedon. s.v. , τ το ὸ ὰ , “an extemporaneous poem.” Latin poem.” extemporaneous “an ,

ῦ τ κδζ σεάω κδς κα σκέδος σκεδάσω σκεδάζω ὸ

λόγου ε λόγου

χέω χέω χέδος κα ) ὶ . This is alrea

το rvdd h Cascl Latin Classical the provided ὺ ἰ ς γν ς pleasingly and λόγους) ς

- Chantraine also indicates the the indicates also Chantraine rmahr nlss of analysis Krumbacher - ῶ century

σιν παραλαμβάνονται. παραλαμβάνονται. σιν ὶ

σχέδος, σχέδος, ο dy used

- 11: 11: Etymologicum Etymologicum

Sche ἱ 97 ονε

for for This word This σχίζω da ὶ

τ ὶ ὸ

literary est quod quod est

διαχέον σχέδος· σχέδος· α ὐ , “to το

CEU eTD Collection providentia. debita al exidest improviso schediazo, inde editum, 105 104 103 παρατυχόντος 102 101 who crusaders by West the to brought were terms “technical” these Likely obscure. is source forethought.” requiredlacking the i that those of Hesychios: “a decree made suddenly is called a thirteenth twelfth andwhere thephonetic hintata ofthe similarity words theimpromptuelement recounts asking his students to draft proto of kind a represent to seems which Anonymous the of letters the in passage a note to Gaul led Byz of aspect impromptu the bespeak to way a in as though the verb were productively formed from impromptu, said also of doing something quickly.” “σχεδι word: sounding similar a for lexicographer, entry the add also might we discussion συνεκτικόν ( together” things many holds which that “ etymology alternative ambiguous the schedography (τ confounds

Thomas Aq epistulae professoris Anonymi and Elites “Rising Gaul, apud

Hesychios, Hesychios, , o o oehn sdel, hne te a) s termed is law) (the whence suddenly, something do to s, - Henrichsen, Henrichsen, h wrs χδς n σχεδι and σχέδος words The etr Byzanti century - century ThomasAquinas defines schedography source. almost identical to inwords ), pointing vaguely in the direction of the didactic content of a of content didactic the of direction the in vaguely pointing ),

u ἐ ὸ ν inas, inas, eyhi lxnrn Lexicon Alexandrini Hesychii

ἑ διαχέον καλ διαχέον τοίμ

Sententia Sententia libri Ethicorum Om Sched Om ῳ

λέγειν Institutionalization,” 273. Institutionalization,” e, r as epiil udrto a cnetd y n unlikely an by connected as understood explicitly also are nes,

. ographien i de Byzantinske Skoler i Byzantinske de ographien λέγεται ῶ , ep. 94.5, ed. Markopoulos, p. 83. p. Markopoulos, 94.5, ed. ep. , ς) with its riddles and wordplay. A gloss in cod. Reg. 930 gives 930 Reg. cod. in gloss A wordplay. and riddles its with ς)

δ 105 ὲ

(σχεδι κα

The context is a discussion of legal justice, and Thomas’andlegal justice,of discussion a is context The iquid facio, unde potest dici lex aposchediasmenos, idest quae caret quae idest aposchediasmenos, lex dici unde facio, potest iquid ά ὶ , , 5.2.905, ed. Pirotta, p. 247:

εν wih ee uey soitd y eleventh by associated surely were which ζειν, ἐ π e. asn s.v. Hansen, ed. , ὶ ά ἢ το ζειν) iambic verses and post them in public squares,

ῦ schedography. παρ

f eyho, h fourth the Hesychios, of

25 ταχέως

ὰ

antine schedic performance. It is this this is It performance. schedic antine σχέδιος 102 τ ὸ

ποιε

The first meaning is purely etymological, ά σχ next to next , 11. , ζειν schedos ῖ ῶ

ν . , discussed above. The second seems

— 103 σχεδιάζειν τ ὸ schoomaster 1) to (1.)

σχ schedos schedos dicitur dictamen ex improviso h Aoyos schoolmaster Anonymous The κρατ , whence (the word) ῶ , to hold, (for) hold, to , aposchediasmenos ῶ < : prah (. T speak To (2.) approach. , σχέδος σχεδιάζειν - etr Alexandrian century

(mid tenth (mid schedos

ὸ connection. >· >·

τ schedos ῶ . schediazo ἐ 101 ν γγίζειν - ta is, that ,

century) πολλ

To this To which -

. and (is) ῶ 104 ἐ ν κ ,

CEU eTD Collection text.” and 109 108 107 106 mice, about stories short two of collection a rather is It riddles. nor exercises epimerismatic au (in terms of learningcase morphology and vocabulary, usage). much more to a classroom dictation exercise (in terms of orthography) or to rote memorization difficult to imagine how it would even be possible to execute such a performance. fact in is it and performance, for intended been have could work this that indication slightest work’s self the despite Yet students. of benefit the for possible as words sounding similar or difficult (sixty ( άρχαιτέρων misspelled or confused easily be on schedography. The very first sentence contains strings of similar work a it terms even 883 gr. Vat. cod. in given title The orthography. and syntax in exercises century. eleventh 36 work so the of Latinthe W had encountered them in Constantinople. This is, to my knowledge, the only use of the term in

thorship of this work and the period of its composition are disputed. are composition its of period the and work this of thorship ), For For the text and a of deiscussion authorship and dating, see: Longibardos Psellos, Festa,

or the same as Psellos’ addressee, Psellos’ as same or the . If this Longibardos is the same as the one to whom Anna Komnene refers (see below below (see refers Komnene Anna whom to one the as same the is Longibardos this If . - one pages ofFesta)one intheedition withthe express purpose ofusingas many potentially An example of similar “ similar of example An grammaticalwork the is this and exist, to seem does period this from text one least At “

Longibardos - Oratoria minora, minora, Oratoria called Longibardos. called - ….) est, andone nownotclaimed that has the until attention of scholars. identifica , Παρεκβόλαια and continues in this vein. this in continues and 107 ”; Festa, “Note preliminari su Longibardos.” su “Notepreliminari Festa, ”;

As the title of his work makes clear, it is intended as a as intended is it clear, makes work his of title the As tion, at least in one manuscript, as a collection of collection asa manuscript, one atin tion, least 18, ed. Littlewood. 18, ed.

, ed. Festa, p. 112.4 p. Festa, ed. , 106

schedē Little is known about the author or the precise dating of the of dating precise the or author the about known is Little he can be comfortably s be can he ” can be found in the in found be can ”

Πολλοὶ - 5 108

The author seems to have composed this work this composed have to seems author The

τῶν Papademetriou, “ΤPapademetriou,

άρχια

ιτέρων Schedē of the Mouse the of Schedē ituated within theearly within tomid ituated

- sounding sounding words that could ὰ

σχέδη το καὶ schedē 109

It presents neither presents It άρχαιοτέρων ῦ schoolbook with schoolbook , there is not the , thereisnot

μυός: newμυός: sources

It lends itself . Both the Both .

καὶ -

CEU eTD Collection ἀρίδηλον προτιμώτερα 113 Moschopoulos, might student Or hiswere begin career? academic used as models such epimerismatic texts for original analyses? 112 “Moschopulea.” Keaney, σχεδ 111 110 vocabularyand orthography. by thenfollowed Thisis wordanalysis: aby word a as both heart, by learned be to designed is saying this Clearly begins the followingpedanticmaxim: with less systematic way, providing lists of related andwords derivatives. So for instance one entry schedē schedography. typical as seen was century, fourteenth early the in least at matter, καὶ the opening of this requests that Christ illumine the mind of the student now beginning to write affi close a bear to seems Itauthors. likely was by more awritten humble teacher inthe eleventh century. this identify tryto to likelyfutile βούλεσθε spell, particularly words associated with food. The first is addressed to children or students ( which, like Longibardos’ work, contain interesting words that are eit

Ibid., 133. Ibid., meant is exactly what questions One The book contains twenty Anonymous,

ῶ τὴν ν ; Gallavotti, “Nota sulla schedografia di Moscopulo e sui suoi precedenti fino a Teodoro Prodomo”; Prodomo”; Teodoro a fino precedenti suoi sui e Moscopulo di schedografia sulla “Nota Gallavotti, ;

analyze the and syntax particularly the morphology of words in magnificent, gloriousfar conspicuous, and coins,and sweeter than honey honeycomb.youthese make will or For famous, ar They you. Take into account, oh child, the sayings and phrases which are being written for of anothertype Yet , ἀρχὴν καὶ ,

ὦ

ὑπὲρ Ἔχε ἀρίζηλον

παῖδες

Περ Τ

εὐλόγισον ὰ

ἐπὶ μυριάδας το σχέδη ὶ

σχεδ

schedos schedos λογισμῶν ,

καὶ τραφῆναι e more valuable than gold, more precious than countless silver silver countless than precious more gold, than valuable more e

ῶ

ν ἀριδείκετον ῦ , , 3. -

two two

μυός ἀργυρίων· nity to the so the to nity τοῦ

( schedos ὦ schedē φώτισον , 1.1 ,

σχέδους παῖ

τήμερον

- , τὰ 2, ed. Papademetriou, p. 219.1 p. ed. Papademetriou, 2, little work with one of the greateleventh the of with one work little

καὶ and and has survived in a large number of manuscripts. by καὶ

, chiefly represented in the later manual of Moschopoulos, of manuallater the in representedchiefly , γραφόμενά

σχεδογραφεῖν

τὸν ἐν ) ἡδύτερα - . Needless to say,. Needless strongly thatthesubject this to suggests called

βροτοὶς λογικῶς

νοῦν

σοι 27 ὑπὲρ epimerismoi

τοῦ περιώνυμον ,

. Were these perhaps copying exercises with which a which with exercises copying perhaps these Were . ῥησείδια ἰδου

- νέου μέλι famed.

ὁ καὶ

τοῦ μῦς

. καὶ

113 . κηρίον -

111

νῦν λεξίδια ὑμῖν

The opening of the compilationthe of opening The

ἀρξαμένου .

moral lesson and a lesson in in lesson a and lesson moral τὸ Ταῦτα , τὰ

συσσίτιον her unusual or difficult to

τιμιώτερα

a sentence in a more or γάρ -

schedē

τοῦ σε or twelfth or

Moschopoulos, Moschopoulos,

θήσει δίδωσι ὑπὲρ

σχεδογραφεῖν

and to bless

χρυσίον κλεινὸν 112 ). - century 110

These

Περ , It is

καὶ καὶ Εἰ , ὶ

CEU eTD Collection κα α τ Ἐ μνημονεύει σκε το παρ Τίνα ἔ τ 114 a rhetorical question. then the exception is treated with examples for each spelling. Both sections are introduced with ( themselves receive definitions ( pseudo of list a follows Then short. is “e” the that case this in observation, antistoichic/orthographic an by (e.g. given is word the of form “dictionary” a first above, with ending verb, and adjective noun, every treat to proceeds analysis The ὸ / ὸ χοντα ἰ χυρ χμ ῦ

ε ὶ παρ Ibid., 133 ξίφος

ῦ ὰ / μεταίχμιον ἀ ῇ

ός

δι ὸ ρότρου ποιητα

+ χρώμενος ν

ὰ ὰ ἐ τι ,

παγόμενον

χ το pr two armies, which isalso arm your hand against the sons of Atreus?” and α (are following: one’s peace. And others. Which (words are written) with the diphthong another country. Philippics. (his) in evidence). (of notes sealed they which in stand court the of vessel bronze a Attic, in as, well as (creature) farmers use to move the entire plow. snake. for) as hatredwell as (used poets, by) posse bear, to (meaning) diphthong the short with written mostly are on.’ put short with written Ἔ το τ

το παρ ὸ ἰ 푢푠푢푎푙푙푦 → ῖ ῦ χμάζω

ῦ χ ς Δημοσθένης ἀ

ῖ

- .

. The dictionary form: form: dictionary The . ς ε

σφαλές 134: 134:

δόρατος ἀ ὰ ὃ ,

, derived) ψιλο ττικο

ἀ τ . κρατο ὸ

ττικο ὸ α Ἐ

- μ Ἔ ἰ μετ , Ἔ χμάζω derivatives and folk etymologies that share the same grapheme. These These grapheme. same the share that etymologies folk and derivatives

ῖ

ῦ χενη τ ῖ to throw a spear but also to arm, as in Sophocles(’ σος εχ χε . ς ; ὸ

χω . Ἐ Α ῖ

ὰ Τα ῦ ὕ ς χ .

Κα ντες b

. , ω χεμυθ Τ τ ἰ χαλκο

έν χμ κα ῦ ὡ ῶ , and similar (words). The (words) that start with start that (words) The (words). similar and , ΐ ut . ὸ , α

ς τα ὶ ς ν τ

Τρέχω

, a species of fish. of species a , θέμα ἰ ὶ

φιλιππικο

ὸ

ἀ ὴ αι

χμάλωτος

ἐ ο παρατάξε . sometimes ἐ

Ἐ π π , ἀ ἱ ῶ Ἔ χθαίρειν . Which are written with short short with written are Which .

ῦ ὸ ὶ κοντίζω the point of the spear, and hence the entire spear. From which γεωργο

χθραίνω ε , ν

το χω , τούτου

τ , Ἐ ἔ . such as such ὸ τ

χω πλε

Ἀ ῆ

χθρ τ το

ς ὸ μπέχω .

ῖ e δικαστικ ῦ ς ων ῖ , Τ φορ ὶ . ss, or hold. or ss, . στον . ς , , τ ὸ ὸ κα g , Ἐ

ὸ κινο . λόγους ὅ ς

. . ε

Ἐ α χθρ ἔ ὃ λον

μίσειν ῶ onounced

ὶ ἔχω

Ἐ , αιχ χω

ψιλόν Βρέχω

ἰ s h lcl eey and (enemy) local the is

τ κα , χ δι χμαλωσία τ ὸ ῦ χυρόν ε κα ῖ ὸ ὸ

ὰ σιν νος . However, some of them are also written with written also are them of some However, . The . ῆ ὶ ὁ τ ς

)

ἐ

ὸ , ς μεσαίχμιον πλίζω ὶ

το . Two paragraphs follow, in which first the rule and rule the first which in follow, paragraphs Two . . φυλάσσω νδύω

ὁ

. → κέκτημαι

τραπέζης δόρυ Ἔ ὅ

ῦ

Τ έν Ἐ is also a city, which Demosthenes mentions Demosthenes city,which a also is λον , which is which ,

ὰ ε χιδνα

βρέχω (means) (means) secure.

Ἐ Ἔ χέτλη τ δι . ψιλο . ε ῷ ἐ . 28 ὡ μεσαίχμιον

Ἔ χ ὰ

τ χθαίρειν χις

ἀ , and , ς α ὸ ῖ

s hr. od drvd from derived Words short. is το φ ,

νο χω

ὐ

παρ . ῦ , , ε ἄ ’ τ

, a species of snake. snake. of species a , κα ῦ ο λέγεται ἐ ἶ κα ροτρον ῷ , the upper part of a plough, which which plough, a of part upper the , . ς δος

ν γράφονται ὗ ἔ , a marine creature (but also a) land =

κα ὰ

ὶ

τόπ ὶ χω ᾧ

ἕ α διάκειμαι Σοφοκλε

ὕ

ἰ ὶ ὄ τερα Att τ χμάλωτος ἰ

ω ῳ φεως ῥ ὰ τ χμητής , ‘to hate.’‘to , μεταίχμιον ὰ ήματα

. . ·

γραμματε

κα . And others. . in Attic. in Ἐ πολέμιος ic ὅ . μοια Τίνα χ ἔχω

. ὶ . ὕω ῖ

Ἐ νος ἕ Ἐ ε Τιν ῖ , , τερα , Te following. The ? χενη , one who uses a spear. spear. a uses who one , κα δι ἦ χεμυθ . .

). πολέ , δι

ὰ for Κα ὰ κα κα ζ ὶ

ῖ Then a practical rule is stated:

ὰ δ . α ῶ δ το κρατ ῒ ὶ ὶ

ὲ Ἔ etc. ς , (meaning) between Ajax ὶ ὲ Τρέχω

τ ον ἀ

πρ , , α ῦ ἔχε ῆ α ἄ μιος πετίθεσαν ε ὁ

ῶ ἰ χιδνα ς ὐ λλως ε χμαλωσία ἶ ὸ

θαλλάττιον

ῶ δος τ

ἀ , (means) to hold αι ψιλο ς 114 ῶ ). This is then followed followed then is This ). π Ἔ ): “Did you also . ε

Ἀ

’ ν Ἔ

διφθόγγου

ἀ

followed by followed . ἰ τρείδαισιν τρείδαισιν . χτος h oe from one the κα χθύος λλοτρίας , a species ofa species , χις ῦ Τ Ἀ

ὰ ὶ γράφονται

μπέχω , .

δι δι . Ἐ ε , (a word word (a , ὰ περιώνυμον ἶ . κα ὰ δος χ ἔ

αι Ἐ κα τ

ῖ χω νος ῆ το ὶ χέτλη ;

Ἔ

? ? The γ ς ὶ

α ᾔ

Τα ὄ ῦ ῆ

, ‘to ,

χερσα αι ἰ χμασας χμασας χέρα.

φεως

χω ς χμητ κα are ε . . ῦ

διφθόγγου Ἐ ο τα χ ἀ , ὶ , ἷ

ρχόμενα τ

χθραίνω πόλις ς . ὴ . ὸ

ῖ Βρέχω ον ς Α Ἔ ἄ , . As . ἰ κρον . χ ὁ χμ , θ κα

τ ἧ ος ὴ ῇ ς ὶ . , , , .

CEU eTD Collection 117 Litteratur byzantinischen der i Schedographien de Byzantinske Skoler 116 see: performance, 115 “first the collectively work the call which of many titles, manuscript the by also supported later schedography. and possibly the tradition, epimerismic the on drawing text school literary quasi innovative and idiosyncratic an compiled having as Festa, with viewed, be then can Longibardos performance; oral an exercise written a as done being of possibility the presented and words, similar or difficult contained they because analysis to themselves lent that aphorisms off building impromptu, its of because grammar, not is schools, thoughperformative theobject merelyword association. Indeed, similar his in draw and listeners response his shape to them use would speaker the as context, oral an in de add would he which to words, demonstrating knowledge of orthographic rules, and exemplifying these with a wide variety of then to go through and create a performative othe the of student a to possibly or students, his to sort imagine that an eleventh easily might We performance. to easily itself lent have would it that clear is it that is detail,

Festa uh opttos r cmo i Ida oa ad r tre “ termed are and today India in common are competitions Such N ineteenth , “ hs ums rgrig the regarding surmise This early the of form the been have could this that idea The of type this of importance The — Longibardos creating some dramatic tension would have been important in such a performance! performance! a such in important been have would tension dramatic some creating - century scholarship took this a general definition of schedography. schedography. of definition general a this took scholarship century

Johar, Johar, impromptu performances are sometimes held in Indian held performances in andare middle sometimes elementaryimpromptu paet ogune ih h fcs o a given. far so facts the with congruence apparent Schedē of the Mouse Schedē ” 104. ”

Kuch Kuch Hota Hai Hota Kuch Kuch , sec. 250. sec. , -

century schoolmaster could have presented a contrived saying of this

; Komnene, finitions. The rhetorical questions also work especially well especially work also questions rhetorical The finitions.

as well. schedē , , 10:58. schedos Alexias epimerismos

117 29 f ocools so Moschopoulos’ of , and the reason why it is worth examining worth is it why reason the and ,

These could have thenfor , , vol. 131, col. 1165 note 91; Krumbacher, r team, and that the students’ job was was job students’ the that and team, r , analyzing and defining each words, extempo . Fr n xml o sc a such of example an For s.” 116 schedē - called

Such med a bridgemed tothe

Cf. Cf. s ut attractive quite is schedē Περὶ Henrichsen, Henrichsen, 115

σχεδῶν

Geschichte Geschichte

ol be could it in it

Om or is

CEU eTD Collection i Constantinople at School Patriarchal 122 121 120 Prodomo,”9. Teodoro 119 118 ( Leon(/lion),” noble the “(the school) will never see a humiliating defeat in words the with Leon teacher excellent its to attributed is Sphorakios of Theodoros St. school Chalkoprateioi the of school a at teacher the to third andthe ofSphorakios Theodoros St. of addressed tothe school poems two specific areschedographyfirst withassociated schoolsThe and was teachers. with discuss the for essential are that schedography of set a Mitylenaios. by provided is evidence practical Essential and thefirst historically. grammar. of study suggests thathe Basialkes instance, for So, levels. higher to later the education, of levels first the to relegated older the side, by side exist to continued they Likely works. later the of complexity new the that think epimerismatic “first third a even and second a represent Moschopoulos, schedos

Both of these schools were historically connected with the clergy of the Hagia Sophia. See: See: Sophia. Hagia the of clergy the with connected historically were schools these of Both Mytilenaios, Christophoros Basilakes, schedo “Notasulla Gallavotti, eny “ocoue” Glaot, Nt sull “Nota Gallavotti, “Moschopulea”; Keaney, sche Let us now test this hypothesis against some of ou ” ( ” dos πρῶτον Prologos, 121 ” could ” schedos

hs se t rva a ubr f hrceitc o ery eleventh early of characteristics of number a reveal to seem These began his practicing grouped

120 σχέδος

schedē

3, ed. Garzya, 3.14 ed. p. 3,

. In this way the “first “first the way this In also speak for the antiquity of the style. If we imagine that this kind of kind this that imagine we If style. the of antiquity the for speak also 122

was the original variety used in competitions, there is little reason to reason little is there competitions, in used variety original the was

The role of a good teacher is further emphasized. The success of the of success The emphasized. further is teacher good a of role The ἧ ). Versus varii Versus

y eny no three into Keaney by τταν fully supplanted it, it, supplanted fully

118 grafia di Moscopulo e sui suoi precedenti fino a Teodoro Prodomo,” 4 Prodomo,” finoTeodoro a precedenti suoi suie grafia Moscopulo di

There are in fact larger collections of collectionsfactlarger in Thereare

n the Twelfth Century,” 1962, 172. 1962, Century,” Twelfth n the δ ὲ

δειν , 9 schedos schedē - - 11 ed. de Groote, p. 10 p. Groote, de ed. 11 15. ὴ ν

ο schedos shdgai d Msouo si ui rcdni io a fino precedenti suoi sui e Moscopulo di schedografia a ὔ

not in his first yearsbut ratherfirst his not in afterhis of school, respectively. ποτε 30 especially considering the apparent heightened apparent the considering especially ion of its evolution. They make it clear that that clear it make They evolution. its of ion

σχέδους classes sched ” could be both the first in the curriculum the in first the both be could ” r early testimony about schedography. ( , and these could then potentially potentially then could these and , 119 ic - 12.

ἴ

combat) combat) as aslong their tea δ But regardless, the appellation ofappellation the regardless, But three poems by Christophoros Christophoros by poems three

ῃ , / , ἕ ως schedē

μαΐστωρ

under the name ofname the under

ἐ Browning, “The Browning, στ ὶ

γεννάδας - – century schedē 5. cher is

CEU eTD Collection 126 125 124 123 and useful, and beautiful most is that all itself for gathers and plucks bee industrious an when being more provide to position Romanos, certain a addressee, his while other,” request to me force and compel and useful the of manyvery (out) written already “have who that together. come schools two of choruses the one occasion, proper the for Psellos reprimands two of his students for competing with each other. Instead, they should wait importance needdefined didnot audience. thatit closely tobemore for his such of system educational the in innovation an as Christophoros by seen above, described schedē “new The general. in exercises grammatical to referred have first may it language, vulgar πάντων new the all of command “has Sphorakios of Theodoros St. of school The above. mentioned as century, eleventh the of half first the in student could draw analyses inhis combat. inschedic pi practice been have must these Midas, because of the way he eagerly sells his to Chalkoprateioi the of teacher greedy a compares likewise poem final The here. evident κεκτημένη Λέων

Christophoros Mytilenaios, Mytilenaios, Christophoros Psellos, Psellos, Mytilenaios, Christophoros 12. p. 11, Ibid. schedē ) and since they also “possess Stylianus, an unbreakable pillar, as ” then likely represent the introduction of the formal impromp formal the of introduction the represent likely then ”

ute eiec cn e rw icdnal fo te rtns f M of writings the from incidentally drawn be can evidence Further The short poems also provide evidence that schedography was seen as a new invention κρατέουσι Oratoria minora, minora, Oratoria

/ could be a written exercise when he writ he when exercise written a be could τ ὸ

Στυλιανόν

νέων 20, ed. Li 20, ed.

σχεδέων Versus varii Versus Versus varii Versus , ἀ

ρραγ

“a treasury of of treasury “a ttlewood. eces, to be learned by heart, to provide material on which a a which on material provide to heart, by learned be to eces,

ἐ ῆ , 9.5 , , 10.15, ed. de Groote, p. 11. 11. Groote,p. ed.de 10.15, , ν

τιν ἀ γ - 6, ed. de Groote, p. 10; Ibid. ll. 3 ll. 10; Ibid. Groote,p. de ed. 6,

ῶ ὰ schedē

σιν στύλον

schedē 31 ). schedē 125

(when they take part) in competi in part) take (whenthey

). If indeed the word was taken up from the from up taken was word the indeed If 123 . es of two exceptionally talented students talented exceptionally two of es 124

and, if truth be told, be truth if and, The competitive aspect is also clearly also is aspect competitive The

Following the analysis presented here, schedē

that I myself have composed have myself I that - 4. tu grammatical analyses grammatical tu

proksimos 126

Psellos also showsalso Psellos

a honeycomb, as honeycomb, a ichael Psellos. Psellos. ichael .” ( tions.” ( tions.” πρώξιμον is in the the in is τ ῶ ν

CEU eTD Collection 130 129 128 ὁ κάλλιστον σου ἔ κα σπουδ ὀ 127 simply is the text ortime place aof from orthe slightly before predominance m subject noteworthy. is schedography ubiquitous otherwise the of absence the notwithstanding, work this of dating problematic notes Lemerle as to addone more indirect testimony The tothe discussion. schoolbook published by Treu, Max of type the under subsumed easily be all can schools on entirely is focus the Instead, closely. chapter more next the in schedography of aspect later this examine will I century. the of end the bydefineschedography to come practically aspectsschedography, two to allusions and gathersfor exercises hisstudents. such composes him, like who, friend a from problems orthographic and vocabulary difficult with analyzed in writing as a practice for sc context. the of here of mostbeautiful which made isasthough γωγ μο ρυογραφίας

ὶ

Lemerle, Lemerle, Schulgespräch.” “Ein byzantinisches Treu, 13 Bisanzio,” a “La schedografia Schirò,

Michael Psellos, Psellos, Michael κατεπείγουσιν ῦ ψυχ ’

κα ῇ ο

ὖ τ ὶ ῇ

ν It is noteworthy that neither author speaks of riddles or mention or riddles of speaks author neither that noteworthy is It ὰ 128 πεπονημένων

ταύτην

ἀ κα πλε atter of the text, namely dialogue between teacher and student. It could also be that that be also could It student. and teacher between dialogue namely text, the of atter πορ

Cinq études sur le Xie siècle byzantin siècle Xie le sur études Cinq

It seems more likely that Psellos composed the sentences which his students then students his which sentences the composed Psellos that likely more seems It ὶ πονο

ῖ ὀ schedē στα ῶ νησιφόρον

ν προσενεγκε , , ῦ

ἐ τ ντε ᾦ φ ῶ

de nt em o eto o ald t schedography. to allude or mention to seem not does , Scripta minora, minora, Scripta ’ ν χρήσομαι .

ᾧ

κα χρησίμων (sic) that he himself once composed as a student, but this does not fit the the fit not does this but student, a as composed once himself he that

κα ὶ

ἀ περ ὶ πανθισάμενος

ἑ ῖ

ν τέρους

ὶ

τούτοις ὴ τούτων

ν γεγραφότες

130

ἀ

ξίωσιν· τοια

p 1, d Kurtz ed. 16, ep. hs ol b atiue t te doycai ad restricted and idiosyncratic the to attributed be could This ,

τα ἐ ῦ π

ἑ τα ὴ ὶ – αθτ

ν 14. σ ταμιε

hedic competitions. He is requesting more such phrases,

αίτε ὲ σχεδ π

ῷ ᾶ , teachers, competitions, and orthography, issues that issues orthography, and competitions, teachers, ,

τ ὸ

σαν κα , 241. , ῖ ῖ ν ν ον

ῶ schedē

, άληθ ὶ ν

βαρέως

σ καταβάλλοντε γ , schedos 32 υ ὰ ὧ

λλέξας ρ ν ῆ

rxl p 20.4 p. Drexel, κα καταφεύγω .” ὺ

φέροντες ὶ σχεδ 127

ποτε

proposed above. proposed

ἷ Schir ά ῶ

τις ν α

σπουδήν ὐ κα

, τ

φιλεργ φίλον ὸ ε ò believes that Psellos is speaking is ò believesthatPsellos ὶ ς

ἰ (

μη το σχεδογραφ - 16: 16:

γε , χανδ ὸ . δε ς

ἀ Φοιτ μέλισσα ῖ ὕ ληθ ν ὸ τοι

κρίνας ν

ὲ ᾶ In closing I would like like would I closing In πάντων , ῶ s register in their brief their registerin s ς τον φύσει

ν ε

ἰ , ἔ πε

κα τυχον ο παρ ῖ ὐ ν ὶ

schedē

κ σχεδ 129 τε ) σχεδ

σίμβλον ’ ἄ

, ὄ λλ

ἡ βιάζουσιν h slightly The ντες ὸ μ ῶ ῳ ν ᾶ ν

σιτήσονται ς .

ἢ

καλλίστων

δεξιο

, νέω τ π ῇ ᾶ

ἀ ν

γαθ ἡ ὶ

περ

ε μ κα ἴ ᾶ τι ῇ ς ὶ ῖ .

CEU eTD Collection Patronage.” and Genre “Grammar, Agapitos, 131 and performance of Inautobiographical his Basilakes of Testimony 3.1 The that bothrelied onsophisticated punsandaregi Atticist high maintained that the evidence testim contemporaneous nearly The history. its of assessment her of interpretation its in divided is and schedography of condemnation apparent Komnene’s Anna on comment to quick been of Eustathios Eugenianos, Niketas Tzetzes, John Prodromos, Theodoros on of works the in found largely information rely must we comparison for and sparse, rather is Testimony century. twelfth th examine to remains now It

For a discussion of both, see: see: both, of discussion a For Chapter 3 ony of Basilakes on the same subject has been largelyoverlooked. been subjectony thesame Basilakes has of on well well were who youths the all nearly that such cultivation, this for around me this in famous became I And beauty. to a splendid appearance but also twisting and wea external For the tracing games, word barbarism. and riddles from off complete let never I reason whichas even or art, unpolished of and outdated sour, as in labyrinths thesefashion often performing word with tricks o the into vestibule beautiful a be to consider I which grammar, with acquainted studying with zeal and filling my mind with all learning. And so, after becoming exercised my tongue in this way did things such To ther wisdom, I followed this new children’ssophistrywhichnew Ithis followed wisdom, ther - built built switched over from the old Thessalonike, Gregorios Pardos and Anna Komnene. Previous scholarship has has scholarship Previous Komnene. Anna and Pardos Gregorios Thessalonike,

bears bears out this new hypothesis: Basilakes pioneered a variety of schedography who schedē were not lazy in their emulation of this method or in their desire Prologos – ,

For .

ld nie ros of troops entire led I

The Schedography of Nikephoros I aspire, such were my goals, my were such aspire, I in the following,enigmatic way: e further development of schedography into the first half of the of half first the into schedography of development further e

Agapitos, “Anna Komnene and the Politics Politics the and Komnene “Anna Agapitos, the , Basilakesin the composition ownengagement his describes the old way. For speaking without beauty struck me beauty struck without speakingway. For old the

riie of artifice

Basilakes ,

and it was as though I was ascending a ladder, - fashioned and outdated 33 respect

this

youths

ems nhne m, n so and me, enchanted Hermes , and I had a band of followers followers of band a had I and ,

o i. dd o, however, not, did I him. to ving the internal to a state of it was to this this to was it

schedē , as it were, it as , of Schedographic Training”; Training”; Schedographic of purpose that I that purpose 131 ster. - spoken and spoken

I herewill to my own

plays plays ,

suggest CEU eTD Collection See: reading. manuscript ἢ ὧ ὑ κα σοφιστα τ ἀ ε ε πλεκτάνας κα τὸν ἔθελγε τίθεμαι τὸν ἤσκουν τὴν 132 were, beautiful vestibule intotheI other wisdom, followed new this children’s sophistrywhich gramm to schedographybecannot overstated,and thepassage merits a close discussion. in which he initi modefactthe andlifein his of period this of aspectessentialhighlight schedography the to as significantlyInchooses he doing, peers. so amongexcelling his as the encomium described is inserts the standard encomiastic Constantinople, in childhood his on back looking and exile his from writing Basilakes, Here ὸ ὐ ἰ ποσολοίκοις, κα ποσολοίκοις, ρχαιοτρόπου ν ν κα ς μηδισμ

παιδευσίας ὶ ὶ

κρυπτόμενον κρυπτόμενον

ὥ

Basilakes, το τέχνης ἀρχαῖον νοῦν ραν ὶ ῦ

γάρ μ σοφίας ly tik wt word with tricks plays ὸ ῖ ar when he writes “ writes he when ar · The first notable point is that Basilakes studyTheafter the place firstschedography of to notablepointis seems were it though as Basilakism of followers Philippism orMedism. my accused who moreover, who were a speak and well speaking is which of pursuit the grammar, teaching be to thereby proclaiming were who those and provincialisms, using were false and risible for their arti who those Graces, the of enemies the nature, of poorness and learning of lack old the pursued who those in kindled was as just riddlers is which sweet ς. ς. κα ὸ ὴ

ἀ καί ν το ν ,

ἐμπιπλῶν

φύσεως φύσεως ε κριβ ἀ μου κα γλῶτταν

ξέστου μέντοι

ὶ τις

ταύτης ῖ ὶ Prologos κα

ὁ ς τ ς τῆς ὲ - τ

τοῦ

φθόνος φθόνος πολ ς spoken ὰ ἀ ἔ ὶ ὶ ῶ

ἀ δοξα γλαΐζει. Κα γλαΐζει. παλαι

ἐ τα ἄλλης ally distinguished himself. The importance of the centrality given by Basilakes ν

μαθ

κτ τρόπον . ὖ

Ἑρμοῦ τ idn makes hidden ταύτῃ ἡ ῦ , ὸ ὸ ἔ ταῦτα τα γραμματικ τα μετέρων ζηλωτα μετέρων cutely uneducated and steadfastly ignoble and e

ὡ

χειν, χειν, το ὲ ς , , 3 το μ ς κα ᾶ ς ὴ μ , Reinsch, “A. Garzya/A. Pignani, Niceforo Basilace,” 88. Basilace,” Niceforo Pignani, “A. Garzya/A. Reinsch,

ς schedē ῦ - μετῄειν

ὲ ὀ

4, 4, ed. Garzya, p. 3, ll. 12

το ξ

σχεδικ ν

τοι “gorgiazing” λίγου

τοὺς ὺ ὺ τούτου ὶ

ς ε μὲν

ν τ

ὶ τ ἰ

ῖ

ὸ ὑ ὸ ς καὶ ς τ ἡ ἦ

πεκάετο τούτοις δ after becoming acquainted with grammar, which I consider to be a be to consider I which grammar, with acquainted becoming after

ε ἀ δον ν

μέρος λαβυρίνθους

ὐ

ῶ ῆ γλαΐαν , οὖν

δὴ μεταρρυ ἤ σταθ ὡς ς

ν ν χαρίτων which which

ὴ τὸ δη

ῇ . Ti saeet ol se t pae schedogr place to seem would statement This s.” 132 ἐ ν τὴν

π ἐπὶ

λέγειν , topos δόλιον pedd Ad ak hn “ then back And splendid. ῖ ἐ μετὰ ὶ

λεγόμενον τ λεγόμενον

ὲ ς

κα παγγελλομένοις παγγελλομένοις τ ς

νέαν ἐ ὴ ὑ κλίμακος ἀ νεκάλουν. The addition of addition The νεκάλουν. ὶ ν πογράφων ῆ

γενν that which is

was formerly said of sophists, and much jealousy much and sophists, of said formerly was ἦ

ναι ἡ

τὴν ν ἢ

δυεπ

ἐ

of education

ταύτην καὶ

τούτους ἑ χθρο

κα ταιρία ὲ πάντας

ς κα fice of speech, and

γραμματικὴν ὴ ὶ θαμὰ ῆ

ὅ - ἐποιούμην το ῖ ὸ 37: 37: ς, ς, το ταύτην λως

ὶ ,

καὶ ῖ βασιλακίζειν

τ ἀ ς τ

περ 34

ὸ διετεχνώμην

λλ Τοιαῦτα ἐφιλοτιμούμην τοιούτων ἐγλιχόμην, ἐπὶ τοιούτων τούτοις ἐγλιχόμην, ἐφιλοτιμούμην Τοιαῦτα θεατρίζων ὁ

ἐ ῖ ὸ

ὑ ὑ ς ὡς πόσοι κπαιδεύειν, ὰ ὶ ψηλ ποβαρβαρίζειν

ἀ

ὑ

apparent apparent spreads with honey and

ἐ - κα ρχαιότροπον ρχαιότροπον κα

δ ποξύλοις ποξύλοις κα μ ἐν fashioned and the stale due to their to due stale the and fashioned ὴ in his life narrative, in which the subject of ὲ

ὸ ὶ τὰς

παισὶ κα ο ν ν χθαμαλόν, ο ἡ ἐμπειρίαν τ ὐ μετέραν ῶ

ὶ

ἀναβάσεις

φαύλη ν ὅλας τ ἐ ·

ὰ

ν σχεδοπλόκοις, σχεδοπλόκοις, ν

σοφιστικήν νέων ὡς ἀγλευκὲς

ἧ ἐ ς τ ς ντ

basilakizing” was said said was basilakizing” above all ὶ is given by Reinsch as being the correct correct the being as Reinsch by given is νέων

, . γελοίο ὸ ζήλ , ὸ

ἣ ὅ ς

ε ἣν ε ν ὶ θεν ὔ

ἱ ὖ ,

σαπρ καν ῳ ἳ κα στομοί

φιλομαθῶν

ἀγέλας λέγειν κα λέγειν κα

xaltedly base, those, ἐγὼ το γάρ ing correctly, those correctly, ing ις τ ὶ ο ,

ῶ ὶ τ ὐ τὴν ῦ

ὸ ὸ βασιλακισμ ς κ

ὴ ν ν μεταδιώκουσιν

ἐ

those who spoke μοι βοστρυχίζων φαινόμενον

πάγκαλόν ν ν πλοκήν, ο πιτηδεύματος ἀ

τε [ ὡ νίην εἰς ὡς

ς πάλαι τ πάλαι ς

ἐ ὶ κα

] δόκει

ὀ ἑαυτὸν καὶ ἐν ρθοεπε το ὶ

ἀ ὀνόμασι ὺ παιδείας κροφυε ὸ

ς κα ν

τι

ὐ γρίφους

καταμελιτο ὸ

ὡ

ἐπεσπώμην χ ὶ ῖ κα

ν προτεμένισμα ς φιλιππισμ κα aphy in an an in aphy γοργιάζειν γοργιάζειν that ἥ ἀ ἐ κιστα κιστα δ ὶ ρχαιολογίας ὑ of

πιτήδευμα· πιτήδευμα· ὶ ῖ κλεπτικήν διαπλέκων π’

ς ξυμπάσης ἱ

μέρ

ἀ ἀ κα π μαθίας μαθίας , as it ὸ ῳ ὲ ὶ ῖ

. τ τ κα κα τ οὐ ὸ ῆ ὰ ῆ ἐ ν ν ς ς ς ὶ ὶ .

CEU eTD Collection 134 133 understanding ofthe natureand developmentofschedography century. during thetwelfth th Basilakes or student the Basilakes from coming whether mentioned, far so issues the to refer to seems hardly schedography in innovation an schedē students “switched over from the old itself all themore. this to be the “ me rather too jarring to be likely for Basilakes’ otherwise smooth style. Furthermore, if we take to seems transition clear without narrative the in time in forward jump necessary the reading, an while But Stylanos. and Leon describing childhood hisown tohis time as a teacher, drawing instudents with his Bas that conceivable also is It clear. entirely not however, is, point This composing of goes yearsBasilakes’ school (c.1130). of itself suggests that where century eleventh the from change notable arepresents it seriously, takenbe to is this If arts. rhetorical higher the and metrics and morphology of study the between education of stage intermediate

Michael Psellos, Bernard,

against evidence from the previous century is unclear. Psellos, for instance, writes both writes instance, for Psellos, unclear. is century previous the from evidence against ” because he was unwilling to “fashion these labyrinths in the old way.” Such a claim to ot tiig hwvr i Bslks bl ad self and bold Basilakes’ is however, striking, Most composed apparently Basilakes Furthermore Writing and Reading Byzantine Secular Poetry Secular Byzantine Reading Writingand excelled among his peers” schedē schedē Scripta Scripta minora,

schedē

for his students, and of students writing students of and students, his for went hand in hand with basic gram basic with hand in hand went

had gained a significant added layer of complexity by the time of ep. ep. 16, ed. Kurtz

priori a - fashioned and out topos -

Drexel, Drexel, p. 20.4 ocpin f ceorpy ol la t this to lead would schedography of conception 35 , as proposed above, the former reading suggests

, 214. , e teacher, and it poses a problem to our our to problem a poses it and teacher, e schedē

- dated - 16, 16, reproduced mar and poetics. and mar

as a student. To what extent this extent what To student. a as - schedē adtr saeet ht other that statement laudatory schedē

to in full in the previous section.

as discussed above. discussed as my own sweet 133 lks up from jumps ilakes

This fact in and in fact This schedē - spoken spoken

like 134

CEU eTD Collection μεταξ ἐ ἐ ἐ ἐ το Λογγιβάρδο λεγομένους σχέδους Ἕ κα ο γραμματικάς, παιδευτήριον συνειλεγμένοις, τεμένους μεγάλου 135 of Constantinople: famous the describes princess history,her of the Inbook final the statement.Basilakes’tally way some with to in seems and much the to Before continuing to evaluate the testimony ofBasilakes, it is worthwhile turn to our attent Anna Komnene of Testimony 3.2 The δευτέρ ν πειδ παιδεύσεως γκυκλίου δ πεττεία μπειρίας· ὺ λληνα

ὶ Ἀ

ς γεγονότας το γεγονότας ς Σκύθην λλ ὰ ὺ ν

ὰ τ ἀ

ῶ the much rejected rhetoric, of help the with then, and speech, my of unevenness the out at the poets and prose arrived and philosophy in engaged and rhetoric to turned and theirs of pastime of neglect studying complete the παι by distressed their is knowledge that can be gained study of words of kinds all of lists made S disregard I generation. the of art Alexios’ additional exertions for th of the Helle being trained, others questions, preside gath children orphaned church large the of right the to but youenter, as left the on monasteries holy and churches these encounter would you And ἡ τα ὀ πήλλαγμαι πήλλαγμαι τ ῳ ν

ρθ τέχνη ε τέχνη

ῦ

ἐ the sacred catalog sacred the ἑ τα μ λόγ δεύσεως πιστημ ῶ λνζνα κα λληνίζοντα - ς

ἱ discussed passage of Anna Komnene’s Komnene’s Anna of passage discussed

ῳ ἐ fteeilsrospes and poets illustrious these of ἑ δ ὲ ν s λνζνα τοια λληνίζοντα,

ὲ ν τ

ῦ ὕ

usi, n other and pursuit, τ ᾧ

ξυγγραφε ῶ ρημα τ ρημα - ὰ ἱ these very thin very these n cide sad rud i, some him, around stand children and ὲ schedos ὰ ερο

tangled web of schedography.tangled of web

παιδ ν ν πρ ῆ

τ περ τεμένη τεμένη κα nes ) ς τούτων παιδαριώδους σχολ ὸ ἀ . For this enflames my soul, soul, my enflames this For . ῦ υς κα υς

μέλειαν. Το μέλειαν. σπούδασμα κα σπούδασμα

ὸ ευτής τις ευτής κα προκάθηται and a Scythian speaking Greek and a Roman ὶ καταλόγου τ καταλόγου

ς ποιητάς τε κα ῶ and the un οτν τ τούτων ὶ ν νεωτέρων νεωτέρων ν

ῖ

ὶ

ς τ ς Ῥ

writers is an invention of invention an is ὅ ωμα σους σους ὶ ῶ

ἱ ue ν λεγομένων σχεδ λεγομένων ν ερ ῦ - writer

α κα τα ῖ orphanotropheion ῦ ν τ ον

ὰ ἕ ered together from every race, every from together ered ῶ of our great church, w church, great our of ἐ το γάρ μου τ μου γάρ το τκ τ στηκε

gs, even if I later distanced myself from this childish childish this from myself distanced later I if even gs, φροντιστήρια ε φροντιστήρια tylianoi and so and tylianoi ῆ

μτώω κα μετεώρων ν π - of so of ς μεγάλης παρ’ παρ’ μεγάλης ς ὶ ὶ lettered He

ὰ

συναγωγ ἐ ἄ ὶ ὶ

στ moa activities immoral

s through the and sciences through these smoothed λλα τ λλα ξυγγραφέας ξυγγραφέας τ περ

ῶ from them is not even give ὶ

ν - κα ὶ ῶ called , and ,

Ἑ ὰ τ γραμματικ ν ὶ

ὴ

λνν υγάμτ μετα συγγράμματα λλήνων ὶ ὴ τ ἔ e literary education (of the orphans)

ὴ λογικ ν πα ῆ ν ργα ργα ῆ ν ψυχ ν ῶ ς the moderns the ς κα

ἐ even llene llene speaking Greek correctly; s ῖ ἰ ν. Κα ν. Attikoi and those who have become part part become have who those and Attikoi τεχνάσαντο παντοδαπ τεχνάσαντο ἐ δες περ σιόντι σοι σιόντι κατ σοι 36 ὶ schedē

φ’ φ’ ᾖ ἡ ἀ - ποιητ 135 ξα ξα κα ὶ μ θέμιτα. θέμιτα. called Longobardoi and all those who those all and Longobardoi called

ὴ

ε ὴ ῖ ἡ which her father had bu had father her which ν ν ἰ ὶ πίεσν τ παίδευσιν ν

μ ς the of

ἔ ἀ ἐ ῶ ῥ ὶ eas I ae pn mc time much spent have I because ῶ στιν κκλησίας, ῶ ναφλέγει, ναφλέγει, ὶ

ητορικ ν γενε ν

α . And there And . stands κα ν τ παισ ν Alexiad ὐ general hose names I omit. But now the now But omit. I names hose ῆ Ad sy hs eas I am I because this say I And . Τα τ ς το γλώττης ὸ ἰ

δε

ν ῦ and ὶ prose ὰ

τα δ τα ᾶ ὴ ἑ ῖ

excited α ν κα ν λαι ς. Παρίημι δ Παρίημι ς. στ ν ν παρήγγειλα κα

ὐ ὶ a grammara ν ὅ

ὧ τ ᾶ , which addresses schedography addresses which ,

(particularly) ὲ ὰ ὰ ῶ τι πολ τι ν παρίημι τ παρίημι ν σιν, ο

ὶ

- ν συγγ ν

λέγω λέγω in w in ὀ education το writers ῶ Λατ n second place. ἀ ρφανο ερζμνν κα χειριζόμενον ν παντήσειε· κατ παντήσειε· ῦ

ὺ o a e Latin a see can you

studying the writing ὀ ς ἱ ὺ bu grammatical about ῖ Ἀ

νομάτων κα νομάτων νον hich some teacher teacher some hich μ

ἀ ὄ περ είυ πυάμτ. Το σπουδάσματα. λεξίου αέν κα ραφέων ὲ χθομένη δι χθομένη χθους χθους ῖ ὲ ν ν περ ς ,

ians’

ἐ Στυλιανούς τινας κα τινας Στυλιανούς ὶ ὰ as well as the as well as

ντα

ἐ τα ὶ

ὀ ilt to benefit the city the benefit to ilt

παντοδαπο κ φιλοσοφίας φιλοσοφίας νόματα. νόματα. ὶ ἐ

ὐ

ῦ ( κε of ἐ

τ θα παιδοτριβούμενον παιδοτριβούμενον θα ἐ ρωτήσεις ρωτήσεις school for school ὰ γκυκλίου ῖ uch were

ὶ

θεν θεν ὰ . our

ἐ ὰ ὶ ὶ το

νδιατέτριφα, κ νδιατέτριφα, But

δ Petteia τ τ τ ὲ ὺ ὸ ὴ ῆ ἐ

Ἀ ς τ ν ξωμαλισάμην, ξωμαλισάμην, παντελ ν ς own ὴ

λλ Ἀ the ἀ ν δεξι ἀ ἡ ττικο ἐ γράμματον γράμματον π ὰ ψάμην ψάμην κα πτοημένοι πτοημένοι ῦ ὸ

ῦ τούτων τούτων γένους γένους ὰ ν ο ν ὺ ὶ ῆ

ν ν το ς κα ς το ῦ

ion τ ὐ

ἂ ῆ ὺ δ δ’ δ’ ν, ν, ῦ ὲ ς ς ὶ ὶ

CEU eTD Collection 139 Buckler, 138 137 declarant inventum aetatis hominum suae schedographiam 136 Reinsch ed. 15.7.9, Alexiad, ε reference. Anna’s for source obvious an as itself presents likewise Longibardos of name the under published collection b recently most argued mentioned teacher the with Stylianos associate to tempting schedograph ( hergeneration own to,namely isreferring clauseexactlywhata she need second in tospecify (Ann specific very is meaning the to contrast Attic usages with Homeric usages, which is of course not the case here. But whether It frequently for instance, interpretation. by aEustathiosofThessaloniki used,for definitive is of schedography and sees no contradiction. her birth 1083. in ove Byzantium in practiced was schedography that clear being it error, an as statement the off writes He time. her of invention recent a was schedography that mean to Anna understands Sternbach wording. ambiguous its through confusion much generated γενε of Komn τ ἶ τα τα ῆ

For further suggestions for identificati for further For suggestions 15. Bisanzio,” a “La schedografia Schirò, Agapitos, “Anna Komnene and the Politics Politics the and Komnene “Anna Agapitos, our

ς trbc, Siieim arninm” 75. Laurentianum,” “Spicilegium Sternbach, ῥ ᾶ ητορικ ἐ ς

φ’ ene’s observation that schedography is is schedography that observation ene’s hs osiue a oc a rmnn suc fr h hsoy f schedograp of history the for source prominent a once at constituted has ) own generation own This assertion is further supported by the list of authors she then names. It is certainly is It names. then she authors of list the by supported further is assertion This the on points interesting of number a raises passage This Anna Comnena Anna ἡ ῆ μ ς ῶ y ownlifetime. her waswithin created that inmind ἐ γενε ν παρηγούσης παρηγούσης 136

ᾶ Schir ,188. ς ” ), which leaves little room for doubt. Anna has a specific variety of of variety specific a has Anna doubt. for room little leaves which ),

– ( Agapitos. y Kambylis, pp. 484 pp. Kambylis, το ἐ

μο ò

ῦ suggests extending the period of reference to cover thereferencesuggests tocover extending beginnings of theperiod ὶ

δ κατέγνων τ κατέγνων 139

ὲ

σχέδους

e dsrpin f ogbro a a oplr f od is words of compiler a as Longibardos of description Her ons, see: ons, a’s own lifetime), or very broad (Byzantine), Anna felt the felt Anna (Byzantine), broad very or lifetime), own a’s 138

ῆ

ohn es i kon f i. h “schedographic” The him. of known is else Nothing ς {το ς

– of Schedographic Training,” 101. Training,” Schedographic of ἡ 485 ll. 109 ll. 485

Buckler, Buckler, 137 τέχνη

ῦ n an err vrau … no 03 aa cum nata, 1083 anno … versatur errore magno in

} πολυπλόκου τ πολυπλόκου } The phrase 37 an invention of invention an

ε . Anna Comnena Anna

ὕ - 129. 129. ρημα τ ρημα

ο ῶ ἱ ῆ

νεώτεροι ς ν νεωτέρων ν σχεδογραφίας πλοκ σχεδογραφίας by “the moderns “the , 188 ,

hitpe Mitylenaios Christopher – schedē 189.

is too ambiguous to allow

F or further suggest further or

r half a century before before century a half r ἐ στ

ὶ of her time. Anna time. her of

and κα ῆ ς. ς. ὶ

Anna Komenne, Komenne, Anna τ (particularly) ῆ ς ἐ φ’ os see ions hy and and hy ἡ μ as , ῶ ν :

CEU eTD Collection 140 h to through see to fails latter the which Polyphemos, to riddle of kind a presents Odysseus present. the to first theuse is of of aspects The two authors. contemporary from in weight especial receive sought which period, this be of schedography to is answer the that believe I change? this was then What Missing 3.3 The oneorder eventually toengag leaves in which one but less, no more, no education, early of part appropriate an as schedography sees handed attitude towards their practice. As Agapitos has shown, this is not likely the case. Anna condemnin as her seen generally has Scholarship schedography. he playedrole development. ainits the twelfth century and into beginningsof the into continuedand childhood Anna’s centuryduring eleventh the of end the at be to surely is which of start the lifetime, own Anna’s within schedography in change a of mind in has she that schedography the of representative taken seriously. Yet if we accept these attributions, Anna explicitly dismisses them as not being be to are assertions chronogical her that and schedography, of history the of understanding Anna that confirms further also list This School.” “Patriarchal the with associated to an Attikos is obscure, while the members of the church are likely people who were formerly apt an certainly

Agapitos, “Anna Komnene and the Politics of Schedographic Training,” 93 Training,” ofSchedographic the Politics and Komnene “Anna Agapitos, Riddles and puns have played a part in Greek culture from the archaic period right up right period archaic the from culture Greek in part a played have puns and Riddles One further point which requires discussion here is the nature of Anna’s relationship to is cost. Some, inspired by Saussure, have proposed various hidden phonological hidden various proposed have Saussure, by inspired Some, cost. is

description based on the book that has been passed down to us. The reference The us. to down passed been has that book the on based description antistoichicis thequestionof riddles. register. The second

s chedē the years of Basilakes’ own childhood, such that he could state that

e in loftier persuits.e inloftier 38

. It therefore seems justified to speak to justified seems therefore It . 140

– g 97. schedē

and taking a high a taking and

had a good a had - CEU eTD Collection Tragedy.” Alphabet Callias’ 143 kno 142 ↔ POTHON). ≡ THumON POtnia (POikiloTHrON semantically topic its reinforcing and composition ring with stanza the encapsulating line, δάμνα Aphrodite: to a Dragon 141 example Antiq in riddles discuss to used language the at glance to onlynecessary is it speakers, of minds the in finding asinmany thesolution, languages. other verb the that reason this for is It unravel. must hearer the semantic that elements and phonetic intertwined of series a riddle, the onto metaphorically transposed in complex, the evidently was It understand. post in common is that use a fishermen, by used basket a designated originally It above. cited passage the banqueters. myth. Oedipus Anthology Greek the of XIV book in problems mathematical and Days word plays in archaic Greek verse and epic.

were but Sophocles of works surviving in the not appear to riddle the Sphynx’s and Laius given to oracle The indo der “Die Ursprünge Toporov, A wide variety of riddles appears, of which some are obscure. Cf. obscure. are some which of appears, riddles of variety wide A wn to the Byzantines, both appearing in scholia. in scholia. appearing both thewn Byzantines, to , / , πό tell me qui me tell tell you plainly: if you know anything abo many too youask me, is Woe P. active and present rather but etymological, merely not was association this that see To is riddle for word antique common most The , 108. : uity. A fragment fragment A uity.

. Riddles were associated with oracles τνια 143 Πο

A striking example is adduced by Watkins who finds an θ

ῦ ικιλό 142 μ - ον Classical texts. The semantic passage from basket to riddle is not difficult to difficult not is riddle to basket from passage semantic The texts. Classical

B ckly before you are hanged. are you before ckly . This first stanza contains an anagram ofthe word an anagram stanzacontains first This . θ ook VII of VII ook ρ ον ’

ἀ

θάνατ

f h fourt the of

’ Athenaeus' - Ἀ europäischen Poetik”; Watkins, “Pindar’s Rigveda”; Watkins, Watkins, Rigveda”; “Pindar’s Watkins, Poetik”; europäischen φροδίτα , / , complicated questions complicated h πα - 141 etr cmda Antiphanes comedian century Deipnosophistae Anthologia Graeca, Graeca, Anthologia ῖ

Δίος

39 One thinks also of the puzzles in Hesiod’s —

ewvn tutr o te akt hc was which basket the of structure terwoven P. Do you Do P.

ut the abduction of the child,

they are grouped together with these

δολόπλοκε

γρ ῖ φος

, anagrammatic anagrammatic message in Sappho’s challenge me to speak this speak to me challenge Smith, “Clearing Up Some Confusion in Confusion Some Up “Clearing Smith, , λίσσομαί , is also is , XIV, ed.Beckby. XIV, πόθος riddles are bantered between the between bantered are riddles

— ( περιπλοκ and are at the center of the the of center the at are and , "desire" inthe firstboth , "desire"

σε employed by Basilakes in Basilakes by employed , / , μή ( ὰ

δια

μ ς early an provides ). ’ you must ) ἄ

L. I will will I L. λύω σαισι

is used for used is μηδ How to Kill Kill to How

and with ’ and last and Works ὀ Hymn Hymn νίαισι

CEU eTD Collection ο John Chrysostom, ἀ βί( Hippolytos, 146 period thatone is 145 γρ φράσω./ τ 144 Niketas Eugeneianos much “the reject she that writes seen, have we as Komnene, Anna So schedeography. on contemporaries διαπλέκων ( beauty of state a reaches it until braided and twisted is surface vs. internal structure, to which we will return later. Suffice it to note here that the former τρόπον ( labyrinths by meant is similar quite something that clear likewise describes his rivals of the period as risible for their (poor) braid ( word, new a as riddles and twisted cords ( description of his schedography is laden with words that suggest riddling. to employed particularly are and combination of folk tradition and cultivated learning, are equally present in the twelfth century a twine, from the verb Here the idea of interlacing implicit in ὐ πόδειξιν. πόδειξιν. Nevertheless the association between riddles and labyrinths in quite old within Byzantine literature, cf. ῖ

δαμο ᾳ φον προβάλλεις το προβάλλεις φον This fact is noted by Hunger, who however seems to see this as a gene a as this see to seems however who Hunger, by noted is fact This Antiphanes, lbrnh s o ncsaiy rdl. It riddle. a necessarily not is labyrinth A ) διαρρήξαντες, διαρρήξαντες, ) ῦ

With this in mind, it is easy to detect similar language in the writings of Basilakes’ Basilakes’ of writings the in language similar detect to easy is it mind, in this With yourchild, or what mean? words do ( riddle τ τοὺς έλος έλος ῆ ς Refutatio omnium haeresium omnium Refutatio

- ἁ ε age wb f ceorpy” ( schedography,” of web tangled ρπαγ ἰ

ἔ ς Fragmenta λαβυρίνθους σχεδοπλόκος χουσα.

- ὥ γρ specific. In In epistulam ad Romanos ραν ῆ ῖ ἀ ς φον ῦ

λλ το τον ε τον

). ὰ ῦ

describes the schedography of his teacher Prodromos a “monstrous web,”

), master, whether I know anything about the abduction of the the of abduction the about anything know I whether master, ), παιδ , ed. Kock, fr. 74, ll. 1 ll. 74, fr. Kock, ed. , μόν Hunger, Hunger, πλέκω ἰ πε

ῳ ῖ ὸ

ν, δέσποτα / τ δέσποτα ν,

ς ε ς τούτους with the apparent meaning of “one who weaves weaves who “one of meaning apparent the with ἐ λέγχ ο , ἰ

Die hochsprachliche profane Literatur der Byzantiner der Literatur profane hochsprachliche Die

ὐ “to braid.” ξύνοισθά τι, / ταχέως λέγειν χρ ταχέωςλέγειν τι, / ξύνοισθά κ ῳ

ἀ

<κα νίην , ed. Marcovich, 10.5.1, p. 380.1 p. 10.5.1, Marcovich, ed. ,

ecie h shdgah o ti period. this of schedography the describe διετεχνώμην , , ed. Migne, p. 409, ll. 55 ὶ ῆ γρ

ς s n cmlx rbe, u lk a ide t a b sle. Cf. solved. be can it riddle a like but problem, complex any is το ἀ ἁ ῖ

- φος ληθείας δυνάμει διαλύσαντες, πρόσιμεν πρόσιμεν διαλύσαντες, δυνάμει ληθείας It is clear that the same associations, likely through a ρπαγ 7. 7. ὺ ς

{Π.} ο {Π.}

144 γρίφους

is made explicit by the use of ῆ 40

ς τος τ ῆ

). ἴ ς ῦ μοι περιπλοκ μοι 146

παιδ πολυπλόκου

κα More problematic is the question of the of question the is problematic More ὸ ὶ ς ε ς ὴ

- πρ ὰ 6. 6. λαβυρίνθ ἰ

ς τ ξύνοιδά τι/ ξύνοιδά ὶ

ὰ ν κρέμασθαι. {Π.} πότερά μοι {Π.} κρέμασθαι. ν πλεκτάνας ὰ

ς / λίαν λίαν / ς ral characteristic of of characteristic ral ἐ - 3. Τ 3. ντ γελοίοις

τ ὸ ῆ ὸ ς ς ν λαβύρινθον τ λαβύρινθον ν ῳ

ἐ

ἱ

ρωτ ἢ καν τιν σχεδογραφίας οὐ

τί δύναται τ τίδύναται ). Basilakes even coins

ὶ τ

ᾷ κα

Schedē ῶ ὴ ς. {Λ.} {Λ.} ς.

τὸν περιπλοκή ν ς , 2:26. , ὶ

ἐ γρίφοις γρίφοις πλο βοστρυχίζων schedē π

ὶ ἀρχαῖ

schedē 145 τ κήν ὴ

ἀ

ῶ are described

ὸ ν τ ν λλ’ λλ’ ν α ν

ῥ ἔ ηθέν; Basilakes’ οικεν, οικεν, ο .” He also He .” ῆ ). It seems

ον

ἱ ἐ ς rather than than rather , literally ρέσεων ο ρέσεων πλοκ γ

ἀ ὼ

μέντοι ληθείας ληθείας

σαφ

ὐ ῆ κα δ ς ῶ ὲ ). ὐ ν ς ὶ

CEU eTD Collection 10 Patronage,” 152 151 150 149 κα τα 34, ed. de Lagarde, p. 18: in his life, showing that t late published was this Presumably manuscript. single a from taken and unclear quite itself is which Mauropos, 148 Implications Its Paradigmand see passage this of discussion 147 of schedography hasbeen that passed down tous. moreaccounts detailedthe of one providesEustathios Agapitos, and byalreadyHunger noted School.” “Patriarchal the at Basilakes of ab from a schedographic context. He makes this comparison explicit at the end in the passage cited taken clearly were century, twelfth the of Byzantine the to that, images and words on based meaning is clear. schedography. During the in engage who boys young is it because relevant thematically λοιμ λαβυρίνθους schedē of fashioners the of meanings the called figuratively rather power, rhetorical with now, have ( thread a using escapes Theseus compares woven χρήσιμα case multiple ( τεραστίαν ῦ

ὶ ove. Hunger, Hunger, havemaytwo but the dating is uncertain The Tzetzes, John Pardos, Gregorios Eugenaios, Niketas

τα The earliest hint of an association between “riddles” and schedography can be found in an epigram of John of epigram an in found be can schedography and “riddles” between association an of hint earliest The σχέδην ὸ

κλ ν

) and emphasizes the fact that it is young boys who are traveling to Crete, this being this Crete, to traveling are who boys young is it that fact the emphasizes and ) ῆ colleague a Thessaloniki, of Eustathios from comes testimonyimportant most the But labyrinths” ( labyrinths”

σιν ε .

Die hochsprachliche profane Literatur der Byzantiner der Literatur profane hochsprachliche Die ἰ ς

πλοκ τ

– ὸ τ 11. -

ὴ ἔ σχέδην Chiliades osrcin a big ueu fr h dul fl o the of fold double the for “useful being as constructions η) Te om tef inclu itself poem The φην). ν

ὴ διπλόην schedē ν Περ

). Monodie de Nicétas Eugénianos sur Théodore Prodrome Théodore sur Eugénianos Nicétas de Monodie

he introduction of riddles does predate Prodromos. John Mauropos, Ἐ κεκτημένοις 147 ὶ τ

γ ὸ , 11.379, ed. Leone, p. 442 ll. 542 ll. 442 ed.Leone, p. 11.379, , συντάξεως ὼ

to the labyrinth of the Minotaur, making use of the words, from which ὰ Further examples abound. examples Further

,” 17 ,” δ τ ρ Agapitos, “Grammar, Genre and Patronage in the Twelfth Century: A Scientific Scientific A Century: Twelfth the in Patronage and Genre “Grammar, Agapitos, ῆ

ὲ σαφές

ς poem the parallel between schedography had been merely implicit, τροπικώτερον δεινότητι δεινότητι τροπικώτερον -

18. σχεδικ

. / .

λόγου

τε γρίφους μίτος

κα ῆ , 67.407 , ὶ ς

πρόδηλον ). The short poem e poem short The ).

πλεκτάνης

δ worked together for several years just before Basilakes exile. years before just severalfor workedtogether ὲ 151

σο e atsoci eeet (e.g. elements antistoichic des -

411, ed. 207. Donnet,p. 411, In a passage in his commentary on the on commentary his in passage a In ὶ

41 πλέκοντι

ἐ ν

λόγοις 152 ). - 148 668. 668. 149

Eustathios beginsEustathios by theword discussing

ῥ το Gregorios Pardos writes that verbs withverbs that writes Pardos Gregorios

In the the In ητόρων / τ / ητόρων , 2:26 note 3; Agapitos, “Grammar, Genre and and Genre “Grammar, Agapitos, 3; note 2:26 , /

ὺ λογογράφοις ς

ἐ nds with Tzetzes’ assertion that “I “I that assertion Tzetzes’ with nds ν

τ ῷ Chiliades

σχέδει

ὰ

ἥ σχεδουργ , ed. Petit, p. 461, l. 21. For a For 21. l. 461, p. Petit, ed. , διστον

/ ἐ

παχθές as well when Tzetzes when well as , cei pat” ( plait,” schedic ο δι ὐ Epigrammata

ὰ

ῶ σχεδογράφοις ἐ

στι ν νοήματα ν νοήματα ν λιμόν

π 150 ᾶ ν

πρόχειρον Tzetze’s Odyssey γαρ , , 33.30 , , /

κα κα ὡ

ῦ ν ς ὶ - ὶ

CEU eTD Collection 154 ἀ ἀ τ κα δ ἐ κα 153 fact which is made explicit by the description “a sentence within a sentence.” This seems to be the unlike Pandion’s goat,” ( τ συνοικήσουσα from taken examples provides he Deipnosophistae him, misunderstand we lest and sentence,” a within sen “a him, to according are, riddles These riddles. the of nature the of discussion his is importantyet more is What solve. to difficult and labyrinthinelate of become complexityand of development the proceedscompareto to this whether “ mean double the on comments and Polyphemus with plays Odysseus that game ὸ μελέτησαν πλέκειν ο πλέκειν μελέτησαν ὲ λλ κα κολούθως Ο

ὶ ὶ ἁ Ibid. 1634.20 Ibid. Eustathios,

ὖ ὡ ὰ ὅ δρο ὅ τιν

ς σα δ σα το α τοια σα ἐ ὺ ν ν α ῦ (’) ς κα It is notable that this riddle, like that of Odysseus, contains two grammatical readings,grammatical two contains Odysseus, of that like riddle, this that notable is It first explicit, unique, is knowledge my to what provides Eustathios (must) first themeaning seize spoken. and notthat whichis the call what is meant. And the (moderns) as well, when they speak a from different is within spoken was which that riddle, sentence a in as “a just because, sentence” them ancients…called the And ineluctable. and dense easi might one as such and meager somewhat weave to practice a it to be found in the ancient authors as has been shown in numerous places enga moderns, The

ὲ νοουμένου γίνεσθαι. νοουμένου ο

ἰ

νίγματι νίγματι ἀ ὖ ἐ schedē ρχα ὶ γ τι

ῦ δυσδιαφύκτους. δυσδιαφύκτους. κα Commentarii Commentarii ad Homeri Odysseam ὶ ὼ α ηώατς πολλ ζηλώσαντες, τα

ς α ῖ -

α τοια α 36, pp. 348.39 pp. 36, ὐ δ π το - griphoi ύ ἄ ῷ stem with an accusative in accusative an with stem Te etne gig o wl wt Agu te o o Pnin ( Pandion” of son the Aigeus with dwell to “going sentence The . ματον λλον μ λλον

ὶ

of earlier writers discussed above or even of Prodromos, discussed below, a below, discussed Prodromos, of evenor above discussedwriters earlier of α

ὓ νοήματα καλο νοήματα Πανδίονος ς ἰ ῦ sche γ τα, θαυμασίως θαυμασίως τα, ὠ ὶ

νόμασαν σχέδη. τ σχέδη. νόμασαν συνοικήσουσα τ συνοικήσουσα ὲ

ν ἔ that they form “meanings” (νοήματα), because the schoolboy schoolboy the because (νοήματα), “meanings” form they that dē δομαι

ἶ - ναιτ ging in these and similar pursuits similar and these in ging . He makes it quite clear that clear quite it makes He . 349.1. ὶ schedē

ο ) can be equally well understood to mean “going to dwell to “going mean to understood well equally be can ) ἱ

ὸ ,” focusing explicitly on the pun created by the ambiguity as to as ambiguity the by created pun the on explicitly focusing ,” ῦ μ griphoi ὰ ν λαλούμενον λόγον, λόγον, ν λαλούμενον σιν σιν ὲ

ν παλαιο δ’ ἐ κάλουν κάλουν : ἅ

ἐ περ γριφεύονται, δι γριφεύονται, περ το ν ὴ ν , which they called they which , ῷ ἀ ὶ

ῖ ρχ ὡ τ Πανδίονος παλαιο ς , , 1634.12 ὸ ς ὴ

ῥ ἐ ν μ ν - ηθ νομοθέτησεν νομοθέτησεν ν 42

ὲ ὲ or an or ν λεπτούς τινας κα τινας λεπτούς ν ν ν το

ῖ - ε ς ἕ 18, 18, ed. Stallbaum, p. 348.29 τερον τερον δ ῦ

). Ἐ ὕ ν ὰ ρηται 154 -

πιχάρμου πιχάρμου νόημα, ly solve, but later (they became) became) (they later but solve, ly τ stem with an accusative in accusative an with stem ὸ

ὁ

schedē ὲ κα

Ἐ τ ὅ ὶ ὸ schedē πίχαρμος, λόγον λόγον πίχαρμος,

μοια ν νοούμενον. ο ν νοούμενον. τ — ὸ ν γραμματέα πα γραμματέα ν many similar things are things similar many ὶ

have seen a steady increase in increase steadya seen have ο ὡ ἵ . At first these were were these first At . ους ους πολλαχο ς schedē 153 ἔ τι δ ῥᾷ

ον ὲ ἱ

- κα δ , acc ἐ 37. 37. ο ἐ ν λόγ ν ὲ - κδιαδράσκε ῦ ὶ

hand testimony on testimony hand ῖ τ

δα μ δα τ ὰ δεδήλωται, γρίφους γρίφους δεδήλωται, ὸ

ἱ ordingly ordingly

σχεδικ

— το δ ῳ ὲ ing of the line line the of ing ὴ

ῦ

made νεώτεροι νεώτεροι τα -

το ὐ ἐ να πιγράμματος, τ ῦ ὰ ὰ

σθαι, τέλος τέλος σθαι, .

λεγομένου λεγομένου λαλο

ε He then He ἰ π ὼ Α tence ν, δι ν, ῦ with with ἰ ντες ντες ῦ γε τα τα ὰ ῖ

CEU eTD Collection 155 κοινώνημ “ sentence the example for Take sentences. ever vernacular, of use makes or nonsensical the in because is This even. is inside the that employed by Basilakes and Eustathios, but here the outside is rough and jumbled and only ἐ ( refuse” outer the regards he as beauty inner the disdain not indeed viewer should σχέδος ( inside” the on pearl thou “as being as associates withschedography. Eustathios that sentences” within “sentencesthe be well mayvery layers external andinternal splendid schedē from switched boys best the ὑ th weaving and twisting also but assertion the Homeric passage understandable readers. tohis more make to phenomenon familiar the using is and schedography with acquainted well audience strong enough evidence to posit a general trend, especially because Eustathios is wr κτ πογράφων

apud ὸ ς

συρφετ

, , / , Agapitos, “Grammar, Genre and Patronage,” 15, 17. 15, Patronage,” and Genre “Grammar, Agapitos, A fascinating parallel is furnished by Prodromos. Prodromos describes his own Let us return briefly to Basilakes. We may now be in a better position to understand his which ” ( ” that his that his ἔ ’ α σσω ἣ , ἱ ρ ν ἀ ὸ

ῶ λλ κα ν

ν ht hc is which that δ

βλέποντί , ὰ ὲ ὶ ” meant to be read be to meant ” gh in the form of the best oysters, rough like a pot on the outside, but like a like but outside, the on pot a like rough oysters, best the of form the in gh schedē

τ μαργαρ δ ὸ ὴ

φαινόμενον ὡ κα ς

ὶ

are their for “ distinctive

ἐ τ τ ῶ ν ὰ ῳ

δες

τύπ

“ ἐ

/ the old the ντ

paet ped wt hny and honey with spreads apparent

τ ). ὴ ῳ ὸ

ν beauty” of state a to internal e He again uses a similar image in another in image similar a uses again He ς

καταμελιτο

γ ἔ ἱ ὰ νδον καν

- ρ “ fashioned and outdated and fashioned

ἐ τ ρρέθη ῶ ῶ

ε ς ν ὐ

βοστρυχίζων

πρέπειαν ἀ schedē ρίστων ἐ

ῖ 43 ρρέθη

δ κα dy od wie h “nie frs correct forms “inside” the while words yday ὲ

κα tracing the external to a splendid appearanceexternal a to splendid the tracing ὶ

τ f rdoo te otie i frequently is “outside” the Prodromos of ὶ

ὸ

ἀ ὀ δ

παρ στρέων τιμαστέον κρυπτόμενον ὲ

κα κα

’

ἄ ὶ ὶ

λλοις διαπλέκων παρ schedē , / , ( ) ’ ἔ κα .

ht hc is which that

ξω 155 ἄ ἡ

λλοις ὶ

ἀ

δόξα The imagery issimilar to to my own sweetown my to τ μ γλαΐζει ὰ ὲ

ν ε ἐ ἰ

κτ

ς ὀ ἡ τ

schedos στρακ

ὥ ῶ ὸ δόξα ς ). The distinctive distinctive The ). ρα ν

ἐ ν ὲ idn makes hidden π ), ν

ῶ ὶ

τ ε ο writing , γ and that all that and δές ῶ iting for an ἰ ῆ ὔ ς ν ς κουν

ἀ -

schedos ἐ ἐ spoken spoken κοιν γλαΐαν π στι ὶ

γ τ

ῶ ὸ ῆ τ “a ὸ ν ν ς

CEU eTD Collection 158 157 156 ( replaced it that schedography that he had created as opposed to the old κα ( luster a attain they rubble or earthenware jug of Prodromos. Instead, he traces the outer oflayer his the to reference makes Basilakes which to exterior unpolished the juxtapose directly can One old sour, as him struck predecessors immediate speaking in a lower register of Greek ( even or beauty without speaking In writing. their in vernacularisms use who teachers those ἐ study who those that fact the on commenting t ἀ ( ancients” the of books the read ever culprit the joke at the beginning, specifying more closely who would make such a mistake. As it turns out, byreturning the thepoem andThessaly HeThessaly, closes thendescribes with Thessaloniki. testim valuable provides Tzetzes our common days has onearth also been byothers.” voiced ἡ he “labyrinthine web” ( βαρβαρώθησαν μερ ναγινώσκοντες

John Tzetzes, Tzetzes, John in Prodromos’ Onregister apud gr. 92 Pal. Vat. Cod. ὶ

τ ῶ ὸ ν

Basilakes, on the other hand, prides himself on his Atticist Greek and holds in contempt more Once schedography. in motif recurring a indeed is register of question The .” φαινόμενον 156 s are “the majority, who have become barbarous through through barbarous become have who majority, “the are s

The first as a whole makes no sense but the second can be translated “the glory of Chiliades

τ once moreonce at contempt hints possible for elements. vernacular ἀ ῶ π ν

ὸ κα

καταμελιτο παλαι

, 9.280, ed. Leone, pp. 366 Leone, pp. ed. 9.280, , τ ὶ

ῆ πλοκ τ schedē ς

ὰ Vassis, “Graeca sunt, non leguntur,” 18. non leguntur,” Vassis,sunt, “Graeca

ἀ ῶ ἐ ρχαιοτρόπου κτ ν ῇ

ο , see: , ὸ λαβυρινθώδει ὐ ς ῖ

δόλως ). He once more emphasizes the sweetness of the new new the of sweetness the emphasizes more once He ). μ n. n the In ony. ὲ Agapitos, “Grammar, Genre and Patronage.” and Genre “Grammar, Agapitos, ν

ε τ ἰ ὸ ), and these are give because deceived the heedto only ς ἐ

αβρθσν ο βαρβαρώθησαν ἀ κα ὴ γλαΐαν

ξ ) of fraudulent teachers. - ὶ ὺ 367 ll. 703 ll. 367

44 Chiliades παλαι ν schedē

ἡ

- fashioned and unpolished ( unpolished and fashioned

δον ὑ πογράφων ᾶ ῇ ς

- -

overstep real knowledge, but the word word the but knowledge, real overstep fashioned and antiquated schedography λέγειν 709. σχεδ h jks ht oe epe confuse people some that jokes he ,

ἱ 157

ικ λίυ σχεδουργίαις, πλείους

ἢ ) and )

ῆ

ς κα

ἐ ὶ π

ὅ are spread with honey ( honey with spread are ὶ 158

λως τ schedourgia

ὴ Tzetzes Tzetzes may simply be ν

ὑ

ἡ π δυεπ οβαρβαρίζειν τέχνης

schedē ῆ

ταύτην and do not do and

ἀ / ξέστου βίβλους

so that ), his

κα ἣ ) ν ὶ .

CEU eTD Collection 680ff. Provinz,” spätbyzantinischen der in Lexikographie see: 400, gr. Par. 162 161 Franklin, and year 1100 and died around 1170. The dates have been a subject of controversy, and for a full account see: 160 published. predate Prodromos (cf. note 148 time it is clear that 159 published. on clear be only however, will, details The published tend to exploit the vernacular registers, and most evidence points in this direction. the since stance, minority a taking been have to seems he so doing In riddles with double meanings while maintaining high Atticist register th genuine formed that schedography towards push personal a view, own his in contribution contact. direct in been have would Prodromos innovate. would others and his Basilakes which of against that be schedography necessarily would generation the and Basilakes than older slightly only was himself Prodromos ἐ which is the very pursuit of eloquence and correct Atticist speech speech ( ( ἡ ἀ πιτήδευμα μετέραν

ρχαιότροπον Of particular interest in this respect is the originall the is respect this in interest particular Of 22 1962, Century,” Twelfth in the Constantinople at School Patriarchal “The Browning, mostThe byrecent scholarship Franklin and Kazhdan Prodromossuggests wasthat Theodore born around I use the Agapitosterm makes extremely loosely. a good argumen Such comments were surely aimed at what we might term the school of Prodromos. of school the term might wewhat at wereaimedsurely comments Such ο Agapitos, “Grammar, Genre and Patronage.” and Genre “Grammar, Agapitos, , n fnly ecie hs poet a prun a om ht s outdated is that form a pursuing as opponents his describes finally and ), ὐ χ ).

Studies on Byzantine Literature of the Eleventh and TwelfthCenturies and Eleventh the of Literature Byzantine on Studies himself likely ta likely himself

ἥ

κιστα putrid ) schedē al “ Gaul,

δ ὲ

containing vernacularisms were not restricted to his work and also that riddles in Ἄ

κα νασσα ( σαπρ

ὶ

ὑ ). It is only mattera of thatmore chance have not been pres ποσολοίκοις ught a ught

ὸ Ἄ

ν ννα ad bv al hs wo s bs poicaim i their in provincialisms base use who those all above and ) , t

σκόπει the Patriarchal School around 1142 around School Patriarchal the 161

hs hn em t hv be Bslks particular Basilakes’ been have to seems then This ) while at the s

–

Fürstin Anna, bedenke! bedenke! Anna, Fürstin ce the extant extant the ce y twelfth century antistoichic dictionary contained in cod. cod. in contained dictionary antistoichic century twelfth y 45

ame time purporting to teach grammar, t for t for Prodromos as anat theinnovator, same schedē

( ebctne zr Schedo zur Beobachtungen ἧ

ς ae en aaoud and catalogued been have

τ ὸ , 92ff. ,

ε schedē roughout on all levels. ὖ , so he and he so ,

λέγειν

erved, discovered anderved, discovered – 23.

that have been been have that

κα ὶ

ὀ Basilakes ρθοεπε Kazhdan Kazhdan schedē -

und und

160 159 162 the ῖ ν

CEU eTD Collection see: generaloverview, a For ambiguity. phonetic, than rather of ability the schedography, Unlike narration. simultaneous 163 period,riddles inthis where before they had provided merelybeen exercisesby teachers. their like Sanskrit true to puzzles orthographic mere orthography. correct the producing of one foremost and first still perhaps then was exercise The reading. Attic of knowledge good and mind creative a with easily relatively solved be could that puzzles antistoichic and spellings false with exercises produce to boundaries word across spread had elev the of end the toward and labyrinthine, and complex more became quickly correcting vowels that had been exchanged for their antistoichic counterparts. These challenges yearsaugust even a audience,what quite capable theyof. were later in public, a show to students allowed and schools the for advertisements as functioned simultaneously events These audience. an before student young the by presented somehow so the and teacher the by provided apparently was text The pieces. performances nascent the around centered century, eleventh the of spirit performative and competitive the exercises, school written been had latter the beginning of the eleventh century,

The The ist ś

The final step seems to have taken place around the 1120s. It involved the shift from shift the involved It 1120s. the around place taken have to seems step final The M the at that seems It schedography. of evolution the on theory a posited has thesis This le Greek, when the text was read aloud, as there was g was there as aloud, read was text the when Greek, ṣ any of these exercises contained orthographic challenges, mostly along the lines of lines the along mostly challenges, orthographic contained exercises these of any a rdto o per ses rm h sxh century sixth the from stems poetry of tradition

ś le ṣ a poetry.

163

There is also some evidence that students would create ownevidence their Therealso studentswould some that is

schedē riddles. These were texts that had double meanings, rather meanings, double had that texts were These riddles. Conclusion

were essentially a resetting of 46

Bronner and Bronner, Bronner, and Bronner śle theatron

ṣ and specializes, in its more mature forms, in in forms, mature more its in specializes, and a to create complex “puns” hinges on lexical, lexical, on hinges “puns” complex create to

, turned these into impromptu impromptu into these turned , enerally only one grammatical one only enerally

Extreme Poetry Extreme epimerismoi enth century enth . lution was lution

; whereas CEU eTD Collection 165 164 ancient and religious texts. ( enigmatic” and mysterious is that all skill essen a way, metaphorical and creative a in think to students compelled also descendents instance, for than, engaging more likely was totrain students agonistic to had little in the popular later collection of Moschopoulos represent a conservative variety of genre. a as developed seriously practice. composition or performance schedic in changes profound any to speak would that testimony of innovation seems climaxed have to in the mid twelfth century, as later authors provide little Byzantine the in innovation main the indeed discussion, under GreekbeingAtticist of mere ratherthan polishedworks school sketches. scholarly readings. Basilakes’ the of When this latter change took place remains unclear. This shift parallels the shift in the function

Gallavotti, “Nota sulla schedografia di Moscopulo e sui suoi precedenti fino a Teodoro Prodomo.” finoTeodoro a precedenti suoi suie Moscopulo di schedografia “Notasulla Gallavotti, Roilos, tial for Byzantinea intellectual, who was required to, the in Basilakes,words of “explain theatron These epimerismatic These The thesis has also presented Amphotero Schedē theatron

do withthe elaborate

from that of an arena for student competitions to a more sedate gathering for for gathering sedate more a to competitions student for arena an of that from

continued to be used, be to continued

glossia because they were so effective as teaching instruments. Their first function firstTheir instruments. teaching as effective so were they because in speaking Greek, Atticist a goal whichthey being surely accomplished, , 33 ,

– 40. schedē

progymnasmata

165 schedē

This thesis has further postulated that the that postulated further has thesis This

must have remained popular even after the demise of the the of demise the after even popular remained have must schedē ὑ but were rather gathered, compiled and imitated than than imitated and compiled gathered, rather were but

παναπτύσσειν of the twelfth century. twelfth of the progymnasmata

as being aggressively innovative during the period 47

likewise represent

ὅ σον . Both they and their more complex complex more their and they Both .

μυστερι

education system. This period This system. education

a step in this progression,this asa stepin ῶ δες 164

κα schedē ὶ

γρ ῖ φον schedē

contained

) in his his in )

that CEU eTD Collection “ Longibardos. Anna. Komnene, Kock, T.,ed. Kinnamos, Joannes. Chrysostom.John Inepistulam ad “In Romanos.” Seville. of Isidore Hippolytos. Hesychios. Syceota. Georgios ed. T., Gaisford, Eustathios. Pr Théodore sur Eugénianos Nicétas de “Monodie Niketas. Eugenaios, Mytilenaios. Christophoros Beckby,H., ed. ——— Basilakes, Nikephoros. Athenaios. Sinaïtes. Anastasios Primary Christianorum. SeriesChristianorum. 1981. Graeca 8.Turnhout: Brepols, Byzantion Gruyter, 2001. Reinsch. Edite series Graeca, 1857. Clarendonof 2vols. Oxford: Press, 1911. Gruyter, 1986. 2005. Lateinische und Griechischer Sammlung des Bollandistes, 1970. Amsterd CambridgeUniversity Press, 1826. Vremenik 2012. Brepols, Turnhout: 74. Graeca Series Christianorum Corpus Groote. de Marc by Edited Leipzig: 1984. Teubner, . Progimnasmi e monodie

d by scriptorum historiae A.Meineke.Byzantinae. Corpus

Deipnosophistarum libri xv libri Deipnosophistarum Refutatio Refutatio omnium haeresium eyhi lxnrn Lxcn Π Lexicon: Alexandrini Hesychii Odysseam Homeri ad Commentarii am: Hakkert, 1967). Comicorum Atticorum fragmenta Comicorum Corpus Corpus Fon

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Ioannis Cinnami epitomeIoannis rerum Cinnami et abIoanne gestarum Alexio Comnenis nsais iate ie dux viae Sinaïtae Anastasius Nicephori Basilacae orationes et epistolae

tium tium Historiae Byzantinae. Series Berolinensis 40. Berlin: Walter de hitpoi iyeai esu vrou cleto cryptensis collectio variorum versuum Mitylenaii Christophori –

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. Vol. 2. Leipzig:. Vol.2. 1884. Teubner, . Subsidia hagiographica 48. Brussels: Société Brussels: 48. hagiographica Subsidia .

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