Appendix B. General Explanation and Census of Agriculture Report Form
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Dispelling the Myths of Stock Laws and Fencing
OVERVIEW OF LIVESTOCK OPEN RANGE AND FENCING LAWS: DISPELLING THE MYTHS OF STOCK LAWS AND FENCING ALEX B. EYSSEN Browning Eyssen & Logan, PC 802 Mulberry Street Abilene, Texas 79601 325-437-3737 FAX: 325-437-1799 www.browningfirm.com State Bar of Texas 5TH ANNUAL JOHN HUFFAKER AGRICULTURAL LAW COURSE May 19-20, 2011 Lubbock CHAPTER 10 ALEX B. EYSSEN BROWNING EYSSEN & LOGAN, PC 802 Mulberry Street Abilene, Texas 79601 325-437-3737 FAX: 325-437-1799 www.browningfirm.com BIOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION EDUCATION B.S. in Biology / Biochemistry, McMurry University, Abilene, Texas J.D., St. Mary’s University School of Law PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITIES Partner, Browning Eyssen & Logan, PC, 2005 - Present Associate, McMahon, Surovik & Suttle, PC, 2003 – 2005 Panel Chair, State Bar of Texas District 14-6 Grievance Panel Director, Abilene Chamber of Commerce Board of Directors Past President, Abilene Bar Association PUBLICATIONS & HONORS Author/Speaker/Course Director, State Bar of Texas 5th Annual John Huffaker Agriculture Law Course, 2011 Author of Texas Young Lawyer Association article “Hold your Horses…” on the topic of stock laws and open range in Texas, 2004 Past Solicitations/Article Editor, St. Mary’s Law Journal, 2001-2002 Outstanding Young Lawyer of the Year, Abilene Bar Association, 2010 Overview Of Livestock Open Range And Fencing Laws: Dispelling The Myths Of Stock Laws And Fencing Chapter 10 TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................................. -
Hay for Horses: Alfalfa Or Grass?
HAY FOR HORSES: ALFALFA OR GRASS? Anne Rodiek1 ABSTRACT Alfalfa hay is an excellent source of energy, protein, calcium and some other nutrients for horses. Its concentrations of protein and calcium meet the nutrient needs of horses in high levels of production, such as growth and lactation, but exceed the nutrient requirements of horses in other life stages. Controversy exists over the best use of alfalfa in horse rations. Grass hays are also popular for horses because of their lower energy, protein and calcium concentrations. Grass hay meets more closely the nutrient requirements of the largest percentage of horses, the idle horse. Tradition plays a large role in the selection of feeds for horses. Hay producers can help educate horse people about what hays are most beneficial to horses in different life stages. Key Words: alfalfa hay, grass hay, horses, nutrient requirements INTRODUCTION Alfalfa hay has been both heralded and maligned as a feed for horses. Tradition holds that timothy hay and oats are the best feeds for horses, and that alfalfa and corn spell disaster. Alfalfa hay may not be the best feed for all horses in all situations, but it contains nutrients needed for many classes of horses. Grass hay falls short of meeting the nutrient requirements of high production life stages, but is an excellent filler for horses that require bulk in the diet. An understanding of the nutrient requirements of horses compared to the nutrient content of alfalfa hay or grass hay will help nutritionists, hay producers, and horse owners make informed decisions about what type of hay to feed to horses. -
Pricing Forage in the Field
Pricing Forage in Ag Decision Maker the Field File A1-65 uestions often arise about how to arrive Example 2 at a fair price for standing crops such Qas corn silage, oats, hay, and cornstalks. Silage moisture level 70% Although there are no widely quoted market Silage dry matter level 100% - 70% = 30% prices for these crops, they can be valued Silage value at 65% $28.35 per ton according to their relative feed value and $28.35 x (30 / 35) = compared to other crops that have a known Silage value at 70% market price, such as corn grain or hay. $24.30 per ton Corn Silage The quantity of silage harvested can be estimated Corn silage can be quickly valued according to the by: price of corn grain. Taking into account the value 1. weighing several loads and counting the total of the grain, the extra fertilizer cost incurred and number of loads, the harvesting costs saved, a ton of corn silage in 2. calculating the storage capacity of the silo in the field is usually worth 8-10 times as much as a which it is stored (see AgDM Information File bushel of corn, depending on the potential grain and Decision Tool C6-82, Estimated Storage yield. Silage from a field that would yield above Capacity for Grains, Forages, and Liquids, 200 bushels per acre can be valued at 10 times the www.extension.iastate.edu/agdm/wholefarm/ corn price. But if the potential yield is less than pdf/c6-82.pdf), or 100 bushels per acre, the silage should be valued 3. -
The End of Open Range Grazing in the Late 1800S and Early 1900S
The End of Open Range Grazing In the late 1800s and early 1900s, cowboys were plentiful. A cowboy’s goal was to look after their herd of cattle on the open range of the United States. The open range allowed a rancher to have low input costs on feed for cattle so they would have higher margins when the cattle were sold. Sooner or later the open range grazing had to come to an end. Three factors that led to the end of open range grazing were the arrival of settlers, overgrazing, and the implementation of the Taylor Grazing Act. The arrival of settlers to the United States had a great impact on the end of open range grazing. In the mid to later 1800s many European and Spanish settlers came to the new world “with the intent of earning a living from farming” (Camp, 2009). Many of the settlers also became cattle ranchers. With so many cattle on the open range from cattle markets being strong, chaos started to occur. Ranchers had to come up with a way to identify their cattle; the solution was brands. The days of long trail rides to transport cattle to market were thriving. The open range was soon flooded with too many cattle and overgrazing started to occur. Overgrazing of the open range became an apparent problem. According to the book U.S. Forest Service Grazing and Rangelands, the open range between “1865 to the 1890s was marked by chaos, violence, and depletion of the ranges through overgrazing” (Rowley, 1985). The cattle ranchers of that time had little experience in conservation the grasslands. -
Making Grass Silage
Making Grass Silage Dr. Dan Undersander University of Wisconsin Fermentation analysis profile Legume Grass Corn Silage Silage Silage Moisture: 65%+ <65% 60-65% pH 4.0-4.3 4.3-4.7 3.8-4.2 Lactic Acid 6.0-8.0 6.0-10.0 5.0-10.0 Acetic Acid 1.0-3.0 1.0-3.0 1.0-3.0 Ethanol (% of DM) <1.0 <1.0 <3.0 Ammonia-N (% of CP) <15.0 <12.0 <8.0 Lactic: Acetic ratio 2+ 2+ 3+ Lactic (% of total acids) 60+ 60+ 70+ Dan Undersander-Agronomy © 2013 High quality grass silage results from: 1. Harvesting high quality forage 2. Inoculation 3. Proper packing 4. Covering Dan Undersander-Agronomy © 2013 Making Good Grass Silage Want 10–15% WSC (sugars) in the dry matter Young, leafy grass that has been well fertilized, grass/clover mixtures and autumn cuts tend to have low sugar levels Buffering capacity is directly related to how much sugar it takes to lower silage pH. Grass typically has a low buffering capacity and an adequate supply of sugars High rates of N increase buffering capacity. Dan Undersander-Agronomy © 2013 Grass Dry Matter Digestibility 80 70 60 Indigestible DM 50 40 Recommended harvest 30 Digestible DM 20 10 0 leaf stage boot stage heading full flower Dan Undersander-Agronomy © 2013 Dan Undersander-Agronomy © 2013 Cool Season Grasses Head only on first Cutting 2nd and later cuttings Harvest 1st cutting at boot stage are primarily leaves Boot stage Heading Dan Undersander-Agronomy © 2013 Mowing, Conditioning Mowing height - 3.5 to 4 inches Promotes rapid grass regrowth Reduces dirt contamination Condition with flail conditioner Make wide -
Livestock and Landscapes
SUSTAINABILITY PATHWAYS LIVESTOCK AND LANDSCAPES SHARE OF LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION IN GLOBAL LAND SURFACE DID YOU KNOW? Agricultural land used for ENVIRONMENT Twenty-six percent of the Planet’s ice-free land is used for livestock grazing LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION and 33 percent of croplands are used for livestock feed production. Livestock contribute to seven percent of the total greenhouse gas emissions through enteric fermentation and manure. In developed countries, 90 percent of cattle Agricutural land used for belong to six breed and 20 percent of livestock breeds are at risk of extinction. OTHER AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION SOCIAL One billion poor people, mostly pastoralists in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, depend on livestock for food and livelihoods. Globally, livestock provides 25 percent of protein intake and 15 percent of dietary energy. ECONOMY Livestock contributes up to 40 percent of agricultural gross domestic product across a significant portion of South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa but receives just three percent of global agricultural development funding. GOVERNANCE With rising incomes in the developing world, demand for animal products will continue to surge; 74 percent for meat, 58 percent for dairy products and 500 percent for eggs. Meeting increasing demand is a major sustainability challenge. LIVESTOCK AND LANDSCAPES SUSTAINABILITY PATHWAYS WHY DOES LIVESTOCK MATTER FOR SUSTAINABILITY? £ The livestock sector is one of the key drivers of land-use change. Each year, 13 £ As livestock density increases and is in closer confines with wildlife and humans, billion hectares of forest area are lost due to land conversion for agricultural uses there is a growing risk of disease that threatens every single one of us: 66 percent of as pastures or cropland, for both food and livestock feed crop production. -
Silo Buster Forage Mixture Silo Buster Is a Forage Mixture Comprised of 50% Climbing Forage Peas, 25% Spring Triticale and 25% Forage Barley
Silo Buster Forage Mixture Silo Buster is a forage mixture comprised of 50% Climbing Forage Peas, 25% Spring Triticale and 25% Forage Barley. Preparation Prepare a smooth seed bed to ease accurate seeding. Avoid surface trash unless proper no till seeding is used with appropriate equipment and an experienced operator. Planting Sow 2-2 ½ units per acre, ½ - 1” depth. Do not seed deeper than 1’ and sow as early as possible in the spring. The later part of April is ideal. Underseed with your normal hay or grass mix at the usual rate. For the proper amount of seed per acre start by setting the drill as if you were planting 120 lbs. of wheat. Feed quality and yield will suffer if less than 100 lbs./acre are planted. Fertilizer requirements are approximately 60 lbs. N, 30 lbs. P, and 60 lbs. K in the absence of a soil test. Silo Buster really comes into its own when its values as a nurse crop are examined. After quick emergence, Silo Buster develops more slowly than most nurse crops, allowing the underseeding to develop strong vigorous seedlings. When harvest is about three weeks away, Silo Buster grows very rapidly resulting in lots of high quality feed (approximately 7-9 ½ tonnes wet weight per acre). The peas in the mixture provide large amounts of nitrogen through heavy nodulation, if sufficient climbing pea inoculant is mixed with the seed. Harvest Harvest 55-70 days (depending on your area) from seeding but weather can accelerate or delay harvest. Remember the calendar is only a guide. -
Overview Section: History a Look Back at the Historical Role of Agriculture in the Rockies by Patrick Creeden
© David Spiegel ‘12 Overview Section: History A Look Back at the Historical Role of Agriculture in the Rockies By Patrick Creeden The Colorado College State of the Rockies Report Card Key Findings: - 46 percent of land in the Rockies was claimed for agriculture during the homesteading period from 1862 - 1976. - Since 1870, the weighted average farm size has increased by 938 percent. - The peak of the Rockies farm population percentage was 35 percent, reached in 1920, today it is 2 percent. - Since 1870 over 145,000 new farms have been added to the Rockies region. Introduction This year’s State of the Rockies Report Card focuses on the many aspects of agriculture that have Each day in the Rockies, farmers and ranchers changed since the initial settlement of the West. Drawing produce agricultural commodities that are traded and sold upon results of the 2007 Census of Agriculture, this across the country and world, in small local farmers markets report sketches the current condition of agriculture and and on global commodity markets. This production takes how it has evolved over the past decade. Though the on a variety of forms from large-scale milk production ever-changing Rockies region is fast urbanizing and the in the nation’s fifth largest dairy in Hatch, New Mexico, economic importance of agriculture has decreased over to small organic farms on Colorado’s Western slope. the decades, the historical, cultural, and environmental Agriculture in this region of the country, spanning across aspects of agriculture are critical in helping maintain mountain valleys and wide open plains, and ranging from the wide open spaces and rural ranches, farms, and organic wool to grain for cattle, has greatly shaped the communities so central to the character of the region. -
Agricultural Land Tax in Montana
What follows is a summary of how Montana and seven other Western states handle agricultural land for property tax purposes. The states included are Wyoming, North Dakota, South Dakota, Idaho, Oregon, Washington, and Colorado. The topics are Definition of Agricultural Land Use, Income and Acreage Requirements, and Methodology for Valuing Agricultural Land. There is some overlap in the topics because each state adds its own nuances to how it defines and values agricultural land and how it describes those procedures. Definition of Agricultural Land Use MONTANA The term "agricultural" for property tax purposes, refers to "the production of food, feed, and fiber commodities, livestock and poultry, bees, fruits and vegetables, and sod, ornamental, nursery, and horticultural crops that are raised, grown, or produced for commercial purposes." The term also refers to the raising of domestic animals and wildlife in domestication or a captive environment. [Section 15-1-101(a), MCA)] WYOMING The term "agricultural land", for property tax purposes, means "land which has been used or employed during the previous two years and presently is being used and employed for the primary purpose of obtaining a monetary profit as agricultural or horticultural use or any combination thereof is to be agricultural land...unless legally zoned otherwise by a zoning authority." [Section 39-13-101(a)(iii), WY ST] NORTH DAKOTA "'Agricultural property' means platted or unplatted lands used for raising agricultural crops or grazing farm animals, except lands platted and assessed as agricultural property prior to March 30, 1981, shall continue to be assessed as agricultural property until put to a use other than raising agricultural crops or grazing farm animals." North Dakota code also provides that "property platted on or after March 30, 1981, is not agricultural property when any four of the following conditions exist: a. -
Agr79: Producing Corn for Silage
AGR-79 Producing Corn for Silage Chad D. Lee, James H. Herbek, Garry Lacefi eld, and Ray Smith, Department of Plant and Soil Sciences orn for silage has been a valuable source of feed for cattle. lage is often in the 113 to 120 days maturity range in Kentucky. CHigh-quality corn silage is obtained with a combination Depending on acreage and harvesting requirements, selecting of good crop management practices, good silage management hybrids across this range in maturity can help with harvest sched- practices, and optimum weather conditions. This publication will ules. Not only does selecting a range in maturity help spread out focus on the management practices of growing corn for silage. harvesting, but it can help spread out the workload for postemer- gence weed control and the risks associated with pollination. Crop Management Practices The growth and maturity of a corn hybrid are closely Hybrid Selection related to daily and sea- Selecting hybrids is an important decision in silage produc- sonal temperature levels. A tion. Capitalizing on high-yielding hybrids will allow you to more accurate scheme for raise more silage per acre. labeling corn hybrid matu- Each year, hybrids for grain are evaluated at seven locations rity is the growing degree across the state in the University of Kentucky Hybrid Corn Perfor- day (GDD) method. The mance Test. The hybrid performance test provides an annual report GGD method predicts corn and ranks yields from each location, averaged over all locations maturities based on mean and averaged across one, two, and three years. Land grant universi- daily temperatures during the ties in neighboring states conduct similar tests. -
Grain Crop Drying, Handling and Storage
363 Chapter 16 Grain crop drying, handling and storage INTRODUCTION within the crop, inhibiting air movement and adding Although in many parts of Africa certain crops can be to any possible spoilage problems. The crop must produced throughout the year, the major food crops therefore be clean. such as cereal grains and tubers, including potatoes, One of the most critical physiological factors in are normally seasonal crops. Consequently the food successful grain storage is the moisture content of the produced in one harvest period, which may last for only crop. High moisture content leads to storage problems a few weeks, must be stored for gradual consumption because it encourages fungal and insect problems, until the next harvest, and seed must be held for the respiration and germination. However, moisture next season’s crop. content in the growing crop is naturally high and only In addition, in a market that is not controlled, the value starts to decrease as the crop reaches maturity and the of any surplus crop tends to rise during the off-season grains are drying. In their natural state, the seeds would period, provided that it is in a marketable condition. have a period of dormancy and then germinate either Therefore the principal aim of any storage system must when re-wetted by rain or as a result of a naturally be to maintain the crop in prime condition for as long adequate moisture content. as possible. The storage and handling methods should Another major factor influencing spoilage is minimize losses, but must also be appropriate in relation temperature. -
Increase Food Production Without Expanding Agricultural Land
COURSE 2 Increase Food Production without Expanding Agricultural Land In addition to the demand-reduction measures addressed in Course 1, the world must boost the output of food on existing agricultural land. To approach the goal of net-zero expansion of agricultural land, improvements in crop and livestock productivity must exceed historical rates of yield gains. Chapter 10 assesses the land-use challenge, based on recent trend lines. Chapters 11–16 discuss possible ways to increase food production per hectare while adapting to climate change. TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 10. Assessing the Challenge of Limiting Agricultural Land Expansion .............................147 Chapter 11. Menu Item: Increase Livestock and Pasture Productivity ........................................167 Chapter 12. Menu Item: Improve Crop Breeding to Boost Yields ..............................................179 Chapter 13. Menu Item: Improve Soil and Water Management ...............................................195 Chapter 14. Menu Item: Plant Existing Cropland More Frequently ........................................... 205 Chapter 15. Adapt to Climate Change ........................................................................... 209 Chapter 16. How Much Could Boosting Crop and Livestock Productivity Contribute to Closing the Land and Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Gaps? .....................................................221 Creating a Sustainable Food Future 145 146 WRI.org CHAPTER 10 ASSESSING THE CHALLENGE OF LIMITING AGRICULTURAL LAND EXPANSION How hard will it be to stop net expansion of agricultural land? This chapter evaluates projections by other researchers of changes in land use and explains why we consider the most optimistic projections to be too optimistic. We discuss estimates of “yield gaps,” which attempt to measure the potential of farmers to increase yields given current crop varieties. Finally, we examine conflicting data about recent land-cover change and agricultural expansion to determine what they imply for the future.