Christianity: Volume 4: Christianity in Western Europe C

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-81106-4 - The Cambridge History of Christianity: Volume 4: Christianity in Western Europe C. 1100–c. 1500 Edited by Miri Rubin and Walter Simons Frontmatter More information

the cambridge history of CHRISTIANITY

* Christianity in Western Europe c. 1100–c. 1500

During the early middle ages, Europe developed complex and varied Christian cultures, and from about 1100 secular rulers, com- peting factions and inspired individuals continued to engender a diverse and ever-changing mix within Christian society. This volume explores the wide range of institutions, practices and experi- ences associated with the life of European Christians in the later middle ages. The clergy of this period initiated new approaches to the role of priests, bishops and popes, and developed an ambitious project to instruct the laity. For lay people, the practices of parish religion were central, but many sought additional ways to enrich their lives as Christians. Impulses towards reform and renewal periodically swept across Europe, led by charismatic preachers and supported by secular rulers. At the same time, Christians were often preoccupied and troubled by non-Christians within their own communities and on their borders. This book provides accessible accounts of these complex historical processes and entices the reader towards further enquiry.

Miri Rubin is Professor of Medieval History at Queen Mary, University of London. Her most recent publications include Mother of God: A History of the Virgin Mary (2009)andThe Hollow Crown: A History of Britain in the Late Middle Ages (2005). Walter Simons is Associate Professor in the Department of History, Dartmouth College. He is author of Cities of Ladies: Beguine Communities in the Medieval Low Countries 1200–1565 (2001) and co-editor of Ludo J. R. Milis, Religion, Culture and Medieval Low Countries: Selected Essays (2005) with Jeroen Deploige, Martine De Reu and Steven Vanderputten and The Productivity of Urban Space in Northern Europe (2002) with Peter Arnade and Martha Howell.

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-81106-4 - The Cambridge History of Christianity: Volume 4: Christianity in Western Europe C. 1100–c. 1500 Edited by Miri Rubin and Walter Simons Frontmatter More information

the cambridge history of CHRISTIANITY

The Cambridge History of Christianity offers a comprehensive chrono- logical account of the development of Christianity in all its aspects – theological, intellectual, social, political, regional, global – from its beginnings to the present day. Each volume makes a substantial contribution in its own right to the scholarship of its period and the complete History constitutes a major work of academic reference. Far from being merely a history of Western European Christianity and its offshoots, the History aims to provide a global perspective. Eastern and Coptic Christianity are given full consideration from the early period onwards, and later, African, Far Eastern, New World, South Asian and other non-European developments in Christianity receive proper coverage. The volumes cover popular piety and non-formal expressions of Christian faith and treat the sociology of Christian formation, worship and devotion in a broad cultural context. The question of relations between Christianity and other major faiths is also kept in sight throughout. The History will provide an invaluable resource for scholars and students alike.

list of volumes:

Origins to Constantine edited by margaret m. mitchell and frances m. young

Constantine to c. 600 edited by augustine casiday and frederick w. norris

Early Medieval Christianity c. 600–c. 1100 edited by thomas noble and julia smith

Christianity in Western Europe c. 1100–c. 1500 edited by miri rubin and walter simons

Eastern Christianity edited by michael angold

Reform and Expansion 1500–1660 edited by ronnie po-chia hsia

Enlightenment, Reawakening and Revolution 1660–1815 edited by stewart j. brown and timothy tackett

World Christianities c. 1815–c. 1914 edited by brian stanley and sheridan gilley

World Christianities c. 1914–c. 2000 edited by hugh mc leod

THE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY

VOLUME 4 Christianity in Western Europe c. 1100–c. 1500

Edited by MIRI RUBIN and WALTER SIMONS

University Printing House, Cambridge cb2 8bs, United Kingdom Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge. It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of education, learning, and research at the highest international levels of excellence.

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First published 2009 3 rd printing 2015

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Contents

List of illustrations page xi List of maps xii List of contributors xiii Abbreviations xv Maps xvi

Introduction 1 miri rubin and walter simons

part i INSTITUTIONS AND CHANGE: 1100–1200 9

1 . Clerical purity and the re-ordered world 11 henrietta leyser

2 . The bishops of Rome, 1100–1300 22 anthony perron

3 . Religious poverty and the search for perfection 39 beverly mayne kienzle

4 . Monastic and religious orders, c. 1100–c. 1350 54 brian patrick mc guire

part ii FORGING A CHRISTIAN WORLD, 1200–1300 73

5 . The theological framework lesley smith 75

vii

Contents

6 . The legal underpinnings 89 anders winroth

7 . Material support I: parishes 99 brigitte resl

8 . Material support II: religious orders 107 janet burton

9 . The Word and its diffusion 114 katherine jansen

part iii THE ERECTION OF BOUNDARIES 133

10 . Christians and Jews 135 ora limor

11 . Christendom and Islam 149 david nirenberg

12 . Christians and heretics 170 peter biller

13 . Women and men 187 megan mc laughlin

14 . Heaven, hell and purgatory: 1100–1500 200 alan e. bernstein

part iv SHAPES OF A CHRISTIAN WORLD 217

15 . Sacramental life 219 miri rubin

16 . Religious soundscapes: liturgy and music 238 susan boynton

viii

Contents

17 . Images and their uses 254 sara lipton

18 . Mary 283 rachel fulton

19 . Mysticism and transcendence 297 amy hollywood

part v CHRISTIAN LIFE IN MOVEMENT 309

20 . On the margins of religious life: hermits and recluses, penitents and tertiaries, beguines and beghards 311 walter simons

21 . Saints and pilgrimages: new and old 324 andre´ vauchez

22 . Crusade and conquest 340 marcus bull

part vi THE CHALLENGES TO A CHRISTIAN SOCIETY 353

23 . Repression and power 355 john h. arnold

24 . Faith and the intellectuals I 372 joseph ziegler

25 . Faith and the intellectuals II 394 michael stolz

Contents part vii REFORM AND RENEWAL 405

26 . Empowerment through reading, writing and example: the Devotio moderna 407 koen goudriaan

27 . Demons and the Christian community 420 alain boureau

28 . Wycliffism and Lollardy 433 kantik ghosh

29 . Observant reform in religious orders 446 bert roest

30 . Public purity and discipline: states and religious renewal 458 roberto rusconi

31 . The Bible in the fifteenth century 472 christopher ocker

Select bibliography 494 Index 557

Illustrations

Fig. 14.1 The Bamberg Apocalypse, Msc.Bibl.140, folio 53r, The Last Judgement reproduced by permission of Staatsbibliothek Bamberg page 203 Fig. 14.2 Illuminated initial from a Book of Hours, folio 197r, manuscript 133 M 131 reproduced by permission of Koninklijke Bibliotheek, The Hague, The Netherlands 215 Fig. 15.1 Triptych of the Seven Sacraments by Rogier van der Weyden, Royal Museum of Fine Arts, Antwerp, image courtesy of Reproductiefonds 220 Fig. 17.1 Oaken crucifix. Church of St.-Denis, Forest-lez-Bruxelles, Belgium, c. 1160–80. Copyright IRPA-KIK, Brussels. (Photo: IRPA-KIK, Brussels) 261 Fig. 17.2 Floreffe Bible frontispiece: exegesis of the opening verses of Job. Premonstratensian Abbey of Floreffe, Meuse Valley, Belgium, c. 1150. London, British Library add. ms. 17738, fol. 3v. (Photo: British Library) 263 Fig. 17.3 Cathedral of Notre-Dame, Amiens: intersection of nave and apse. Northern France, thirteenth century. (Photo: akg-images/Erich Lessing) 268 Fig. 17.4 Detail from commentary illustration to Rev. 16.4. Bible moralisée, Paris, c. 1225. ÖNB/Vienna, picture archive, cod. 1179, fol. 236d. (Photo: Österreichische Nationalbibliothek) 273 Fig. 17.5 Christus-Johannes Group (Saint John laying his head on Jesus’ breast). Swabia/Lake Constance, early fourteenth century. Munich, Bayerisches Nationalmuseum, Inv. Nr 65/38. (Photo: Andreas Praefcke; public domain) 275 Fig. 17.6 Ivory rosary terminal bead with embracing lovers on the front and a hideous skeleton crawling with worms on the back. Germany, sixteenth century. New York, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, gift of J. Pierpont Morgan, 1917, 17.190.305. (Photo: © Metropolitan Museum of Art) 279

Maps

Map 1 Western Europe c. 1100–c. 1500 page xvi Map 2 Universities of Europe xviii Map 3 Italy in the late Middle Ages xx Map 4 The Low Countries, c. 1100–c. 1500 xxi

xii

Contributors

J OHN A RNOLD, School of History, Classics and Archaeology, Birkbeck, University of London, UK A LAN E. BERNSTEIN, Department of History, University of Arizona, Tucson, USA P ETER B ILLER, Department of History, University of York, UK A LAIN B OUREAU, École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales, Paris, France S USAN B OYNTON, Department of Music, Columbia University, New York, USA M ARCUS B ULL, Department of Historical Studies, University of Bristol, UK J ANET B URTON, Department of History, University of Wales Lampeter, UK R ACHEL F ULTON, Department of History, University of Chicago, USA K ANTIK G HOSH, Trinity College, University of Oxford, UK K OEN G OUDRIAAN, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands A MY H OLLYWOOD, Harvard Divinity School, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass., USA K ATHERINE J ANSEN, Department of History, Catholic University of America, Washington (D.C.), USA B EVERLY M AYNE K IENZLE, Harvard Divinity School, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass., USA H ENRIETTA L EYSER, St Peter’s College, University of Oxford, UK O RA L IMOR, Open University, Tel Aviv, Israel S ARA L IPTON, Department of History, State University of New York Stony Brook, Stony Brook, USA B RIAN P ATRICK M C G UIRE, Department of History, Roskilde University Centre, Denmark M EGAN M C L AUGHLIN, Department of History, University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA D AVID N IRENBERG, Committee on Social Thought, University of Chicago, USA C HRISTOPHER O CKER, San Francisco Theological Seminary, USA A NTHONY P ERRON, Department of History, Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, USA B RIGITTE R ESL, Department of History, University of Liverpool, UK B ERT R OEST, Department of History, University of Groningen, The Netherlands M IRI R UBIN, Department of History, Queen Mary, University of London, UK R OBERTO R USCONI, Università degli studi di Roma, Rome, Italy W ALTER S IMONS, Department of History, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hamp., USA

xiii

Contributors

L ESLEY S MITH, Harris Manchester College, University of Oxford, UK M ICHAEL S TOLZ, Department of German, University of Bern, Switzerland A NDRE´ V AUCHEZ,2rue Alasseur, Paris, France A NDERS W INROTH, Department of History, Yale University, New Haven, Conn., USA J OSEPH Z IEGLER, Department of History, University of Haïfa, Israel

xiv

Abbreviations

AA.SS. Acta Sanctorum, 3rd edn, Paris: Palmé, 1863– CCCM Corpus Christianorum: Continuatio mediaevalis CCSL Corpus Christianorum Series Latina CFS Cistercian Fathers Series CSEL Corpus scriptorum ecclesiasticorum latinorum MGH Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Hanover et al.: Hahn et al., 1826– EPP Epistolae SS Scriptores OED Oxford English Dictionary PG Patrologiae Cursus Completus, Series Graeca, ed. J.-P. Migne, Paris: Migne, 1857–66 PL Patrologiae Cursus Completus, Series Latina, ed. J.-P. Migne, Paris: Migne, 1844–64 SBO Sancti Bernardi opera SC Sources chrétiennes SCH Studies in Church History

Unless otherwise specified, all biblical references are to the Douay-Rheims version of the vulgate.

Bergen

Oslo

North Edinburgh Sea Carlisle Newcastle Durham Copenhagen York Beverley Roskilde Hull Boston Stralsund Lübeck Norwich Rostock Bristol Ipswich Bremen Hamburg Stettin London Rotterdam Amsterdam Bruges Bergen-op-Zoom Frankfurt/Oder ATLANTIC Antwerp R Calais . Liège Cologne E lb Le Havre Amiens Erfurt e Rouen Mainz OCEAN R Frankfurt/Main St Malo . S Trier e Paris i Nuremberg n Prague e e Nantes in Regensburg h R Strasbourg R . . L R Ulm o

i Freiburg r Augsburg Bourges e La Rochelle Basle Constance St Gall Salzburg

Bordeaux Lyon Geneva Santiago R . Trent de Compostela G Como a Milan Vicenza ro n Bilbao n Padua e Piacenza Venice Bayonne Toulouse R R . Po . D R Avignon Genoa ouro/D . ue E Montpellier Bologna ro b Lucca A r Pistoia o d Pisa Florence r Marseille ia Volterra t R. Ta Cortona i Lisbon gus c Setubal Barcelona Toledo Rome

Seville Cordova Valencia da Naples . Gua lquiv Cadiz R ir Malaga Granada M e d i t e r r Palermo a n Messina e a n

0 150 300 600 450 750 900 km

0 150 300 450 600 miles

Map 1 Western Europe c. 1100 – c. 1500

Viborg Falun Abo Stockholm Revel Novgorod Dorpat Pskov a e S Kalmar Riga R c . W. D vi i na l t a B Königsberg Danzig

Thorn R . Vis tu l a Wroclaw (Breslau)

R. D Cracow nie Lwów per

R . D ni es Vienna te r

be R. Danu Black Sea

S ea

Bari

I A E N M R A Antioch ANTIOCH Famagusta CYPRUS Beirut S e a Acre LATER KINGDOM OF JERUSALEM Jerusalem Damietta Alexandria

Universities active in 1300 Universities founded 1300–1400 Universities founded 1400–1500 Aberdeen St Andrews Glasgow

Cambridge Oxford

Louvain Cologne

Caen Paris Trier

Angers Orléans Nantes Bourges Freiburg Poitiers Basle

Bordeaux Grenoble Valance Vercelli Cahors Turin Toulouse Orange Avignon Genoa Valladolid Montpellier Aix Huesca Coimbra Perpignan Salamanca Saragossa Sigüenza Lérida Gerona Lisbon Alcalà Barcelona

Valencia

Palma

0 150 45 300 0 600 750 900 km

0 150 300 450 600 miles Map 2 Universities of Europe

Uppsala

Copenhagen

Greifswald Rostock

Frankfurt/Oder

Leipzig Erfurt Mainz Würzburg Heidelberg Prague Cracow Tübingen Ingolstadt

Vienna Poszony Buda

Pecs Verona Treviso Pavia Venice Padua Piacenza Palma Ferrara Lucca Bologna Florence Pisa Arezzo Siena Perugia

Rome

Naples Salerno

Catania

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 km

0 50 100 150 200 miles

T Bergamo I N Malpage Caravaggio O Milan Brescia Turin L VENICE Vercelli Maclodio Vicenza M MONT- Lodi A Verona D FERRAT Mantua Pinerolo M Padua Trieste A Venice E NT O N UA I A N R A R A E E R Ferrara P Genoa F G Modena Zagonara

BolognaR P Imola O Ravenna Nice M LUCCA Cervia ForliA A Lucca Prato G A N Rimini Pisa P A Florence d Livorno A Urbino FLORENCE r

Arezzo AnghiariL i M A Ancona Città di A a Siena N R Piombino C Castello C t O H

N SIENA O i Elba A Perugia F

c UMBRIAS CORSICA Spoleto

S Viterbo T

Tolfa A e a

T ABRUZZI Tivoli Rome E Ragusa

TERRA Terracina DI LAVORNO Gaeta SARDINIA KINGDOM Barletta Naples Benevento Trani Bari Ponza Pozzuoli Salerno PUGLIA

OF Taranto Tyrrhenian Sea Otranto NAPLESGallipoli

A I R B A L N A C

SICILY

Mediterrranean Sea

Map 3 Italy in the late Middle Ages

0 50 150 100 2 00 250 km

0 50 100 150 miles

Groningen Leeuwarden FRIESLAND

Alkmaar OVERIJSSEL Haarlem Deventer HOLLAND Amsterdam

The Hague Leiden Utrecht Zutphen STICHT Delft GUELDERS Münster

ZEELAND ’s-Hertogenbosch Breda Goes Bergen-op-Zoom BRABANT Bruges Antwerp FLANDERS MECHELEN Calais Ghent Mechelen Sint- Tr u i d e n L Cologne Ypres IM Brussels B Leuven U Tournai LIÈGE R Aachen G Lille TOURNAISIS Nivelles Liège HAINAUT NAM Douai Mons Oignies UR Huy Arras Valenciennes Namur ARTOIS Cambrai PONTHIEU LIÈGE Amiens LUXEMBOURG

Beauvais Luxembourg

Reims Ve r d u n

Paris Map 4 The Low Countries c. 1100 – c. 1500