DOCSLIB.ORG

Support Vector Machines—The Interface to Libsvm in Package E1071

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Support Vector Machines—The Interface to Libsvm in Package E1071 Support Vector Machines * The Interface to libsvm in package e1071 by David Meyer FH Technikum Wien, Austria [email protected] September 16, 2021 \Hype or Hallelujah?" is the provocative title used by Bennett & Campbell (2000) in an overview of Support Vector Machines (SVM). SVMs are currently a hot topic in the machine learning community, creating a similar enthusiasm at the moment as Artificial Neural Networks used to do before. Far from being a panacea, SVMs yet represent a powerful technique for general (nonlinear) classi- fication, regression and outlier detection with an intuitive model representation. The package e1071 offers an interface to the award-winning1 C++- implementation by Chih-Chung Chang and Chih-Jen Lin, libsvm (current ver- sion: 2.6), featuring: C- and ν-classification one-class-classification (novelty detection) - and ν-regression and includes: linear, polynomial, radial basis function, and sigmoidal kernels formula interface k-fold cross validation For further implementation details on libsvm, see Chang & Lin(2001). Basic concept SVMs were developed by Cortes & Vapnik(1995) for binary classification. Their approach may be roughly sketched as follows: Class separation: basically, we are looking for the optimal separating hyper- plane between the two classes by maximizing the margin between the classes' closest points (see Figure1)|the points lying on the boundaries are called support vectors, and the middle of the margin is our optimal separating hyperplane; *A smaller version of this article appeared in R-News, Vol.1/3, 9.2001 1The library won the IJCNN 2001 Challenge by solving two of three problems: the Gener- alization Ability Challenge (GAC) and the Text Decoding Challenge (TDC). For more infor- mation, see: http://www.csie.ntu.edu.tw/~cjlin/papers/ijcnn.ps.gz. 1 Overlapping classes: data points on the \wrong" side of the discriminant margin are weighted down to reduce their influence (\soft margin"); Nonlinearity: when we cannot find a linear separator, data points are pro- jected into an (usually) higher-dimensional space where the data points effectively become linearly separable (this projection is realised via kernel techniques); Problem solution: the whole task can be formulated as a quadratic optimization problem which can be solved by known techniques. A program able to perform all these tasks is called a Support Vector Machine. Margin { Separating Hyperplane Support Vectors Figure 1: Classification (linear separable case) Several extensions have been developed; the ones currently included in lib- svm are: ν-classification: this model allows for more control over the number of support vectors (see Sch¨olkopf et al., 2000) by specifying an additional parameter ν which approximates the fraction of support vectors; One-class-classification: this model tries to find the support of a distribution and thus allows for outlier/novelty detection; Multi-class classification: basically, SVMs can only solve binary classification problems. To allow for multi-class classification, libsvm uses the one- against-one technique by fitting all binary subclassifiers and finding the correct class by a voting mechanism; -regression: here, the data points lie in between the two borders of the margin which is maximized under suitable conditions to avoid outlier inclusion; 2 ν-regression: with analogue modifications of the regression model as in the clas- sification case. Usage in R The R interface to libsvm in package e1071, svm(), was designed to be as intuitive as possible. Models are fitted and new data are predicted as usual, and both the vector/matrix and the formula interface are implemented. As expected for R's statistical functions, the engine tries to be smart about the mode to be chosen, using the dependent variable's type (y): if y is a factor, the engine switches to classification mode, otherwise, it behaves as a regression machine; if y is omitted, the engine assumes a novelty detection task. Examples In the following two examples, we demonstrate the practical use of svm() along with a comparison to classification and regression trees as implemented in rpart(). Classification In this example, we use the glass data from the UCI Repository of Machine Learning Databases for classification. The task is to predict the type of a glass on basis of its chemical analysis. We start by splitting the data into a train and test set: > library(e1071) > library(rpart) > data(Glass, package="mlbench") > ## split data into a train and test set > index <- 1:nrow(Glass) > testindex <- sample(index, trunc(length(index)/3)) > testset <- Glass[testindex,] > trainset <- Glass[-testindex,] Both for the SVM and the partitioning tree (via rpart()), we fit the model and try to predict the test set values: > ## svm > svm.model <- svm(Type ~ ., data = trainset, cost = 100, gamma = 1) > svm.pred <- predict(svm.model, testset[,-10]) (The dependent variable, Type, has column number 10. cost is a general penal- izing parameter for C-classification and gamma is the radial basis function-specific kernel parameter.) > ## rpart > rpart.model <- rpart(Type ~ ., data = trainset) > rpart.pred <- predict(rpart.model, testset[,-10], type = "class") A cross-tabulation of the true versus the predicted values yields: 3 > ## compute svm confusion matrix > table(pred = svm.pred, true = testset[,10]) true pred 1 2 3 5 6 7 1 18 3 1 0 0 0 2 12 19 1 1 0 4 3 0 1 2 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 2 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 2 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 5 > ## compute rpart confusion matrix > table(pred = rpart.pred, true = testset[,10]) true pred 1 2 3 5 6 7 1 19 4 0 0 0 1 2 9 16 1 0 1 1 3 1 1 3 0 0 0 5 0 2 0 3 1 1 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 1 0 0 0 0 6 method Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max. Accuracy svm 0.58 0.6 0.61 0.62 0.63 0.68 rpart 0.37 0.42 0.45 0.45 0.48 0.55 Kappa svm 0.61 0.63 0.64 0.65 0.66 0.7 rpart 0.44 0.5 0.5 0.52 0.54 0.59 Table 1: Performance of svm() and rpart() for classification (10 replications) Finally, we compare the performance of the two methods by computing the respective accuracy rates and the kappa indices (as computed by classAgree- ment() also contained in package e1071). In Table1, we summarize the results of 10 replications|Support Vector Machines show better results. Non-linear -Regression The regression capabilities of SVMs are demonstrated on the ozone data. Again, we split the data into a train and test set. > library(e1071) > library(rpart) > data(Ozone, package="mlbench") > ## split data into a train and test set > index <- 1:nrow(Ozone) > testindex <- sample(index, trunc(length(index)/3)) > testset <- na.omit(Ozone[testindex,-3]) > trainset <- na.omit(Ozone[-testindex,-3]) 4 > ## svm > svm.model <- svm(V4 ~ ., data = trainset, cost = 1000, gamma = 0.0001) > svm.pred <- predict(svm.model, testset[,-3]) > crossprod(svm.pred - testset[,3]) / length(testindex) [,1] [1,] 10.97535 > ## rpart > rpart.model <- rpart(V4 ~ ., data = trainset) > rpart.pred <- predict(rpart.model, testset[,-3]) > crossprod(rpart.pred - testset[,3]) / length(testindex) [,1] [1,] 23.1046 Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max. svm 8.58 10.17 11.48 11.32 12.33 14.28 rpart 14.48 17.33 19.97 19.31 21.26 22.44 Table 2: Performance of svm() and rpart() for regression (Mean Squared Error, 10 replications) We compare the two methods by the mean squared error (MSE)|see Table 2 for a summary of 10 replications. Again, as for classification, svm() does a better job than rpart()|in fact, much better. Elements of the svm object The function svm() returns an object of class \svm", which partly includes the following components: SV: matrix of support vectors found; labels: their labels in classification mode; index: index of the support vectors in the input data (could be used e.g., for their visualization as part of the data set). If the cross-classification feature is enabled, the svm object will contain some additional information described below. Other main features Class Weighting: if one wishes to weight the classes differently (e.g., in case of asymmetric class sizes to avoid possibly overproportional influence of bigger classes on the margin), weights may be specified in a vector with named components. In case of two classes A and B, we could use something like: m <- svm(x, y, class.weights = c(A = 0.3, B = 0.7)) 5 Cross-classification: to assess the quality of the training result, we can perform a k-fold cross-classification on the training data by setting the parameter cross to k (default: 0). The svm object will then contain some additional values, depending on whether classification or regression is performed. Values for classification: accuracies: vector of accuracy values for each of the k predictions tot.accuracy: total accuracy Values for regression: MSE: vector of mean squared errors for each of the k predictions tot.MSE: total mean squared error scorrcoef: Squared correlation coefficient (of the predicted and the true values of the dependent variable) Tips on practical use Note that SVMs may be very sensitive to the proper choice of parame- ters, so allways check a range of parameter combinations, at least on a reasonable subset of your data. For classification tasks, you will most likely use C-classification with the RBF kernel (default), because of its good general performance and the few number of parameters (only two: C and γ). The authors of libsvm suggest to try small and large values for C|like 1 to 1000—first, then to decide which are better for the data by cross validation, and finally to try several γ's for the better C's.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Quick Tour of Machine Learning (機器 )
    Quick Tour of Machine Learning (_hx習速遊) Hsuan-Tien Lin (林軒0) [email protected] Department of Computer Science & Information Engineering National Taiwan University (國Ë台c'xÇ訊工程û) Ç料科x愛}者t會û列;動, 2015/12/12 Hsuan-Tien Lin (NTU CSIE) Quick Tour of Machine Learning 0/128 Learning from Data Disclaimer just super-condensed and shuffled version of • • my co-authored textbook “Learning from Data: A Short Course” • my two NTU-Coursera Mandarin-teaching ML Massive Open Online Courses • “Machine Learning Foundations”: www.coursera.org/course/ntumlone • “Machine Learning Techniques”: www.coursera.org/course/ntumltwo —impossible to be complete, with most math details removed live interaction is important • goal: help you begin your journey with ML Hsuan-Tien Lin (NTU CSIE) Quick Tour of Machine Learning 1/128 Learning from Data Roadmap Learning from Data What is Machine Learning Components of Machine Learning Types of Machine Learning Step-by-step Machine Learning Hsuan-Tien Lin (NTU CSIE) Quick Tour of Machine Learning 2/128 Learning from Data What is Machine Learning Learning from Data :: What is Machine Learning Hsuan-Tien Lin (NTU CSIE) Quick Tour of Machine Learning 3/128 learning: machine learning: Learning from Data What is Machine Learning From Learning to Machine Learning learning: acquiring skill with experience accumulated from observations observations learning skill machine learning: acquiring skill with experience accumulated/computed from data data ML skill What is skill? Hsuan-Tien Lin (NTU CSIE) Quick Tour of Machine Learning 4/128 , machine learning: Learning from Data What is Machine Learning A More Concrete Definition skill improve some performance measure (e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • Understanding Support Vector Machines
    Chapter 7 Applying the same steps to compare the predicted values to the true values, we now obtain a correlation around 0.80, which is a considerable improvement over the previous result: > model_results2 <- compute(concrete_model2, concrete_test[1:8]) > predicted_strength2 <- model_results2$net.result > cor(predicted_strength2, concrete_test$strength) [,1] [1,] 0.801444583 Interestingly, in the original publication, I-Cheng Yeh reported a mean correlation of 0.885 using a very similar neural network. For some reason, we fell a bit short. In our defense, he is a civil engineering professor; therefore, he may have applied some subject matter expertise to the data preparation. If you'd like more practice with neural networks, you might try applying the principles learned earlier in this chapter to beat his result, perhaps by using different numbers of hidden nodes, applying different activation functions, and so on. The ?neuralnet help page provides more information on the various parameters that can be adjusted. Understanding Support Vector Machines A Support Vector Machine (SVM) can be imagined as a surface that defnes a boundary between various points of data which represent examples plotted in multidimensional space according to their feature values. The goal of an SVM is to create a fat boundary, called a hyperplane, which leads to fairly homogeneous partitions of data on either side. In this way, SVM learning combines aspects of both the instance-based nearest neighbor learning presented in Chapter 3, Lazy Learning – Classifcation Using Nearest Neighbors, and the linear regression modeling described in Chapter 6, Forecasting Numeric Data – Regression Methods. The combination is extremely powerful, allowing SVMs to model highly complex relationships.
    [Show full text]
  • Using a Support Vector Machine to Analyze a DNA Microarray∗
    Using a Support Vector Machine to Analyze a DNA Microarray∗ R. Morelli Department of Computer Science, Trinity College Hartford, CT 06106, USA [email protected] January 15, 2008 1 Introduction A DNA microarray is a small silicon chip that is covered with thousands of spots of DNA of known sequence. Biologists use microarrays to study gene expression patterns in a wide range of medical and scientific applications. Analysis of microarrays has led to discovery of genomic patterns that distinguish cancerous from non-cancerous cells. Other researchers have used microarrays to identify the genes in the brains of fish that are associated with certain kinds of mating behavior. Microarray data sets are very large and can only be analyzed with the help of computers. A support vector machine (SVM) is a powerful machine learning technique that is used in a variety of data mining applications, including the analysis of DNA microarrays. 2 Project Overview In this project we will learn how to use an SVM to recognize patterns in microarray data. Using an open source software package named libsvm and downloaded data from a cancer research project, we will to train an SVM to distinguish between gene expression patterns that are associated with two different forms of leukemia. Although this project will focus on SVMs and machine learning techniques, we will cover basic concepts in biology and genetics that underlie DNA analysis. We will gain experience using SVM software and emerge from this project with an improved understanding of how machine learning can be used to recognize important patterns in vast amounts of data.
    [Show full text]
  • Arxiv:1612.07993V1 [Stat.ML] 23 Dec 2016 Until Recently, No Package Providing Multiple Semi-Supervised Learning Meth- Ods Was Available in R
    RSSL: Semi-supervised Learning in R Jesse H. Krijthe1,2 1 Pattern Recognition Laboratory, Delft University of Technology 2 Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center [email protected] Abstract. In this paper, we introduce a package for semi-supervised learning research in the R programming language called RSSL. We cover the purpose of the package, the methods it includes and comment on their use and implementation. We then show, using several code examples, how the package can be used to replicate well-known results from the semi-supervised learning literature. Keywords: Semi-supervised Learning, Reproducibility, Pattern Recog- nition, R Introduction Semi-supervised learning is concerned with using unlabeled examples, that is, examples for which we know the values for the input features but not the corre- sponding outcome, to improve the performance of supervised learning methods that only use labeled examples to train a model. An important motivation for investigations into these types of algorithms is that in some applications, gath- ering labels is relatively expensive or time-consuming, compared to the cost of obtaining an unlabeled example. Consider, for instance, building a web-page classifier. Downloading millions of unlabeled web-pages is easy. Reading them to assign a label is time-consuming. Effectively using unlabeled examples to improve supervised classifiers can therefore greatly reduce the cost of building a decently performing prediction model, or make it feasible in cases where labeling many examples is not a viable option. While the R programming language [] offers a rich set of implementations of a plethora of supervised learning methods, brought together by machine learning packages such as caret and mlr there are fewer implementations of methods that can deal with the semi-supervised learning setting.
    [Show full text]
  • Xgboost: a Scalable Tree Boosting System
    XGBoost: A Scalable Tree Boosting System Tianqi Chen Carlos Guestrin University of Washington University of Washington [email protected] [email protected] ABSTRACT problems. Besides being used as a stand-alone predictor, it Tree boosting is a highly effective and widely used machine is also incorporated into real-world production pipelines for learning method. In this paper, we describe a scalable end- ad click through rate prediction [15]. Finally, it is the de- to-end tree boosting system called XGBoost, which is used facto choice of ensemble method and is used in challenges widely by data scientists to achieve state-of-the-art results such as the Netflix prize [3]. on many machine learning challenges. We propose a novel In this paper, we describe XGBoost, a scalable machine learning system for tree boosting. The system is available sparsity-aware algorithm for sparse data and weighted quan- 2 tile sketch for approximate tree learning. More importantly, as an open source package . The impact of the system has we provide insights on cache access patterns, data compres- been widely recognized in a number of machine learning and sion and sharding to build a scalable tree boosting system. data mining challenges. Take the challenges hosted by the machine learning competition site Kaggle for example. A- By combining these insights, XGBoost scales beyond billions 3 of examples using far fewer resources than existing systems. mong the 29 challenge winning solutions published at Kag- gle's blog during 2015, 17 solutions used XGBoost. Among these solutions, eight solely used XGBoost to train the mod- Keywords el, while most others combined XGBoost with neural net- Large-scale Machine Learning s in ensembles.
    [Show full text]
  • LIBSVM: a Library for Support Vector Machines
    LIBSVM: A Library for Support Vector Machines Chih-Chung Chang and Chih-Jen Lin Department of Computer Science National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan Email: [email protected] Initial version: 2001 Last updated: January 20, 2021 Abstract LIBSVM is a library for Support Vector Machines (SVMs). We have been actively developing this package since the year 2000. The goal is to help users to easily apply SVM to their applications. LIBSVM has gained wide popu- larity in machine learning and many other areas. In this article, we present all implementation details of LIBSVM. Issues such as solving SVM optimiza- tion problems, theoretical convergence, multi-class classification, probability estimates, and parameter selection are discussed in detail. Keywords: Classification, LIBSVM, optimization, regression, support vector ma- chines, SVM 1 Introduction Support Vector Machines (SVMs) are a popular machine learning method for classifi- cation, regression, and other learning tasks. Since the year 2000, we have been devel- oping the package LIBSVM as a library for support vector machines. The Web address of the package is at http://www.csie.ntu.edu.tw/~cjlin/libsvm. LIBSVM is cur- rently one of the most widely used SVM software. In this article,1 we present all implementation details of LIBSVM. However, this article does not intend to teach the practical use of LIBSVM. For instructions of using LIBSVM, see the README file included in the package, the LIBSVM FAQ,2 and the practical guide by Hsu et al. (2003). An earlier version of this article was published in Chang and Lin (2011). LIBSVM supports the following learning tasks.
    [Show full text]
  • Scikit-Learn
    Scikit-Learn i Scikit-Learn About the Tutorial Scikit-learn (Sklearn) is the most useful and robust library for machine learning in Python. It provides a selection of efficient tools for machine learning and statistical modeling including classification, regression, clustering and dimensionality reduction via a consistence interface in Python. This library, which is largely written in Python, is built upon NumPy, SciPy and Matplotlib. Audience This tutorial will be useful for graduates, postgraduates, and research students who either have an interest in this Machine Learning subject or have this subject as a part of their curriculum. The reader can be a beginner or an advanced learner. Prerequisites The reader must have basic knowledge about Machine Learning. He/she should also be aware about Python, NumPy, Scipy, Matplotlib. If you are new to any of these concepts, we recommend you take up tutorials concerning these topics, before you dig further into this tutorial. Copyright & Disclaimer Copyright 2019 by Tutorials Point (I) Pvt. Ltd. All the content and graphics published in this e-book are the property of Tutorials Point (I) Pvt. Ltd. The user of this e-book is prohibited to reuse, retain, copy, distribute or republish any contents or a part of contents of this e-book in any manner without written consent of the publisher. We strive to update the contents of our website and tutorials as timely and as precisely as possible, however, the contents may contain inaccuracies or errors. Tutorials Point (I) Pvt. Ltd. provides no guarantee regarding the accuracy, timeliness or completeness of our website or its contents including this tutorial.
    [Show full text]
  • Liblinear: a Library for Large Linear Classification
    Journal of Machine Learning Research 9 (2008) 1871-1874 Submitted 5/08; Published 8/08 LIBLINEAR: A Library for Large Linear Classification Rong-En Fan [email protected] Kai-Wei Chang [email protected] Cho-Jui Hsieh [email protected] Xiang-Rui Wang [email protected] Chih-Jen Lin [email protected] Department of Computer Science National Taiwan University Taipei 106, Taiwan Editor: Soeren Sonnenburg Abstract LIBLINEAR is an open source library for large-scale linear classification. It supports logistic regres- sion and linear support vector machines. We provide easy-to-use command-line tools and library calls for users and developers. Comprehensive documents are available for both beginners and advanced users. Experiments demonstrate that LIBLINEAR is very efficient on large sparse data sets. Keywords: large-scale linear classification, logistic regression, support vector machines, open source, machine learning 1. Introduction Solving large-scale classification problems is crucial in many applications such as text classification. Linear classification has become one of the most promising learning techniques for large sparse data with a huge number of instances and features. We develop LIBLINEAR as an easy-to-use tool to deal with such data. It supports L2-regularized logistic regression (LR), L2-loss and L1-loss linear support vector machines (SVMs) (Boser et al., 1992). It inherits many features of the popular SVM library LIBSVM (Chang and Lin, 2001) such as simple usage, rich documentation, and open source license (the BSD license1). LIBLINEAR is very efficient for training large-scale problems. For example, it takes only several seconds to train a text classification problem from the Reuters Corpus Volume 1 (rcv1) that has more than 600,000 examples.
    [Show full text]
  • Release 0.80 Xgboost Developers
    xgboost Release 0.80 xgboost developers Sep 28, 2018 Contents 1 Contents 3 1.1 Installation Guide............................................3 1.2 Get Started with XGBoost........................................ 10 1.3 XGBoost Tutorials............................................ 12 1.4 Frequently Asked Questions....................................... 30 1.5 XGBoost GPU Support......................................... 32 1.6 XGBoost Parameters........................................... 34 1.7 XGBoost Python Package........................................ 42 1.8 XGBoost R Package........................................... 64 1.9 XGBoost JVM Package......................................... 81 1.10 XGBoost.jl................................................ 96 1.11 XGBoost Command Line version.................................... 96 1.12 Contribute to XGBoost.......................................... 96 Python Module Index 101 i ii xgboost, Release 0.80 XGBoost is an optimized distributed gradient boosting library designed to be highly efficient, flexible and portable. It implements machine learning algorithms under the Gradient Boosting framework. XGBoost provides a parallel tree boosting (also known as GBDT, GBM) that solve many data science problems in a fast and accurate way. The same code runs on major distributed environment (Hadoop, SGE, MPI) and can solve problems beyond billions of examples. Contents 1 xgboost, Release 0.80 2 Contents CHAPTER 1 Contents 1.1 Installation Guide Note: Pre-built binary wheel for Python If you are planning to use Python, consider installing XGBoost from a pre-built binary wheel, available from Python Package Index (PyPI). You may download and install it by running # Ensure that you are downloading one of the following: # * xgboost-{version}-py2.py3-none-manylinux1_x86_64.whl # * xgboost-{version}-py2.py3-none-win_amd64.whl pip3 install xgboost • The binary wheel will support GPU algorithms (gpu_exact, gpu_hist) on machines with NVIDIA GPUs. How- ever, it will not support multi-GPU training; only single GPU will be used.
    [Show full text]
  • How Machine Learning Has Been Applied in Software Engineering?
    How Machine Learning Has Been Applied in Software Engineering? Olimar Teixeira Borges a, Julia Colleoni Couto b, Duncan Dubugras A. Ruiz c and Rafael Prikladnicki1 d School of Technology, PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Brazil Keywords: Software Engineering, Machine Learning, Mapping Study. Abstract: Machine Learning (ML) environments are composed of a set of techniques and tools, which can help in solving problems in a diversity of areas, including Software Engineering (SE). However, due to a large number of possible configurations, it is a challenge to select the ML environment to be used for a specific SE domain issue. Helping software engineers choose the most suitable ML environment according to their needs would be very helpful. For instance, it is possible to automate software tests using ML models, where the model learns software behavior and predicts possible problems in the code. In this paper, we present a mapping study that categorizes the ML techniques and tools reported as useful to solve SE domain issues. We found that the most used algorithm is Na¨ıve Bayes and that WEKA is the tool most SE researchers use to perform ML experiments related to SE. We also identified that most papers use ML to solve problems related to SE quality. We propose a categorization of the ML techniques and tools that are applied in SE problem solving, linking with the Software Engineering Body of Knowledge (SWEBOK) knowledge areas. 1 INTRODUCTION automated to reduce human effort and project cost. However, to automate these tasks using ML, we need Machine Learning (ML) is an Artificial Intelligence to have the SE project’s data to explore.
    [Show full text]
  • Implementation of Machine Learning Algorithms for Different Datasets Using Python Programming Language
    International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 10, Issue 1, January-2019 1318 ISSN 2229-5518 Implementation of machine learning algorithms for different datasets using python programming language. Renuka sagar, Dr U Eranna Abstract— WSNs have tremendous potential for building powerful applications, each with its own individual characteristics and requirements. Developing efficient algorithms that are suitable for many different application scenarios is a challenging task. .sensor network designers characterize machine learning as a collection of tools and algorithms that are used to create prediction models. However, machine learning experts recognize it as a rich field with very large themes and patterns. machine learning algorithms provide tremendous flexibility benefits. machine learning algorithms can be categorized by the intended structure of the model. Most machine learning algorithms fall into the categories of supervised, unsupervised and reinforcement learning. In the first category, machine learning algorithms are provided with a labeled training data set. This set is used to build the system model representing the learned relation between the input, output and system parameters. In contrast to supervised learning, unsupervised learning algorithms are not provided with labels (i.e., there is no output vector). Basically, the goal of an unsupervised learning algorithm is to classify the sample sets Index Terms—accuracy, datasets, kmeans, logistic regression, knn algorithm, supervised, unsupervised. INTRODUCTION: learning, unsupervised learning algorithms are not provided with labels (i.e., there is no output vector). Basically, the goal of Wireless sensor network (WSN) is composed typically of an unsupervised learning algorithm is to classify the sample multiple autonomous, tiny, low cost and low power sensor sets to different groups (i.e., clusters) by investigating the nodes.
    [Show full text]
  • High Performance Implementation of Support Vector Machines Using Opencl
    Rochester Institute of Technology RIT Scholar Works Theses 5-2014 High Performance Implementation of Support Vector Machines Using OpenCL Ethan Peters Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.rit.edu/theses Recommended Citation Peters, Ethan, "High Performance Implementation of Support Vector Machines Using OpenCL" (2014). Thesis. Rochester Institute of Technology. Accessed from This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by RIT Scholar Works. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses by an authorized administrator of RIT Scholar Works. For more information, please contact [email protected]. High Performance Implementation of Support Vector Machines Using OpenCL by Ethan Peters A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Computer Engineering Supervised by Professor Dr. Andreas Savakis Department of Computer Engineering Kate Gleason College of Engineering Rochester Institute of Technology Rochester, New York May 2014 Approved by: Dr. Andreas Savakis, Professor Thesis Advisor, Department of Computer Engineering Dr. Muhammad Shaaban, Associate Professor Committee Member, Department of Computer Engineering Dr. Sonia Lopez Alarcon, Assistant Professor Committee Member, Department of Computer Science Thesis Release Permission Form Rochester Institute of Technology Kate Gleason College of Engineering Title: High Performance Implementations of Support Vector Machines Using OpenCL on Heterogeneous Systems I, Ethan Peters, hereby grant permission to the Wallace Memorial Library to reproduce my thesis in whole or part. Ethan Peters Date iii Dedication This thesis is dedicated to my wife Cassandra Madison-Peters, without whose encouragement this work would not have been possible. I would also like to dedicate this work to my family, who have supported me throughout my academic career.
    [Show full text]