DOCSLIB.ORG

Scientific & Technical Diving

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Scientific & Technical Diving Tk^T&rme 7Tgc&#oZo<y(/ ^ocfeff/ VOLUME 3i NUMBER 4 WINTER 203O/O1 THE INTERNATIONAL, INTERDISCIPLINARY SOCIETY DEVOTED TO OCEAN AND MARINE ENGINEERING, SCIENCE, AND POLICY Scientific & Technical Diving PAPER Smithsonian Institution Underwater Research Michael A. Lang THIS SMITHSONIAN MARINE sional training. A series of these activities are Smithsonian Institution aimed at promoting awareness and conserva- Office of the Under SCIENCE NETWORK tion of marine environments, and communicat- Secretary for Science Scientific diving is an integral research tool ing the Smithsonian's research findings to the HW#fon, DC that has been successfully used at the general public. By integrating research with edu- inson H. Hines Smithsonian Institution for over 30 years. In cation, the Smithsonian produces tomorrow's Smithsonian Environmental addition to the National Museum of Natural discoverers while pursuing today's discoveries. Research Center History in Washington, D.C., the Smithsonian The public is engaged with interactive exliibits, Fdgewater, MD operates a unique network of coastal labora- symposia, popular books, lectures, and films tories and long-term research sites on the east, about the marine environment. The Smithson- coast of North and Central America that ian Marine Science Network contributes to the extends along the western Atlantic Ocean, and public interest by disseminating novel environ- that bridges the Panamanian isthmus from the mental information around the globe. Its Caribbean Sea to the Pacific Ocean. Scientific research helps build a solid foundation for diving activities support Smithsonian research informed decisions about environmental in marine habitats throughout this network. policy, natural resource management, and There are four main unifying disciplinary conservation. themes to Smithsonian marine research: Sys- tematics (description of patterns of biodiver- sity in the sea; Evolutionary Biology (determi- SMITHSONIAN ENVIRONMENTAL nation of the patterns and mechanisms of the RESEARCH CENTER- origin, maintenance and loss of species, and the CHESAPEAKE BAY phytogeny of marine organisms; Ecology (dis- covery of the mechanisms that structure and The Smithsonian Environmental Research process matter, energy and biodiversity at vary- Center (SERC) advances stewardship of ing scales of ecological organization in the sea; the biosphere through interdisciplinary research and, Geology (determination of the biogeo- and education. SERC, with a resident staff of chemical processes in the formation of ocean over 100 scientists, technicians, fellows and stu- features.) dents, has experienced significant growth in the Biogeography is a key research ele- last few years. SERC laboratories, educational ment linking systematics, ecology and evolution- facilities and main field sites are located 25 ary biology. Mechanisms of biogeographic isola- miles east of Washington B.C., on the western tion are central elements in evolutionary the- shore of Chesapeake Bay. The SERC campus ory, population dynamics, conservation biology, includes a growing complex of offices, labora- and patterns of biodiversity. Biogeographic pat- tories, maintenance shops, a library, housing terns are crucial data in the determination of and facilities for public programs. A dock, fleet introduced and native species. Site-specific, of research vessels, dive locker, wet laboratory, long-term measurements of environmental vari- aquarium room and large fish-weir support estu- ables allow for analysis of change over multiple arine research. time scales, which is necessary to detect pat- SERC's greatest resource is its main terns in typically noisy ecological data. The research site on the Rhode River subestuary, Smithsonian Marine Science Network is which includes over 2,600 acres of land and 16 uniquely positioned to monitor long-term miles of undeveloped shoreline of the Chesa- change at its component sites. It has an exten- peake Bay. For 35 years, SERC's long-term stud- sive array of programs involving scientific div- ies have focused on the interactions among eco- ing that address many of thejnost pressing envi- systems in complex landscapes, tidal marshes ronmental issues in marine ecosystems, includ- and estuaries. With the Rhode River site as its ing: biological invasions, eutrophication, hub, SERC research radiates to sites around the harmful species and parasites, plankton blooms world to address effects of global change, land- and red tides, linkages among coastal ecosys- scape ecology, coastal ecosystems, and popula- tems, global warming including sea-level rise, tion and community ecology. Much of SERC's El Nino/La Nina, UV radiation impacts, habitat comparative research extends to the other sites destruction, fisheries impacts, ecology of key of the Smithsonian Marine Science Network. habitats (estuaries, coral reefs, mangroves, sea grasses, wetlands) and biodiversity inventories. Global Change The Smithsonian's marine education A major component of SERC's research programs consist of public outreach and profes- investigates the environmental consequences 50 . Af75Jn%r%a( . VoZ. 34, JVo. 4 Figure 1 ^Smithsonian Environmental Research Center on the Chesapeake Bay (courtesy of SERC). 1%^ ys- Boundary of Rhode River Watershed lfttetLab! y ,:^' 'Pi ^ ^ fi' ■ Rhode ■/'•■ River of human-induced global change. In addition to experiments using chambers to test the effects the "greenhouse effect" of global warming and of C02 increase on marsh plants at the Rhode rising sea level, increased atmospheric carbon River site and on scrub oak communities at dioxide concentrations (due to burning of fossil Kennedy Space Center in Florida. Studies of fuels) markedly affect the rates of photosynthe- harmful ultraviolet solar radiation examine its sis and carbon storage in plant communities. effects on phytoplankton and maeroalgae in the SERC has the world's longest running field Chesapeake Bay and in polar seas, where UV M75 Jow?-?W . Vo' 34, TVo. 4 ' .?7 radiation is intensified due to the formation of the only species with a sustained commercial "ozone holes". Damage has been documented catch. Fundamental aspects of blue crab behav- in the light-capturing ability of plants and marine ior remain shrouded by the turbid waters in algae that support Earth's food web. SERC which they live. To record movement and research on biogeochcmical cycles show how behavior of blue crabs in their natural environ- carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and silicate cycles ment, ongoing SERC research uses diving and are being altered by human activities related to innovative biotelemetry devices (limes et al, agriculture, forests and wetlands in the 1995; Wolcott and Hines, 1996) that transmit coastal zone. information about crab movement, feeding, fighting, and mating. Ecological Indicators at the Land-Sea Interface Marine Biological Invasions Productivity in coastal waters and estu- Invading non-native species introduced aries is enriched by nutrient runoff from the land. by human activities have disrupted ecosystems More than 70 percent of the world's people live around the world, causing major ecological in coastal zones. This concentrates develop- changes and enormous economic impacts. SERC ment and water pollution around bays and estu- is the national center for the study of alien inva- aries where the sea's richest fisheries are sive species in coastal ecosystems. Presently, declining at alarming rates. By relating nutrient ballast water in commercial ships is the major discharge from the watershed to phytoplankton vector for marine species introductions. Each growth in the estuary, SERC has gained new day ocean-going vessels transport millions of insights into the coupling of land and sea. SERC's gallons of ballast water containing live plank- watershed research in Chesapeake Bay shows ton. When ballast water is discharged, organisms that excessive nutrient runoff from agricultural are released into new environments where, crops and livestock stimulates overproduction lacking natural predators or other controls, they of dinoflagellates and other planktonic algae, may become established and wreak ecological which block light from reaching aquatic plants havoc. SERC's Invasions Biology Program uses and deplete oxygen. Excess nutrients can cause plankton nets to search for creatures stowing algal blooms that are sometimes poisonous to away in ballast tanks of ships arriving in Prince fish and humans. Other plankton studies alter William Sound Alaska and the Chesapeake Bay, the traditional portrayal of bottom-up control of among other sites. The SERC Invasions Biology marine food chain production. Studies of plank- Program uses scuba and other sampling meth- tonic protistans show that single-celled parasites ods to analyze broad patterns of marine inva- may infect larger single-celled hosts. Epidemic sions and their ecological interactions. outbreaks of these parasites can cause plankton blooms to collapse, effectively short-circuiting SMITHSONIAN MARINE STATION the food chain. SERC has developed new instruments AT FORT PIERCE to measure the quantity and spectral quality of Florida, a state of extensive coastlines and light penetration into coastal waters. These radi- subtropical waters, draws numerous ometers monitor changes in underwater light marine scientists each year to study its diverse in response to plankton, particles and chemicals and abundant marine life and coastal environ- in the water column, and SERC research shows ments. The Smithsonian Marine Station at Port
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Requirements for Scientific Diver Certification
    Requirements for Scientific Diver Certification The steps to become a Certified Scientific Diver at the University of Washington (UW) are outlined below. 1. Obtain sponsorship for scientific diving by an appropriate University department or unit. Applicants who do not have a departmental sponsor and want to learn to be scientific divers can complete the Scientific Diver Course at UW Friday Harbor Labs. This course meets the requirements for full Scientific Diver certification as outlined below, and includes research projects for students to receive dive training. 2. Read the UW Diving Safety Manual. UW divers must understand and follow the safety, procedural, and medical requirements outlined in the manual and submit a signed copy of the Dive Manual Acknowledgement form. 3. Complete and submit the Diving Registration Form to the UW Diving Safety Officer (DSO). This form must be signed by the department official sponsoring the diver (e.g., principal investigator, department chair) . Submission of this form is a onetime requirement while at the UW. The form is resubmitted if any diver information changes. 4. Complete and submit documentation of recreational SCUBA diver training to UW DSO. Diving applicants must have completed a recreational SCUBA diving training course as a pre-requisite for scientific diving certification at the UW. Recreational SCUBA diving training must be provided by a nationally recognized organization (e.g., PADI, NAUI, SSI, IANTD, TDI). 5. Obtain Diving Medical Clearance from the UW Employee Health Center. Applicants will contact the UW Employee Health Center (EHC) to obtain necessary information for completing a dive physical and for transfer of medical records.
    [Show full text]
  • A Call to Action: the Past and Future of Historical Archaeology
    A Call to Action: The Past and Future of Historical Archaeology FINAL PROGRAM 49th Annual Conference on Historical and Underwater Archaeology January 6-9, 2016 • Washington, D.C. OMNI SHOREHAM HOTEL FLOOR PLAN LOWER LEVEL 2 B Terrace Health Veranda Empire Club To Room Parkview Rooms Robert’s ADA Elevator Private Blue Room Blue Robert’s Restaurant Dining Palladian Diplomat to Blue Room Prefunction Room Room Room Room & Parkview Building Empire Foyer Sales Conference Room Parking Lot Rest Bird Cage Walk Rooms Women’s Lounge ADA Lift to (Lower Level) Ambassador and Little Something Men’s Clothing Executive Regency Ball Rooms Capitol East Registration Gormet ADA Elevator Store Room Telephones ATM to Roberts Restaurant Committee Level 1B Room Director’s Room East and Palladian Room WEST LOBBY West Room Elevators EAST LOBBY Elevators Coat Check Stairs Embassy Room AMBASSADOR Telephones Women’s News Stand Men’s Business West BALLROOM Gift Shop MAIN LOBBY Jewelry Restroom Center Registration Lounge Store Men’s Women’s Men’s Lounge Concerge Telephones Restroom Restroom President’s Desk (Lower Level) Hampton Room Board Room Front Desk Council Regency Gallery Room Senate Room Chairman’s & Reception Board Room Room Forum Room East Congressional West Conference Calvert Conference Governors Marquee Lounge Center Room Cabinet Center Board Room Room REGENCY BALLROOM EAST LOBBY MAIN ENTRANCE Calvert Room For Access to Diplomat ballrooms Capitol Room BALLROOMS (East Lobby) ADA Ramp Chairman’s Boardroom To Lobby Please use elevators on the West Side Embassy Room Blue Room and go to level 1B. Governor’s Boardroom Blue Pre-Function Hampton Room Hampton For Access to the Empire Ballroom President’s Boardroom and Health Club/Outdoor Pool East Registration Please use elevators on the West Side BALLROOMS (West Lobby) of the Hotel and go to level 2B.
    [Show full text]
  • Darling Marine Center Local Shore Diving Guide
    Darling Marine Center Local Shore Diving Guide University of Maine Scientific Diving Program Table of Contents Recommended Equipment List……………………………………………………………..2 Local Information…………………………………………………………………………...3 Recompression Chambers…………………………………………………………………..3 General Emergency Action Plan…………………………………………………………….3-4 Documentation……………………………………………………………………………….4 Dive Sites DMC Pier……………………………………………………………………………5-6 Kresge Point………………………………………………………………………….7-8 Lowes Cove Mooring Field…………………………………………………………..9-10 Pemaquid Point……………………………………………………………………….11-12 Rachel Carson Preserve………………………………………………………………13-15 Sand Cove…………………………………………………………………………….16-17 Thread of life…………………………………………………………………………18-19 Appendix………………………………………………………………………………………20 1 Recommended Equipment List • Dive flag • DAN oxygen and first aid kit • Spare tank • Extra weights • Save-a-dive kit • Dive slate/underwater paper (recording purposes) Recommended Personal Equipment • Exposure suit- minimum7mm wetsuit o Booties o Gloves o Hood o Wool socks • Fins • BCD • Mask, Snorkel • Weights • Surface marker buoy • Dive watch • Dive computer • Knife/cutting tool 2 Local Information: Fire, Medical, Police 911 Emergency Dispatch Lincoln County Emergency (207)563-3200 Center Nearest Hospital Lincoln Health-Miles (207)563-1234 Campus USCG Boothbay (207)633-2661 Divers Alert Network Emergency hotline 1-919-684-9111 Medical information 1-919-684-2948 Diving Safety Officer Christopher Rigaud (207)563-8273 Recompression Chambers: In the event of a diving accident, call 911 and facilitate transport of victim to a hospital or medical facility. The medical staff will determine whether hyperbaric treatment is needed. St. Mary’s Regional Lewiston, ME (207)777-8331 Will NOT accept Medical Center divers after 4:30pm St. Joseph’s Hospital Bangor, ME (207)262-1550 Typically, available after hours Wound and Beverly, MA (978)921-1210 Hyperbaric Medicine Basic Emergency Information: See Appendix for the approved Emergency Action Plan by the UMaine DCB.
    [Show full text]
  • Adm Issue 10 Finnished
    4x4x4x4 Four times a year Four times the copy Four times the quality Four times the dive experience Advanced Diver Magazine might just be a quarterly magazine, printing four issues a year. Still, compared to all other U.S. monthly dive maga- zines, Advanced Diver provides four times the copy, four times the quality and four times the dive experience. The staff and contribu- tors at ADM are all about diving, diving more than should be legally allowed. We are constantly out in the field "doing it," exploring, photographing and gathering the latest information about what we love to do. In this issue, you might notice that ADM is once again expanding by 16 pages to bring you, our readers, even more information and contin- ued high-quality photography. Our goal is to be the best dive magazine in the history of diving! I think we are on the right track. Tell us what you think and read about what others have to say in the new "letters to bubba" section found on page 17. Curt Bowen Publisher Issue 10 • • Pg 3 Advanced Diver Magazine, Inc. © 2001, All Rights Reserved Editor & Publisher Curt Bowen General Manager Linda Bowen Staff Writers / Photographers Jeff Barris • Jon Bojar Brett Hemphill • Tom Isgar Leroy McNeal • Bill Mercadante John Rawlings • Jim Rozzi Deco-Modeling Dr. Bruce Wienke Text Editor Heidi Spencer Assistants Rusty Farst • Tim O’Leary • David Rhea Jason Richards • Joe Rojas • Wes Skiles Contributors (alphabetical listing) Mike Ball•Philip Beckner•Vern Benke Dan Block•Bart Bjorkman•Jack & Karen Bowen Steve Cantu•Rich & Doris Chupak•Bob Halstead Jitka Hyniova•Steve Keene•Dan Malone Tim Morgan•Jeff Parnell•Duncan Price Jakub Rehacek•Adam Rose•Carl Saieva Susan Sharples•Charley Tulip•David Walker Guy Wittig•Mark Zurl Advanced Diver Magazine is published quarterly in Bradenton, Florida.
    [Show full text]
  • Scientific Diving
    Introduction to Scientific Diving Scientific diving has been conducted in a wide variety of environments… • Coral reefs • Offshore platforms • Mangroves • Estuaries • Kelp forests • Hot springs • Rocky shores • Hypersaline • Soft bottom habitats environments • Polar environments • Caves • Open ocean/blue • Lakes water environments • Rivers …and been used in many different sciences • Chemical • Geological • Biological • Paleontological • Archaeological Chemistry • Diving has been used to support research such as determining the chemical ecology of invertebrates and collecting marine organisms for the extraction of chemical compounds Geology Divers may obtain core samples of rock and sediment or dig holes to examine depositional history Scuba is very useful for visual identification of sediments – and for collecting representative and relatively undisturbed samples Biology Divers may perform a wide variety of tasks such as measuring various community structural parameters like fish counts, algal counts, macroinvertebrate counts, percent cover of benthic algae and invertebrates, etc…, or measuring physiological responses of organisms in natural environments Paleontology Divers recover fossils from the underwater realm… Dinosaur fossils from the waters off the Isle of Wight Diving is integral to Archaeology the study of underwater archaeology Excavation of 4th – 6th century AD harbor site in Malta Serçe Liman1 excavation - 11th Century Byzantine Shipwreck - Diver hovers above grid used to mark locations of artifacts Serçe Limanl excavation – Diver raises fragile hull timber using a lifting box Scientific Diving - General • The diversity of disciplines involved in scientific diving, and the varied environments where this diving is performed, has necessitated the development of a wide variety of techniques for observing and sampling underwater Why use diving for research? The purpose of the project using scientific diving is the advancement of science.
    [Show full text]
  • May 2021 Newsletter Update
    On March 10th, the FSU Great Give generated over $5,500 for the new FSUCML Diving Scholarship. In addition to funding generated through the Great Give, PADI, Aqua Lung and Divers Alert Network will provide support for the scholarship recipients in the form of certification materials, equipment, and diving accident insurance. A panel will be selecting the 2021 recipient this fall from a pool of deserving research-focused students. Preference will be given to students from historically underrepresented groups. If you know of someone that might be interested, please encourage them to apply. Summer research diving is underway with divers operating out of the FSU Marine Lab, the Florida Keys, and the Caribbean. The McCoy Lab began diving this week in Bonaire, becoming the first FSU dive team to work internationally since the Pandemic began. All divers using equipment from the Academic Diving Program will be using new Aqua Lung regulators. With funding provided by the Office of Research, ADP purchased twenty new Aqua Lung Core regulators with in-line i300C computers. Three new BARE dry suits and ten new Aqua Lung BCDs were also acquired including new Aqua Lung Soul BCDs - the first BCD in the dive locker that is designed for women. The 2021 Introduction to Scientific Diving course concluded on April 17th with divers-in-training punctuating their semester long training on a charter aboard the R/V Apalachee to K-Tower. This semester marked the first class to be taught as a credit course since 2017. Twelve divers successfully completed their AAUS certifications. The next training class is scheduled for spring 2022.
    [Show full text]
  • UVI Scientific Diving Manual
    The University of the Virgin Islands STANDARDS FOR SCIENTIFIC DIVING University of the Virgin Islands – Center for Marine and Enviromental Studies 2 Brewer’s Bay- St. Thomas, Virgin Islands - 00802 CONTENTS Volume 1 ..................................................................................................................................................... 5 Section 1.00 GENERAL POLICY ............................................................................................................ 6 1.10 Scientific Diving Standards .................................................................................................... 6 1.20 Operational Control ................................................................................................................ 7 1.30 Consequence of Violation of Regulations by Scientific Divers ........................................... 10 1.40 Consequences of Violation of Regulations by UVI Divers .................................................. 11 1.50 Record Maintenance ............................................................................................................. 11 Section 2.00 DIVING REGULATIONS FOR SCUBA (OPEN CIRCUIT, COMPRESSED AIR) ....... 12 2.10 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 12 2.20 Pre-Dive Procedures ............................................................................................................. 12 2.30 Diving Procedures ................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • MV Thailand Aggressor, Similan Islands + [Other Articles
    The Private, Exclusive Guide for Serious Divers April 2017 Vol. 32, No. 4 MV Thailand Aggressor, Similan Islands where have all the sharks gone? Soup! IN THIS ISSUE: MV Thailand Aggressor, Similan Islands .. 1 Dear Fellow Diver: Urban Diving after a Rain Storm....... 2 Deciding to take a dive trip to Southeast Asia Fancy Bikini? ....................... 3 just three weeks before departure meant planning would Have You the Proper Travel Documents? 5 be tricky, but the Thailand Aggressor had space, and Belize, Vieques, Indonesia, Molokai .... 6 Richelieu Rock, often listed as one of the world’s top Award Winning Scuba Travel Guides ... 7 10 dive sites, beckoned me. Though I knew the craft had Laurel Silver-Valker’s Sons Sue ........ 8 mixed reviews, the Aggressor Fleet website offered a Treasure Trove in Lake Travis ......... 9 last-minute 50-percent-off a seven-night charter, which Well-Known Rebreather Diver in the News was too good to pass up, especially after I saw the Again .......................... 10 whale shark images on their website. I was hooked. A Cozumel Tragedy................. 11 Dolphins Getting High? ............. 11 While four of us hung onto a pinnacle at 70 feet at Coral Cuts Can Be Costly ............ 12 Koh Bon, north of the Similan Islands, I thought about The Pros and Cons of Shark- those whale shark images. I had been told that divers Feeding Dives ................... 13 in another boat had seen whale sharks that morning, but Does Human Interaction Affect I’d seen none, and now this was my last dive of the day. Shark Behavior?.................. 14 We had been drifting in a ripping current reminiscent Shark Dives Operating in of Palau’s Blue Corner when we grabbed the rock, not an The Bahamas...................
    [Show full text]
  • The San Diego State University STANDARDS for SCIENTIFIC DIVING Fall 2010 REVISION
    The San Diego State University STANDARDS FOR SCIENTIFIC DIVING Fall 2010 REVISION 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, California 92182-4614 FOREWORD This DIVING SAFETY MANUAL is based upon the American Academy of Underwater Sciences (AAUS) Standards for Scientific Diving and Certification and Operation of Scientific Diving Programs, November 2006 revision. This manual and the AAUS it is based on, represents the minimal safety standards for state-of-the-art scientific diving. As diving science progresses so shall this manual. It is the responsibility of every scientific diver that this manual always reflects state of the art, safe diving practices. Since 1951 the AAUS scientific diving community has endeavored to promote safe, effective diving through self-imposed diver training and education programs. Over the years, manuals for diving safety have been circulated between organizations, revised and modified for local implementation, and have resulted in an enviable safety record. The Diving Control Board of the San Diego State University wishes to acknowledge the fine work of the AAUS, and in the spirit of the AAUS, has used the aforementioned document as a model for our manual. We have tried to retain the format of the AAUS manual (e.g., sections, numbering, etc.) while adding or changing that which we believe to be necessary to fit the conditions encountered by our divers. The Diving Control Board of SDSU, Fall 2010. Revision History April, 1987 October, 1990 May, 1994 January, 1996 March 1999 Added Sec 7.6.1 Nitrox Diving Guidelines. Revised Appendix 7 and 11. January 2001 Revised Section 1.23.1 DSO Qualifications.
    [Show full text]
  • American Academy of Underwater Sciences (AAUS) Standards For
    The American Academy of Underwater Sciences STANDARDS FOR SCIENTIFIC DIVING AAUS • 101 Bienville Blvd Dauphin Island, AL 36528 www.aaus.org • [email protected] • 251.591.3775 FOREWORD Since 1951 the scientific diving community has endeavored to promote safe, effective diving through self- imposed diver training and education programs. Over the years, manuals for diving safety have been circulated between organizations, revised and modified for local implementation, and have resulted in an enviable safety record. This document represents the minimal safety standards for scientific diving at the present day. As diving science progresses so shall this standard, and it is the responsibility of every member of the Academy to see that it always reflects state of the art, safe diving practice. American Academy of Underwater Sciences ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Academy thanks the numerous dedicated individual and organizational members for their contributions and editorial comments in the production of these standards. Revision History April, 1987 October, 1990 May, 1994 January, 1996 March 1999 Added Sec 7.6.1 Nitrox Diving Guidelines. Revised Appendix 7 and 11. January 2001 Revised Section 1.23.1 DSO Qualifications. Revised Section 5.31.4 Emergency Care Training. Revised Section 6 Medical Standards. Made Sec 7.6.1 Nitrox Diving Guidelines into Section 7. Added Section 8.0 Scientific Aquarium Diving. Moved Section 7.0 to Section 9.0 Other Diving Technologies. April 2002 Removed Appendix 7 AAUS Checkout Dive and Training Evaluation. Revised Section 5.33.3. Revised Section 4.23.2. August 2003 Section 1.27.3 Delete reference to Appendix 9 (checkout dive). Section 1.4 Remove word "waiver".
    [Show full text]
  • GGD-97-86S World Wide Web Sites: Reported by 42 Federal
    United States General Accounting Office GAO Supplement June 1997 World Wide Web Sites Reported by Federal Organizations GAO/GGD-97-86S Preface This publication supplements our report entitled Internet and Electronic Dial-Up Bulletin Boards: Information Reported by Federal Organizations (GAO/GGD-97-86, June 16, 1997). It contains a listing of approximately 4,300 World Wide Web (WWW) sites that 42 federal organizations reported to us. The definition of a WWW site can vary. Because we were requested by the Chairmen of the Senate Committee on Appropriations and the Senate Committee on Governmental Affairs to identify the number of distinct WWW sites and to encourage consistent reporting, we defined a WWW site as a file or group of files organized under a homepage, that is accessible on the Internet using web browser software. A WWW site’s homepage is typically the index, welcome, or menu page for a distinct WWW activity or service. As expected, federal organizations reported a large number of WWW sites that reflect the large number of activities within the federal government. Although we contacted federal organizations where we had questions concerning whether they understood our definition of a WWW site, due to the large number of reported WWW sites, we could not verify that all federal organizations used our definition. Furthermore, some federal organizations reported that the list they provided of their WWW sites was not in accordance with our definition or was not complete. Some reported that they do not track this type of information and to obtain these data would have involved a major data collection effort.
    [Show full text]
  • Guidelines for Scientific Diving from Large Research Vessels (September 2011)
    ESDP Consultation Document Number 3 Guidelines for Scientific Diving from large Research Vessels (September 2011) Guidelines for Scientific Diving from large Research Vessels ESDP Consultation Document Nb. 3 Table of Contents 1 - Preface.................................................................................................................................2 1.1 - Rationale......................................................................................................................................................2 1.2 Aims and Objectives..................................................................................................................................2 2 - ESDP Guidelines for Scientific Diving from large research vessels........................................2 2.1- Personal requirements of the dive team .....................................................................................................2 2.2 - Planning and preparation of a scientific dive cruise: Basic Procedures......................................................3 2.2.1 - Dive mission leader and relation with RV Commander........................................................................ 3 2.2.2 - Planning a cruise ................................................................................................................................... 4 2.2.3 - The dive team........................................................................................................................................ 5 2.2.4 - RHIB operation .....................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]