GEOLOGIC RESOURCES AND GEO%BARDS INTRODUCTION In any coastal settiag there is competition betweea the needs of humanbeings aad the stability of the natural system. The coastliae of Pasco, Hernando,and Citrus Counties is a particularly striking example becauseit is a nearly pristine area poisedat the brink of a period of rapid growth in humanexploitation. There are a variety of valuable geological and biological resources as well as sevezal geohazardswhich shouldbe consideredin planning for this growth.

GEOLOGIC RESOURCES The most valuable geologic resource is stable coastal pzoperty abovestorm flooding. The ma!ority of the study area is below the 3 m 0 ft! contour,and thus is potentiallyliable to flood in a majorstorm surge. On the other hand, most of the study azea is situated over consolidatedlimestone, with only thin sedimentcover, and thus providing a stable building foundation. In other coastal states e.g. Delaware, North Carolina! constructionin coastal wetlandsrequires deeppilings to avoid subsidence.

TheTertiary limestonesare a sigaificant sourceof aggregateand agricultural lime and dolomite. An exampleis the Lecanto limestone quarry near Crystal River. Tertiary limastones occur at the surface over the northerntwo-thirds of the studyarea, aad are coveredby only several meters of Quaternarysends in PascoCounty. Sandis aa important resource for the construction industry aad as a zaw material for glass-making. Sands of the west-central Florida barrier island coast are nearly pure quartz in manyareas. On the other hand, sand is pzobablymoze important as beach nourishmentmaterial to maintainthe stability of the coastline. Indiscriminatemining is prohibitedand would be extremelydestabiliziag. Sandis an important componentof the berm-ridge coastline in PascoCouaty, protecting the marshfrom direct waveattack. Here. these sandshave a high shell compoaent.

Anothergeologic resource useful in coastrucCionis shell aggregate. This caatake the formof fossil shellsmined from geologic formatioas, or modernshells mined from oysCerreefs, especially those not now living. Thereaze extensivedefunct oyster reefs in the outerparts of CrystalBay, and a few in the Chassahowitzkaregion. Miningof these shells wouldhave aa environmentaleffect, however,in that theydamp wave energy impinging on the inner parts of the embayment. Marshpeat is exteasive but thin!, coveriag almost all of the coastline of the studyareas. Peatsare usedia Europeand parts of the UnitedStates as a souzceof fuel and for agricultural purposes. Maiae andNorth Carolina Otte, 1984;Maine Geological Survey, 1985! aze developingpeat resourcesfor fuel at pzeseat, andhave loag used ~Si~ha aum peat for agricultural purposes. Althoughthe marshpeats in the studyarea are moderatein organicconteat they aze predamiaaatlysaline to brackish marsh, and thus would have a high sulfur content. This would disqualify them for extensive use as a fuel. Possible use as biomassfor methaneproduction should be explored, as a resource iu addition to the

140 marine algae already investigated by Betzer and Humm undated final report!.

Freshwater is perhaps the second most important resource in this region of Florida. as it is in most of the country. Within the coastal zone the most important consideration is prevention of saltwater intrusion. The U.S. Geological Survey and Southwest Florida Water Management District Ryder, 1985! have a great deal of information available on this subject, which we will not attempt to repeat, but in general overpumping of the limited resource allows salt watex' to intrude into coastal wells. In addition, dredging of canals and waterways can speed this intrusion. A corollary problem is pollution of surface waters by overdevelopment. Reallocation of the freshwater flow has been discussed e.g. St. Petersburg Times, June 14, 1985!, such as taking ~ster fxom the Weekiwachee spring for St. Petersburg municipal supply. This might be technically feasible at certain seasons of the year, but a decrease in flow to the Gulf will have uncertain effects on the coastal biological communities, the grasses and oysters, in particular.

The most visible resource is the series of natural environments, from marsh to mangrove swamp, from bayou to pond, and from open Gulf to forested upland. These natural environments support a diverse ecological web of biological resources. It is well known Cain and Dean, 1976; Thayex, et al. 1978; Durako et al. 1985! that maxshes and mangrove swamps are important nurseries for early development of many fish. Disruption of these habitats can have serious impacts on the fishing industry. In addition, recreational use for water sports, hunting, birding and shel- ling, etc. is an important part of the State's economy Fernald, 1981!. The most important resource during the present housing boom, however, is coastal property. A balance among the competing needs is necessary.

GEOHAZARDS The most eigxd.ficant geohazard on the Florida coast is the eventual certainty of a major damaging hurricane. No major hurricane has struck the study area in over 60 years. Even though there was increased hurricane activity in the Gulf of Mexico during the Fall of 1985, none of these storms passed directly over the study area or even came within 80 hn 0 miles! of it. Since 1925, the population has increased enormously. In 1940, the State's population was 1.9 million 'Fernald, 1981!. Today, it is over 10 million people, most of whom have never experienced a hurricane. The direct forces of winds and waves can be extremely costly in terms of property, but the most life-threatening problem is coastal flooding caused by the storm surge. This surge is caused by a combination of localized, low barometric pressure and winds which pile up the water in the northeast quadrant of the hurricane. The storm surge for Hurricane Camille which stuck the Mississippi coast in 1969 was over 8 m 6 ft!, and was largely responsible for the loss of many Uves. In our study area, a major problem with storm surge is the isolated, exposed nature of coastal communities, such as Hernaudo Beach and Pine Island, with restricted access roads which would be rapidly flooded as the storm approached see PHYSICAL PROCESSESsection!.

141 A secondary geohazard is shoreline instability. Coastal erosion is slow in the study area as compared to marshy shorelines elsewhere in the U.S. because of the near-surface rock underpinnings. On the other hand, several marsh islands have completely disappeared in the period 1944-1982 such as Green Point in the Ozello quadrangle!. The greatest shoreline instability is on the most exposed outer islands and in areas exposed to boat traffic, with the resulting net increase in wave energy, such as Shell Island at the mouth of the Crystal River.

Another short-term geohazard is the subsidence of land over sinkholes. Virtually the entire field area is underlain by karstified limestone, with numerous sinkholes-particularly near active or formerly active freshwater spring discharge sites. Sinkholes are a perennial problem in Florida, whose activity location! is almost completely unpredictable see Beck, 1984! . Certainly, times of drought cause more sinkholes to appear as a result of lowered water table. Sinkholes and solution pans dolinas, small, circular depressions! are visible in the nearshore from the air and by seismic profiling. They have been infilled by marsh and marine sediments. Sinkholes are especially obvious in the coastal zone as circular ponds, but may underlie almost any building site.

The effect of global sea-level rise is the most significant long-term geohazard next to hurricanes. The long-tean trend of local relative sea-level has been a steady rise at about 33 cm 3 in!/1000 yr for the past 3000 years Scholl et al. 1969!, but over the past 70 years tide gauges demonstrate a rate of rise from three to five times as fast. Specifically, the tide gauge at Cedar Key shows an overall rise of 8.2 cm .2 in! for the period 1914-1980 Hicks et al. 1983!. Within this time frame, there was a maximum vertical fluctuation of 19.8 cm .8 in!. Titus et al. 984a! haveexamined the effects of atmosphericCO2 on global warming the greenhouse effect! and proposed scenarios for an increase in the rate of sea-level rise, possibly by a factor of ten or more. Depending on the rate of burning of fossil fuels, they suggest that sea level could be 56 to 345 cm .8 to 11.3 ft! above present by the year 2100. In terms of a human lifetime, this represents a rise of 24 cm .78 ft! to 117 cm .8 ft! in the next 65 years Titus et al. 1984a; their Table 1-1, p. 17!. Since the coast and shelf are so flat, with a gradient of about 1:6667 seaward of the Brooksville Ridge, sea-level changes result in extremely rapid shoreline migrations. For example, the long-term geologic rate would result in. an average shoreline retrogradation of 2.2 m .2 ft!/yr; the tide gauge rate would result ia a potential retrogradation rate of 10.5 m 4.5 ft!/yr, and the most extreme greenhouse effect projections would yield a potential average rate of 304 m 996 ft!/yr between the years 2050 and 2100. However, more recent estimates indicate that sea level wi11 rise about 70 cm .3 ft! by the year 2085 causing a retrogression rate of approx~ately 67 m 21 ft!/yr at that time. The potential impacts on the coastal zone are obvious, compressing the available wetlands into a narrowing belt against the Pleistocene highlands of the Pamlico Terrace and the Brooksville Ridge.

142 RECOMMENDATIONS The balance between human development pressure and the need to maintain a stable natural environment is one of the most sensitive and difficult undertakings in our society. Careful planning is an absolute necessity in order to be fair to each of the competing interests. Scientific investigation of the processes and resources can indicate areas of concern, but planners and regulators must decide the balance point.

The most important recommendation for development of the coastal zone is to avoid the most sensitive areas, in particular, development within the low. flood-prone coastal zone. We recommend that a construction set-back line be established which will account for the predicted rate of sea-level rise and coastal retreat. One way to accomplish this is to set the line using the rate determined from the tide gauge data for the previous 50 years, and have the line move with the shoreline. This would require that changes in sea level and shoreline location would be reevaluated periodically, with the set-back line moved commensurately. Construction seaward of the line might not be totally prevented, but public subsidies such as flood insurance would not be available. This "floating set-back" concept makes the most geologic sense. Implementation would entail several obvious legal and enforcement problems. However, the relatively undeveloped nature of this area snd its susceptibility to the effects of sea-level rise make this a logical area to begin such long-range planning.

Second, we strongly recommend careful planning for hurricane evacuation, planning for access routes which would not be cut so rapidly during a storm surge, and local public refuges. The recent disaster in Bangladesh late spring, 1985! can serve as an example of the potential problems.

Third, the problem of sinkholes can be addressed by geological and engineering studies, such as electrical resistivity measurements, before construction. We would like to foster a greater public awareness of the problem.

We would strongly recommend against the building of seawalls. These structures increase local wave energy conditions by reflection, causing scour at the base of the wall and eventual collapse. The concept of trying to hold a shifting natural shoreline in one place is how the problem of coastal erosion arose. We only need point to the completely urbanized shoreline of Boca Ciega Bay as the future of the northern Suncoast Pasco, Hernando, Citrus County coastline! if present controls are not maintained or if planning is neglected.

The construction of beaches for recreation and as beach nourishment projects is another matter. Due to the 1ow wave energy and shallow shelf gradient, sand emplaced on the shoreLine would stay in place much better than such projects on the east coast. The sandy shoreline in the Bayonet Point study area shows rates of shoreline change similar to the marsh shorelines. The major effect of massive import of sand would be to simplify the morphology of the shoreline. The source of the sand is the major problem. There are ao good sources in the offshore area as far as

143 we have been able to find. It would have to be trucked from inland borrow pits. This would have to be done in areas where the open Gulf is already accessible by land vehicles. We do not. recommend building new zoads across the marsh to create access to new beaches. New beaches, if desired, should be created in areas where access already exists.

During our field work, we have noticed numerous homes and mobile homes being built on marsh hammocks which are no more than a few feet above mean high water. Indeed, many aze submerged during moderate wind tides. Many of these newez facilities are being serviced by above-ground septic systems-a container buried within an eazthen mound. This design is probably far superior to below-ground septic systems or no septic systems at all. However, all septic systems are subject to leakage and with an inczeasing number of dwellings being installed or built, particularly in the OzeLLo area, one can predict that sewage might eventually leak into the tidal creeks causing health problems and environmental damage. Waste disposal sites also pose a similar problem. We recommend that the local overnments or State environmental ze lators consider the need for extensive, ermanent, human habitation within or immediatel ad acent to the marsh environment, and determine the maximum ca in ca aci for these lands.

The problem of destruction of natural environments is the most complex to address. In general, canals and causeways disrupt natural flow of surface waters, and if deep enough, can introduce polluted and/or saline surface water into deeper aquifers. The proposed extension of the Intracoastal Waterway offshore of this region U.S. Army Corps of Engineers!, does not appear to fall into this same category, since it is seaward of the present coast, unless the Floridan Aquifer is breached. Indiscriminate construction of canals has rapidly accelerated the destruction of the Louisiana marshes Kelley et, al. 1984!. Alteration of plant zonation and wildlife habitat can occur as salinities change on either side of a causeway, freshening landward and become more saline seaward. Finger canals can have similar effects, and increase problems of salt water intrusion. Where roads must czoss tidal creeks, we recommend building bridges rathez than causeways as they tend to cause less interruption of the natural flow of water. We would recommend more closely spaced bridges, even over minor tidal creeks, in any new road construction. Again, road construction on or along the marsh should be kept at an absolute minimum.

The oyster reef environments appear healthy at present, but increased human effects coupled with accelerating sea-level rise may cause them to decline. The differences between the oyster reef communi- ties at Crystal Bay and Chassahowitzka demonstrate the sensitive balance among biological adaptation, rate of freshwater input, and rate of sea-level rise.

Overall, we recommend carefuL consideration of the geologic and biologic systems in concert wf.th human exploitatiou of the region. As one of the most pristine coastal areas left in the U.S., it is an important resource foz all citizens.

244 SUMMARY The west-centr'al Plozida Coast from Crystal River to Tarpon Springs provides a unique natural laboratory for a variety of coastal sedimentological problems. In addition, it is a rapidly growing area poised on the brink of major human impacts. We undertook this investigation to better understand the geologic environments of this coast, how they would be affected by human impact, and the geologic resources and geological hazards which must be contended with by planners and lay people. We have used a variety of geological .mapping, coring, sedimentological, and aerial photo analysis techniques to compile an integrated geologic history for the coast. This information has been abstracted into diagrams of stratigraphic succession, maps of sedimentary environments, and maps of geologic resources and geohazards.

This coast is strongly controlled by bedrock, specifically Tertiary limestone, which has been extensively karstified. In the southern half of the study area, this bedrock is increasingly covered by sands of the Pleistocene marine terzaces. South of our study area, these Pleistocene units crop out at the coast, and have provided sufficient sand for extensive barriez island and lagoon systems Davis et al. 1982!, which run from Anclote Key to Cape Romano south of Naples!. The smaller sand supply in the Pasco, Hernando snd Citrus County coastal zone has allowed only a thin sand berm in the south, and only rock-cored marshes in the north.

The coast is a low wave energy, microtidal environment. It is a mixed energy system, but is slightly tideMominated, especially in the shelf embayments. The effects of freshwater influx from major springs create a specialized geomorphology and sedimentary system, essentially an estuary which encompasses the open sea. There is a great dichotomy between the low energy day-to-day processes and the long-term effect of great storms. Since there has not been a major hurricane which has struck the area since 1921, the present setting may be out of synchronization with the longer-term rates of shoreline retreat.

These geologic relationships have allowed a natural division of the field area into four major geomorphic divisions: berm-rid e marsh shelf emba nts. The berm-ridge marsh shoreline is smoother and based on less topographically diverse bedrock. The marsh peninsulas form a highly irregular, digitate shoreline in that seaward extensions of marsh are tied to/anchored by underlying rocky topographic highs. The marsh archipelago is in the xone of highly karstified limestone, wheze bedrock topography controls the location of marsh hammocks and tidal creeks. Shelf embayments are controlled by the bedrock topography, but also by the amount of fresnwater input from maj or springs and their river drainage.

Berm-ridge marsh shoreline is composed of a thin, narrow sandy berm ridge which builds up on the seaward edge of Juncus roemerianus mazsh. Associated with this relatively higher ground is a fringe of maagzoves. During sea-level rise this beach translates landward simultaneously with erosion at the marsh front. The eroding ravinement surface in the shoreface is sufficiently deep that little Holocene sediment is preserved

145 on the ianer shelf, oaly a dispersed sand sheet a few decimeters about a foot! thick. Measurement of shoreline changes suggest that this area is ezoding discontinuously, about 42 cm/yr 6.5 in/yz! in some areas, but 70X of the shoreline shows ao significant erosion over the past 37-38 years. The ma]or agent of change is man. Dredge aad fill pzo]ects at Gulf Harbors, Hudson Beach, Heznaado Beach, and Pine Island have affected a much greater area than a century's coastal erosion could have accomplished.

The marsh archipelago shoreline is dominated by marsh and mangrove islands and waterways. The location of these highs and lows is controlled by local bedrock topography. The resistance of the underlying limestone to various processes of solution, both chemical and biological, has produced this complex geomorphology. The marsh archipelago builds up with rising sea level, maintaining a relatively constant areal size in the main parts of the system, but tzansgzessiag the upland on the landward side, aad being eroded by waves on the seaward side. It appears that there is a threshold of wave energy and rate of sea-level rise which must be overcome in order to disturb the continuous build-up. This is most likely to occur in major hurricanes. Analysis of shoreline change shows a reasonably stable shoreline, with 69Z of the shoreline showing no significant change in 38 years. The islands on which the threshold has been overcome show an erosion rate averaging 55 cm/yr 1.7 in/yr!, while some have, in fact, disappeared completely Green Island, Roach Key! ~ Human activity in this system has been very slight to date. Construction of roadways and drainage caaals is the most likely way that development could alter this system, by diszupting flow patterns.

Shelf embaymeats represent a coastal system that is as complex as the marsh archipelago. They are controlled by the rate of fzeshwater flow from ma]or springs, such as Czystal River Springs. The shelf embayment is a geomorphic reentrant in the coastline, but the flow of freshwater in the case of Crystal Bay has been sufficient to extend lowered salinity waters into the Gulf of Mexico to such a degree that oyster reefs flourish up to 5 km mi! offshore. The active growth of oyster bioherm reefs has created a sedimeatological environment of iaterbioherm laws which accumulate sedimeat. The reefs al,so retard incoming waves, producing a quiet, tide-dominated environment. The Holocene stratigzaphy of these regions shows shoreline ezosion at the. marsh surface, with some preservation of early mazsh sediments at depth. After passage of this ravinement surface, the oyster bioherms grow up oa exposed rock knobs, which were former hammocks, aad thea coalesce into shoze-parallel bars. The shelf embaymeats appear to pass through a cycle of youth, ia which spring flow first becomes established Veekiwachee- Mud River!, a mature phase of massive spring flow aad complete oyster reef development Crystal. Bay!, and a senescent phase, in which the spring flow declines, stuntiag the oyster reef system. This cycle is apparently related to rising sea level aad a discontinuous drainage network. The Crystal Bay system again shows the discontinuous shoreliae erosion that the other regions do. Fifty-four percent of the shoreline has remained stable over the past 30 years, while LOX has been altered by human dredge and fill. The remainder has shown erosion at a rata of 58 cm/yz 2.8 in/yz!. The oyster bars have al.so shown chaages of the same magnitude. In particular, the outermost reef has become defunct,

146 probably through rising sea level vhich increases wave energy and salinity. The effects of the nuclear power plant, oyster harvesting, and boat traffic all have contzibuted to chaages in the system, but their relative importance has not been evaluated.

Sea level has risen since the major lowstand at peak glaciation 18,000 years ago. There is a wellmstablished local relative sea-level curve produced by Scholl at al. 969! for southern Florida. Radiocarbon dates on peats and oystex shell in Che study area support Scholl's curve. Sea level has risen at the average rate of 40 cm/1000 yr 6 in/1000 yr! over the past 3000 years. This seams like a slow rate, but since the slope of the shelf sad coastal zoae is so low :6667!, a slight rise ia sea level can causa a rapid shoreline retx'eat. Ia the period 1914-1980 sea level rosa at 3 times the loag-term geologic rate, 8.2 cm .2 in! Hicks et al. 1983!. Pzedictions of future rates of rise range from a dizect extrapolation of the tide gauge rate to a catastrophic ten-fold or greater increase because of the cazboa dioxide greenhouse effect Titus et al. 1984a!. More recent estimates suggest a rise of 70 cm .3 ft! withia the next 100 years. Ia any event. drowning of the coast and shoreline retreat will occur, most likely fast enough to affect coastal properCy in a single lifetime, especially during major hurricanes. Shoreline xetreat should accelerate between 2000-2050. A conservative rate of retreat foz those years would be 13m/yr 3 ft/yz! increasing to 67 m/yr 21 fC/yz! by 2085.

Shoreline changes in the four study azeas show wide vax'ibility, from unmeasureable stability over 37 years. to more than 100 m 28 fC! of shoreline erosion. The agent which causes the greatest change is clearly human dredge and fill. There is an obvious trend in each location that not all segments of the shox'eline move simultaneously. Some remain stable for decades. This is probably indicative of the ability of marsh and oyster reef cozssnnities Co keep up with rising sea level, unless devastated by a major storm. We would expect much greater evidence of erosion after a major hurricane. Of the natuzal shoreline segments that show erosion, there is a remarkable similarity in their rates of erosion, about one half meter 0 in! per yeaz: 58 cm/yr 3 in/yr!: Crystal Bay; 55 cm/yr 2 in/yr!: Ozello; 42 cm/yr 6 in/yr!: Bayport; aad 44 cm/yx 7 in/yr!: BayoaetPoint. The oyster reefs in Crystal Bay also fit this scheme, showing 33 cm/yr 3 in/yr! change on the outer reefs aad 53 cm/yr 1 in/yr! on the ianer reefs, where changes occurred. When compared to the potential rates of shore- line retreat esCimated fram sea-level rise, these rates seem somewhat small. The geologic zate of shoreline retxeat should have averaged some 2.7 m/yr 8.9 fC/yr! over the past 3000 years, snd based oa the tide gauge data for the past 60 years, shoreline retreat should have been four times faster than thaC. This, too, argues for the importance of the exCzeme storm eveat. Since we have not had ma or hurricane erosion for a lon eriod, the coast ma be oised for a ma ar read ustment. Prelim- inary analysis suggests that the increased hurzicaae activity in 1985 had little effect on this coastline. The primary reasons for this are: ! the three Gulf hurricanes, Elena, Juan and Kate were uot particularly large storms; ! they did not cross this coastline; and ! large storm surges >4 m! vere not developed.

147 Shoreline retreat is one aspect of geohazards in the field area. The effect of storm surge on the low-lying land is the most important in terms of human lives. Consideration of evacuation routes and density of coastal development is czitical in this vulnerable region.

As for the geological resources, the most important are coastal property, water, and natural environments. Careful planning is required to integrate the needs of private, individual land owners, recreation, and conservation. In particular, reallocation of limited water resources, dredging and filling, the construction of road causeways, drainage ditches and septic tanks, and the destruction of natural habitat are the greatest problems to be faced.

We have begun an overview of the sedimentology of the three county shoreline. Future work should include a more detailed examination of the relationship of sea-level rise to marsh growth and destruction. Is there a threshold above which marshes cannot be maintained, as appears to be the case in Louisiana Kelley et al. 1984!? How important is the catastrophic storm as opposed to the day-to~y processes' The proposed evolutionary scheme for shelf embaymants should be examined in greatez detail, including exploration for former shoreline positions on the shelf. This type of analysis would be valuable in other parts of the State, in particular the northern portions of the marsh-dominated shoreline, north of Crystal Rivet. Pinally, the predicted global sea-level rise may already be occurring. Detailed investigation of tide gauges and releveling of bench marks may provide a basis for drawing local predicted shoreline maps foz decades into the future, which could assist in planning. It is clear that these shoreline chan es will occur, the onl uestion is the rate.

248 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Funds to conduct this research were provided by the NOAA Office of Sea Grant, Department of Commerce, under Grant Number R/C-8 aad administered through the Florida Sea Grant College. We greatly appreciate the efforts of the following iadividuals of that organization who helped us to administer the pro]ect as efficiently as possible: Dr. James C. Cato, Director, Dr. William Seaman, Associate Director, William Liadberg, and Don Sweat. Ia addition, we would like to thank the following individuals ia alphabetical order! who supported the research prior to funding and throughout the pro]ect:

Mr. Thomas M. Baird, Pro]ect Manager Eaergy Management Center P.O. Box 190 Port Richey, FL 33568

Mr. James G. Cunmdngs, County Administrator Board of Couaty Commissioners Hernando County P.O. Box 185 Brooksvtlle, FL 33512

Mr. Barry M. Doyle, Chairman Board of County Comnissioners, Pasco County 4025 Moon Lake Rd. New Port Rickey, FL 33552

Mr. Larry M. Haag, County Attorney Office of County Attorney Citrus County 110 North Apopks Avenue Inverness, FL 32650

Mr. Craig M. Hunter, County Administrator Board of Couaty Commissioners Citrus County 110 North Apopka Avenue Room 251 Inverness, FL 32650

Mr. Clifford E. Kellogg St. Petersburg, FL

Dr. R. L. Knutilla, Chief Tampa Subdistrict U.S. Geological Survey 4110 Eisenhower Blvd., Suite B-5 Tampa, FL 33614

Mr. Romaa T. Mycyk, Chief Hydrologic Records Section U.S. Geological Survey 4710 Eisenhower Blvd., Suite B-5 Tampa, FL 33614

149 Mr. Chuck Nelson Pasco County Parks and Recreation 1925 No. Congress St. New Port Richey, FL 33552

Mr. William Ockunzzi, Executive Director Tampa Bay Regional Planning Council 9455 Koger Blvd. St. Petersburg, FL 33702

Mr. Richard S. Owen, Planner Southwest Florida Water Management District 2374 Broad Street Brooksville, FL 33512

Mr. Patrick Raimond, Environmental Director West Pasco Allied Council, Inc. 729 Miller Bayou Port Richey, FL 33568

Mr. William Sinclair U.S. Geological Survey 4710 Eisenhower Blvd., Suite B-5 Tampa, FL 33614

Mr. Kevin A. Smith, Associate Planner Withlacoochee Regional Planning Council 1241 S.W. 10th Street Ocala, FL 32674

Mr. Leonard F. Tria, Jr., County Commissioner Hernando County Commission 1 No. Brooksville Avenue Brooksville, FL 33512

Ms. Sandra Lee Warren, County Commissioner Pasco County Commission

Martha W. Young, Project Officer Ecological Atlas for Southwestern 'Florida U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service National Coastal Ecosystems Team NASA-Slidell Computer Complex 1010 Gauce Blvd. Slidell, LA 70458

In particular, we would like to acknowledge the outstanding field assistance provided to us by:

Mr. John Richardson Hernando County Port Authority

Mr. Leonard F. Tria, County Commissioner Hernaudo County

150 Nr. Pat Purcell Citrus County Schools Marine Science Center Crystal River, PL 32629

The facilities made available to us by these individuals and their associates were critical to the successful completion of the project.

ln addition, we would like to thank the following individuals at the Department of Marine Science, University of South Florida for their help: Bob Jolley, Dave Williams, Debbie Walton, Walter Bowles, Lee Kump, Jean~rie Zabala, George Pauly, Barbara Neville, Stephen Snyder, Dr. William Sackett, Dr. R. A. Davis, Jr. Dept. of Geology!, Dr. P. B. Essig Dept. of Biology!, Jim Nullins, and Jodi Gray.

Pinally, we would like to thank three anonymous reviewers of this manuscript.

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163 SOURCES OF DlFORMATION

Florida Dept. of Transportation Topographic Bureau Haydon Burns Bldg. 605 Suwannee St. Tallahassee, FL 32301-8064

2! U.S. Dept. of Agriculture Aerial Photography Field Office 2222 West 2300 St. P.O. Box 30010 Salt Lake City, UT 84130 phone: 80124-5856!

3! NOAA National Ocean Survey Nautical Data CG 222 WSC1, Room 818 Rockville, Maryland 20852 phone: 0143-8661!

4! Mark Hurd Aerial Surveys 345 Pennsylvania Avenue South Minneapolis. MN 55426

5! U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Remote Sensing Division AMS Data Management P.O. Box 15027 944 East Harmon St. Les Vegas, Nevada 89114 phone: 0298-2100!

6! Defense Intelligence Agency 1221 South Fern St. Arlington, VA 20301

S ace Ima e /Aerial Photo ra h

U.S. Geological Survey EROS Data Center User Services Section Sioux Falls, South Dakota 57198 phone: 0594-6511!

Eastern Mapping Center National Cartographic Information Center U.S. Geological Survey 536 National Center Reston, VA 22092 phone: 03!860-6336!

164 2! National Cartographic Information Center U.S'. Geological Survey 507 National Center Restoa, VA 22092 phone: 03!860-6045!

3! Distribution Division N/CG33 National Ocean Service 6501 Lafayette Avenue Riverdale, Maryland 20737 phoae: 0136-6990!

4! New Orleans OCS Office Hale Boggs Federal Bldg. 500 Camp St., Suite 841 New Orleans, Louisiana 70130

5! Defense Mapping Agency Hydrographic/Topographic Center Washington, D.C. 20315

6! Photogrammetry Branch, N/CG2313 Nautical Charting Division National Ocean Service, NOAA, Rockville, MD 20852 phone: 0143-8601!

Ke Local/State A eacies

Florida Department of Natural Resources Division of Resource Managemeat Bureau of Geology Tallahassee, FL 32304 phone: 90488-4191!

2! Florida Department of Environmental Regulation 2600 Blair Stone Rd. Twin Towers Tallahassee, FL 32301 phone: 90488-4805!

3! Office of Planning and Budgeting Office of the Governor The Capitol Tallahassee, FL 32301 phoae: 90488-8710!

4! Division of Beaches and Shores Dept. of Natural Resources 3900 Commonwealth B]vd. Tallahassee, FL 32303 phone: 90488-3180!

165 5! Division of Marine Resources Dept. of Natural Resources 3900 Commonwealth Blvd. Tallahassee, PL 32303 phoae: 90488-6058!

6! Disaster Preparedaess Public Safety Planning and Assistance Dept. of Community Affairs Howard Bldg. Tallahassee, FL 32301 phoae: 90488-6001!

Plorida Sea Grant College Building 803 Uaiversity of Florida Gainesville, FL 32611 phone: 90492-5870!

8! U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources Division 4710 Eisenhower Blvd., Suite B-5 Tampa, PL 33614

9! Tampa Bay Regional Planning Council 9455 Koger Blvd. St. Petersburg,, FL 33702 phone: 81377-5151!

10! Withlacoochee Regional Planning Council 1241 S.W. 10th Street Ocala, PL 32670

11! Southwest Florida Water Management District P.O. Box 457 5060 U.S. Highway 41, South Brooksville, FL 33512 phoae: 90496-7211!

12! Energy Maaagement Center District School Board of Pasco County P.O. Box 190 Port Richey, FL 33568 phone: 813!848-4870!

13! Planning Division Pasco County Community Development Dept. 4025 Moon Lake Rd. New Port Richey, FL 33552 phone: 813!847-8132!