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Water Quality and Treatment Review Introduction MEMORANDUM Hillsboro Water Supply Options—TM#6 - Water Quality and Treatment Review TO: Alan Peck, P.E. Carmen Nale, P.E. FROM: Paul Berg, P.E. Lee Odell, P.E. Joe Broberg, P.E., BCEE, PMP Brad Phelps, P.E. DATE: December 2, 2011 PROJECT NUMBER: 407893.01.02 Introduction This memorandum identifies the treatment processes needed for each of the four additional water supply sources being considered by the City of Hillsboro. The recommended treatment processes would produce treated water similar to the quality of water currently supplied by the Joint Water Commission (JWC) system. The recommended processes are based on a review of existing water quality data. The four additional water supply sources being considered are: 1. Tualatin Basin Water Supply Project (TBWSP) Option: This option would draw raw, untreated water from an expanded Hagg Lake through the JWC System. 2. Willamette-Newberg Option (East and West Sub-Options) and the Willamette- Wilsonville Option: These three options would draw raw, untreated water from the Willamette River from the Newberg pool, which extends from the City of Newberg, River Mile 51, downstream to Willamette Falls at Oregon City, River Mile 26.5; The water would be treated to provide treated water similar in quality to that provided by the existing JWC system. 3. Portland Supply Option: This option would purchase disinfected water from the Portland Water Bureau (PWB). The PWB draws from two raw water sources with distinctly different water qualities, Bull Run and the Columbia River Well Field. The Columbia River Well Field Supply is used when turbidity levels in the Bull Run Supply are high. Water from the City of Portland would be treated to provide treated water similar in quality to that provided by the existing JWC system 4. Northern Groundwater Supply Option (NGSO): This option would pump raw, untreated groundwater from the area between the City of Scappoose and Multnomah Channel. The raw water would be treated to provide treated water similar in quality to the existing JWC system. 1 HILLSBORO WATER SUPPLY OPTIONS—TM#6 - WATER QUALITY AND TREATMENT REVIEW A fifth source, the Tualatin River near Durham, was identified but does not have sufficient capacity to meet Hillsboro’s demands and cannot obtain a water right. Therefore, it was removed from consideration in the preliminary screening prior to water quality review. Described below are the pertinent regulatory requirements and the water quality data sources. These are followed by an evaluation of the water quality data, review of water quality risks, determination of treatment requirements to effectively mitigate that risk, and conclusions about the water quality issues associated with each of the candidate water supply sources, including a recommendation for additional water quality sampling as part of advancing the design work on the next stage of alternative selection. Regulatory Background Public water systems in Oregon are regulated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), primarily through the 1996 Amendments to the Safe Drinking Water Act, and by the Oregon Department of Human Services—Drinking Water Program. To maintain primacy for the enforcement of the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA), Oregon must adopt water quality regulations that are at least as stringent as EPA’s standards. Oregon has adopted water quality standards equal to EPA’s standards and has not adopted more stringent water quality standards. EPA has established enforceable Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs) for approximately 100 contaminants and treatment technique requirements for other contaminants. MCLs are set to protect the public against consumption of drinking water contaminants that present a risk to human health. In addition, EPA has established secondary regulations that set non-mandatory water quality standards for 15 contaminants. EPA does not enforce these Secondary Maximum Contaminant Levels (SMCLs). They are established only as guidelines to assist public water systems in managing their drinking water for aesthetic considerations, such as taste, color, and odor. These contaminants are not considered to present a risk to human health at the SMCL. EPA is in a continuous process of reviewing occurrence and health effects data for additional contaminants that are not currently regulated to determine if new MCLs are warranted. The SDWA includes a process that EPA follows to identify and list unregulated contaminants which may require a national drinking water regulation in the future. EPA periodically publishes this list of contaminants (called the Contaminant Candidate List or CCL) and decides whether to regulate additional contaminants. The list of unregulated contaminants is also used to prioritize research and data collection efforts to help EPA determine whether a specific contaminant should be regulated. The first CCL (CCL 1) of 60 contaminants was published in March 1998, the second CCL 2 of 51 contaminants was published in February 2005, and the final CCL 3 of 104 chemicals or chemical groups and 12 microbiological contaminants was published October 2009. The list includes chemicals used in commerce, pesticides, biological toxins, disinfection byproducts, and waterborne pathogens. The contaminants on the list are not regulated by existing national primary drinking water regulations, are known or anticipated to occur in public water systems, and 2 HILLSBORO WATER SUPPLY OPTIONS—TM#6 - WATER QUALITY AND TREATMENT REVIEW may require regulation. EPA evaluated approximately 7,500 chemicals and microbes and selected 116 candidates for the Final CCL 3. EPA is considering developing regulations for contaminant groups as well as developing new regulations for individual contaminants. The strategy of regulating groups of contaminants was also highlighted in the October 2010 Regulatory Update prepared by J. Alan Roberson, the American Water Works Association Director of Security and Regulatory Affairs. Roberson summarized EPA’s new drinking water strategy as consisting of the following four components: 1. Address groups of contaminants (emerging contaminants). 2. Promote use of new technologies for both monitoring and treatment. 3. Leverage use of existing statutes such as the Toxic Substances Control Act for protecting source waters. 4. Promote easy access to utility monitoring data. Since regulatory requirements for endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) are still being developed, there is some risk in developing a new source for Hillsboro before regulatory requirements are known. Among the contaminant groups being considered by EPA are the following EDCs and PPCPs: estrogenic compounds, androgenic (steroid hormone) compounds, pharmaceuticals, and antibiotics. Depending on source water quality, treatment performance and changing regulatory requirements, there is a risk that Hillsboro’s new treatment plant may need to be upgraded to meet possible future but unknown regulations at a higher incremental cost as compared to installation at the time of original plant construction. However, good treatment plant design to proactively mitigate the major contaminants being considered by the EPA should conservatively situate Hillsboro in a minimal risk position. Therefore, this memo has selected effective mitigating treatment processes for each source option for all of the contaminants that identified in the specific source option. Another emerging contaminant for which regulations are being developed is algal toxins. Algae blooms have affected reservoirs upstream of surface water supplies for Salem, Medford, and other Oregon cities. One group of algal toxins, microcystins, has been detected in algal blooms in several lakes and reservoirs in Oregon. EPA has placed algal toxins on the Contaminant Candidate List for consideration for future regulation. Water Quality Data Sources Water quality data were obtained from the following reports collected by GSI (GSI) Water Solutions, Inc. from various sources and provided for this study: Water Quality Monitoring Activities dated August 2007. Willamette River Water Treatment Pilot Study Executive Summary dated August 2004. Willamette River Raw Water Monitoring Program 1994-1996. Willamette River Raw Water Monitoring Program 1998-1999. 3 HILLSBORO WATER SUPPLY OPTIONS—TM#6 - WATER QUALITY AND TREATMENT REVIEW Willamette River Raw Water Monitoring Program 1999-2000. Willamette River Raw Water Monitoring Program 2001-2002. Willamette River Raw Water Monitoring Program 2003 and 2004. Finished water quality comparison for JWC, City of Portland, and Wilsonville sources in 2003 and 2004. Finished water quality comparison for JWC, City of Portland, and Wilsonville sources in 2005 and 2006. Report prepared by Alexin Analytical Laboratories for a sample of JWC water collected in August 2009. Data for the occurrence of personal care products and other anthropogenic compounds associated with wastewater discharges were obtained from the 2002 USGS report Water- Quality Data for Pharmaceuticals, Hormones, and Other Organic Wastewater Contaminants in U.S. Streams, 1999-2000. Additional data describing the quality of the Portland Supply were obtained from the City of Portland. Evaluation of Source (Raw) Water Quality Data This section evaluated the quality of the supply option source water to identify appropriate treatment processes or state the water quality of a source option is a fatal flaw for that option. The water quality data evaluated for this memorandum are summarized
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