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Bulletin of the United States Fish Commission Seattlenwf LIFE HISTORY OF THE SCAVENGER WATER BEETLE, HYDROUS (HYDROPHILUS) TRIANGULARIS, AND ITS ECONOMIC RELATION TO FISH BREEDING. ,:f- By CHARLES BRANCH WILSON, Ph. D., State Normal School, Westfield, Mass. ,:f-' Contribution from the U. S. Fisheries Biological Station, Fairport, Iowa. ,:f­ CONTENTS. Page. Page. Introduction . 9 The adult beetle . 26 Mating and egg laying ..' . 10 External characters . 27 The larva . 13 Antennoo . 27 Head . 15 Mouth parts '. 28 Mouth parts . 16 Front tarsus of male . 29 Thorax . 17 Food . 29 Abdomen . 17 Respiration . 29 Locomotion . 18 Economic relations . 30 Breathing , . 18 Relation to vegetation . 30 'Feeding . 19 Relation to fertilization . 31 Food . 19 Enemies of the eggs . 32 The pupa :. 21 Enemies of the larvoo . 32 Pupation . 21 Enemies of the pupro '" . 33 Description of pUpll. 22 Enemies of the adult beetles " 34 General summary . 35 Bibliography..•...........•...••......... 36 INTRODUCTION. In recent revisions of the scavenger water beetles Say's species triangularis has been referred to the genus Hydrous instead of Hydrophilus, and the latter genus has been considerably restricted. This revision is fully accepted, but to facilitate recognition both names have been included in the title of the present paper. The European species, Hydrous piceus, has been described and figured in detail by many eminent entomologists, but OUr American species have thus far received only scant attention. This is the more to be regretted because they differ in many important particulars from their European relatives. , The beetle of the present investigation always forms, or is likely at any moment to become, one of the important factors in the life of every fishpond. Hence, an exact knowledge of its habits and life history is essential if we are to deal with it intelligently. During the summer of 1918 an unusual opportunity for obtaining the life history of this beetle was presented at the United States Fisheries Biological 9 10 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. Station, Fairport, Iowa, when one of the small fishponds was drained. While the water was receding and immediately after the pond was emptied, about 100 fully developed larvte of Hydrous triangularis were obtained; together with numerous specimens in younger stages. Six egg cases were found, of which one contained half-a dozen newly hatched larvre, another was full of undeveloped eggs, and the remaining four were empty. From the shores of the pond, just above the former water line, were obtained 15 pupre in various stages of development. Several of the mature Iarves were observed digging their way into the earth as the water lowered, and these were closely watched until they transformed into pupre. Some of thepupre were preserved at once, others were left until they emerged as adult beetles. In this way the entire life history was obtained, together with many suggestive facts in reference to the habits. Fifty larvas, including some smaller ones, were cut open and the contents of their digestive canals carefully examined to ascertain their ordinary food. Owing to these unusual facilities for observation it has been possible to solve prac­ tically all the problems connected with the life history, including some that have hitherto remained unanswered by the European observers. MATING AND EGG LAYING. The mature beetles almost certainly live through the winter, and mating and egg laying begin in the early summer and continue at least until the last of July. No female has yet laid more than one batch of eggs in captivity, but it seems probable that at least some of them do this in their natural environment. The eggs are in the form of an elongated ellipsoid, 4.25 to 4.5 mm. long and about 1 mm. in diameter (fig. 1), and are bright yellow in color when first laid. As is the custom with many of the Hydrophilidre, the eggs are inclosed in a silken case. In the present species this case is attached to floating leaves, bits of trash, etc., and not to living plants, and it floats upon the surface of the water. The construction of one of these cases was described for the IIrom. European species by Lyonet (1832) and afterwards by Miger and Lancret (1804). Something evidently was lacking in the aqua­ rium experiments of these observers, because the f<;>rmation of the egg case required a very long time-five hours for the female watched by Lyonet and three hours for the one watched by Migel'. Possibly the European species is a slower worker FIG.1.-Sid~viewO!ll than the American, or onefemale may work more slowly than single egg. another. At all events the following observations made by George B. Lay in the Fairport laboratory, July 27, 1916, and witnessed in large part by the present author, show that a case can be constructed much more rapidly than this. A female Hydrous triangularis was noticed starting an egg case at 1 p. m. in one of the laboratory aquaria. She abandoned this effort, however, as there were LIFE HISTORY OF HYDROUS (HYDROPHILUS) TRIANGULARIS. 11 riot enough water plants in the aquarium to work with. After these had been sup­ plied she began to spin another case at 1.25 P: m. Assuming a position, back downward, her body almost parallel with the surface of the water and close to it, she held herself in place by means of the floating water plants (Potamogeton and Elodea), and moved her spinneret rapidly to and fro sidewise, at the same time pushing the material backward with her hind legs. After spinning the roof of the case in this manner for a few minutes she turned over without removing her spin­ neret. Her body was considerably inclined, with her head some distance below the surface, and she opened her wing cases slightly to supply herself with fresh air at periods varying from 15 to 90 seconds, the shorter period the more common. This mode of taking in air through the lifting of the posterior ends of the elytra is in marked contrast to the method normally used (see p. 29). It required a longer period to make the floor of the case, since it is much more convex than the roof, FIG. 2.-Longltudlnal section FIG. 3.-End view of egg case, through center of an egg case, showing triangular plate with showing a thIck layer above the Iunate opening beneath It. The eggs, Il floor beneath them, Ilnd floorbeneath the eggsinside the an open chamber under the case does not roach the side floor, in which the newly walls, lenving II free passage to hatched larvre gather. the chamber beneath. but it was finished by 2 o'clock. The ends of the threads forming the floor were apparently fastened directly at either end to the previously completed roof, leaving a ridge or seam where the two joined. When the case was thus far completed, she began egg laying. The roof was covered on the inside with a thick layer of loosely woven silk inclosing large open spaces. From this layer the eggs were suspended with their long diameters vertical, each egg held in place by a thin meshwork of silken threads, which were attached to the thick layer above and to one another and formed a continuous floor below the egg mass (fig. 2). At 2.15 she stopped laying and, after removing her spinneret, swam about for a time, evidently resting. On returning to the case it required several efforts to replace her spinneret in the open end, but once adjusted she began to weave the triangular plate across the upper part of the open end, leaving below it a lunate opening (fig. 3). The plate was considerably thicker than the rest of the case and was fastened on the inside to the layer of 1006ely woven silk that covered the 12 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. roof. Last of all she finished the mast, and while doing this she kept her wing covers separated enough to supply herself continuously with fresh air. The triangular plate and the mast were of the same bright yellow as the eggs and remained this color for several hours. The whole process lasted only 1 hour and 20 minutes, and the actual time consumed in spinning and egg laying was exactly 1 hour. The completed egg case is ellipsoidal in shape, the roof and floor somewhat flattened, and the side walls strongly convex. One end is tightly closed and the other has a lunate opening beneath the triangular plate, which gives free access to the space beneath the egg mass. The triangular plate is narrowed above into the mast, which rises vertically about 10 rom. above the roof of the case and tapers to a rounded point. On cases found floating in the pond both the triangular plate and the mast are dark brown in color, almost black, due to the action of the sunlight upon the silk. The mast has been represented as a small tube with dense walls, whose sug­ gested function is the admission of air into the egg chamber. Miger and Lancret (1809, p. 442) said: Itis a mistake to suppose that the turned-up point of the cocoon serves as a mast. Itis not unlikely that the drawn-out point serves for the supply of air to the cocoon. Lyonet (1832) confessed: I do not know the use of this little mast. Perhaps it enables the insect to get rid of an excess of silky matter. Laker (1881, p, 82) wrote: The spike consists of a substance somewhat thicker and stronger than the rest of the cocoonand is hollow throughout the greater part of its length, except that it is crossed and recrossed inside with a dark, threadlike substance, thus somewhat resembling a horn stuffed with tow.
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