United Nations Development Programme South East Asia HIV and Development Programme
Building Regional HIV Resilience along the ASEAN Highway Network
Building Regional HIV Resilience along the ASEAN Highway Network
Workshop on 13-15 October 2003, Bangkok, Thailand
Manager: Lee-Nah Hsu Building Regional HIV Resilience UNDP South East Asia HIV and Development Programme
August 2004 Copyright © UNDP, ASEAN Secretariat and World Vision International 2004 All rights reserved. Printed in Bangkok, Thailand
Copyright of the United Nations Development Programme, ASEAN Secretariat and World Vision International. All rights reserved. This publication may be quoted, reproduced, or translated, in part or in full, provided the source is acknowledged. It may not be reproduced for any commercial use without the prior written approval of UNDP, ASEAN Secretariat and World Vision International. Contact information: Lee-Nah Hsu, Manager Building Regional HIV Resilience UNDP South East Asia HIV and Development Programme E-mail address: [email protected] Cover map source: United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific
United Nations ESCAP Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Building Regional HIV Resilience Along the ASEAN Highway Network: Workshop on 13-15 October 2003, Bangkok, Thailand. By UNDP, ASEAN Secretariat and World Vision International. Bangkok: UNDP, ASEAN Secretariat and World Vision International 2004. iv, 22 p. (Building Regional HIV Resilience: UNDP South East Asia HIV and Development Programme). Includes annexes. ISBN: 974-92241-7-5 1. AIDS. 2. Transport Infrastructure. 3. Road Networks. 4. Development. 5. South-East Asia. UDC: 616.39-097(5-012)
The views expressed and terminology used in this publication do not necessarily represent those of the member countries of the UNDP Executive Board or of the institutions of the United Nations system. The designations and terminology employed and the presentation of material do not imply any expression of opinion whatsoever on the part of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or of its frontiers or boundaries. ii FOREWORD
With the economic gains brought by infrastructural development along the ASEAN Highway Network come the inadvertent effects of increased vulnerability to HIV, both in the surrounding communities and to the employees of infrastructure construction projects. As medical responses alone are inadequate in building HIV resilience and countering increased HIV transmission, a multisectoral approach is needed.
The ASEAN Highway Network serves as a link between the countries of the Greater Mekong Subregion. It opens up opportunities for intercountry trade and communication, and facilitates population mobility throughout this region. It is thus vital to implement intercountry strategies in order to effectively build HIV resilience within and between the communities along the ASEAN Highway Network.
In order to foster intercountry collaboration on this issue, the Workshop on Building Regional HIV Resilience along the ASEAN Highway Network was organized by the UNDP South East Asia HIV and Development Programme (UNDP-SEAHIV) in collabo- ration with the ASEAN Secretariat and World Vision International. As well, 37 participants from the ministries of transport, construction and public works, the national AIDS authorities and NGOs of the six Greater Mekong Subregional countries were present. Mapping approaches as a tool to support an Early Warning Rapid Response System (EWRRS) were presented. This tool helps to identify and recognize stressors, which then allows for interventions to be designed and implemented so that adverse effects can be prevented.
The aim of this consultation was to devise collaborative actions and to build HIV resilience among the six countries along the ASEAN Highway Network to ensure that communities are proactive in dealing with the impacts brought by infrastructure construc- tion projects. It is important to make information, resources and services available to the communities and employees of the infrastructure construction projects, as well as to reduce language barriers, so that all members may actively participate in building HIV resilience within their communities. By working together to build community HIV resilience, it is hoped that these countries can minimize the potential negative impacts of development along the ASEAN Highway Network, while realizing the benefits, such as increased employment, better transportation and intercountry economic collaborations.
Lee-Nah Hsu Manager UNDP South East Asia HIV and Development Programme
iii CONTENTS
Page
Foreword ...... iii
I. Introduction ...... 1
II. Opening session ...... 1
III. Country updates ...... 3 A. Cambodia...... 3 B. Lao People’s Democratic Republic ...... 5 C. Myanmar...... 6 D. Thailand ...... 8 E. Viet Nam ...... 9
IV. Early Warning Rapid Response System (EWRRS) and mapping ...... 10 National Road Eight in the Lao People’s Democratic Republic ...... 10
V. Bangkok Recommendations ...... 12
VI. Conclusions ...... 13
ANNEXES
A. Workshop agenda ...... 14
B. Participant list ...... 15
C. Action plans ...... 18 Cambodia ...... 18 Lao People’s Democratic Republic ...... 19 Myanmar ...... 20 Thailand ...... 21 Viet Nam ...... 22
iv I. Introduction
The Workshop on Building Regional HIV Resilience along the ASEAN Highway Network organized by the UNDP South East Asia HIV and Development Programme (UNDP- SEAHIV) in collaboration with the ASEAN Secretariat and World Vision International, was held in Bangkok, Thailand from 13 to 15 October 2003. The Workshop was attended by 37 participants of the following six countries: Cambodia, the People’s Republic of China, the Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Myanmar, Thailand and Viet Nam. This included the Ministry of Public Works and Transport from Cambodia, the Ministry of Communication, Transport, Post and Construction of the Lao People’s Democratic Republic, the Ministry of Construction of Myanmar, the Ministry of Transport of Thailand, the Ministry of Transportation of Viet Nam, as well as their national AIDS authorities and NGOs from the participating countries. The objectives of the Workshop were as follows: (1) To update on road upgrade activities and plans from the ministries of transport, construction and public works; (2) To mobilize regional commitment to implement the Chiang Rai Recommendation1 by developing an intercountry action programme for early action in building HIV resilient communities along the ASEAN Highway and its key feeder roads; and (3) To devise a resource mobilization plan for the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) countries.
II. Opening session
The representative for the United Nations Resident Coordinator and Chair of the United Nations Theme Group on HIV/AIDS, 2003, Thailand, welcomed the participants and highlighted the importance of the Workshop for HIV prevention. ASEAN Highway projects provide opportunities for trade, economic development and the improvement of livelihoods for the countries concerned. However, transport infrastructure, such as highways for trucking, may act as a conduit in the spread of HIV. Away from home, migrant construction workers are vulnerable to HIV. In view of these facts, this Workshop aimed to develop proactive strategies to minimize the adverse health impact of highway construction and use. As most of the roads along the ASEAN Highway Network will be upgraded and improved by 2006, there is limited time for action. The window of opportunity to prevent the spread of HIV by building regional resilience is now. UNDP- SEAHIV facilitates the development of regional mobility strategies, the signing of a Memorandum of Understanding2 by the countries concerned and the development of joint
1 Chiang Rai Recommendation, November, 1999: ASEAN governments adopt a common policy recom- mending the integration of HIV prevention programmes. This requires contractors of infrastructure construction projects to include HIV-prevention programmes for their employees and surrounding communities as a precondition for bidding on construction contracts. 2 Memorandum of Understanding, 2001: Designed to facilitate the Joint Action Programme for Mobility and HIV Vulnerability Reduction between countries of the Greater Mekong Subregion: Cambodia, the People’s Republic of China (Guangxi, Yunnan), the Lao People’s Democratic Republic, the Union of Myanmar, the Kingdom of Thailand and the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam.
1 action programmes to respond to mobility-related HIV-vulnerability reduction. Apprecia- tion was extended to the ASEAN Secretariat, for playing a leading role in fostering regional collaboration and to World Vision International for their support to this workshop. Lee-Nah Hsu, Manager, UNDP-SEAHIV, further noted the importance of swift regional action. For HIV prevention along these roads to be effective, it is critical to involve the communities along these roads. For example, when opening up the mountainous region of Guangxi Province in China via a road connection to Yunnan Province, HIV prevalence rose rapidly along the newly constructed roads. She drew participants’ attention to the Early Warning Rapid Response System (EWRRS)3 in preventing such predictable adverse outcomes. An effective EWRRS is multisectoral; it includes the construction sector, rural communities, as well as the agricultural, health and education sectors. Such a multisectoral approach provides a framework for joint actions. In addition to the EWRRS, there is the Model Contractual Clause4 and the Toolkit for HIV Prevention among Mobile Populations.5 She stated that the proposed ASEAN Highway Joint Action Programme should involve governments and NGOs of the ASEAN member countries and communities along the Highway. Loreto Roquero, Senior Officer, Social Development, ASEAN Secretariat, stated that the ASEAN transport sector is key to economic development and international competitive- ness. However, transport development along the ASEAN Highway Network also increases the vulnerability of communities to HIV. These development-induced vulnerabilities to HIV adversely affect truckers, construction workers, their families and communities along the Highway. Directives by the ASEAN Heads of State and Government at the Seventh ASEAN Summit in 20016 were: • To strengthen regional mechanisms to optimize resources in support of joint regional actions to reduce the HIV vulnerability of mobile populations by providing access to information, care and treatment; and • To adopt and promote innovative intersectoral collaboration to effectively reduce socio-economic vulnerability and impact.
The ASEAN Task Force on AIDS developed the ASEAN Work Programme on HIV/AIDS II (2002-2005), which was adopted by the Seventh ASEAN Summit. Intercountry activities on mobile populations are a regional priority under the Work Programme, the objectives of which are: • To build resilient and empowered communities by improving their choices in reducing HIV vulnerability caused by development-related mobility;
3 Philip Guest, Jacques du Guerny and Lee-Nah Hsu, From Early Warning to Development Sector Responses against HIV/AIDS Epidemics, May 2003,
2 • To build collaborative regional responses to reduce HIV vulnerability from develop- ment-related mobility, while developing methods to build community, national and intercountry HIV/AIDS resilience, and to document those methods as a knowledge base for dissemination; • To enhance national responses to reduce HIV vulnerability by improving systems of governance on development-related mobility through two cluster country programmes: one for the Greater Mekong Subregion and the other for Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines and Singapore (BIMPS cluster).
The Greater Mekong Subregion countries and China signed a Joint Memorandum of Understanding (2001-2003). This process, facilitated by UNDP-SEAHIV, brought to life the Programme Coordination Committee to facilitate planning, implementation and monitoring of joint action programmes.
Milton Amayun, World Vision International, emphasized that it is essential to have public- private partnerships because effective HIV responses require building resilient communi- ties. Communities should rely on their own local resources, as well as building on external assistance. Children and the poorest of the poor must be represented. It is essential to restore hope, which is why World Vision launched the Hope Initiative, a global HIV/AIDS programme.
III. Country updates
The representatives of the ministries of transport, construction and public works and the national AIDS authorities from five of the participating countries presented updates on the status of road construction in their countries, plans for the future and measures instituted or planned for HIV prevention.
A. Cambodia
Cambodia is bordered by Thailand, the Lao People’s Democratic Republic and Viet Nam. Its population of 11.4 million is mainly rural with an annual growth rate of 2.5 per cent, one of the fastest growth rates in the region. However, GNP per capita is only $300 U.S. dollars and the per capita health allocation is $2.80 U.S. dollars.
The existing road network, which consists of national (primary), provincial (secondary) and rural (tertiary) roads, is approximately 35,720 km and has 4,100 bridges. Two roads comprise the main national highways with a total length of 2,000 km. The provincial road network covers 3,555 km. After years of warfare, the transport infrastructure in Cambodia remains inadequate. Being old and poorly maintained, it is limiting the country’s economic and social development. Approximately 60 per cent of the roads are impassable after heavy rains.
Cambodia needs to improve its transport infrastructure and related services. In addition, the country also needs to improve the revenue-collection mechanisms for transport services and improve the connections between various modes of transport. For domestic transport, the road is the dominant network: nearly 65 per cent of passengers and 69 per cent of freight are transported by road.
3 Although the linkages between the capital city, Phnom Penh, and the provincial cities are adequate, they are not well developed. National Roads One and Five are part of the ASEAN Highway (AH-1) linking to Thailand and Viet Nam. National Roads Four, Seven and part of Six are also part of the ASEAN Highway (AH-11) linking to Lao People’s Democratic Republic. Further, National Road 48 is designated as a part of the ASEAN Highway (AH- 123) linking the Bangkok port in Thailand with the Sihanoukville port in Cambodia.
Most of the principal and rural road networks are under rehabilitation. External assistance is being provided by Japan, the Asian Development Bank (ADB), the World Bank, USAID, AusAID, the European Union, Thailand, China, the Republic of Korea, Viet Nam and several NGOs to rehabilitate 1,345 km of these roads. The road rehabilitation projects will strengthen the linkage between the country’s three broad economic regions for transport planning purposes. These are: (1) The Tourism region: the area within the triangle formed by Siem Reap, Preah Vihear and Kampong Thom; (2) The Industrial region: defined by the coastal region of the country; and (3) The Agro-industrial and Eco-tourism regions: covering the eastern region of the Mekong River, including Rattanakiri and Mondulkiri.
Map 1. Cambodia segment of the ASEAN Highway Road development will and the economic development regions be accomplished in phases, taking into account the existing condition of the roads. The priority is to upgrade and repair national and provincial roads and road links of the ASEAN Highway: the Highway itself and its regional and main corridors. The aim is to facilitate border trade with Viet Nam and Thailand by im- proving cross-border transport facilities. In the longer term, urban transport will also be improved. Improve- ment of the rules and regulations for vehicle management is needed, as well as construction of a new highway network. The scale of these tasks will require extensive coordination among various agencies. In addition, the capability of relevant authorities and agencies must be enhanced to enable the implementation of rehabilitation and repair work, without having to depend so much on international agencies. Educational sessions will be developed to raise public awareness on road safety as well as to encourage community participation in road maintenance.
4 A great deal of work must be done simultaneously to prevent the spread of HIV along these transport routes. To address these needs, the Ministry of Public Works and Transport became a member of the National AIDS Authority and formed part of the Ministerial AIDS Committee on 21 February 2003. The Committee formulated a personnel policy and strategic plan as the basic rule to follow. It disseminated information on the impact of HIV/ AIDS in Cambodia among the staff and workers of all the departments within the Ministry in order to bring to their attention the problems caused by HIV/AIDS. In addition, HIV/ AIDS educational programmes are focused on the areas near road construction projects. The ultimate goal for this educational process is to reduce new transmission of HIV.
The National Centre for HIV/AIDS, Dermatology and STDs focuses mainly on HIV/AIDS prevention and care programmes. For example, some of the programmes include: the 100 per cent condom use campaign; outreach and peer education; information, education and communication (IEC); voluntary counselling and testing; home-based care; and antiretroviral therapy. Programmes also address mobile populations, such as casino visitors and seafarers; these are funded by ADB and the Japanese Fund for Poverty Reduction. Prey Veng-Rayong Operations on Migration Dynamics and AIDS Intervention is an organization that addresses source communities in several provinces. SEILA, the Royal Government of Cambodia’s initiative to establish a national programme to promote local economic development activities through decentralized planning and decision-mak- ing, focuses on poverty reduction, gender mainstreaming, natural resources and commu- nity-management mainstreaming strategies. World Vision, Cambodia, does outreach and peer education to increase the use of services and home-based care along National Roads One, Four and Five, to foster care and community development along National Road Five and capacity-building along National Roads Four and Five. The Khana NGO network supports 80 home-based care teams.
The challenge is to set up a mobility working group that consists of government organizations, NGOs and the private sector based on the Memorandum of Understanding. The terms of reference of this working group should focus on sharing experiences, resources and, e.g. Toolkits, with partners.
B. Lao People’s Democratic Republic
The Lao People’s Democratic Republic is a landlocked country, sharing borders with China, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia and Viet Nam. In 2000, the total population was 5.2 million with a population density of 22 persons per square kilometre. The total road network is 22,700 km long. However, only 9,500 km of these roads are all-weather routes, of which 3,500 km are paved. Although the transport sector in the country consists of road, river and air routes, the dominant mode of transportation is the road network. Major transport routes follow the north-south pattern of population distribution, with east-west links to the borders with Viet Nam, Thailand and Myanmar.
The Government’s main concerns are food security and poverty reduction. In this regard, it views the road system as critical to national and regional integration. Although the country is landlocked, it is the geographical keystone of the subregion, since its transport routes form land bridges to China, Viet Nam, Thailand, Cambodia and Myanmar. The road network is of strategic importance for the country’s economic, cultural and social development, providing all-weather access, linking Vientiane, the capital city, to the provinces and districts. Externally, the country is viewed as a land bridge contributing to the growth of the subregional network for ASEAN countries. Roads have been one of
5 the Government’s top expenditure priorities, with the communication sector budget accounting for 40 to 50 per cent of the total public investment. In addition, road network improvement has attracted a large share of donor funding.
Map 2. Lao People’s Democratic Republic Another priority is the prevention of HIV/AIDS. A recently issued segment of the ASEAN Highway ministerial regulation to create the Coordination and Training Commit- tee for HIV Prevention in the Road Sector consists of the National Committee for the Control of AIDS, the Provincial Committee for the Control of AIDS, the Lao Women’s Union and the Social and Environmental Division of the Department of Roads. With regard to the ASEAN High- way construction, the first contract was for the East-West Economic Corridor (AH-16), followed by Na- tional Road Eight (AH-15), the Northern Economic Corridor (AH- 3) and the Second Mekong Interna- tional Bridge (AH-16). The HIV Prevention Programme is necessary for local communities living along the construction sites, as well as for the construction workers. Owing to the mobility of the construction workers and the opportunities they have to interact with many people from different construction sites, the Programme is intended to minimize the risk of HIV infection by educating the construction workers. The Lao People’s Democratic Republic hopes that the positive effects of the construction projects can be realized, such as more employment, better transport and better relationships with neighbouring countries, and that the risks of HIV infection could be minimized.
C. Myanmar
The Union of Myanmar is bordered by China in the north-east, the Lao People’s Democratic Republic in the east, Thailand in the south-east, Bangladesh in the west and India in the north-west. Its population of about 52.2 million (in 2002) is growing at a rate of approximately 1.8 per cent annually. The major road network in Myanmar reflects the topography of the country. Most roads run north to south with east to west connections, restricted by the mountain ridges of Shan Yoma and Yakhine Yoma and by three rivers: Irrawaddy, Thanlwin and Sittaung. In recent years, many new roads and bridges have been constructed or are under construc- tion. Since seven states and seven divisions form the Union, roads that form interstate and interdivisional links are given priority. Myanmar has over 40,000 km of classified roads and approximately 7,000 km of unclassified roads.
6 The major road connections to seaports are in the southern and western parts of the country. Mawlamyaing and Yangon seaports are the nearest to the ASEAN Highway route and other main roads. Owing to the many navigable rivers, there are also many inland ports. Mandalay, Monywa and Kalewa inland ports are nearest to the ASEAN Highway routes One and Two and other major roads. Railway stations are located in almost every town near major roads and most sections of the ASEAN Highway. There are four routes for the ASEAN Highway Network: AH-1 (1,665 km) and AH-2 (807 km), starting from Myawaddy and Tachileik at the Myanmar-Thai border, extending to Tamu at the Myanmar-India border; AH-3 (93 km), extending from Kyaington to Mongla at the Myanmar-China border; and AH-14 (453 km), extending from Mandalay to Muse at the Myanmar-China border.
Map 3. Union of Myanmar segment The Government’s policy is to transition from an agricultural-based of the ASEAN Highway economy to an industrialized economy. As a result, it places high priority on developing the national road network. This involves construction of new roads and upgrading of existing roads by the private sector to ensure effective and efficient infrastructure for the increasing traffic volume. ASEAN Highway sections under the control of the Ministry of Construction are maintained by the Ministry of Public Works, with budgets allocated yearly for routine mainte- nance and special maintenance after natural disasters. The other ASEAN Highway sections are maintained by private companies. There are three main international highways: the Asian Highway, the ASEAN Highway and the GMS Highway. Since all of these highways are either in contact with or overlap each other in Myanmar, it will be effective and beneficial to control them through international border- crossing facilities.
Another issue of national, regional and international importance is HIV/AIDS. AIDS is one of the three priority diseases under the National Health Plan. The HIV/AIDS situation in Myanmar from 1988 to December 2002 shows that 45,033 HIV-positive persons were detected, 6,438 AIDS cases were reported and 2,755 AIDS related deaths were recorded. The estimated number of people living with HIV/AIDS at the end of 2001 was 177,279. AIDS surveillance started in 1985, with the first HIV infection being reported in 1988 and the first AIDS case in 1991. The National AIDS Committee was established in 1989; prevention of mother-to-child transmission started in 2001, as did the 100 per cent condom use programme. Antiretroviral therapy for people living with AIDS were made available in 2003 in the public sector. The sentinel surveillance results
7 of 2002 indicated that 6.5 per cent of those HIV-positive were male STI patients and over 12 per cent were female. HIV prevalence varies widely: for sex workers, it is 32 per cent; injecting drug users, 24 per cent; pregnant women, 2 per cent; blood donors, 1 per cent; and new military recruits, 2 per cent. In view of its relevance to road construction, Myanmar has adopted a number of HIV/ AIDS/STD prevention and control measures. There are special intervention programmes addressing cross-border issues, regional and subregional cooperation, and collaboration and coordination with NGOs. The National AIDS Programme coordinates its activities intersectorally and intrasectorally for preventive HIV education and advocacy.
D. Thailand
Map 4. Thailand segment of the Thailand’s population of 62 million is growing at 1 per cent annually. Life ASEAN Highway expectancy is high at almost 70 years for men and 80 years for women. Per capita income is $1,958 U.S. dollars and GDP growth is 5.2 per cent. Thailand is one of the countries collabo- rating with the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) in the development of the Asian Highway Project. Approxi- mately 5,000 km of Thai roads will become part of the ASEAN Highway Network. These roads connect capitals to capitals, and link main industrial and agri- cultural centres, major sea and river ports, and major container terminals and depots. The Department of Highways gives prior- ity to the development of the ASEAN Highway Network under the National Highways Development Plan. Some road construction is estimated to take 20 years and to cost billions of US dollars. Although the Ministry of Transport does not have an AIDS division, it can request assistance from the Ministry of Public Health. HIV/AIDS is a major problem. HIV prevalence in 2002 was 1.8 per cent; 19,750 new infections were reported and the number of people living with HIV/AIDS reached 695,000. HIV/AIDS is now considered a social and development issue in addition to being a health issue. Community capacity-building is important in raising awareness about HIV/AIDS. The Thai National AIDS Strategic Plan is focusing interventions on groups such as mobile populations and other vulnerable groups, especially in light of the country’s ambitious road-building and road-enhancement projects, including those connected with the ASEAN Highway Network.
8 E. Viet Nam
The Socialist Republic of Viet Nam shares borders with Cambodia, China and the Lao People’s Democratic Republic. In 2002, the GDP per capita was $441 U.S. dollars, and the total population was 79.7 million. The HIV epidemic emerged rapidly in Viet Nam in the last decade. Sixty per cent of the 59,200 HIV infections by December 2002 were among injecting drug users, with their internal and cross-border mobility increasingly becoming an issue. Viet Nam puts special focus on current and future projects involving land transport which influence mobility and HIV vulnerability in its efforts to prevent HIV/AIDS among mobile populations.
Map 5. Viet Nam segment of the The ASEAN Highway Network increases mobility. Rural-to-rural and rural-to-urban ASEAN Highway migration involves the movement of approximately 700,000 to a million people annually. There is also cross- border mobility from Viet Nam to its neighbouring countries. Mobility to China is for trade and sex work; to the Lao People’s Democratic Republic, for drug trafficking; and to Cambodia, for construction and sex work. The major mobile populations comprise truck drivers, sex workers and migrant workers. Although the current upgrading of the ASEAN Highway Network offers positive impacts, such as reducing unemployment and increasing income, it is also produc- ing negative impacts, such as increased pressure on health services and the edu- cation system. More to the point, it has caused an increase in commercial sex work and the spread of HIV. Because the Government seems more concerned about other areas and target groups, there is low involvement and investment, including policy framework development, from different sectors, with the result that HIV/AIDS intervention and services for mobile populations remain inadequate. A national policy should be adopted to implement interventions that target mobile populations. Relevant ministries should be given adequate authority, skills and resources to work on this challenge; a coordinating body should be appointed. It is necessary to adopt and replicate evidence-based practices, to strengthen community roles and responsibilities and to coordinate research. Viet Nam raised its concern that, although each member country has committed itself to the Memorandum of Understanding and the Chiang Rai Recommen- dation, there has been a dearth of activities. The ministries concerned are simply not strong enough to endorse the inclusion of a model contract clause on their own.
9 IV. Early Warning Rapid Response System (EWRRS) and mapping
Vincent Fung, UNDP-SEAHIV, presented mapping approaches that countries could use or are using to identify HIV vulnerabilities. The Early Warning Rapid Response System (EWRRS) has been developed to reduce HIV vulnerability. The early warning aspect identifies stressors and focuses on their root causes and links to development which may lead to increased HIV vulnerabilities. Once these stressors have been identified, the rapid response component is required to enable interventions to pre-empt a possible epidemic and avert negative impacts. This systems approach must identify crucial links, be multisectoral, develop partnerships and be collaborative. Mapping is a tool to support the Early Warning Rapid Response System. It gives a visual representation to aid analysis, interpretation and identification of stressors, spatial relationships and linkages. The finding can assist policy decision makers in reducing HIV vulnerabilities and building HIV resilience.
Mapping is dynamic. The concept of ‘layering’ is used to incorporate multiple themes. This can be done ‘hands-on’, for example, by drawing and sketching or using push-pins, or with technology, using computer-based maps or geographic information systems. A hands-on approach requires less resources and is easy to learn. It enables communities to use local resources to develop strategies through local participation. On the other hand, the technological approach is more precise; it can be updated easily and incorporates various data formats to produce a visually stimulating map. While important data exist, they need to be identified and put together through multisectoral collaboration both at the country and regional levels, to avoid ‘reinventing the wheel’.
The following presentation is an example of where the concept of the EWRRS has been applied.
National Road Eight in the Lao People’s Democratic Republic
Niramonh Chanlivong, Country Programme Manager, Burnet Institute, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, described how the National Road Eight HIV Prevention Programme prepared a community for the impact of a new road as it relates to HIV transmission. The Programme is funded by the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA) for the period from 2003 to 2005, and the Burnet Institute, in partnership with the Lao Youth Union, Provincial Committee for the Control of AIDS (PCCA) and the District Project Working Team. The district shares a border with Hatinh Province, Viet Nam. Owing to the construction of a new road, there is easy access to the Cua Lo port in Nghe An Province, Viet Nam. There has been a rapid increase in HIV prevalence in Nghe An Province, with the new road changing the pace of commerce, people’s mobility, the extent of truck traffic and connections to the port.
The HIV Prevention Programme along National Road Eight builds on the success and partnerships of an earlier project funded by AusAID, for which the Lao Youth Union developed its strategic plan in response to HIV. It was based on a situational analysis, which identified truck drivers as a key vulnerable group. This current Programme utilizes the “Toolkit”7 under the framework of the Early Warning Rapid Response System. It applies the concept of the EWRRS at the district level.
7 Op. cit., note 5.
10 There has been a gradual shift in emphasis from health promotion to broader develop- ment-related responses, and from creating HIV awareness to building community resil- ience in this region. The introduction of the Early Warning Rapid Response System involves community members, institutions and mobile people and promotes interaction between various groups. The Programme’s objectives are to build resilience to the HIV epidemic and related development challenges among communities and mobile people living and working along National Road Eight, within the framework of the Early Warning Rapid Response System. There was a start-up workshop that, while emphasizing how development factors influence HIV vulnerability and HIV resilience, addressed situational analysis (broad range of issues, to include sites and people), project design and management training, peer education training, and community outreach to focus on building HIV resilience and encouraging behavioural change for specific mobile groups.
Activities already carried out include the signing of a Memorandum of Under- standing on 1 July 2003. The District Project Work- ing Team has been re- formed and approved by the Governor and a start-up workshop held at Lakxao. Advocacy meetings were held at the central, provin- cial and district levels. A situational analysis work- shop has been conducted and data collected. Sup- plies have been procured and IEC materials and condoms distributed in col- laboration with Population Services International. Fu- ture work will include hold- ing a workshop on informa- tion analysis and project de- sign, community education, a peer education workshop for the District Project Working Team, training peer educators and peer education activities. Challenges to the Programme include access to sex workers and language barriers.
The discussions focused on the challenges ahead. The challenge of access is found not only in access to sex workers, but also in access of sex workers to STI services, as some sex workers simply cannot afford them. A supportive environment for condom use is important. It is important to address the communities in their own languages with translated materials and training to reduce language barriers. Another discussion emerged
11 around the role of the ministries of transport, construction and public works and road construction contractors. The involvement of both from the beginning is essential. It was recommended that as part of pre-construction planning, a mapping assessment be done, involving a road engineer, to identify existing and potential hotspots and that the findings be brought to the attention of the AIDS authorities and Ministry of Transport. Ministries have the power to influence the channelling of funds by donors or contractors to fund HIV prevention service providers.
V. Bangkok Recommendations
The following are the recommendations made by the three working groups: 1. The national AIDS authorities and the ministries of transport, construction and public works of each country should advocate strengthened commitment by donors and private and public contractors to implement the Chiang Rai Recommendation, including an indicative allocation of 1 per cent of construction budgets for HIV prevention programmes, with assistance from UNDP, UNAIDS, the United Nations Regional Task Force on Mobility and HIV Vulnerability Reduction, and other regional entities. 2. Construction projects requiring environmental and social impact assessments should include HIV/AIDS impact assessments as part of the feasibility phase of the project. The findings should be used to guide the calculation of the funding requirements for the HIV prevention component of the project. However, for projects with no HIV/ AIDS impact assessments, the allocation of 1 per cent of the project’s budget for HIV/AIDS activities should apply. 3. A Mobility Technical Working Group (MTWG) should be organized under the auspices of the country’s national AIDS authority. This body would be tasked with providing advocacy, information sharing, coordination and technical assistance on the implementation of the Chiang Rai Recommendation, including national and regional decisions and agreements, and international cooperation on mobility and HIV/AIDS. 4. The Ministry of Transportation, Ministry of Construction and/or Ministry of Public Works and Transport should allocate, under their annual budgets, funding for HIV prevention programmes related to mobility and construction projects. 5. The Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) between the GMS countries, including China, should be reviewed for a possible extension and inclusion of amendments before it expires in 2004.
The above recommendations were presented at the ASEAN Task Force on AIDS meeting, 16-17 October 2003, in Bali, Indonesia and were subsequently endorsed.8 A parallel initiative should be presented at the ASEAN Land Transport Working Group before submission to the Senior Transport Officials Meeting.
8 These recommendations have subsequently been updated. The updated version has become part of the new MOU (2004-2009), agreed upon at the Memorandum of Understanding Review Consultation in Yangon, Myanmar, 16-17 February 2004.
12 VI. Conclusions
The ministries of transport, construction and public works in the GMS countries need to develop concrete steps, including lobbying, proposing actions and gathering evidence- based support, to advocate for the joint action plans developed at this Workshop. The ministry of transport, construction and public works in each of the countries should take the lead in involving other sectors to gain additional support and technical assistance. The countries need to think and act ‘outside the box’ of the ministries of health. Medical services alone will not build community resilience. The issue of ASEAN Highway Network infrastructure construction also needs to be addressed from a social and eco- nomic development angle. Wherever there is construction, there will be an increase in migrant workers, greater access to markets, displaced populations and added opportunities for rural-to-urban movement. Mr. Roquero stated that the ministry of transport, construc- tion and public works in each country should include an HIV/AIDS component in its budget, and that this should be a recommendation for each government ministry.
Country participants were interested in a generic impact assessment manual or an evidence-based information kit. Regarding the manual, some pre-existing work is available; an expert consultation could be organized to finalize the manual. UNDP- SEAHIV could include this consultation in its 2004 workplan. The preparation of an evidence-based information kit would require more effort. The countries concerned will need to carry out its preparation.
In closing, Ms. Hsu urged the countries to take on the responsibility of contacting their relevant ministries in order to bring to their attention these recommendations and the need to implement them. Upon request, UNDP-SEAHIV would provide support, technical or otherwise; however, countries should also seek broader support within the United Nations system and, most importantly, work within their own internal capacity first. If their internal capacity is insufficient, external experience could be brought in to build that capacity.
Mr. Amayun requested the countries to identify gaps in existing programmes or ideas linked to the development of the ASEAN Highway Network in order to share these with World Vision International and to determine how World Vision could help to improve the quality of life of people by working together with governments.
13 Annex A: Workshop agenda
Monday, 13 October 2003
8:30-9:00 Registration 9:00-9:15 Opening and Welcome On behalf of the United Nations Resident Coordinator and UNDP Resident Representative, Chair of United Nations Theme Group on HIV/AIDS, Thailand 9:15-9:30 From the Chiang Rai Recommendation to Joint Regional Actions Lee-Nah Hsu, UNDP-SEAHIV Relevance to the ASEAN Work Programme II Loreto Roquero, ASEAN Secretariat 9:30-10:30 Updates on upgrade activities and plans from the ministries of transport, construction and public works presented by: Cambodia, the Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Myanmar, Thailand and Viet Nam 10:30-11:00 Tea break 11:00-11:30 Country presentations continued 11:30-12:00 Key principles for regional collaborative actions responding to development-related HIV vulnerability reduction: Early Warning Rapid Response System and mapping Vincent Fung, UNDP-SEAHIV 12:00-12:30 Discussions on the implications of the ASEAN Highway for HIV/AIDS in the region 12:30-14:00 Lunch 14:00-14:30 Example of a model programme: Lao People’s Democratic Republic National Road Eight Dr. Niramonh Chanlivong, Burnet Institute, Lao People’s Democratic Republic 14:30-15:30 Three working group sessions to formulate the regional framework and priority regional responsive development actions: mixed countries 15:30-16:00 Tea break 16:00-17:00 Groups report back and strategize for Day Two country plans 18:00 Reception
Tuesday, 14 October 2003
8:30-9:00 Reflection on Day one consultation 9:00-10:30 Country working groups to draft country portion of the joint regional programme 10:30-11:00 Tea break 11:00-12:00 Country group work continued 12:00-12:30 Presentation of country group reports and critique by the plenary 12:30-14:00 Lunch 14:00-14:30 Continue country group reports and critique 14:30-15:30 1. Revision and finalization of country components based on critiques 2. Consolidation into an overall regional programme plan 15:30-15:50 Tea break 15:50-16:30 Continuation of items one and two above 16:30-17:00 Plenary reports on regional/country programmes
Wednesday, 15 October 2003
8:30-10:00 Final consensus on the joint programme: priority, resources, time-frame, responsible parties and sectors 10:00-1030 Tea break 10:30-12:00 Recommendations and agreement on follow-up steps Noon Adjourn
14 Annex B: Participant list
Cambodia Ung Vuthy Vice-Chairman, National AIDS Authority Van Than Deputy Director of Administration Department Permanent Vice-Chair of Ministerial AIDS Committee Ministry of Public Works and Transport Ly Vanthy Manager, HIV/AIDS and Health Programme World Vision Asia Keo Keriya First Secretary Royal Embassy of Cambodia
People’s Republic Christy Fong of China Health Technical Consultant World Vision China, Hong Kong Special Administration Region Wai Ip Ho Health Advisor World Vision China, Hong Kong Special Administration Region
Lao People’s Khanthanouvieng Sayabounthavong Democratic Global Fund to Fight AIDS Project Coordinator, Republic National Committee for the Control of AIDS Bureau (NCCA) Lokaphone Khanty Deputy Chief of Social Development Planning and Population Division Department of General Planning, Committee for Planning and Cooperation (CPC) Phanh Phouthavong Deputy Director General, Department of Roads Ministry of Communication, Transport, Post & Construction Somphit Sengmanivong Deputy Chief Division Customs Department Ministry of Finance Sithong Nouansengsy Marketing Director Acting Country Representative Population Services International/Laos (PSI/LAOS) Niramonh Chanlivong Country Programme Manager Burnet Institute Pieter-Jan Bouw Operations Coordinator World Vision Lao People’s Democratic Republic Souvanna Phouyavong Counsellor, Deputy Chief of Mission Embassy of the Lao People’s Democratic Republic
15 Myanmar Min Thwe Assistant Director National AIDS Programme
U Khin Maung Superintending Engineer (Roads) Public Works Ministry of Construction
Shwe Win HIV Associate World Vision Myanmar
Thailand Siriphan Jitprasithsiri Chief of International Cooperation Group Department of Highways, Bureau of Planning Ministry of Transport
Sivalai Vararuth Economist Department of Highways, Bureau of Planning Ministry of Transport
Peeramon Ningsanon AIDS Cluster, Bureau of AIDS, TB and STDs Department of Disease Control Ministry of Public Health
Pinyo Veerasuksavat Network Coordinator Thai NGO Network for Migrant Labour and their Families
Dares Chusri Manager, Rak Chumchon Group Thai NGO Network for Migrant Labour and their Families
John Whan Yoon Assistant to the Director World Vision Foundation of Thailand
Takayo Sasaki UNDP HIV Focal Point UNDP Thailand
Voravud Tomon Chief of United Nations Subdivision Department of Technical and Economic Cooperation Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Wichaya Sinthusen Programme Officer Department of Technical and Economic Cooperation Ministry of Foreign Affairs
16 Viet Nam Nguyen Duy Tung National AIDS Standing Bureau of Viet Nam Pham Duc Thu AIDS Division Ministry of Transportation
Duong Minh Ngoc Department of Planning and Investment Ministry of Transportation
Huynh Tan Phuc National Health Team Leader World Vision Viet Nam
ASEAN Loreto Roquero SECRETARIAT Senior Officer, Social Development ASEAN Secretariat Jakarta, Indonesia
WORLD VISION Sri Chander Regional Health Advisor World Vision Asia Pacific Regional Office Singapore
Milton Amayun Senior HIV/AIDS Programme Advisor and Programme Representative World Vision Hope Initiative, Global Programme on HIV/AIDS Michigan, United States of America
UNDP South East Lee-Nah Hsu Asia HIV and Manager Development Programme Vincent Fung Intern
17 18
Annex C: Action plans
Action plan – Cambodia
Responsible Activity Expected output Time-frame Resources parties
1. Set up the Mobility Technical Working Group (MTWG) - Body specifically responsible for 2 months National - Call a meeting for the multisectoral members of the National AIDS Authority implementation of this meeting AIDS - Select the relevant members of the MTWG - Country policy approved in line with the 5 months Authority - Establish terms of references for the MTWG regional plan for the construction MTWG National - Plan major activities of the MTWG: project AIDS (a) Update the construction policy (with HIV/AIDS components, including - Other ministries, donors made aware 8-11 MTWG Authority, the 1 per cent of construction budgets for HIV prevention programmes) of the new construction policy months UNDP, (b) Advocate, disseminate and implement the guideline on the construction - Clear format with HIV/AIDS component 8 months MTWG UNAIDS policy among relevant ministries and donors in the MOU of the construction project (c) Develop MOU contract format - Make sure all construction projects have MTWG (d) Review the construction proposals (HIV/AIDS component) HIV/AIDS components in line with (e) Develop Early Warning Rapid Response System and implement protocol strategies of the country of HIV/AIDS component for road construction projects - Available tool for HIV/AIDS impact 8-11 MTWG (f) Adapt generic HIV/AIDS impact assessment documents assessment for construction project months
2. National AIDS Authority issues declaration/decision to relevant ministries “Power letter” requires the relevant 2 months National regarding HIV/AIDS programme in national annual budgets ministries to budget and implement the AIDS HIV/AIDS programme in the construction Authority Based on the declaration/decision, each ministerial HIV/AIDS committee is project responsible for budgeting and implementing Action plan – Lao People’s Democratic Republic
Recommendation Activity Responsible parties Time-frame Result Country National AIDS Authority and - Report the recommendations of the Workshop and - Workshop representatives of the 2 weeks Ministries and donors Ministry of Transport to advocate the Chiang Rai Recommendation to the National National Committee for the will know about and strengthened commitment of donors Committee for the Control of AIDS Bureau and Control of AIDS Bureau and accept the Workshop and private and public contractors to the Ministry of Transport Ministry of Transport recommendations implement the Chiang Rai - Plan an orientation for the relevant ministries, - The National Committee for 1 month and the Chiang Rai Recommendation*, including funding such as the ministries of health, transport, finance, the Control of AIDS Bureau in Recommendation of the construction budget for HIV labour and social welfare, and the Committee for collaboration with UNDP and the prevention programmes, with assistance Planning and Cooperation, and donors Ministry of Transport from UNDP, UNAIDS, the United - Orientation meeting for policy makers concerning - Arranged by the National 2 months Nations Regional Task Force on the workshop recommendations and the Chiang Committee for the Control of AIDS Mobility and regional entities Rai Recommendation Bureau and Ministry of Transport Environmental and social impact - During the orientation meeting, the participants The National Committee for the 2 months A decree will mandate assessments for construction projects would be expected to agree with the formulation Control of AIDS Bureau presents the inclusion of an should include an HIV/AIDS impact of a decree to make impact assessment possiblethe possibility of requesting a decree HIV impact assessment assessment in the Lao People’s Democratic Republic for major construction projects The budget for possible HIV - The decree would be formulated for submission The National Committee for the 5 months The vulnerability of prevention activities should be to the Prime Minister for approval Control of AIDS Bureau and the communities can be included in the construction project Ministry of Health together with the determined Ministry of Transport - Decree will be approved/signed by the Prime Prime Minister 8 months The budget for the Minister HIV component can be determined A Mobility Technical Working Group - During the orientation meeting, the possibility of The National Committee for the 2 months Mobility Technical should be organized under the setting up a Mobility Working Group will be Control of AIDS Bureau together Working Group is auspices of the National AIDS discussed (participants, terms of reference, with the Ministry of Transport set up Council/Authority to provide advocacy frequency etc.) and information sharing The Ministry of Transport is to - The Ministry of Transport can propose the Ministry of Transport 12 months Funds for HIV/AIDS allocate (under its annual budget) inclusion HIV prevention activities for ongoing programme made funding for HIV/AIDS programmes construction projects in the budget for the available Committee for Planning and Cooperation
* ASEAN Governments have adopted a common policy recommending the integration of HIV prevention programmes as a precondition for bidding on and gaining
19 approval for construction and infrastructural development contracts. 20 Action plan – Myanmar
Activity Time-frame Expected output Risks/assumptions
1. Briefing on the issues related to this Workshop; 1 month Both ministers are briefed about Evidence-based documents; workshop Recommendations to both the Ministers of Health and the recommendations documents available to focal persons in both Construction ministries
2. UNDP-SEAHIV office contacts UNDP HIV focal person in 1 month UNDP- HIV focal person in Evidence-based documents and workshop Myanmar, followed by a briefing to the UNDP Resident Myanmar is informed about documents available to UNDP focal person Representative in Myanmar by its focal person the needs
3. UNDP Resident Representative makes appointment for courtesy 1-2 months Both ministers are briefed about The call is made and the matter is discussed calls on both ministers to discuss the issues the issues positively
4. The matter is put up for a high-level decision-making meeting 3-5 months Decision makers accept the Ministers put the matter forward at this (National Health Committee, chaired by the Prime Minister) proposed matter particular level of meeting; meeting is (recommendations: 1, 2 and 4) conducted
5. An HIV component is included in the budget of development ? HIV component included in the Policy has been formulated by decision plans and budget of the Ministry of Construction budget makers
6. A technical working body is created under the National AIDS 3-5 months The Task Force is created Evidence-based documents and workshop Committee, with representation from relevant ministries and documents made available; National AIDS agencies Committee meeting conducted; issues discussed at the meeting; relevant ministries participate in the Task Force
7. A terms of reference is created for the Task Force 5-8 months Terms of reference developed The Task Force is created and the meeting is and agreed on among the conducted members
8. The Task Force begins to function 8 months Technical body for dealing with Continued support from participating agencies; onwards issues related to mobility and active communication with National Action HIV transmission in Programme, the ASEAN Task Force on AIDS developmental projects is focal person and regional-level groups working Action plan – Thailand
Goal: To ensure that HIV programmes are implemented in all construction projects and industries. Time-frame: ____ years
Activity Time-frame Output
1. Set up working group workshop (the Ministry of Public Health is the leader for this 3 days Mutual agreement; working group workshop): relevant agencies (NGOs, Ministry of Transport, Ministry of Labour, National Police Bureau, Ministry of Interior, etc.) invited to agree on the objectives and mandates of the working group
2. Prepare advocacy tools: document review, research (Contract out, prepare terms of reference, 6 months Concrete evidence obtain technical assistance from UNDP)
3. Advocacy in the National AIDS Commission and Cabinet: 3.1 Informal meeting with key Committee/Commission members (lobbying) 3.1 3 times 3.1 Support from key persons; every 2 months 3.2 Formal meeting of the National AIDS Commission 3.2 ½ day 3.2 The National AIDS Commission accepts proposal to include a HIV prevention programme in highway and construction projects; 3.3 Ministry of Public Health (as secretariat of the National AIDS Commission) submits the 3.3 N/A 3.3 Policy on mandating that all highway and proposal to the Cabinet for approval construction projects include HIV prevention programmes and include HIV impact assessment and environment impact assessments
4. The working group will establish a mobility technical sub-working group, which will meet Quarterly Technical sub-working group: encourages regularly implementation of the policy; monitors and evaluates 21 22 Action plan – Viet Nam
Activity Responsible parties Time-frame Output Risks/assumptions 1. The National AIDS Authority and Ministry of Transport is to advocate the strengthened commitment of donors and private and public contractors to implement the Chiang Rai Recommendation, including allocation of an amount up to 1 per cent of the construction budget for HIV prevention programmes, with the assistance from UNDP, UNAIDS, the United Nations Regional Task Force on Mobility and other regional entities 1.1 Include the orientation of the Chiang Rai Department of AIDS 4 months Make all relevant ministries aware of the Donors and relevant Recommendation; update workshop’s results in the Control, Ministry of Chiang Rai Recommendation; follow-up ministries are willing to agenda of the National AIDS Authority’s next meeting Health actions recorded in the meeting’s minutes act on recommendation 1.2 Organize a workshop within the Ministry of Transport Department of Health 5 months One declaration is made by all relevant to orient construction project management units and - The Ministry of participants on support for the Chiang Rai contractors, and other related departments on the Transport cooperates Recommendation Chiang Rai Recommendation, the GMS Memorandum with the Department of of Understanding, ASEAN Action Plan and mobility AIDS Control Ministry and HIV issues of Health 1.3 The Ministry of Transport will encourage donors, the Ministry of Transport 7 months Guidance is issued on strengthening project management unit and construction contractors to HIV prevention programmes on road budget for HIV prevention programmes in their projects construction projects 2. Once a construction project requires environmental and social impact assessments, this assessment should include an HIV/AIDS impact assessment Ministry of Transport recommends donors and project Ministry of Transport 8 months A request will be included in the management unit to include HIV/AIDS impact onwards Ministry of Transport’s plan of action for assessment HIV/AIDS prevention in 2004 3. A Mobility Technical Working Group (MTWG) should be organized under the auspices of the National AIDS Authority/Council. This body will provide advocacy, information sharing and technical assistance on regional decisions and agreements on mobility and HIV/AIDS, including the implementation of the Chiang Rai Recommendation 3.1 Set up multisectoral Mobility Technical Working Group Department of AIDS 5 months Terms of reference of Technical Working Control, Ministry of Group are designed Health, gives advice to the National AIDS Commission 3.2 Organize Technical Working Group meetings twice a year Technical Working First meeting All ministries, donors and other entities with all ministries, donors and other entities concerned Group in the second concerned are updated on HIV and half of 2004 mobility issues of the region 3.3 Technical Working Group introduces and facilitates Early Technical Working 16 months Early Warning Rapid Response System Warning Rapid Response System to relevant ministries Group is formed and adopted; Chiang Rai and provincial AIDS committees and communities Recommendation will be followed up 4. The Ministry of Transport and Ministry of Construction should allocate, under their annual budgets, funding for HIV/AIDS programmes Advocate that the Ministry of Finance adopt a policy for Department of AIDS 7 months A mechanism is established Evidence shows Ministry allocating and using annual funding of Ministry of Control, Ministry of of Transport has HIV Transport, Ministry of Construction for HIV/AIDS Health prevention programmes programmes for construction workers United Nations Development Programme
South East Asia HIV and Development Programme http://www.hiv-development.org
Publications List
ISBN COVER TITLE DATE Building Regional HIV Resilience along the ASEAN Highway Network http://www.hiv-development.org/publications/ASEAN_highway.htm Workshop organized by UNDP-SEAHIV, ASEAN Secretariat and World Vision 974-92241-7-5 International August 2004 A joint publication of UNDP-SEAHIV, ASEAN Secretariat and World Vision International Language: English Environment and Agriculture Interactions: Implications for HIV and other infectious diseases http://www.hiv-development.org/publications/env_agri.htm 974-92097-8-8 Authors: Jacques du Guerny and Lee-Nah Hsu July 2004 Language: English
Plant Diversity, Sustainable Rural Livelihoods and the HIV/AIDS Crisis http://www.hiv-development.org/publications/plant_diversity.htm 974-92021-4-7 Author: Josep A. Garí June 2004 Language: English
Mainstreaming HIV Prevention in the Military: A case study from Cambodia http://www.hiv-development.org/publications/defense.htm 974-91992-4-3 Author: Tan Sokhey Compiled by Allison Woodruff May 2004 Language: English
African-Asian Agriculture against AIDS http://www.hiv-development.org/publications/5A.htm 974-91418-5-7 Workshop organized by UNDP-SEAHIV and FAO A joint publication of FAO and UNDP April 2004 Language: English
Mapping HIV Vulnerability along Kampong Thom, Siem Reap, Odor Meanchey and Preah Vihear, Cambodia 974-91403-2-X http://www.hiv-development.org/publications/cambodia_prip.htm March 2004 Authors: Tia Phalla, Hor Bun Leng, Po Samnang Language: English
Building Dynamic Democratic Governance and HIV-Resilient Societies http://www.hiv-development.org/publications/Oslo_Paper.htm 974-91870-8-3 Authors: Lee-Nah Hsu February 2004 A joint publication of UNAIDS and UNDP Language: English
Farmers’ Life School Manual http://www.hiv-development.org/publications/FLS.htm Authors: Ou Chhaya, Jacques du Guerny, Richard Geeves, Masaya Kato and 974-91708-1-4 Lee-Nah Hsu January 2004 Compiled by Michelle Mah A joint publication of UNDP, FAO and World Education Language: English ISBN COVER TITLE DATE
Population Movement and HIV/AIDS: The case of Ruili, Yunnan, China* http://www.hiv-development.org/publications/Ruili_Model.htm Authors: Jacques du Guerny, Lee-Nah Hsu and Cao Hong 974-91669-7-3 A joint publication of UNDP and CIDA August 2003 Languages: English, Chinese
From Early Warning to Development Sector Responses against HIV/AIDS Epidemics* 974-91330-6-4 http://www.hiv-development.org/publications/EWDSR.htm May 2003 Authors: Philip Guest, Jacques du Guerny and Lee-Nah Hsu Languages: English, Chinese
Multisectoral Responses to Mobile Populations’ HIV Vulnerability: Examples from People’s Republic of China, Thailand and Viet Nam* 974-91165-8-5 http://www.hiv-development.org/publications/Multisectoral.htm February 2003 Authors: Jacques du Guerny, Kellie Wilson, Promboon Panitchapakdi and Philip Guest Language: English
Meeting the HIV/AIDS Challenge to Food Security: The role of labour-saving technologies in farm-households* http://www.hiv-development.org/publications/meeting-challenge.htm 974-680-220-8 Author: Jacques du Guerny December 2002 A joint publication of FAO and UNDP Languages: English, Chinese
Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore Cluster Country Consultation on Migrant Workers’ HIV Vulnerability Reduction: Pre-departure, post-arrival and returnee reintegration* 974-680-221-6 http://www.hiv-development.org/publications/BIMPS-Report.htm Workshop organized by UNDP-SEAHIV, CHASPPAR, MOH Philippines, OWWA September 2002 Philippines and ASEAN Secretariat Languages: English, Chinese
Indigenous South East Asian Herbal Remedies: Symptomatic relief for people with HIV/AIDS * http://www.hiv-development.org/publications/Herbs.htm 974-680-212-7 Authors: Somsak Supawitkul, Rachanit Rachakid and Pornpimol Saksoong August 2002 Compiled by Marissa Marco, Phimjai Kananurak and Kannika Marco Language: English
Communities Facing the HIV/AIDS Challenge: From crisis to opportunities, from community vulnerability to community resilience http://www.hiv-development.org/publications/Crisis.htm 974-680-271-8 Authors: Lee-Nah Hsu, Jacques du Guerny and Marissa Marco July 2002 Languages: English, Chinese
Introducing Governance into HIV/AIDS Programmes: People’s Republic of China, Lao PDR and Viet Nam* http://www.hiv-development.org/publications/introducing-Governance.htm 974-680-195-3 Prepared by Jacques du Guerny, Lee-Nah Hsu, Michelle Rodolph, Liu Wei, Zhao Shaoji, June 2002 et al. Languages: English, Chinese, Vietnamese
Towards Borderless Strategies against HIV/AIDS* http://www.hiv-development.org/publications/Borderless-Strategies.htm 974-680-211-9 Authors: Jacques du Guerny and Lee-Nah Hsu May 2002 Languages: English, Chinese, Vietnamese
The Potential Costs and Benefits of Responding to the Mobility Aspect of the HIV Epidemic in South East Asia: A conceptual framework* http://www.hiv-development.org/publications/economics.htm 974-680-206-2 Authors: Lorna Guinness and Lilani Kumaranayake April 2002 Languages: English, Chinese, Vietnamese ISBN COVER TITLE DATE
Mobile Populations and HIV Vulnerability: Selected responses in South East Asia* http://www.hiv-development.org/publications/Responses.htm Authors: Sin Chhitna, Viboon Kemchalerm, Nguyen Duy Tung and Steen Bjorn 974-680-250-4 Hanssen March 2002 A joint publication of UNDP/UNOPS and The Rockefeller Foundation Languages: English, Chinese, Khmer, Laotian, Thai, Vietnamese
Agriculture and HIV/AIDS* http://www.hiv-development.org/publications/Agriculture.htm 974-680-204-6 Author: Jacques du Guerny A joint publication of UNDP/UNOPS, FAO and EASE International February 2002 Languages: English, Chinese, Khmer, Laotian, Thai, Vietnamese
A Development Strategy to Empower Rural Farmers and Prevent HIV* http://www.hiv-development.org/publications/HESA.htm 974-680-200-3 Authors: Jacques du Guerny, Lee-Nah Hsu and Sin Chhitna A joint publication of UNDP/UNOPS and FAO January 2002 Languages: English, Chinese, Burmese, Khmer, Laotian, Thai, Vietnamese
Mobile Populations and HIV Vulnerability: Inventory of organizations* http://www.hiv-development.org/publications/Inventory.htm 974-680-198-8 Prepared by UNDP-SEAHIV, UNAIDS and IOM Geneva December 2001 A joint publication of UNDP/UNOPS, UNAIDS and IOM Language: English
Population Mobility and HIV/AIDS in Indonesia* http://www.hiv-development.org/publications/Indonesia.htm Author: Graeme Hugo 92-2-112631-5 A joint publication of UNDP-SEAHIV, ILO, UNAIDS and AusAID November 2001 Language: English
HIV Policy Formulation and Strategic Planning: For the communication, transportation, post, construction and tourism sectors, Lao People’s Democratic Republic* 974-680-184-8 http://www.hiv-development.org/publications/land-transport-Lao.htm October 2001 Workshop organized by UNDP-SEAHIV, NCCAB and MCTPC, Lao PDR Languages: English, Laotian Assessing Population Mobility and HIV Vulnerability: Guangxi, People’s Republic of China* http://www.hiv-development.org/publications/Guangxi.htm 974-680-185-6 Authors: Wei Liu, Jie Chen, Zhoufu Qin, Shaoling Liang, Yongjian Li, et al. September 2001 A joint publication of UNDP/UNOPS and UNAIDS Languages: English, Chinese The Impacts of Mapping Assessments on Population Movement and HIV Vulnerability in South East Asia* http://www.hiv-development.org/publications/mapping.htm 974-680-193-7 Authors: Lee-Nah Hsu, Tia Phalla, Chansy Phimphachanh, Liu Wei, Nguyen Duy Tung, September 2001 et al. Languages: English, Chinese
HIV Subverts National Security* http://www.hiv-development.org/publications/Subverts-Security.htm 974-680-192-9 Author: Lee-Nah Hsu August 2001 Languages: English, Chinese, Vietnamese
Sang Fan Wan Mai Youth Group: Tiny steps by youth to battle the AIDS crisis* http://www.hiv-development.org/publications/Sang-Fan-Wan-Mai.htm 974-680-190-2 Prepared by Jansui Janpeng, Jinda Kankaew, Prachert Tatong, Sangdaw Tanggoen, July 2001 et al. Language: English People’s Development: A community governance tool* http://www.hiv-development.org/publications/People-Development.htm Author: Seri Phongphit 974-680-187-2 A joint publication of UNDP/UNOPS and UNAIDS July 2001 Languages: English, Chinese, Vietnamese ISBN COVER TITLE DATE
A Website at the Service of HIV and Development: Remarks on role, strategy and effectiveness* http://www.hiv-development.org/publications/Web-Site.htm 974-680-189-9 Authors: Jacques du Guerny, Andrew Gillen, Christopher Nicholson and Lee-Nah Hsu June 2001 Languages: English, Chinese, Vietnamese
Mae Chan Workshop on Integrated Community Mobilization towards Effective Multisectoral HIV/AIDS Prevention and Care* http://www.hiv-development.org/publications/Mae-Chan-Workshop.htm 974-680-182-1 Workshop organized by UNDP-SEAHIV and UNAIDS May 2001 A joint publication of UNDP/UNOPS and UNAIDS Language: English
Land Transport & HIV Vulnerability: A development challenge* http://www.hiv-development.org/publications/development-challenge.htm 974-680-186-4 Prepared by UNDP/UNOPS, UNAIDS and UNESCAP A joint publication of UNDP/UNOPS, UNAIDS and UNESCAP April 2001 Languages: English, Chinese, Laotian
Building an Alliance with Transport Sector in HIV Vulnerability Reduction* http://www.hiv-development.org/publications/Building.htm 974-680-180-5 Author: Lee-Nah Hsu March 2001 Languages: English, Chinese, Laotian, Vietnamese
New Challenges and Opportunities? Communication for HIV and Development* 974-680-179-1 http://www.hiv-development.org/publications/Challenges.htm February 2001 Authors: Jacques du Guerny and Lee-Nah Hsu Language: English
Our Families, Our Friends: An action guide – mobilize your community for HIV/AIDS prevention and care* http://www.hiv-development.org/publications/ActionGuide.htm 974-878-657-9 Prepared by United Nations Theme Group on AIDS, Thailand in collaboration January 2001 with WHO Thailand A joint publication of UNDP/UNOPS and UNAIDS Languages: English, Burmese, Chinese, Khmer, Laotian, Vietnamese
Sermons Based on Buddhist Precepts: A response to HIV/AIDS* http://www.hiv-development.org/publications/Sermons.htm 974-680-177-5 Prepared by Monk Group, Mae Chan District, Chiang Rai in collaboration with Mae December 2000 Chan Hospital, Chiang Rai, Thailand Languages: English, Burmese, Vietnamese
Assessing Population Movement & HIV Vulnerability: Brunei – Indonesia – Malaysia – Philippines linkages in the East ASEAN Growth Area* http://www.hiv-development.org/publications/BIMP.htm 974-680-175-9 Prepared by Scalabrini Migration Centre November 2000 A joint publication of UNDP/UNOPS and UNAIDS Language: English
HIV Vulnerability Mapping: Highway One, Viet Nam* http://www.hiv-development.org/publications/Vietnam-highwayOne.htm 974-680-176-7 Prepared by UNDP-SEAHIV in collaboration with National AIDS Bureau, Sociology October 2000 Institute, Social Development Research and Consultancy and UNDP Hanoi, Viet Nam Languages: English, Vietnamese
Indonesian Overseas Contract Workers’ HIV Knowledge: A gap in information* http://www.hiv-development.org/publications/Contract%20Workers.htm 974-680-173-2 Author: Graeme Hugo September 2000 A joint publication of UNDP/UNOPS and ILO Language: English ISBN COVER TITLE DATE
From AIDS Epidemics to an AIDS Pandemic: Is an HIV/AIDS hub building in South East Asia?* 974-680-172-4 http://www.hiv-development.org/publications/Epidemics%20Pandemic.htm August 2000 Authors: Jacques du Guerny, James R. Chamberlain and Lee-Nah Hsu Languages: English, Chinese, Khmer, Laotian, Thai, Vietnamese
Early Warning Rapid Response System: HIV vulnerability caused by mobility related to development* http://www.hiv-development.org/publications/ewrrs.htm 974-680-169-4 Authors: Jacques du Guerny and Lee-Nah Hsu July 2000 Languages: English, Chinese, Khmer, Laotian, Thai, Vietnamese
ASEAN Workshop on Population Movement and HIV Vulnerability* http://www.hiv-development.org/publications/ASEAN_workshop.htm Workshop organized by MOPH Thailand, UNDP-SEAHIV, WHO, ASEAN Secretariat, FHI/USAID and SEAMEO-GTZ-CHASPPAR 974-87637-8-1 A joint publication of UNDP-SEAHIV, Ministry of Public Health (Thailand), ASEAN, June 2000 WHO, FHI, USAID, GTZ and SEAMEO Language: English
Reduction of HIV Vulnerability within the Land Transport Sector: Towards a public policy framework for addressing HIV/AIDS in the transport sector* http://www.hiv-development.org/publications/land-transport.htm 974-68500-8-3 Workshop organized by UNDP-SEAHIV, UNESCAP and UNAIDS May 2000 A joint publication of UNDP/UNOPS, UNAIDS, and UNESCAP Languages: English, Khmer
Population Mobility in Asia: Implications for HIV/AIDS action programme* http://www.hiv-development.org/publications/mobility-action- programmes.htm Authors: Lee-Nah Hsu, Jacques du Guerny, Promboon Panitchpakdi, Manit Koedkan, 974-85835-3-8 et al. April 2000 A joint publication of UNDP, UNAIDS, and ICAAP Language: English
HIV Vulnerability and Population Mobility in the Northern Provinces of the Lao People’s Democratic Republic* http://www.hiv-development.org/publications/Vulnerability-Lao.htm 974-85913-8-7 Author: James R. Chamberlain March 2000 Languages: English, Laotian
Population Mobility and HIV Vulnerability in South East Asia: An assessment and analysis* http://www.hiv-development.org/publications/sea_publications_papers.asp 974-85835-1-1 Author: Ronald Skeldon February 2000 A joint publication of UNDP/UNOPS and FHI Languages: English, Chinese, Laotian, Vietnamese
Cambodia HIV Vulnerability Mapping: Highway One and Five* http://www.hiv-development.org/publications/cambodia_mapping.htm 974-68016-7-8 Prepared by National Centre for HIV/AIDS, Dermatology and STD, Cambodia January 2000 A joint publication of UNDP/UNOPS and NCHADS Language: English
* These publications are no longer available in hard copy format; however, they may be downloaded in electronic form from the following website: http://www.hiv-development.org Additional Publications
ISBN COVER TITLE DATE N D Crossing national and sectoral boundaries in HIV/AIDS strategies – U experiences from South East Asia http://www.hiv-development.org/text/publications/Crossing_Boundaries.pdf September 2003 Article in Sexual Health Exchange 2003/2 Authors: Lee-Nah Hsu and Jacques du Guerny Language: English
UNESCAP/UNDP-SEAHIV/UNAIDS/SMA/CIDA HIV/AIDS: Be safe not sorry Mobilising a Response to HIV/AIDS in the Maritime Industry 92-1-120160-8 Course information for instructors, course information for students and CD-ROM course materials July 2002 Languages: English, Chinese
ADB/UNDP-SEAHIV/WVI/Burnet Institute: Toolkit for HIV prevention among mobile populations in the Greater Mekong Subregion 1-875140-52-2 http://www.hiv-development.org/publications/Tool-Kit.htm 2002 Languages: English, Chinese, Burmese, Khmer, Laotian, Vietnamese N D Independent Review of the UN Regional Taskforce on Mobile Populations U and HIV Vulnerability http://www.hiv-development.org/text/task/review2001.doc November 2001 Author: Jacques du Guerny Language: English N D U Strategy on Mobility and HIV Vulnerability Reduction in the Greater Mekong Subregion 2002-2004 http://www.hiv-development.org/publications/Strategy.htm September 2001 Languages: English, Chinese, Burmese, Khmer, Laotian, Thai, Vietnamese
UNDP-FAO Mobilization and Empowerment of Rural Communities along the Asian Highway (Route 5) in Cambodia to Reduce HIV Vulnerability http://www.hiv-development.org/publications/review-route5.htm April 2001 Fact sheet and project evaluation report by Jacques du Guerny Languages: English, Khmer
UNIFEM/UNAIDS/UNDP-SEAHIV Information Kit on Women, Gender and HIV/ AIDS in East and South East Asia March 2001 Language: English
Better Safe than Sorry: Preventing HIV/AIDS among mobile populations in the Greater Mekong Subregion Video CD 2001 Languages: English, Chinese, Laotian, Vietnamese
ADB/UNDP/WVI/ARCM: Mobility and HIV/AIDS in the Greater Mekong Subregion Fact sheet, inception report and profiling report 1-875140-48-4 Language: English December 2000
Regional Summit on Pre-departure, Post-arrival and Reintegration Programmes for Migrant Worker Workshop organized by CARAM Asia, UNDP-SEAHIV, CHRF and IOM 983-40375-0-3 Report September 2000 Language: English
CIPY Heritage Producer: Hem Monirith, Director: Tith Thearith, Assistant Manager: Ouk Sokha Technical assistance: Mean Chhi Vun, Lim Thaipheang, Tia Phalla, Seng Sutwantha, Hor Bunleng and Po Samnang November 1999 Video CD Languages: Khmer with English subtitles
Capacity-building Multisectoral Partnership Policy Advocacy Resilience Development
UNDP is the United Nations global development network, advocating for change and connecting countries to knowledge, experience and resources to help people build a better life.
UNDP South East Asia HIV and Development Programme, United Nations Building, Rajdamnern Nok Avenue, Bangkok 10200, Thailand Tel: +66-2-288-2165; Fax: +66-2-280-1852; Web site: www.hiv-development.org
Development is the process of enlarging peoples’ choices to live long and healthy lives, to have access to knowledge, and to have access to income and assets: to enjoy a decent standard of living.
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