Understanding the Ingleborough Dales Landscape Partnership Scheme Area

Stories in Stone Landscape Conservation Action Plan Part 1

Ingleborough Dales Landscape Partnership

April 2015

Contents

List of abbreviations 1

Acknowledgments 2

Executive summary 3

Introduction 4

Development 6

Using this document 10

Section 1: Our Vision and Aims 11 1.1. Our Vision for the Ingleborough Dales 11 1.2. Our long-term aims and objectives 11

Section 2: Understanding the Ingleborough Dales 12 2.1. Introduction 12 2.2. Boundary review 12 2.3. Landscape Character Assessment 12 2.3.1. Broad Landscape Character Assessment 14 2.3.2. Detailed Landscape Character Assessment 14 2.4. The heritage of the Ingleborough Dales 27 2.4.1. Introduction 27 2.4.2. Geology and landscape of the Ingleborough Dales 27 2.4.3. Biodiversity 32 2.4.4. The historical landscape 34 2.4.5. Buildings and settlements 36 2.4.6. Transport 37 2.4.7. Industrial development 38 2.4.8. Centuries of discovery 39 2.4.9. Context 41 2.5. Management information 43 2.5.1. Introduction 43 2.5.2. European 43 2.5.3. National 44 2.5.4. Regional 45 2.5.5. How the landscape is managed today 46

Section 3: Statement of Significance 48 3.1. Introduction 48 3.2. Striking geology 48 3.3. A landscape shaped by ice 49 3.4. A karst landscape 49 3.5. A culture of livestock farming 50 3.6. A rich seam of industry 50 3.7. Buildings and settlements 51 3.8. A cultural landscape 52 3.9. A wealth of wildlife 52 3.10. An industrial playground 54 3.11. An inspiration 55

Section 4: Threats and Opportunities 56 4.1. Introduction 56 4.2. Changes in land management 56 4.3. Loss of traditional skills 57 4.4. Lack of community engagement 58 4.5. Lack of resources 59 4.6. Caves at risk 60 4.7. Built heritage 61 4.8. Cultural heritage 62 4.9. Climate change 63 4.10. Recreational pressure and visitor numbers 64

Section 5: The Scheme Plan 65 5.1. Introduction 65 5.2. Programmes, Aims and Projects overview 66 5.2.1. Programme 1: Historical Ingleborough 66 5.2.2. Programme 2: Natural Ingleborough 67 5.2.3. Programme 3: Discover Ingleborough 68 5.2.4. Programme 4: Skills for Ingleborough 69 5.3. Project outputs and costs 70 5.4. Connections between projects 78 5.5. Delivering Landscape Partnership outcomes 79 5.6. Changes to the scheme since first-stage approval 80 5.6.1. Partners 80 5.6.2. Programmes and projects 80 5.6.3. IDLP delivery team 82 5.6.4. Costs and match funding 83 5.6.5. Start date 84

Section 6: Scheme Governance and Delivery 85 6.1. Introduction 85 6.2. Landscape Partnership Board 85 6.3. IDLP lead partner and accountable body 86 6.4. Local Stakeholders Group 87 6.5. Ingleborough Dales Community Forum 88 6.6. IDLP delivery team 88 6.7. Volunteers 89 6.8. Consents and statutory responsibilities 90 6.9. Risk Register 91 6.10. Communications Strategy 92

Section 7: Scheme Finances 93 7.1. Procurement Policy 93 7.1.1. Staff recruitment 93 7.1.2. Goods and services 93 7.2. Financial Management 100 7.2.1. Management of the Common Fund 100 7.2.2. Partnership funding 100 7.2.3. Role of YDNPA 102 7.2.4. Third-party grants and agreements 102

Section 8: Legacy, Monitoring and Evaluation 104 8.1. Introduction 104 8.2. The Landscape Partnership’s legacy for the Ingleborough Dales 104 8.3. Development of a legacy strategy 105 8.4. How legacy will be delivered 105 8.4.1. The Landscape Partnership 107 8.4.2. Local communities 107 8.4.3. Staff 108 8.4.4. Resources 108 8.5. Monitoring outputs 108 8.6. Evaluating outcomes 109 8.6.1. Mid-delivery evaluation 109 8.6.2. Final evaluation 110 8.7. Sharing the results of evaluation 110 8.8. Exit Strategy 111

Section 9: Adoption and Review 112 9.1. Adoption 112 9.2. Review 112

List of abbreviations

AONB Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty BAME Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic CAP Common Agricultural Policy CDP Continuing Professional Development Defra Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs ELC European Landscape Convention FCR Full Cost Recovery FTE Full Time Equivalent HLF Heritage Lottery Fund HMRC Her Majesty’s Revenue and Customs IAP Integrated Access Plan IDLP Ingleborough Dales Landscape Partnership LCAP Landscape Conservation Action Plan LP Board Landscape Partnership Board LSG Local Stakeholders Group NNR National Nature Reserve NYCC North Yorkshire County Council RDPE Rural Development Programme for England SAC Special Area of Conservation SAM Scheduled Ancient Monument SSSI Site of Special Scientific Interest SOA Super-output Areas YDMT Yorkshire Dales Millennium Trust YDNPA Yorkshire Dales National Park Authority YDS Yorkshire Dales Society YWT Yorkshire Wildlife Trust

Acknowledgments

Thanks to: Adrian Kidd (North Yorkshire Geodiversity Partnership) for providing much of the narrative for Section 2.4.2. Briony Davey (YDNPA) for producing the scheme area map and the maps in Annex 22. Ellie Brown and all of the IDLP Steering Group, but particularly Colin Newlands, David Johnson, Karen Cowley and Phil Robinson, for proof-reading and comments on the text. Fiona Southern, our HLF monitor, for advice and support.

Photos Front cover, top row, L-R: Tanya St Pierre, YDMT; Hilary Fenten; Tanya St Pierre, YDMT Second row: Mark Butler; Don Gamble; Tanya St Pierre, YDMT Third row: Jo Boulter, YDMT; unknown; Judy Rogers, YDMT Bottom row: Robert Goodison; Les Fitton; YDMT Page 9: Alex Barbour, YDMT Pages 11, 16, 17, 18, 20, 22, 25, 29, 32 and 113: Don Gamble, YDMT Pages 21, 23, 24 and 26: scanned from the Landscape Character Assessments Page 30, top: Les Fitton Page 30, bottom: Unknown Page 31: YDNPA Page 33: YDNPA Page 35: Tanya St Pierre Page 37: Robert Goodison Pages 39 and 50: YDNPA Page 40: Robert Goodison Page 47: Christine Walker Page 49: Mark Butler Page 53, top: Pippa Rayner, YDMT Page 53, bottom: Robert Goodison Page 54: Judy Rogers, YDMT Page 55: A J Crossland Page 60: Andrew Hinde, Natural England Page 84: YDNPA Page 90: YDMT Page 103: YDMT Page 111: John Cropper

Executive summary

This Landscape Conservation Action Plan (LCAP) has been developed by the Ingleborough Dales Landscape Partnership, which consists of national, regional and local partners working to conserve, restore and celebrate heritage assets in the Ingleborough Dales area.

The scheme covers a rural area of approximately 133 km2 in the south-west corner of North Yorkshire. The area is roughly triangular, with Ribblehead and its impressive viaduct at its northernmost point, the small market town of Settle to the south, and Ingleton village to the west. It is centred on and overlooked by the iconic summit of Ingleborough, one of the Yorkshire Three Peaks. The area has a strikingly distinctive character, dominated by the underlying influences of its limestone geology, glacial scouring and deposition, and the visible surface impact of human activity through quarrying and traditional upland livestock farming.

The total cost of the scheme is estimated to be £2,602,438. The LCAP supports the Partnership’s second-stage application for a grant of £1,991,200 from the Heritage Lottery Fund.

Through extensive consultation with local communities and organisations an agreed set of priorities for its conservation and long-term care has emerged. The Partnership’s scheme, called Stories in Stone, will connect and coordinate the plans and actions of a range of public, private and community bodies to conserve, enhance and celebrate the unique historical and natural elements of the Ingleborough Dales’ landscape. Through improved access and new learning opportunities, it will enable and inspire a wider range of people to discover, enjoy and contribute to this landscape in a way that ensures a healthy future for this very special place.

The scheme includes 27 projects. Some of these have several sub-projects, making a total of around 60 individual projects. The breadth of the projects includes natural, built and cultural heritage restoration, creative and digital interpretation, physical and intellectual access improvements, social inclusion, educational activities, oral histories, volunteering, sustainable transport, benefits to the local economy, and skills training.

It is a coherent set of projects which aims to conserve and restore some of our most important heritage assets, to make them more accessible to residents and visitors for learning, training and recreation, to provide opportunities to care for and celebrate the landscape and its heritage, to enable communities to make decisions about their heritage and provide them with the skills to contribute to its long-term care, and to provide benefits to the communities and the landscape as a whole.

As the scheme progresses we fully expect further opportunities to enhance and celebrate the area’s landscape heritage to arise. We will aim to take advantage of these, to maximise the benefits to the local heritage and communities. The momentum and enthusiasm generated by the scheme will provide a legacy for the Ingleborough Dales Landscape Partnership and ensure that the benefits are sustained into the future for all.

Introduction This is Part 1 of the Landscape Conservation Action Plan for Stories in Stone, the Ingleborough Dales Landscape Partnership scheme. Together with the detailed project plans in Part 2 and a number of annexes, it forms the main part of the Partnership’s second-stage application to the Heritage Lottery Fund’s Landscape Partnership programme. The first-stage application was developed over a three-year period by partner organisations and in consultation with individuals and organisations with an interest in the Ingleborough Dales area.

The LCAP relates to a rural area of approximately 133 km2 in the south-west corner of North Yorkshire (see Figure 1). The area is roughly triangular, with Ribblehead and its impressive viaduct at its northernmost point, the small market town of Settle to the south, and Ingleton village to the west.

Figure 1: The Ingleborough Dales Landscape Partnership area

Scheme boundary

Yorkshire Dales National Park boundary

The area is centred on the distinctive peak of Ingleborough, arguably the best known of Yorkshire’s famous Three Peaks. It is wholly within the district of Craven (one of the few remaining Celtic place names within the Yorkshire Dales) and almost completely within the Yorkshire Dales National Park. Although a rural area, the urban centres of Bradford, Leeds, Burnley, Blackburn and Lancaster are all only about an hour away.

The LCAP was coordinated and written between January 2014 and April 2015 by Don Gamble (Landscape Partnership Development Officer) and Dave Tayler (Landscape Partnership Scheme Manager), both with the Yorkshire Dales Millennium Trust (YDMT, the lead partner of the Landscape Partnership). Support was provided by staff and volunteers of many partner organisations and YDMT colleagues.

Don has more than 25 years of experience working in the environmental and community sectors. Prior to his involvement in the Ingleborough Dales Landscape Partnership he was responsible for developing and managing YDMT’s Hay Time meadow restoration and education project, which has won several awards and is often cited as an exemplary nature conservation project. Don also worked on the delivery of YDMT’s HLF-funded Dales Living Landscape programme.

Dave has over 27 years of experience working in the environmental, community, education and training sectors. He led the development of the IDLP first-stage application and has developed and managed a range of conservation, education and training programmes based at YDMT. Dave is currently the Deputy Director at YDMT.

The production of the LCAP has been assisted and overseen by the IDLP Steering Group: Adrian Shepherd, Head of Land Management, Yorkshire Dales National Park Authority Ben Ayres, Land and Planning Manager, Hanson UK Colin Newlands, Senior Reserve Manager, Natural England David Johnson, Trustee, Yorkshire Dales Landscape Research Trust David Park, Restoration Manager - North & Scotland Region, Lafarge Tarmac David Shaw, Area Manager for Yorkshire & Northern Lincolnshire, Natural England Gareth Paisley, Assistant Head, Settle College Karen Cowley, Trustee, Yorkshire Dales Millennium Trust Phil Robinson, Lead Advisor, Natural England Ross Halley, Head of Estates - North & Scotland Region, Lafarge Tarmac Tim Thom, Northern Regional Manager, Yorkshire Wildlife Trust Wilf Fenten, co-opted member

Development In addition to the time, experience and advice provided by the Steering Group to guide and contribute to the development of the LCAP, a large number of officers, individuals, and community and special interest groups have been consulted through numerous meetings and events to understand their priorities for the heritage of the scheme area. Establishing what is important to people, identifying priorities, debating the geographic area covered by the scheme, discussing possible projects and exploring actions have been central to the shaping of the Ingleborough Dales Landscape Partnership.

Work began in 2011, led by Dave Tayler, on developing what was then known as the Craven Dales Landscape Partnership, a proposed scheme that covered a slightly larger geographical area than the area this LCAP covers. Discussions and meetings were held with a wide array of local and regional organisations (see Annex 1) and several public events were run. These consultations generated a wide range of comments on existing projects, new project ideas, priorities, and ambitions for the project area. The atmosphere surrounding all of this engagement was very positive and there was a real spirit of productive collaboration.

However, the first-stage application, submitted to HLF in 2012, was unsuccessful, but a revised application was invited. Further consultation was carried out to determine the level of support for re-submission (which was very high), to review the scheme vision, geographical area and name of the scheme, to identify additional potential project activities and partners, and to agree the contributions of various partner organisations.

The consensus was to revise the geographical area covered by the scheme so that it became more tightly focussed on the key features of interest to enable maximum impact. In addition, it was decided to include the market town of Settle and village of Ingleton, natural gateways into the scheme area, in response to keen interest from individuals and groups in the two settlements to contribute to and be involved in the scheme. The scheme was renamed the Ingleborough Dales Landscape Partnership (IDLP) but it retained the same key theme: Stories in Stone.

The opportunity to review and amend the scheme led to the development of a much more focussed scheme and the re-submitted first-stage application was approved in October 2013.

During the subsequent development phase, led by Don Gamble, further consultation work was carried out, including drop-in events, illustrated talks and attendance at workshops. Alongside this consultation, various pieces of work were commissioned to fill gaps in the Partnership’s knowledge. These reports, summarised below, collectively involved extensive consultation with local communities, stakeholders and target audience groups, and they have helped to inform the development of the scheme and this LCAP.  Resources for Change (R4C), in partnership with Europarc Consulting, were commissioned to develop a Formative Evaluation Plan (see Annex 2) to enable the IDLP to meet HLF’s evaluation requirements. This will enable us to monitor and evaluate the impact of the scheme and project delivery. Evaluation will inform the scheme management

by identifying what is and isn’t working, and it will help to shape the scheme’s legacy. R4C ran an evaluation workshop for project partners and followed this up by working with individual project leads, focussing on the ‘story of change’ for that element of the scheme. These are in the Project Change Statements (see Annex 3).  The Yorkshire Dales National Park Authority (YDNPA) was commissioned to prepare an Integrated Access Plan (IAP) for the scheme area, to provide the framework for an integrated network of enhanced physical access and intellectual and creative interpretation (see Annex 4). The work was commissioned with the ‘ecomuseum’ concept very much in mind. The work included identifying target audiences and the most appropriate interpretation methods to reach them, and contacting project leads to explore how interpretation could be a part of their proposed projects. A visitor analysis was also undertaken (see Annex 5). The work included consulting with local businesses to determine their needs and to see how they and the IDLP could work together to promote the area and the scheme. This was sub-contracted out and resulted in a separate report (also in Annex 5). The work has directly informed the development of many of the interpretation and access projects.  Europarc Consulting prepared a visitor management plan for the area around Ribblehead in the vicinity of the Ribblehead Viaduct (see Annex 6). It summarises the issues and constraints, and identifies priority measures and options for the conservation of the area, the management of the many visitors and their vehicles, and access enhancements. The work involved liaison with the principal stakeholders, including graziers, landowners and conservation bodies, and carrying out a visitor survey to establish why users park where they do, so as to assess their needs. The work has informed the development of H5 Ribblehead Landscape Enhancements and it supports H6 Ribblehead Station.  The YDNPA was also commissioned to survey a range of traditional farm buildings that could be restored or consolidated during the delivery phase. Twelve buildings of various age, design and condition were prioritised from a list of buildings which were condition assessed in 2011 by volunteers with the Ingleborough Archaeology Group. Each building was also assessed for its architectural, cultural and landscape significance. Ten of the twelve barns surveyed will be restored, with two being restored in Year 1 (see Annexes 7 and 8).  James Innerdale, a conservation architect, surveyed the historical structures at the abandoned hamlet of Thorns, near Ribblehead, and produced a condition survey and specifications (see Annexes 9a and 9b) which will lead to the consolidation of archaeological remains. Complementing the conservation project will be a community archaeology project which has been scoped by Dr David Johnson. The work has informed the development of the H3 Thorns Through Time project.  The Overground Underground Festival Steering Group commissioned Camilla Hale, a freelance consultant, to help them develop a growth and sustainability feasibility plan (see Annex 10). An important part of this was community consultation. The work has led to the Festival becoming an independent, constituted organisation with long-term aims which

will enable it to extend its professionalism and reach and to positively impact on the landscape and communities of the Ingleborough Dales.  Water@leeds, a consultancy with expertise in peatland hydrology and peatland/wetland dynamics, was commissioned to carry out analysis of peat cores taken from Swarth Moor raised bog. The results of the analysis will underpin the conservation work to re-wet the peat dome in N2 Swarth Moor.

YDMT staff undertook research to support the development of projects that it is leading on:  The People and the DALES team consulted a range of organisations in the Bradford/Keighley area and Lancashire to support the development of the D4 Ingleborough for All outreach project. A specific audience development survey was undertaken with a range of groups currently under-represented in visitors to the Yorkshire Dales. This included community groups working with people from BAME (Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic) communities, young people, people with disabilities and those experiencing socio-economic disadvantage.  Dave Tayler conducted a survey with the local schools, both Primaries and Settle College, to establish the level of interest in the scheme and the relevant issues that would need to be addressed to enable full involvement. This was followed by one-to-one discussions with heads and a workshop with the Heads of the joint North Craven Cluster of Schools, with much enthusiasm from all. This identified various barriers to participation, in addition to key areas of interest and priorities for involvement in the scheme, in particular through D3 Schools Out.  Don Gamble developed the guidance notes and application processes for the D9 Community Heritage Grants project. The grants will provide a flexible response to support community-led projects that conserve, enhance, celebrate and increase understanding of the built and natural heritage of the IDLP area. All of this consultation and development work has enabled a good picture of the needs and values of local organisations, communities and individuals to be built up. Their ideas and aspirations have directly informed what the scheme will deliver. A genuine community-driven partnership has emerged, with a very real sense of ownership over the process and the outcomes that the IDLP will deliver, which will lead to the area’s heritage being enhanced at a landscape scale.

Inevitably there will be gaps in our understanding, but increasing our understanding is one of the key aims of the scheme. In addition, the sheer range and quantity of important heritage in the scheme area and its associated conservation and management needs mean it is impossible and impractical to address all of the issues facing the IDLP landscape and its heritage. The process of producing the LCAP has allowed us to focus on the key needs of the landscape and communities that can be best addressed through a Landscape Partnership scheme.

The projects outlined in our first-stage application have been reviewed and refined, resulting in a coherent programme of 27 projects clustered into four interconnecting themes.

The vision, aims and objectives of the scheme will address the identified needs to conserve and enhance significant heritage features and provide opportunities to help people better understand and get more involved in their future management.

The Landscape Partnership Steering Group formally adopted the LCAP on 11 March 2015 and the Landscape Partnership Agreement was signed on 20 April 2015.

Enjoying a summer’s day out near Ingleborough

Using this document This document is set out in sections to allow quick navigation to the different aspects of the Landscape Conservation Action Plan, as follows:

Our Vision and Aims sets out our Vision for the Ingleborough Dales area and our long- term aims and objectives that address the threats and opportunities.

Understanding the Ingleborough Dales describes the physical landscape, geology, biodiversity, historical environment and cultural heritage that together contribute to the distinctiveness of the Ingleborough Dales landscape. It also sets out the rationale for the area that is included in the Landscape Partnership and summarises the key local, regional and national strategies already in place for managing the scheme area.

Statement of Significance describes the importance of the Ingleborough Dales heritage landscape in terms of its overall significance, why it is important and who values it. It gives an understanding of the overall significance of our heritage assets and elements that are regarded as being of particular value.

Threats and Opportunities identifies the key threats to the Ingleborough Dales heritage landscape and the opportunities to address those threats.

The Scheme Plan provides a summary of the various projects that together will deliver the Partnership’s aims and objectives. Projects fall into one of four programmes (although there is overlap between the programmes) which are focussed on built and cultural heritage conservation and restoration; natural heritage conservation and restoration; providing increased opportunities to access, understand and participate in the area’s heritage; and skills training to ensure that people have the knowledge and training to manage, maintain, restore and celebrate the area’s heritage. This section also explains how the scheme supports HLF’s outcomes for Landscape Partnerships.

Programme Governance and Delivery outlines how the scheme will be governed and delivered.

Scheme Finances sets out our procurement, tendering and selection processes for all services and goods that form part of the scheme, and our financial management arrangements.

Legacy, Monitoring and Evaluation provides detail on the long-term legacy and sustainability of the individual projects within the delivery programmes, how the Partnership will be enhanced and able to continue its work, and the exit strategy for the scheme. This section also outlines how we will monitor, evaluate and review the scheme during and after the delivery period.

Adoption and Review includes a statement showing that the Landscape Partnership has formally adopted this LCAP and is committed to its implementation and review.

Section 1: Our Vision and Aims

1.1. Our Vision for the Ingleborough Dales Stories in Stone will connect and coordinate the plans and actions of a range of public, private and community bodies to conserve, enhance and celebrate the unique historical and natural elements of the Ingleborough Dales’ landscape. Through improved access and new learning opportunities, it will enable and inspire a wider range of people to discover, enjoy and contribute to this landscape in a way that ensures a healthy future for this very special place.

1.2. Our long-term aims and objectives The Vision is our overall aim for the IDLP. To achieve the Vision we have identified and developed four long-term aims that characterise the holistic landscape-scale approach that will be taken during the delivery period and after the scheme has formally ended. These aims are informed by the threats to the Ingleborough Dales’ heritage landscape and set out a positive response to those threats by the Partnership. 1. The built and cultural heritage of the Ingleborough Dales is conserved, restored and celebrated. 2. The natural heritage of the Ingleborough Dales is conserved, restored and celebrated. 3. People can access, understand and participate in the heritage of the Ingleborough Dales more easily. 4. People have the knowledge and training to maintain, restore, manage and celebrate the heritage of the Ingleborough Dales.

These four aims will be delivered through four programmes of projects, as set out in Section 5. The projects relate directly to at least one of these four aims, although most projects contribute to more than one.

Ingleborough

Section 2: Understanding the Ingleborough Dales Landscape Partnership scheme area

2.1. Introduction The interaction of people with nature and climate throughout history has produced a landscape of remarkable beauty, distinctive character and immense interest that is cherished and enjoyed by residents and hundreds of thousands of visitors every year. The area’s uniqueness is created by the combination of many heritage elements that are interwoven into a complex and intriguing story. Despite its harsh and challenging conditions, the area has supported communities and industry over several millennia.

The amount and variety of evidence of the generations of occupation and activity that can still be seen today is exceptional, providing an intriguing and highly visible record of the area’s social and economic history. The area is dominated by the presence of the Three Peaks: Ingleborough, Whernside, and Pen-y-Ghent. Ingleborough sits at the heart of the scheme area. Notable as a regional landmark and with an instantly recognisable silhouette, it has a fascinating history of human activity ranging from Neolithic times around 6000 years ago up to its 19th and 20th century industrial remains.

This section describes in detail the varied aspects of the Ingleborough Dales landscape, looking at both its physical characteristics and the way people have influenced and continue to influence the landscape. The initial section provides an explanation of the area’s key features using the landscape character assessment process. The following sections examine the evolution of the landscape’s heritage in greater detail, including its geology, biodiversity, historical development and land use. The section on Ingleborough Dales’ people considers the area’s cultural heritage from early influences to the present day. A final section looks at the Partnership in the context of local, regional and national management plans.

2.2. Boundary review During the development phase it was noted that the small area north of Ribblehead Viaduct that contains part of the archaeological interest covered by the Scheduled Ancient Monument designation, namely the historical construction site, was not included in the scheme area. The boundary was revised to include this. The total area covered by the scheme is now 133 km2 (previously 131 km2).

2.3. Landscape Character Assessment In England and Scotland, Landscape Character Assessment is widely accepted as an appropriate way to look at the whole landscape, not just areas protected by designations,

12 because it provides a structured, robust and largely objective approach for identifying character and distinctiveness. It does this by mapping and describing the variations in physical, natural and cultural attributes and experiential characteristics that make one area distinctive from another at a range of spatial scales. Landscape Character Assessment also recognises how landscapes have changed over time, and acknowledges the changing influences of human activities and the impacts of economic development. The European Landscape Convention defines landscape character as ‘a distinct, recognisable and consistent pattern of elements in the landscape that makes one landscape different from another, rather than better or worse’, and the ‘character approach’ is a valuable tool for helping make informed decisions about how a landscape should be managed in the future.

Figure 2 illustrates the various components that shape a landscape. The complex interplay of geology, geomorphology, pedology, biogeography and human activity have all had a significant influence. Broad but distinctive patterns of fields, settlements and land cover have developed through a long history of human habitation and exploitation. The spatial distribution of resources such as building stone, coal, water power, metals and timber, the development role of technology and the distribution of agriculture are all key influences on the most recent and visible layer of the landscape. A Landscape Character Assessment is a way to describe the contribution of these various factors in explaining how the landscape has changed over time to become what we see today.

Experience

Land Use

History

Biodiversity

Physical

Figure 2: The Components of Landscape

2.3.1. Broad Landscape Character Assessment The Ingleborough Dales area falls within the boundary of Natural England’s National Character Area profile 21: Yorkshire Dales, which provides an assessment of the Yorkshire Dales landscape as a whole. This provides a basis from which to get a flavour of the important characteristics of this upland area:  the landscape is characterised by contrasts, especially between the dales below and the moors above  in the dales, the environment is more sheltered and there are intricate patterns of walled fields containing meadow grasses and wildflowers  small villages and farmsteads, built of local stone, are tucked into sheltered corners, often with clumps of trees protecting them from the worst of the elements  on the dale sides, the network of walls continues with scattered stone field barns often appearing as distinctive features  the steepest slopes are frequently marked by the presence of sparse woodlands or sometimes open rock scree  there are large areas of actively managed grouse moorland.

2.3.2. Detailed Landscape Character Assessment A more detailed assessment for the Ingleborough Dales is provided by the Yorkshire Dales National Park Landscape Character Assessment, commissioned in 2001 by the Yorkshire Dales National Park Authority and prepared by Estell Warren Landscape Architects.

The assessment describes the landscape character of the Yorkshire Dales as a whole, together with the physical, historical and cultural character, settlements, buildings and land cover influences that have shaped the landscape, and also summarises the landscape character types within the Yorkshire Dales. However, the main body of the report details the key characteristics and landscape characters of individual dales. The IDLP area covers ten of these localised areas (see Figure 3). These assessments have been reviewed and amended by the IDLP to incorporate current thinking and research, to remove irrelevant references to places outside of the scheme area, to make amendments to details (for example where the use of a named building has changed), and to correct minor typographical or grammatical errors. The revised assessments were then open to community consultation at two public drop-in events held in May and June 2014, at which local people were able to comment on the assessments and contribute their own thoughts.

The key features of the revised assessments are provided below. A walker following the sequence of the assessments would start their journey on the highest ground, move downhill over the moors, and then complete a full clockwise circuit around the scheme area from and back to its northernmost point.

Figure 3: The ten Landscape Character Areas covered by the scheme

(Note: the full, original assessments can be found at www.yorkshiredales.org.uk/nationalparkauthority/policiesandstrategies/nationalparkpolicies/ landscapecharacterassessment)

Three Peaks & Central Moors and Fells Ingleborough hill and Ingleborough Common form an outlier of this area of broad, often flat-topped and stepped peaks which covers much of the National Park. The Ingleborough area is an island within the Limestone Moors landscape character area (see below).  Elevated stepped hills formed by differential erosion of layered Character area Wensleydale Group limestones and Scheme boundary sandstones, often with pronounced flat plateau tops.  Exposed peak sides are marked by sandstone and limestone crags and screes, forming a dramatic, steep-sided, upstanding plateau peak on Ingleborough hill.  Glacial deep drift deposits often mask underlying geology but are cut through by gulleys on steeper hillsides to reveal stepped rock bands which often form waterfalls.  Both extensive and isolated areas of limestone karst scenery are exposed within the surrounding drift and along valley sides, creating areas of brighter grassland and typical limestone features including pavements, cliffs and screes.  Broadleaved tree cover is confined to scattered trees clinging to cliffs and rock outcrops in gulleys or on hillsides, or occasional small woodlands. At lower elevations tree cover increases in gills and along dale heads.  Dry stone walls extend from the dale fringes to enclose rough pasture and sometimes sub-divide wider areas of moorland. Stone types are mixed, often changing in accordance with outcropping geology. Occasional isolated walled meadows associated with upland farms and field barns are found in limestone pockets.  Footpaths provide panoramic views of the (other) Three Peaks and central dales, the Howgill Fells, Cumbrian Fells, west across the Bowland Fringe, Bowland Fells and north- west to the Lake District.

Limestone Moors Limestone moors occur as a series of seven areas in a band across the southern part of the National Park between Ingleton in the west and Grassington in the east, where the underlying Great Scar Limestone has been exposed. Three of the seven areas are wholly or partly within the IDLP area: the extensive scars and pavements around the base of Ingleborough between Chapel le Dale and Crummack Dale/Ribblesdale; Giggleswick Scar and pavements between Character area Crummack Dale and Ribblesdale; and the Scheme boundary south-eastern part of the area that includes scars and pavements at Twisleton Scars and Scales Moor in the valley of Chapel le Dale.  A series of areas following the exposed Great Scar Limestone across the southern part of the National Park, separated by the southern dales, and containing many areas of international and national biological or geological value.  Exposed limestone features including cliffs, screes, gorges, pavements and scattered boulders dominate the landscape, creating a rugged, worn character. These combine with shallow soil cover, shakeholes, potholes and caves to form classic karst landscape.  Panoramic views are available across the southern dales and southern dales fringes. In the western part of the area views are dominated by the Three Peaks landforms of Ingleborough, Whernside and Pen-y- Ghent.  Closely grazed, springy, flower-rich grasslands form a neat, continuous, bright green carpet between exposed rock features. Many areas are recognised as being of high nature conservation value.  Small areas of semi-natural, undergrazed woodlands occur on the dale sides. Scattered trees or open, grazed woodland occur on scree slopes and cliffs, with occasional windblown trees or shrubs in cliffs and pavements at higher levels.  A general absence of streams and surface water features, with the exception of a limited number of springs at the base of the limestone moor around Ingleborough.

 Urban influences such as overhead wires and fences are scarce.  An extensive network of historical routes and modern footpaths/tourist routes crosses the area. Former routeways form wide, walled green lanes.  Dry stone walls are frequent, forming medium-size enclosures on the dale fringes giving way to larger enclosures or limited open areas. Wall pattern is strongly rectilinear, passing straight over and taking little or no account of natural features.

Upper Ribblesdale  Broad, exposed and shallow-sided U- shaped valley overlying limestone located north of Horton in Ribblesdale between the distinctive stepped upland forms of Ingleborough and Pen-y-Ghent.  A large, expansive drumlin field covers part of the valley floor giving it a distinctive, hummocky appearance contrasting with gently stepped, shallow valley sides. Valley sides become more Character area pronounced further south. Scheme boundary  Significant bands of outcropping rock are located on both sides of the valley, often with associated woodland, and are particularly evident on the western valley side.  The River Ribble begins here as a small, insignificant stream with low, open grassy banks. It winds between the drumlins in the north, becoming wider and more defined further south, with a platformed, stepped bed, stony spreads and riverside trees.  The few tributary gills present are particularly well-defined on the eastern valley side, with waterfalls and associated semi-natural woodland.  Woodland vegetation is very sparse at the northern end of the valley, limited to scattered, individual trees and woodland forming part of limestone scars on the valley sides. Further south, vegetation cover increases, particularly adjacent to the river and near settlements.

 It is sparsely settled, with the hamlets of Selside (small and traditional) and New Houses (modernised) and terraces of railway cottages forming a prominent feature within the upper dale. Many isolated farmsteads are located mainly on the valley floor and lower side slopes.  There is a wide range of field sizes, with fields being small around settlements, especially at the dale head and at Selside, and very large on the western valley side. The wall pattern is evident but more pronounced further south.  Land cover is a mixture of improved and rough pasture with some hay meadows. Significant areas of rushes are present.  Horton Quarry, a very large quarry in an elevated valley side location, dominates views to the south-west of the character area.

Mid Ribblesdale  Broad U-shaped valley with a gently undulating or flat valley floor and gently terraced valley sides, overlying sandstones and slates of the Silurian era. It narrows both at its northern end around Horton in Ribblesdale and to the south of Helwith Bridge.  The domed summit of Pen-y-Ghent overlooks the dale.  High, hummocky ground adjacent to Character area Studfold has the effect of narrowing the Scheme boundary eastern side of the valley, creating a sense of enclosure.  Limestone pavements of Moughton are a very prominent visual feature.  The river is open, broad and meandering and partially screened by undulating topography, with few tributary gills. South of Helwith Bridge, the river cuts a winding narrow course through a rock barrier with the effect of enclosing and limiting views down the valley.  Generally open with vegetation mainly confined to lower valley slopes, with bands of woodland associated with outcropping rock. Large trees and small copses scattered on the valley floor and lower slopes give a parkland character to the area around Studfold.  Horton in Ribblesdale, a straggling, dispersed settlement with a railway station located on the valley side, dominates the upper valley floor. It is strongly influenced by the presence of the railway and the quarries to the west.

 Strong field pattern especially evident where the valley floor is flat, with dry stone walls in good condition and field barns.  Fields are of mixed sizes and shapes, enclosing mainly improved pasture, with scattered hay meadows on the valley floor and lower slopes.  Valley profile altered by the three large active quarries (Horton Quarry, Arcow Quarry and Dry Rigg Quarry) and four disused quarries, which dominate the upper western valley side of the character area.

Lower Ribblesdale  Broadly U-shaped lower dale overlies limestone bedrock. The northern part of the character area is defined by the line of the North Craven Fault. Here, the valley sides close in limiting views up the valley and giving Lower Ribblesdale a separate visual identity.  Skyline views dominated by the limestone upland of Moughton to the north-west; the prominent upswept Character area form of Smearsett Scar above Little Stainforth; distant views to the summit of Scheme boundary Pen-y-Ghent and the ridge of Fountains Fell to the north-east; and Langcliffe Scar to the south-east.  The lower valley sides slope gently down to the river. The upper valley sides slope steeply towards the enclosing limestone uplands marked by patterns of outcropping rock. The prominent, wooded Stainforth Scar and an exposed quarry face punctuate the upper, eastern valley side.  The river cuts a deep course through the upper part of the character area, often enclosed by steep, well-wooded banks. It follows a strongly meandering course across the valley floor and drops dramatically at Stainforth Force. The packhorse bridge at Stainforth is an attractive focal point.

 Well wooded, with often linear ancient woodland following the contours of the riverbanks, beck sides and extending high up to the valley side scars. Individual trees mark field boundaries and occur as specimens within fields.  The pattern of limestone and sandstone walls forms a strong component of the dale character. The pattern of fields extends onto the adjacent fell tops, generally as large regularly shaped enclosures.  Fields are mainly cropped for silage, although a concentration of hay meadows occurs around Langcliffe and are scattered throughout the dale. Steeper slopes by the river or on the valley sides often remain uncultivated. The variation in land cover serves to emphasise the topographic variety of the dale.  The villages of Stainforth and Langcliffe, constructed in mixed materials and sited on west facing slopes, face their counterparts, the smaller hamlets of Little Stainforth and Stackhouse which are on the opposite side of river crossing points. Small terraces of mill workers’ cottages occur in rural locations and there several farmhouses. Modern developments occur on the northern edge of Giggleswick.  The dale forms an important transport corridor for both the B6479 and the railway. Routeways combine with other significant detractors within the dale, including disused mills and quarries, to create local pockets with a strong industrial feel. However, the tree cover limits the extent of these effects. The caravan site at Little Stainforth, on a terrace above the river, detracts from views.

Crummack Dale  A quiet dale, isolated in its upper reaches, overlying Silurian and/or Ordovician rock. Its dale head is enclosed by an impressive amphitheatre of limestone pavement and scars of Moughton and Long Scar.  The dale head of the tributary has been breached and connects via a col into Mid Ribblesdale.  The steep, enclosing valley sides are strongly patterned by limestone scars and pavements and by the ancient woodlands of Wharfe Wood and Oxenber Wood. Upon the enclosing pavements, erratic rocks of Silurian stone are visible.

 The winding course of Austwick Beck drains the dale, following a deeply incised course above Wharfe. It is joined by the frequent springs that drain the dale sides, a major unnamed tributary to the east and the steeply incised, wooded Wharfe Gill Sike.  Well treed valley floor, with trees following the line of becks and gills, marking the hamlet and farms and present as individual specimens on field boundaries. Valley sides are Character area generally more open with occasional Scheme boundary small mixed or deciduous woodlands. Scattered trees are present on scars, and juniper is found on Moughton.  Strong pattern of walls, particularly in the lower dale where the valley floor is more open and expansive with simpler form. Valley floor field sizes are small to medium; in the upper dale, a pattern of large enclosures extends up the valley sides.  Settlement within the dale is limited to the isolated hamlet of Wharfe and small farms situated mainly in the lower valley slopes. They are mostly constructed in limestone rubble with sandstone cornerstones and slate roofs.  Much of the dale is inaccessible by road; a dense network of walled green lanes and tracks provides the only access to Wharfe, the dale head and many of the scattered farms.  Free from detractors, other than overhead electricity lines.

South Western Dales Fringe This character area is made up of three separate areas, but only the area between Ingleton and Settle is within the IDLP area.  Sloping transition area of varied width and gradient between limestone and sandstone moorland rising to Ingleborough.  Faultlines cut across the area, which is underlain by a varied geology of Millstone Grit, sandstone, Coal Measures Character area and limestone. Scheme boundary  Outward looking area allowing long distance views across lowlands to west and south-west.  Slopes drained by parallel springs interspersed by deeply incised v-shaped gills.  Neat and well maintained landscape, mainly improved pasture, divided by hedges and dry stone walls of varied rock types, which extend on to adjacent uplands.  Occasional barns and strip lynchets.  Generally open but with pockets of natural woodland or mixed or conifer plantations concentrated in gills and associated with estates and parklands. Elsewhere tree cover occurs as scattered field boundary trees, in small copses or associated with settlements.  Settlements in beckside locations. Buildings generally of limestone with slate or stone slate roofs. Modern development has occurred, particularly on outskirts of Clapham.  Strongly influenced by the presence of roads on Park boundary.

Ingleton Glens  Diverse faultline landscape of steep wooded glens interspersed by contrasting elevated farmland and quarries, overlying limestone and Ingletonian bedrock.  Two rivers follow winding courses through steeply incised wooded valleys and gorges and over a series of spectacular waterfalls. Only visible on foot, the valleys increasingly steepen and Character area narrow above Ingleton. Scheme boundary  Ancient woodland lines the deep glens, with species variation reflecting the varied geology. Woodland is supplemented by coniferous and mixed plantations.  Open elevated pasture farmland, divided into medium-sized irregularly shaped fields with scattered trees and hay meadows, enclosed by steeper slopes of banded limestone scars. The summit of Ingleborough projects above valley side scars.  Large working quarry at Skirwith detracts significantly from elevated areas. The landscape is also peppered with the remains of many smaller disused quarries.  Settlements and roads occur within elevated areas; settlements are limited to a hamlet, a farm and a manor house.

Lower Chapel le Dale valley  Open, straight and U-shaped valley underlain by Ingletonian rocks, deeply incised between the looming summits of Ingleborough and Whernside that lend grandeur to the dale.  Prominent stepped limestone scars and screes line the valley sides.  Lower dale falls away into Ingleton Glens allowing distant views to lowlands beyond. Character area  Meandering river rarely visible and often Scheme boundary below ground is marked by open tree cover.  The straight lines of the valley are emphasised by the pattern of regular straight limestone walls enclosing improved pasture, and by the parallel straight roads on each side of the valley.  Tree cover with occasional trees on field boundaries, on the river’s edge or by farmsteads.  Sparsely settled by a few houses and scattered farms.  Detractors, including the prominent disused quarry, B-road traffic and the buildings at White Scar Caves, have a significant influence due to the open nature of the landscape.

Upper Chapel le Dale valley  Broad U-shaped dale over limestone. Complexity is added by undulations, small ridges and glacial hillocks within valley floor.  Broad slopes on the northern valley side, while the southern valley side has obvious scars and a moorland character.  Winding beck rarely visible and disappears below ground leaving a

narrow dry valley. Waterfalls occur Character area within beck and tributaries. Scheme boundary  Shakeholes, potholes and caves create interest and variation.  A regular pattern of stone walls enclosing mainly improved pasture extends across the area and onto moorland. The walls have a more irregular pattern around hamlets.  Well wooded, particularly around Chapel le Dale hamlet; open groups of trees line valley sides and mark scars. Trees also on roadside, by beck, on field boundaries and within fields. A distinctive line of trees links a series of farms along former routes on the northern valley side.  Large regular conifer block in centre of dale detracts.  Settlements include hamlets, scattered farms and remains of ancient settlements.  Views to Ingleborough and Whernside dominate, particularly from more open dale head. The Ribblehead Viaduct is a dramatic feature of the dale head.

2.4. The heritage of the Ingleborough Dales

2.4.1. Introduction The scheme area boasts nationally and internationally significant heritage assets: dramatic landscapes, a rich diversity of wildlife and habitats, and history and culture through the ages, from prehistory, the beginnings of recorded history, the medieval and post-medieval periods and the modern era. The following sections provide brief descriptions of the key features of the natural, built and cultural landscape.

2.4.2. Geology and landscape of the Ingleborough Dales The landscape of the Ingleborough Dales Landscape Partnership area has a unique character. Much of it results directly from the rocks, the effects of the ice ages and the way people have influenced the land since the ice melted. Millions of years of Earth history have culminated with the landscape we know today. The rocks and fossils tell a story of the evolution of the area from deep oceans, tropical seas, swamps and tropical forests. The most recent times have culminated with the ice ages and erosion to form the present-day landscape. Figure 4 shows a vertical section through all the rocks of the area showing a series of geological depositional sequences separated by unconformities and tectonic faults, illustrating intervals of Figure 4: A vertical section through the rocks of the area earth movements, mountain building and considerable erosion.

Geodiversity ‘Geodiversity is the variety of rocks, minerals, fossils, landforms and soils, together with the natural processes that shape them. Geodiversity is a foundation for life and our society. It influences landscape, habitats and species as well as our economy, historical and cultural heritage, education, health and well-being.’ Geodiversity Charter for England (2014)

Ordovician and Silurian Periods (500 to 417 million years ago) – Ancient Roots The oldest rocks are exposed in the south of the area in the Craven inliers, between Ingleton and Settle. Over 500 million years old, the ancient roots of the Dales, the greywacke sandstones and slates of the Early Ordovician Ingleton Group, are seen in the

27 quarries and waterfalls of the Rivers Twiss and Doe in the valley of Chapel le Dale, upstream from Ingleton.

The succeeding strata are missing, as this basement sequence was folded and eroded before it was overlain by the late Ordovician and Silurian rocks of the Windermere Supergroup. These grey slates and greywacke sandstones began life as muddy and sandy submarine flows (turbidity currents) in a deep ocean basin, and were deposited over a time interval that spanned 446-417 million years ago.

Devonian (417 to 354 million years ago) – Tropical Desert The end of the Silurian saw a dramatic change in the local environment. The sea became shallower and, during a major mountain building interval (the Caledonian), the rocks were uplifted, folded, intruded by the Wensleydale Granite, and eroded under tropical desert conditions. By the end of the Devonian, weathering and erosion had worn the rocks flat before they were swamped by the tropical seas of the Carboniferous period. Over most of the area, 80 million years of Earth history are missing.

Early Carboniferous Period (354 to 330 million years ago) – Tropical Seas During the Carboniferous, a series of geological blocks and basins developed in northern England. The project area was located at the southern edge of the Askrigg Block and the northern edge of the Craven Basin, the dividing line being the Craven Fault System. A Transition Zone has been identified between the North Craven and Middle Craven Faults. Movements of the system have played an important part in the geological history of the area. During periods of uplift and/or a fall in sea level, deposition ceased and erosion occurred.

Ancient plate tectonic movements, at several centimetres a year, powered the mountain building. It also moved continents, so that by the start of the Carboniferous the area lay in tropical latitudes. A shallow sea lapped over the worn-down Silurian and Ordovician rocks, depositing the conglomerates, mudstones and sandstones. They can be seen in small outcrops near Horton in Ribblesdale, Helwith Bridge, Crummack Dale and Clapdale.

Around 335 million years ago, a warm tropical Carboniferous sea covered the area. It was full of life, and as these creatures died the calcium carbonate from their shells and the sea was deposited on the sea bed to form the horizontal layers of the Great Scar Limestone Group on the Askrigg Block and the Craven Group in the Craven Basin. Along the southern edge of a shallow tropical lagoon in the sea, limestone reefs developed, which now form the line of hills or knolls (High Hills) east of Settle.

Late Carboniferous Period (330 to 290 million years ago) – Tropical swamps and deltas The tropical paradise did not last. By 330 million years ago, mud and sand was periodically being washed into the tropical sea from huge river deltas. Over millions of years, changes in sea level produced repeated cycles (cyclothems) of alternating beds of limestones, mudstones and sandstones with an overall depth of more than 300m, forming the Yoredale or Wensleydale Group. Because the alternating bands of soft mudstones with harder

28 sandstones and limestones have different degrees of resistance to erosion the slopes are distinctively ‘stepped’, with harder wearing beds standing out as scars with scree slopes. As time progressed, the extent of the river delta systems became greater and thick beds of sandstones, mudstones and thin coals were laid down. Preserved now as the gritstone moors, these rocks (the Millstone Grit Group) occur mainly in the south of the area. Late in the Carboniferous, the humid conditions of the tropical deltaic swamps produced the rocks of the Pennine Coal Measures Group, which occur in the south around Ingleton.

Mineralisation of faults in the Yoredale Group Hawes and Gayle Limestones occurred adjacent to the Craven Faults in the High Hills-Back Scar area east of Settle, where galena (lead) and baryte were formed. The replacement of limestone by dolomite (dolomitisation) and silica (silicification) occurred in the same area. Then, after the Variscan, for almost 300 million years, the younger rocks were eroded away, taking with them clues to the events that formed them.

Quaternary (1.8 million years ago to the present) – Buried in ice The last two million years form the Quaternary Period, which is divided into the Pleistocene (1.8 million to 10,000 BP) and the Holocene (10,000 BP to the present). The Quaternary deposits of the area include the glacial, glaciofluvial and periglacial deposits of the Pleistocene, and the fluvial and slope deposits of the Holocene. The Pleistocene consisted of a series of glacial periods separated by warmer periods or inter-glacials.

Between 478,000 and 423,000 years ago (the Anglian glacial period), the whole area was buried in ice. Massive erosion, caused by the movement and melting of the ice, shaped much of the landscape; this sculpting continued during another, more recent ice age (the Devensian, 30,000 to 12,000 years ago).

Apart from cave deposits, little evidence of the Anglian glaciation remains. However, there are extensive deposits from the Devensian, including the gravelly clays (glacial till) of the valley bottoms which, at the head of Ribblesdale, have been formed into trains of rounded hills 20-30m high, 400-700m long and 200-300m wide called drumlins. The alignment of the drumlins provides important evidence of ice flow direction.

The ice also transported rocks and, when it melted, left behind rocks called erratics, as at Norber (north of Austwick), where huge boulders of Silurian sandstone were carried uphill by the ice moving south through Crummack Dale and deposited on the limestone at a higher elevation. Some boulders retarded the process of erosion of the limestone below and now sit on small limestone plinths. One of the Norber erratics (on the left!)

South of Horton in Ribblesdale a temporary post-glacial lake bed formed, as evidenced by the very flat valley floor within this dale and the shallow but steep banks at what would have been the lake’s margins.

Quaternary – Landslides, waterfalls and gorges Following the melting of the ice, the newly exposed valley sides were often too steep and unstable, resulting in large landslides as may be seen at The Arks and Falls Foot on the south-western face of Ingleborough and on Whernside and Park Fell. On shallow slopes, saturated weathered rock often moved downslope as head or solifluction deposits. More recently, peat deposits have accumulated on the poorly-drained sandstone upland watersheds, and alluvium has been deposited along the river floodplains.

Where less resistant rocks, such as mudstone, underlie more resistant limestones and sandstones, waterfalls such as Pecca Falls and Scaleber Force have formed. In some cases the upstream movement of the waterfalls, by erosion, has created gorges. Many Scaleber Force of the landforms in the area reflect the influence of post-glacial meltwater erosion.

Quaternary – Karst caves and limestone pavements The Great Scar Limestone has developed its own distinctive scenery – the karst landscape: a highly detailed, dramatic landscape where the exposed geology becomes the overriding landscape characteristic of the Ingleborough Dales. It is a striking mixture of towering cliffs, bare rock, scree slopes, deep gorges, limestone pavements, potholes, sinkholes and cave systems. The area includes some of the best examples of this type of scenery within the Yorkshire Dales National Park (the outstanding scenic quality of the limestone landscape was one of the prime reasons for designation of the Yorkshire Dales as a National Park) and within the United Kingdom as a whole.

Karst landforms are those produced by the weathering and erosion of limestone. Glaciokarst was formed by ice eroding the overlying soil and weathered rock to expose the Limestone pavement below Ingleborough limestone below, allowing it to be

30 chemically weathered by slightly acidic rain and soil water. Limestone pavement has been produced where weathering has been concentrated along the vertical joints, forming fissures or grikes separated by blocks or clints. Limestone pavement is a particularly well-developed feature within the Ingleborough Dales and their surrounding uplands. Of the 2600ha of limestone pavement in Britain, about half is in the Yorkshire Dales National Park, and about half of this is within the scheme area, with examples occurring in many areas such as Scar Close on the side of Ingleborough.

Where vertical fissures have been enlarged larger depressions called dolines are formed. Shakeholes or subsidence dolines occur where a cover of soil or glacial deposits gradually subsides forming a depression called a doline. These are particularly well marked on the Ingleton side of the Ribblehead Viaduct. Swallow holes or sinks are formed where streams flow into vertical fissures or dolines. As the water moves underground the joints and bedding planes which it follows may be enlarged through chemical weathering and may eventually form caves. Within the Great Scar Limestone is a huge and complex cave system considered to be among the best in the UK. Many of the caves are of SSSI status and of European significance. The Ingleborough Dales Landscape Partnership area has the largest concentration of caves in the Yorkshire Dales National Park and includes the well-known Gaping Gill (197 metres deep and 17 kilometres long). Held within the sediments and fossil passages is an unbroken sequence of evidence for 500,000 years of landscape change. Stalactites and stalagmites (speleothems) have formed in the caves and radiometric dating of these speleothems has indicated at least three major phases of formation, dated at approximately Gaping Gill 350,000, 120,000 and during the last 13,000 years. These periods coincide with the major interglacials when surface water was able to flow into the cave systems. Upon reaching an impermeable rock layer the underground streams may appear at the surface as a spring or resurgence. Some caves, including Victoria and Kinsey, are also important for their archaeology.

At the surface, weathering (especially frost action) and erosion of the limestone has produced extensive scree or talus slopes beneath the limestone cliffs or scars.

The majority of the karst landforms have formed on the limestones of the Malham Formation (particularly the Gordale Limestone), but others occur on the Yoredale limestones. The primary outcrops of limestone occur in a chain west-east across the south of the National Park, following the line of the Craven Faults at Scales Moor (near Chapel le Dale), in an arc around the base of Ingleborough, at Giggleswick Scar, and at Langcliffe Scar. The presence of faultlines creates dramatic variations in the scenery. At Buckhaw Brow near

Settle, on the line of the South Craven Fault, there is a striking contrast between limestone and gritstone scenery. The change in geology is also reflected in the composition of the dry stone walls across the faultline.

The Middle Craven Fault marks the southern limit of the Great Scar Limestone in the National Park. Easy erosion of soft shales to the south of the fault has left a sharp southern edge to the limestone plateau, identified by a band of impressive scarp slopes and limestone cliffs including Giggleswick Scar near Settle.

Over the centuries, quarrying and mining have helped our understanding of geology by exposing buried formations and through research. Active and disused quarries and mines play a significant role in the geodiversity of the area, providing some of the most important, and several unique, sites at which rare rock units and features may be seen.

Local geological resources have a long history of use, and include lime from the Carboniferous limestones, coal from the Ingleton Coalfield, various building stones and aggregate from the Silurian and Carboniferous rocks. Currently, there are four active aggregate quarries in the area.

The scheme area includes nine geological Sites of Special Scientific Interest, the largest being the Ingleborough SSSI which covers 40% of the area. Seven of the nine have been designated for examples of limestone lithology and karst features, particularly caves and limestone pavements.

2.4.3. Biodiversity The sweet grasslands of the limestone landscapes, a result of woodland clearance beginning in prehistoric times, have been grazed for centuries, resulting in a generally open landscape with little woodland cover. The short springy limestone pastureland, grazed by sheep, supports a great variety of flowering plants. Good examples of this type of grassland can be found at Seato Pastures at Chapel le Dale, where flushes and seepages support species-rich vegetation.

Scattered hay meadows occur within Ribblesdale and infrequently within the valley of Chapel le Dale, but are not of sufficient quality to receive designation, with the exception of one example close to Ribblehead. Species-rich calcareous grassland Verges along the roads and railway and historical quarries such as Mealbank Quarry and Ribblehead Quarry (part of Ingleborough National Nature Reserve) all support a variety of species-rich grassland, with gems in the Yorkshire Wildlife Trust nature reserves of Upper Ribblesdale and above Chapel le Dale.

Limestone pavement, particularly well represented on Ingleborough side and on Scales Moor, west of Chapel le Dale, is a very special habitat in its own right, with complex conditions and nationally rare species such as Holly Fern and Baneberry.

Areas of juniper occur, clinging to limestone cliffs and forming areas of scrub on limestone pavements, eg on Giggleswick Scar and at Moughton. There are also scrubbier woodlands and important areas of juniper associated with limestone pavement.

Ancient woodland (defined as having had continuous cover since at least AD 1600) survives in a number of valuable fragments where grazing has been less favourable, particularly in association with scars and incised limestone gorges. Most of these areas tend to be relatively small in size, with concentrations in the lower dales, and comprise ash, wych elm and the occasional sessile oak. The most extensive example is the area of ancient wood pasture in a mosaic with limestone pavement, marsh and grass communities that occurs at Oxenber Wood SSSI near Austwick. Other areas include the woodland below Giggleswick and north of Clapham.

Juniper scrub at Moughton

Unusual sub-alpine ash woodland, of a type once common in the Ingleborough area but now confined to a few locations, occurs on the steep sides of Ling Gill National Nature Reserve in Upper Ribblesdale. The woodland is dominated by ash and wych elm, with downy birch, bird cherry, rowan, aspen, hawthorn and hazel.

Fine examples of ancient gorge woodland occur at Thornton and Twisleton Glens, below Chapel le Dale. Thornton Glen to the west is cut into carboniferous limestone while Twisleton Glen is underlain by Silurian slate, and the difference in the underlying geology is reflected in woodland composition. Thornton Glen is principally ash with an understorey of hazel; wych elm is frequent by the riverside and yew grows on cliffs and scars. On the acidic soils overlying slate, oak-birch woodland is well developed.

Over the dale floors, particularly the former lake bed between Horton in Ribblesdale and Helwith Bridge, the land has been drained and improved for agriculture but remains wetter and prone to flooding. There is an isolated but significant remnant of raised peat bog and fen at Swarth Moor SSSI. They support populations of scarce Small Pearl-bordered Fritillary (a UK BAP priority species) and Dark Green Fritillary butterflies.

2.4.4. The historical landscape The record of human occupation, exploitation and manipulation of the land extends over 10,000 years, and the range, importance and condition of the historical environment of the Ingleborough Dales bestows a uniquely rich and precious inheritance. This adds an attractive and important dimension to the area’s landscape character and interest and an irreplaceable record of successive generations’ struggles with their environment. What we see today reflects the impact of many different peoples and cultures, from the first inhabitants following the retreat of glaciers to the migrant workers who built the Settle-Carlisle Railway Line.

Limestone, with its light covering of woodland, supported hunter-gatherers and early farming. Evidence of the Mesolithic and Iron Age has been found at Victoria Cave at Langcliffe, at Trow Gill above Clapham, and at Kinsey Cave on Giggleswick Scar.

The Mesolithic period (about 9000-4000 BC) saw the beginnings of more permanent settlement and early woodland clearance, although the Neolithic period (4000-2500 BC) marked the beginnings of farming. Bronze Age settlement (2500-about 800 BC) is known in the Craven district.

The Iron Age began about 800 BC. The Brigantes came under pressure from the Romans, who arrived in the region in the first century AD and controlled movement within the dales with roads. One road extended between Bainbridge and the head of Ribblesdale and traversed Chapel le Dale towards a fort at Barrow by the Lune. The supposed ‘hill fort’ on the summit of Ingleborough was widely thought to be of Iron Age origin, but this theory is disputed due to the lack of hearths, water supplies, and an incomplete ‘defensive’ wall. It is now thought to be a major arena for ceremonial and ritual acts, possibly dating from the 2nd millennia BC or Neolithic. The ‘hut circles’ may be ring cairns linked to funerals.

The dales were settled by various groups of people including the Angles, Danes and the Norse Vikings, who had a strong influence on language, being responsible for many of the topographic names currently used in the dales including fell, dale, beck, clint, gill, rigg, moss, scar and tarn. Remains of a small early medieval settlement have been found at Ribblehead, on the north-eastern tip of Ingleborough, and at other points around the hill.

A century or so after the Norman Conquest, some upland areas were granted to or purchased by monasteries. Within Ribblesdale, virtually all land was in the control of the monasteries: Furness owned much land around Ingleborough including Selside and the head of the valley east of the Ribble to the watershed; Jervaulx had been given the manor at Horton and bred horses at Studfold, near Helwith Bridge; the property of Fountains lay along the eastern boundary, and part of the lower dale belonged to Sawley. It was a partition fraught with difficulty and a source of dispute. Virtually all the villages and hamlets belonged at least in part to the abbeys and many of the farmhouses such as Colt Park, Nether Lodge, Lodge Hall, Cam Houses, and Newby Hall, which stands on the site of a monastic grange.

During earlier Middle Ages, when the climate was warmer than now, some of the hillsides continued to be cultivated on the strip lynchets that can be seen at Clapham, Austwick and Horton in Ribblesdale. The majority of parliamentary enclosures were carried out between 1750 and 1850. Fields were improved by the spreading of lime, produced by burning limestone in kilns. The kilns were often built near limestone outcrops and within carting distances of supplies of coal.

Vernacular buildings and settlements are mainly constructed in locally quarried sandstone and limestone, with scattered farmsteads and small nuclear villages on valley floors related to river crossing points and transport routes.

The built and farmed landscape has a strong inter-relationship with the underlying geology. The intricate pattern of dry stone walls (creating large rectilinear enclosures on fell tops, smaller enclosures in the dales and often older, irregular patterns around settlements), together with free-standing, vernacular field barns, are iconic features of the Dales.

The area is characterised by traditional upland livestock farming, which presents fascinating farm and village landscapes, with distinctive stone-built field barns and dry stone walls. The relict settlement pattern and field systems have been particularly well preserved and still make an important visible contribution to the scenery in the limestone grasslands. The relationship between the underlying geology and land management can be traced through distinctive soil and vegetation types, as well as in the use of stone as a building material. The dry stone walls reflect local variations in rock type and exposure, with the close-coursed walls of Horton ‘Blue Flags’ in Mid-Ribblesdale quite different from walls made from the sculptural limestone pavement forms. The historical wall types provide a record in the stones dating back to the medieval period. The diverse field patterns and evidence for limestone quarrying and burning in kilns allow the history of land enclosure and improvement to be interpreted.

The Settle to Carlisle Railway sweeps and cuts its way across the area. The combination of wild and exposed fell scenery and the engineered structures of the railway line, including the iconic Ribblehead Viaduct, is impressive and emotive. The site of the construction camp at Ribblehead contributes to the historical significance of what is the country’s longest Conservation Area. The railway is inextricably linked with the larger quarries, both disused and active.

Ribblehead Viaduct, with Ingleborough in the background

2.4.5. Buildings and settlements Settlement character is influenced by the underlying geology, which in the Ingleborough Dales provides a number of sources of rock that are used in building. In Chapel le Dale valley, quarrying of Ingletonian rocks occurs in the Glens, at the lower end of Baxengill Gorge and in Twisleton Glen. The slates have been used in the Ingleton area, over a large part of the south-west dales and in adjacent parts of Lancashire. A large quarry of the same type of slate also occurs as a hole in the floor of the limestone quarry at Horton in Ribblesdale.

Silurian rocks, also of great importance for building, are seen in the valleys of Crummack Dale and in Ribblesdale (at Helwith Bridge). The Silurian rocks have four subdivisions: some shales; the Austwick grits; the Horton flags and the Studfold sandstone, all of which, with the exception of shales, have been quarried for building stone in what comprises one of the most quarried areas of the Yorkshire Dales. The Silurian rocks underlie the valleys beneath the limestone, but are revealed where erosion has removed the limestone.

The Studfold sandstone lies in a wide area to the east of the Ribble making the high, hummocky ground around Studfold just above Helwith Bridge. The sandstone was quarried here and is also exposed in many outcrops.

The largest quarries in Horton flags were those at Helwith Bridge, and in the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries these flags were widely used in Ribblesdale and spread west and south-west over a wide part of the Craven and Lancashire border country. The thicker flags were used for building stone while the thinner flags were used to make shelves, floors etc. Horton flags can also be seen in gateposts and in some of the older clapper bridges.

In Ribblesdale, the Studfold sandstone and some of the Horton flags have been widely used, creating houses of contrasting character from those of flaggy sandstone. There is much irregularity in the splitting of the stones and great skill has been exercised in their use. In many buildings, limestone rubble is used in random coursing, with ‘throughs’ of Horton flags holding them.

At Ingleton, the Millstone Grit and Coal Measures are exposed along the Craven Fault.

The main settlements of the Ingleborough Dales are concentrated along the south-western perimeter of the National Park. Ingleton and Settle straddle its boundaries.

Chapel le Dale, which takes its name from the small church, contains only the small hamlet by the same name and scattered farmhouses.

Ingleton, perched high on the hillside alongside the deep valley of the River Greta, is dominated by the church and railway viaduct that crosses the ravine. It has been developed for tourism since the coming of the railway in 1847, and cafes, shops, pubs, hotels and B&Bs abound. Parts are affected by insensitive building and modern housing estates occur on the outskirts. In the past it has been partially industrialised, with coal having been worked for centuries and wool, cotton and lime burning being other important industries.

Horton in Ribblesdale straggles along the road within the valley bottom, situated near bridges over the River Ribble and Brants Gill Beck. Horton, with its station situated on the hillside, is strongly influenced by the presence of the railway and the quarries on Moughton to the west, traditional farmhouses mingling with industrial style Victorian terraces of the railway era and more modern developments built for quarry workers. Other important settlements in Ribblesdale include Langcliffe, Helwith Bridge, Studfold, Stainforth and Selside.

Settle, a settlement of Anglian origin on the National Park boundary within lower Ribblesdale, has been a market town since its charter was granted in 1249. It lies on the fringe of the Craven hills at the foot of the limestone crag of Castlebergh and at a bridging point of the River Ribble. The presence of the railway and the consequent industrial development of cotton mills has left its mark and the town has extended to include housing estates on the fringes. Giggleswick lies close to Settle and in the past provided the parish church for both settlements until a church was built in Settle in 1838; it is now the setting for a public school.

Clapham, a village divided by Clapham Beck, was largely reshaped by the Farrers in the early 19th century and was granted a market charter in 1201. The top end of the village was transformed in about 1833 by the Farrers who demolished several buildings, carried out extensive tree planting alongside the beck, re-routed roads and dammed the beck to flood around 3ha of land for a lake in the grounds of Ingleborough Hall. Buildings are generally of limestone rubble with slate or stone slate roofs.

Austwick, whose name means ‘the eastern settlement’, is sited in the valley of Austwick Beck. The village straggles along lanes and around small greens and is dominated by Austwick Hall at Town Head.

The scheme area contains five conservation areas: Clapham, Ingleton, Langcliffe, Settle, and the Settle to Carlisle Railway.

2.4.6. Transport Superimposed on the erratic lines of prehistoric footpaths, the first proper roads, built to last, were made by the Romans. The road between Bainbridge in Wensleydale and Ingleton was the major Roman road in the area and is still recognisable in places by its straight lines, for instance on the stretch beneath Twisleton Scars south- west of Chapel le Dale valley.

Packhorse traffic created some of its own routes when it developed as a commercial freight service. The routes took bold high lines over the fells. The Craven Way (originating well outside the Packhorse bridge near Thorns

37 scheme area in Dentdale) follows a high level route over the bleak northern slopes of Whernside before linking the line of farms down from Ellerbeck at the head of Chapel le Dale. At Kirby Gate it traversed the length of Scales Moor and from there to Ingleton. The whole route remains a right of way. Long Lane is part of a similar route from Clapham to Selside. Gearstones was a major centre on the western drove, by which Scottish cattle were driven south, with a weekly market until 1870.

Increasing numbers of carts, wagons and coaches demanded better road surfaces and easier gradients. In response the turnpikes were built as toll roads for wheeled traffic. The main turnpike within the National Park was from Richmond to Lancaster, authorised by Parliament in 1751. It provided a major route through Wensleydale and then followed the Roman road from Bainbridge to Ingleton via Chapel le Dale.

The first railway in the area opened in 1847. Known as the ‘Little’ North Western Railway (to distinguish it from the larger London and North Western Railway), the line ran north- westwards from Skipton. In 1876 the Settle to Carlisle line opened, connecting the Ribble and Eden valleys via the sweeping lines of the famous viaduct at Ribblehead. The remains of temporary workforce settlements (‘navvy camps’) may be found near the Ribblehead Viaduct, although these are now grown over and of little influence in the present landscape.

Today, the Ingleborough Dales are accessible from the A65 trunk road, which runs along the south-western fringe of the scheme area.

2.4.7. Industrial development The historical extraction and processing of the area’s stone and minerals have resulted in a rich industrial archaeology and built heritage. Limestone, gritstone and flags have been worked for well over three hundred years for building and roofing materials, to produce aggregates and for lime burning for construction, chemicals and agriculture. These have left a legacy of industrial archaeological remains and dramatic impacts on the landscape.

Industrial development in the 18th century also took the form of cotton mills using waterpower. High Mill at Langcliffe is one of the few remaining Arkwright Mills.

Early commercial limekilns include those at Ingleton and Craven Quarry, Langcliffe. With the arrival of the railway in the mid-1800s came the large-scale development of quarrying for Great Scar limestone at Ingleton, Horton in Ribblesdale, Ribblehead and Giggleswick, leaving outstanding monuments from that era, such as Hoffmann kilns at Langcliffe and Mealbank Quarries.

Limestone from the quarry at Horton in Ribblesdale is sent throughout the north of England for chemical purposes and road building. Ingletonian rock for road building is quarried near Ingleton, while Dry Rigg and Arcow quarries at Helwith Bridge produce Silurian rock for aggregate.

Sunnybank Stone Mill cut the Horton Blue Flags, impervious flags uniquely quarried in the area and of high value in the local vernacular and exported for wider use.

The Hoffmann lime kiln at Langcliffe

Small-scale coal mining in the Ingleton area occurred from the 1600s until the 1930s. The earliest demand for Ingleton coal predates the Industrial Revolution and was driven by the needs of local textiles and potteries industries, and from export of coal to the surrounding area for domestic fuel and lime burning.

2.4.8. Centuries of discovery The area has a long history of scientific research. In the late 17th century, John Ray, who laid the foundation of modern botanic classification and is known as the Father of British Botany, first described for science the arctic-alpine plant purple saxifrage that he found on the slopes of Ingleborough during a botanical excursion. This species still grows on Ingleborough and Pen-y-Ghent.

In 1802, John Playfair, building on the earlier work of Hutton, in Scotland, visited Thornton Force near Ingleton and recognised the unconformity at the base of the Carboniferous. In 1821, William Smith produced the first geological map of Yorkshire and in 1836 his nephew, John Phillips, published ‘Illustrations of the geology of Yorkshire, Part 2, The Mountain Limestone District’, in which he identified the Craven Faults, used the terms ‘block’ and ‘basin’ and recognised the Ribblesdale Foldbelt.

Adam Sedgwick is perhaps the most well-known local early pioneer. Born in Dent in 1785, his work includes the 1835 paper on the Pen-y-Ghent/Kirkby Stephen area, and, until his death in 1873, he was Professor of Geology at Cambridge University. Another local

39 geologist, John Burrow (d. 1876) of Settle, amassed a fine collection of fossils from the High Hills-Scaleber reef exposures, now housed at the Sedgwick Museum in Cambridge.

For over 200 years this early work has been built on by both professional and ‘amateur’ geologists who have produced a very extensive body of research of the geology of the Ingleborough Dales Landscape Partnership area with its many ‘classic’ geological sites.

During the Romantic Age (1760-1820) the area became popular with artists, writers and early tourists, in particular those seeking the ‘limestone curiosities’. The Ingleborough Dales have been the source of inspiration for numerous artists. For example, in 1808 J M W Turner created his painting of Weathercote Cave and its waterfall in Chapel le Dale. Ruskin (Turner’s friend) thought it ‘the rottenest, deadliest, loneliest, horriblest place I ever saw in my life’, but he also thought Ingleborough was a ‘really fine’ hill. Elgar, Wordsworth and the novelist Robert Southey all visited the area.

The coming of the railways in Victorian times and cheap excursions from the large towns and cities supported the beginnings of mass tourism, a key part of the area’s present-day economy. With their expansive scenery, solitude and extensive rights of way network, the moors, fells and dales play a significant role within the tourism industry.

The Waverley on Ribblehead Viaduct The Ingleborough Dales are well placed for tourism, being easily accessible from the West Yorkshire conurbation and Lancashire towns via the A65 and A682. Tourism is centred on the ‘gateways’ of Settle and Ingleton.

Settle, with its market, antique shops, cafes and pubs, is an important services centre for both locals and visitors and a starting point for trips on the Settle to Carlisle railway. Horton in Ribblesdale also sees a large number of visitors, as it is the starting point for the famous

Three Peaks Walk. The long-distance footpath routes of the Pennine Way, the Dales Way and the Ribble Way cross the scheme area, as does the Way of the Roses coast-to-coast cycle route and the Pennine Bridleway.

Ingleton is a centre for outdoor activities, particularly walking, potholing, caving, climbing, cycling and riding, and attractions for the visitor include the Waterfalls Walk and White Scar Cave within Chapel le Dale valley.

The underground karst landscape of the Great Scar Limestone is exploited with show caves (eg White Scar Cave and Ingleborough Cave), drawing further visitors to the fringes of the moors. Potholing and cave exploration have become established as mainstream recreational activities.

Camping and caravanning sites are found at Ingleton, Langcliffe, Stainforth and Horton in Ribblesdale. There are also bunk barns at Clapham, Horton in Ribblesdale, Chapel le Dale and Ribblehead.

This fascination with the area has seen the development of numerous local community groups over several decades, dedicated to a wide variety of aspects of the local heritage and often holding vast amounts of knowledge and material relating to it. These include maps, images, documents, surveys, reports and artefacts which form an invaluable – but often inaccessible – resource and record of local heritage. Together, these groups and their voluntary interest provide a valuable resource to tap into through the Landscape Partnership scheme, supporting the important work and great knowledge they store. In addition, several universities and special interest research groups have worked in the area over an extended time.

This diversity of interest, combined with the untapped knowledge and materials, also provide great opportunities to ‘open up’ the area and its heritage to new audiences who don’t currently enjoy the place as they could do, including local people and disadvantaged communities from the wider region. As well as providing enjoyment, there are significant benefits to their health and well-being which could come from discovering, exploring and valuing the place.

2.4.9. Context The local population is strongly affected by rural isolation, with a general lack of services, employment and training opportunities. In addition, high housing demand and a lack of affordable housing creates a difficult environment for a viable local population.

The most relevant super-output areas (SOA) are ‘Pen-y-Ghent’ (basically all of Ribblesdale) and ‘Ingleton & Clapham’ (including Chapel le Dale). The key issue is access to housing and services. The ‘geographical barriers’ criterion identifies Pen-y-Ghent as the 2572nd most deprived area in the country. Although only one factor in deprivation, it is relevant in landscape terms, in both the historical and contemporary senses, eg upland hill farming, trends of self-sufficiency and marginal communities.

Owing to its remote nature the area also experiences extremely limited opportunities for training and employment. In 2010 Settle and Ribblebanks SOA had 9.3 % of the population on work-related benefits and Ingleton & Clapham SOA 8.3%. The area is predominately upland, sparse and deeply rural with severe issues of accessibility and issues such as low incomes, low wage levels, poor quality and range of employment opportunities, poor accessibility to services, and the remoteness of the communities. It has high levels of inaccessibility to key services, employment and shops. The physical character of a remote, upland rural area combined with the sparseness of population results in many communities and individuals being socially excluded and limited in opportunities. This is particularly acute in an area like the National Park, where 21% of the population is elderly (well above the national average). The area’s lack of quality jobs and local training means the relatively small numbers of young people often have to travel outside the area to access training and job opportunities. This leads to a decline in its young population.

An analysis of the local economy in this area shows that:  the sectors that have the highest proportion of jobs in the area in 2010 were retail and wholesale trade, education, manufacturing, hotels and restaurants, financial and business services, and health and social work  no sectors grew locally in terms of jobs between 2003 and 2010, but the sectors that remained stable were agriculture and forestry, mining and quarrying, construction, transport and storage, financial and business services, health and social work and public administration  the sectors that declined locally in terms of jobs between 2003 and 2010 were manufacturing, retail and wholesale trade, hotels and restaurants, and education  the unemployment rate in the study area is below 2%, which is lower than the average for Craven and less than half the rate in Great Britain as a whole  the sectors in the local economy with the greatest potential for growth are those sectors related to services and tourism, including retailing, hotels and restaurants, which already represent a high proportion of local jobs (although, as noted above, the number of jobs has declined). In contrast, the prospects for employment growth in basic industries such as quarrying and manufacturing are very limited. Settle, the largest settlement in the IDLP area, is most likely to prosper in the future by developing its service economy to meet the needs of residents and visitors.

In addition, the project area has on its doorstep 15 of England’s most deprived areas. These include the major conurbation of West Yorkshire, with a Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic population of about 11%. Of 326 urban centres in the UK, Bradford is the 26th most deprived, Blackburn 17th, Burnley 11th and Leeds 68th. Within these there are pockets of even higher deprivation. Yet the average visitor to the Dales is white, middle class and middle aged.

2.5. Management information

2.5.1. Introduction This section outlines the key European, national, regional and local strategies, policies and associated frameworks that exist to help support and protect the landscape and heritage of the IDLP area.

2.5.2. European European Landscape Convention The European Landscape Convention (ELC), created by the Council of Europe in 2000, was the first international convention to focus specifically on landscape. The ELC promotes landscape protection, management and planning through public engagement and stakeholder involvement in activities. The intention is that this will lead to wider understanding, appreciation, and improved knowledge and care of landscapes, as well as strengthening a sense of inspiration, well-being and connection between people and place, and European cooperation on landscape issues.

It has established a series of protocols under five key headings:  improvement of performance within the existing legal and regulatory framework  influence of future legislation  improve the understanding of landscape character and dynamics  engagement of people and communities  sharing of best practice.

This establishes an overall landscape framework within which the IDLP will operate. The ELC defines landscape as ‘an area, as perceived by people, whose character is the result of the action and interaction of natural and/or human factors’, and refers to the important work required to change the perception of landscapes to help ensure their future conservation and enhancement.

The UK Government signed up to the Convention in February 2006 and it became binding from March 2007. Landscape Partnership Schemes are ideally placed to deliver this commitment.

Habitats and Birds Directive The Habitats Directive (together with the Birds Directive) forms the cornerstone of Europe's nature conservation policy. It is built around two pillars: the Natura 2000 network of protected sites and the strict system of species protection. All in all the directive protects more than 1000 animal and plant species and over 200 habitat types which are of European importance.

2.5.3. National

The Natural Environment White Paper, the Natural Choice: Securing the Value of Nature (Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs)

The Natural Environment White Paper was published in 2011 and sets out the Government’s vision for the natural environment over the next 50 years. The plans within the White Paper link to the National Ecosystem Assessment. It also acts on the recommendations of the Making Space for Nature report (see below).

Three of the White Paper’s main ambitions link directly to the work of the IDLP:  protecting and improving our natural environment  growing a green economy  reconnecting people with nature.

Making Space For Nature: a Review of England’s Wildlife Sites and Ecological Network (Professor John Lawton et al for the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs) The Lawton review was launched in 2009 as an independent review of England’s wildlife sites and ecological network. The words ‘more, bigger, better and joined’ summarise what needs to be done to enhance resilience and coherence of England’s ecological network. The review highlighted five key approaches to achieving this:  improve the quality of current sites by better habitat management  increase the size of current wildlife sites  enhance connections between or join up sites, either through physical corridors or through ‘stepping stones’  create new sites  reduce the pressures on wildlife by improving the wider environment, including through buffering wildlife sites.

England Biodiversity Strategy: Biodiversity 2020 (Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs) This strategy builds on the Natural Environment White Paper and sets out a series of challenging commitments and a clear direction for conservation action. The strategy has the following mission for 2020: “To halt overall biodiversity loss, support healthy well-functioning ecosystems and establish coherent ecological networks, with more and better places for nature for the benefit of wildlife and people.”

Three of the outcomes are directly relevant to the delivery of the IDLP:

 better wildlife habitats with 90% of priority habitats in favourable or recovering condition and securing 50% of Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs) in favourable condition, while maintaining at least 95% in favourable or recovering condition  more, bigger and less fragmented areas for wildlife, with no net loss of priority habitat and an increase in the overall extent of priority habitats by at least 200,000 ha  by 2020, significantly more people will be engaged in biodiversity issues, aware of its value and taking positive action.

Rural Development Programme for England 2015-20 The Rural Development Programme for England (RDPE) provides funding for projects to improve agriculture, the environment and rural life. It is jointly funded by Defra and the European Union. Two funding streams are of direct relevance to the scheme area:  Countryside Stewardship agri-environment scheme, delivered through Natural England, supports farmers to implement habitat management and conservation. New agreements will start in January 2016 (although land managers who joined a scheme before December 2013 will continue to operate within the earlier scheme regulations).  Yorkshire Dales LEADER is an initiative for assisting rural communities to improve the quality of life and economic prosperity in their local area. A LEADER programme for 2015-2020 is being developed.

A Strategy for English Heritage’s Historic Environment Research in Protected Landscapes (English Heritage) This strategy relates to the management of National Parks and AONBs. The strategy aims to support the management of protected landscapes through research, advice and training in developing and delivering management plans, promoting sustainability, engaging local communities and building capacity. (Note that English Heritage is now Historic England.)

Sustainable Communities: People, Places and Prosperity (Department for Communities and Local Government) This sets out a strategy for promoting prosperity for all and helps local people create communities they feel proud of by increasing and enabling community empowerment and tackling disadvantage.

2.5.4. Regional Local Enterprise Partnership York, North Yorkshire and East Riding This is a partnership of local authorities and businesses that use local knowledge to secure government investment in projects and schemes that will make a difference to the economy of the area. It aims to create good quality local jobs by working with national organisations to small local businesses.

Yorkshire Dales National Park Management Plan 2013-18 (Yorkshire Dales National Park Authority) National Park purposes are to conserve and enhance the natural beauty, wildlife, and cultural heritage of the national parks, and to promote opportunities for the understanding and enjoyment of the special qualities by the public. The Management Plan sets out the vision, strategic policies and outcomes necessary to ensure that National Park purposes are being delivered. Objective A10 is to ‘support projects that enhance and promote the National Park’s distinctive landscape, geology and cultural heritage, including delivery of large-scale projects such as the Ingleborough Dales Landscape Partnership to enhance the wider landscape of Ribblesdale and Chapel le Dale by 2019’.

Nature in the Dales: 2020 Vision (Yorkshire Dales Biodiversity Forum) This is the Local Biodiversity Action Plan for the Yorkshire Dales National Park. It sets out actions aiming to conserve and enhance the biodiversity within the National Park.

Sustainable tourism in the Yorkshire Dales: A strategy and action plan 2013 – 2018 (Yorkshire Dales National Park Authority and Nidderdale AONB) The strategy has five aims:  promoting a distinctive, high-quality and sustainable destination  providing opportunities for experiencing and learning about the area  producing a positive environment for tourism businesses  encouraging environmental responsibility  ensuring positive benefits to local communities and volunteers.

North Yorkshire County Council NYCC is responsible for the Minerals and Waste Plan for the county, which sets out policies for mineral and waste development.

2.5.5. How the land is managed today The strategies and policies mentioned above provide a framework for landscape heritage management in the IDLP area, but it is the day-to-day actions of the many land managers that have a direct impact on the area and its heritage. Land ownership is diverse, ranging from large companies and estates to small holdings. Publicly-owned land is limited to small areas owned by parish councils or the district council. Therefore, much of the built and natural heritage conservation work that will be carried out through the Landscape Partnership will take place on privately-owned land.

Large landowners in the scheme area, such as the Ingleborough Estate, manage their estates through leasing farms to tenant farmers. A number of farmers own their farms rather than tenanting them.

Two national companies – Lafarge Tarmac and Hanson – own and manage active quarries in the scheme area. In addition, they own disused quarries that are now subject to management and restoration plans. Natural England manages two National Nature Reserves (NNRs) in the area: Ingleborough and Ling Gill. Ingleborough NNR is renowned for its wildlife and geology. It is part of the larger Ingleborough Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) and the Ingleborough Complex Special Area of Conservation (SAC). These designations acknowledge the national and international importance of the habitats, species and earth science features of the mountain massif. The NNR incorporates many characteristic upland habitats such as ash woodland, limestone pastures, limestone pavements, hay meadows, juniper scrub and blanket mire. The NNR covers 1,012ha. Natural England owns 751ha and leases a further 167ha. Yorkshire Wildlife Trust owns and manages five nature reserves within the IDLP area. Two reserves are within the Ingleborough NNR.

The Yorkshire Dales National Park Authority manages the Hoffmann lime kiln at Langcliffe, and strives to maintain the footpath network in the scheme area, including heavily-used routes such as the Three Peaks route.

View towards Wharfe and Ingleborough

Section 3: Statement of Significance

3.1. Introduction The scheme area, centred on and overlooked by the iconic summit of Ingleborough, one of the Yorkshire Three Peaks, has a strikingly distinctive character – dominated by the underlying influences of its limestone geology, glacial scouring and deposition; and the visible surface impact of human activity through traditional upland livestock farming, and quarrying.

Yet within this whole is a landscape of striking contrasts – between the deep, sheltered dales and the open, exposed, sweeping fells above; between the thousands of walkers on the Pennine Way and the solitude of Clapdale; between the occasional intrusion of blasting from the quarries and the natural sounds of wind, water and birdsong; and between the seemingly wild moorland and the extraordinary engineering feat of the Settle-Carlisle railway and Ribblehead Viaduct.

A range of images that capture aspects of the landscape are in Annex 23 (on disk).

3.2. Striking geology The landscape of the Ingleborough Dales is dominated by the influence of limestone and includes some of the best examples of this type of scenery within the Yorkshire Dales National Park and the UK as a whole.

The Great Scar Limestone dominates the scenery around Ingleton and Settle. Above it lie the rocks of the Yoredale series - a repeating succession or cyclothem of layers of limestone, shale and sandstone. Because these rocks have different degrees of resistance to erosion the slopes are stepped, creating the distinctive flat-topped silhouette of Ingleborough. Above the Yoredale series lies Millstone Grit, which is represented by small impervious dark caps on the principal hills.

Classic geological faultlines create dramatic variations in the scenery. At Buckhaw Brow near Settle, on the line of the South Craven Fault, there is a striking contrast between the hard limestone scar and the rounded slopes formed on the much weaker Bowland shales. The changes in geology are reflected in the composition of the dry stone walls across the faultlines.

The Ingleton Glens include the best exposures in Britain of Ingletonian rocks. At Thornton Force the Carboniferous limestone can be seen resting upon the Ingletonian, a textbook example of geological unconformity. Other sites of great geological interest include Mealbank Quarry near Ingleton, Giggleswick Scar, and Foredale in Lower Ribblesdale.

3.3. A landscape shaped by ice Ice shaped the valleys into their classic U-shaped form and lined the valley sides and bottoms with boulder clay. Glacial features of special interest include the Norber Erratics, to the north of Austwick, where boulders of Silurian grit were moved by ice from Crummack Dale and deposited on the limestone at a higher elevation. Some boulders retarded the process of erosion of the limestone below and now sit on small limestone plinths. North Ribblesdale, to the south of Gearstones, has a notable drumlin field, with the drumlin alignments showing the direction of the ice flows. Glacial retreat moraines occur, for example within Ribblesdale, where the moraine impounded meltwater to form a temporary lake. This is evidenced by the very flat valley floor within this dale and the shallow but steep banks at what would have been the lake’s margins.

3.4. A karst landscape Above ground a classic glacio-karst landscape is clearly visible in the limestone scars, benches and pavements. The latter are particularly well-developed features within the Ingleborough Dales and surrounding uplands. Examples occur across the project area. Further conspicuous surface features include the funnel-like depressions known as shakeholes, swallowholes or sinks, which are particularly well marked on the Ingleton side of the Ribblehead Viaduct.

Below ground is a remarkably extensive landscape of karst cave Limestone pavement systems. Water, sinking into the ground within the Great Scar limestone, re-emerges above the impervious slate layer below. Some caves are accessed by large open shafts, such as those at Gaping Gill and Alum Pot. At Gaping Gill, Fell Beck plunges 103m into the shaft, creating one of the highest waterfalls in the UK.

The limestone bedrock and shallow porous soils mean that, apart from a few notable rivers, the moorlands are characterised by a general absence of watercourses. The principal river of the Ingleborough Dales is the River Ribble. The river flows southwards from the head of Ribblesdale, where Gayle and Cam Beck join it just above Selside, over Catrigg Force at Stainforth, and out of the National Park at Langcliffe. The River Doe, which rises at the head of the valley of Chapel le Dale, flows in a south-westerly direction. It is met by the River Twiss at Ingleton, close to the National Park boundary, to form the River Greta, a tributary of the River Lune. The Doe and the Twiss are marked by a number of spectacular waterfalls, including Thornton Force, Pecca Falls, Beezley Falls and Snow Falls.

3.5. A culture of livestock farming The area is still characterised by traditional upland livestock farming, which presents fascinating farm and village landscapes and the extensive ‘barns and walls’ scenery that is so redolent of the Yorkshire Dales National Park. The intricate network of dry stone walls, many pre-dating the Parliamentary Enclosures of the late 18th century and some even of medieval date, create a patchwork of fields across the dales and dale sides, including nationally important hay meadows. Traditional stone-built field barns are scattered across the area, many in an increasingly ruinous condition. The palimpsest of relict settlements and field systems of various dates is particularly well preserved and makes a subtle contribution to the scenery in the limestone grasslands.

Pastoral farming of sheep (Swaledale and Dalesbred) and cattle is the dominant activity that shapes the present-day landscape. Milk production is now absent from most Irregular field patterns at Chapel le Dale of the dale head farms and sucklers (cross bred beef cattle with calves at foot) are the rule. In the lower dales, Friesians are used for milk production.

Livestock farming is still deeply interwoven into Ingleborough Dales life and culture, with livestock sales and local agricultural shows still playing an important part in the lives of its people.

3.6. A rich seam of industry The legacy of former rural industries adds to the character and interest of the landscape. Their influences on the area’s culture and social fabric are still evident today. The Ingleborough Dales are scattered with the remains of former mineral extraction and processing sites. This has resulted in a rich industrial archaeology, superb built heritage, and some outstanding Scheduled Monuments, including two Hoffmann lime kilns (at Langcliffe and Mealbank Quarries) and the Sunnybank Stone Mill. The latter cut the Horton Blue Flags, uniquely quarried in the area and of high value in the local vernacular building style, and widely exported for use in billiard tables, brewery vats and dairies.

The large scale development of quarrying is inextricably linked with the arrival of the Settle- Carlisle Railway Line, which opened in 1876 and sweeps and cuts its way across the area. The combination of wild and exposed fell scenery and the engineered structures of the

50 railway line, including the iconic Ribblehead Viaduct, is impressive and emotive. The construction of the line was a major engineering feat and numerous important features remain. These include the stations, railway houses and signal boxes, built in a distinctive Midland Railway architectural style and highly visible in the open uplands. Smaller historical features, such as plate layers huts and the site of the construction camp at Ribblehead, are less visible but contribute to the historical significance of what is the country’s longest Conservation Area.

Today, the three active quarries at Horton in Ribblesdale, Arcow and Dry Rigg and their associated industrial features are defining characteristics of Mid-Ribblesdale, the core of the Ingleborough Dales project area. The quarries at Horton are extensive and stone is sent throughout the north of England for chemical purposes and road building, creating traffic of heavy lorries passing through settlements and a covering of dust.

3.7. Buildings and settlements Settlement character is a visible expression of the complex underlying geology and is inextricably linked to the historical use of the land – for farming and industry.

Limestone is the dominant building material, generally in roughly coursed rubble walling with other rocks providing distinctive building details. Ingletonian slates have been used for roofing over a large part of the south-west dales and in adjacent parts of Lancashire. Horton flags from Helwith Bridge were widely used in Ribblesdale from the 17th to the 19th centuries. The thicker flags were used for building stone while the thinner flags were used to make shelves, floors etc. Horton flags can also be seen in gateposts and in some of the older clapper bridges. In Ribblesdale, Studfold sandstone has also been widely used, creating houses of contrasting character from those of flaggy sandstone. There is much irregularity in the splitting of the stones and great skill has been exercised in their use.

The valley of Chapel le Dale, which takes its name from the small church at the dale head, contains only the small hamlet by the same name and scattered farms of medieval origin.

Horton in Ribblesdale straggles along the road within the valley bottom, situated near bridges over the River Ribble and Brants Gill Beck. Horton, with its station situated on the hillside, is strongly influenced by the presence of the Settle-Carlisle railway and the quarries on Moughton to the east. Traditional farmhouses mingle with industrial style Victorian terraces of the railway era and more modern developments built for quarry workers. Other important settlements in Ribblesdale include Langcliffe, Helwith Bridge, Studfold, Stainforth and Selside.

3.8. A cultural landscape Despite its harsh and often challenging conditions, the area has supported communities and industry over several millennia. The amount and variety of evidence of the generations of occupation and activity that can still be seen today is exceptional. What we see today reflects the impact of many different people and cultures, from Roman roads to the construction camps of the migrant workers who built the Settle-Carlisle Railway Line. It provides an intriguing and highly visible record of the area’s social and economic history, including:  evidence of Palaeolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic human activity found in a number of caves, including Victoria Cave at Langcliffe, Trow Gill above Clapham, and Kinsey Cave near Giggleswick  the archaeological remains on the summit of Ingleborough, previously believed to be an Iron Age hill fort but now thought to be a major arena for ceremonial and ritual acts, possibly dating from the 2nd millennia BC or Neolithic  the early Iron Age enclosures and numerous huts  the road between Bainbridge and Ingleton was the major Roman road in the area and is still possibly recognisable in places by its straight lines. Rising from Bainbridge to Dodd Fell as a green track (known as the Cam High Road), from Sleddale Head it crosses to Cam Houses and Gearstones and to Ingleton, beneath Twisleton Scars  physical remains of Anglian and Viking settlements, such as Gauber Farmstead at Ribblehead and a newly discovered building at Selside. However, the Norse legacy is strongest in the topographic names currently used in the dales, including fell, dale, beck, clint, gill, rigg, moss, scar and tarn  many of the older farms, such as Colt Park, Nether Lodge, Lodge Hall, Cam Houses and Newby Hall near Clapham, stand on the site of monastic centres  packhorse routes, which took bold high lines over the fells. The Craven Way climbs out of Dentdale to a high level route over the bleak northern slopes of Whernside, before linking the line of farms down from Ellerbeck at the head of Chapel le Dale. At Kirkby Gate it traversed the length of Scales Moor and from there to Ingleton. The whole route remains a public right of way. Long Lane is part of a similar route from Clapham to Selside. Gearstones was a major centre on the western drove, by which Scottish cattle were driven south to the industrial centres of the West Riding and Lancashire, with a weekly market until 1870.

3.9. A wealth of wildlife The area’s limestone country is of international biodiversity importance and includes upland pastures, limestone pavement and limestone woodland and scrub. The high biological value of the area is recognised by numerous designations: it includes SSSIs, National Nature

Reserves, and the Special Area of Conservation known as the Ingleborough Complex, which covers 5770ha.

The herb-rich limestone pasture, grazed by sheep and, increasingly, traditional hardy cattle, supports a great variety of nationally rare flowering plants. Good examples of this type of grassland can be found at Seato Pastures, near Chapel le Dale, where flushes and seepages support species-rich vegetation, including grass of parnassus, bird’s eye primrose and the scarce yellow saxifrage. Scattered hay meadows on the valley floors, some of national importance, are home to such plants as wood crane’s-bill, melancholy thistle and yellow rattle.

Limestone pavement is particularly well represented within the uplands surrounding the Ingleborough Dales, eg on Ingleborough side and on Scales Moor between Chapel le Wood crane’s-bill Dale and Kingsdale. As such it represents the most extensive series of limestone pavements in the UK. The limestone pavements are a very special habitat in their own right, with complex conditions and nationally rare species such as holly fern and baneberry. Areas of juniper occur, clinging to limestone cliffs and forming areas of scrub on limestone pavements, eg on Giggleswick Scar and at Moughton, where the juniper population is particularly high. The populations occur here at the highest altitude on limestone in the UK.

A number of small areas of ancient woodland survive within the Ingleborough Dales, particularly in association with scars and gorges. The most extensive example is the area of ancient wood pasture in a mosaic with limestone pavement, marsh and grass communities that occurs at Oxenber Wood, south of Crummack Dale. Unusual sub-alpine ash woodland, of a type once common in the Craven area but now confined to a few locations, occurs on the steep sides of Ling Gill in Ribblesdale. Fine examples of ancient gorge woodland occur at Thornton and Twisleton Glens.

Many of the historical quarry sites, such as Ribblehead Quarry (part of Ingleborough National Nature Reserve), are becoming home to a wide diversity of habitats and species. Such sites are increasingly important to enable species to move through the wider landscape.

There is an isolated but significant remnant of raised peat bog at Swarth Moor and Studfold Moor SSSI which provides a link to Ribblehead Quarry

53 habitats across the area, with populations of the Small Pearl-bordered Fritillary. Swarth Moor is adjacent to the quarries in the area and these areas provide new, disturbed ground for early successional species, as well as new rock faces for species such as the peregrine falcon.

In terms of species, there are nationally important populations of breeding waders, black grouse, yellow wagtail and skylark; rare and scarce lime-loving plants such as bird’s- eye primrose, rigid buckler fern and globeflower; rare and scarce invertebrates such as the northern brown argus butterfly and the white-clawed crayfish; and important mammals, notably the red squirrel.

Red squirrrel

3.10. An industrial playground The area is important for the range and quality of natural and cultural resources it offers for outdoor recreation and its opportunities for accessing them. Mass tourism, which began in Victorian times with the coming of the railways, still forms a key part of the present-day economy.

The Settle-Carlisle Railway still offers a very special way of enjoying the dramatic landscape along its route, but today the Ingleborough Dales are easily accessible from the A65 trunk road. This runs along the southern and south-western fringes of the National Park and links the towns and cities of West Yorkshire with the Lake District.

The area’s historical and extensive network of footpaths, bridleways and tracks, together with extensive areas of open access land, rivers, crags and caves, enables it to provide some of the best walking, caving, climbing, paragliding and cross-country mountain biking opportunities to be found anywhere in the country. The Three Peaks are an immensely popular area for recreation and a centre for a number of long-distance routes (including the Pennine Way and Pennine Bridleway), as well as having renown for the circuit of the fells undertaken as a challenge event. Horton in Ribblesdale is the starting point for the ‘official’ Three Peaks Walk.

Caves have been exploited for tourism since the 18th century, and there are still show caves open to the public at White Scar, near Ingleton, and Ingleborough Show Cave, near Clapham.

3.11. An inspiration Most of the people who come to the Ingleborough Dales will experience a range of emotions, triggered by its beauty, grandeur and other, less tangible qualities. These all help create the ‘spirit of place’ that is unique to the Ingleborough Dales. This impacts differently on different people, as the experience is personal to the individual.

High on the list of elements that inspire are those that touch and excite the senses: the sounds, sights and qualities that stir the emotions, that allow people to relate to nature, and that enhance true enjoyment. They include:  a true sense of tranquillity, remoteness and solitude that can still be found in the quieter dales like Clapdale and Crummack Dale, which is rare in England today  the sense of personal achievement associated with scaling Ingleborough, one of the Yorkshire Three Peaks  the expansive views that show to advantage the area’s beauty and variety  ever-changing light, seasonal change and severe winter weather create visual drama and contrast  the darkness of night across much of its area.

The Ingleborough Dales have also been the source of inspiration for artists. The dramatic scenery and extensive cave systems of Chapel le Dale were important on the itineraries of writers, poets and artists of the Romantic Movement in the 18th and 19th centuries. In particular, Weathercote Cave and its waterfall inspired the artist J M W Turner’s painting of 1808.

Ingleborough

Section 4: Threats and Opportunities

4.1. Introduction The extremely high heritage value of the Ingleborough Dales area is largely due to traditional land uses - the extraction and industrial use of stone, and upland farming. However, the nature of these activities has intensified over the last seventy or so years and, together with increased pressure from tourists, this has led to a long-term decline in the very landscape qualities that we value and consider special.

This section identifies the key threats to the Ingleborough Dales heritage landscape. They range from global to local threats. Some of the threats affect a number of different types of heritage, whereas others are more specific. Also identified are opportunities for positive action to address them through Stories in Stone.

4.2. Changes in land management Although many of the nationally and internationally important habitats are protected to some extent by their designation as NNRs, SSSIs and SACs, there are still threats – both to some designated sites and to the more fragmented areas of important habitat that remain undesignated:  Centuries of concentrated and at times uncontrolled grazing by livestock have had an impact on habitats which leaves scarce species highly vulnerable to disappearing. The calcareous grasslands and limestone pavement often lack adequate protection from grazing due to the deterioration of dry stone walls.  Overgrazing of moorland, combined with the practice of digging grips for drainage, has reduced biodiversity and the capacity for carbon storage and water retention.  Most hay meadows that were cut for hay in late summer have been reseeded to a rye grass monoculture, fertilised, and cut two or three times a year to produce large quantities of silage. This intensive management negatively impacts on biodiversity and the landscape.  Many of the key sites for biodiversity are now isolated, with species unable to connect and retain strong populations across the wider landscape. The complex system of gill woodlands is disconnected and dispersed; and the important and unique area of juniper scrub limestone pavement is at risk of senescing and juniper dieback. This fragmentation of habitats makes the area’s wildlife acutely vulnerable to the impacts of climate change.  Ash, which forms around 60% of the native tree cover, is at risk from the fungal attack of Hymenoscyphus fraxineus (ash dieback, formerly known as Chalara fraxinea).

 Juniper dieback Phytophthora austrocedri, a notifiable plant disease, has been confirmed in the Moughton population. A significant proportion of the juniper has been affected and this will have both a landscape and biodiversity impact should the disease persist.  Many existing woodlands are generally poorly managed, with a single age structure and the risk of eventual ecological collapse.  The lowland raised bog complex at Swarth Moor SSSI has become dominated by blue moor grass Molinia, with the loss of all peat-forming species. On the adjacent fen there is the largest population of Small Pearl-bordered Fritillary butterflies in the Dales, which is vulnerable to extinction in the face of an increasingly isolated habitat and pressures due to extremes of climate with a run of wet summers.

Opportunities  This scheme will address the threats by supporting high quality habitat surveys and a programme of woodland creation in appropriate locations.  Grazing for conservation outcomes can be enabled through restoration of stock-proof boundaries.  The results of ash dieback surveys will enable a suitable replacement programme to be provided as required.  Existing woodland will benefit from a programme of supported management to improve its habitat diversity and increase stratification in its structure.  All habitat sites will benefit from boundary restoration linked to the dry stone walling element of the scheme as appropriate.  The raised bog at Swarth Moor will benefit from a targeted restoration scheme which will research and identify methods to re-wet the central dome and support the recovery of peat-forming species.

4.3. Loss of traditional skills Many of the special landscape features of the scheme area were maintained historically through economic necessity. Woodlands, field boundaries, field barns and dry stone walls, for example, all had their purpose and local communities provided the skills through which they were maintained. As the economy became industrialised and the economic usefulness of local production from the land declined, then so did the availability of skills required to maintain these features. If these skills are lost, the value of these assets cannot be restored and maintained for future generations.

The development phase has identified those features that are most at risk and the access, learning and training programmes will respond to these whilst remaining sufficiently flexible to respond to other needs as they arise. This will reduce the risk of the landscape remaining neglected during the life of the scheme and into its legacy.

Opportunities  To bring together landowners and volunteers to manage the landscape.  To provide cultural conservation skills training such as dry stone walling.  Development of training to upskill builders in traditional craft building techniques, such as lime pointing and rendering.  To provide traditional skills training such as woodland management, hedge layering and coppicing, and bringing economic benefits by managing woodlands for biofuel production.

4.4. Lack of community engagement Recent national studies by organisations have highlighted the disconnection between many people, particularly urban, young people, and the natural world. Although the Ingleborough Dales are on the doorstep of Leeds, Bradford and other smaller towns, many people are unaware of what its heritage landscape has to offer. Conversely, there is a local young rural population who are largely living an urban lifestyle, along with a section of the community that are unaware of the significance of their area. There is also a lack of connection between the generations.

This means that many people do not understand:  how they can explore, enjoy and benefit from the Ingleborough Dales landscape  how the landscape is managed by farmers and other land owners  that the area provides important national resources and ecosystem services, such as drinking water, food, space for recreation and carbon sequestration  the significance of the area’s built and cultural heritage and how this can help them appreciate today’s Ingleborough Dales  the area’s biodiversity and the importance of conserving and enhancing habitats

Without this awareness, it is impossible for people to enjoy, appreciate and ultimately value the landscape. It means that people from the urban areas surrounding the Ingleborough Dales may continue to consider the area’s heritage as irrelevant to them, and that future generations will not have the skills and understanding to access the heritage of the scheme area and that they will not consider themselves custodians of it into the future. Potential visitors may lack the confidence to come to the area (resulting in a missed opportunity for the visitor and a loss to the local economy), or visitors lack the information or skills to find sites that they can enjoy and engage with (meaning they are unlikely to repeat their visit to the area or recommend it to others). There is also the potential for conflict between land managers and visitors through a misunderstanding or lack of knowledge about access to the countryside.

Opportunities  Influence an appreciation of the environment through education programmes, both formally within primary schools as well as informally for people of all ages through workshops and training events.  Encourage a new generation of visitors from disadvantaged and marginalised groups to the Ingleborough Dales area.  Provide opportunities to encourage involvement at all levels in heritage-related activities and events, from casual awareness-raising at events, to family learning, have-a-go and demonstration activities, work placements, volunteering and specialist training to capture the interests of a wide variety of people.  Implement a comprehensive access and interpretation strategy that can explain to people in an engaging way the many different facets of the area’s heritage, including themed trails, events, leaflets, interpretation and information panels at important locations, and online via websites and social media.  Provide opportunities to link young and old through heritage experiences and widen the perspectives of all involved.

4.5. Lack of resources Given the current economic climate and the cuts to public bodies and local authorities, there is increasingly less money to spend on heritage conservation, awareness raising and education. Major organisations which help conserve the heritage landscape, including the Yorkshire Dales National Park Authority, Natural England, Historic England (formerly English Heritage), the Environment Agency and the Forestry Commission, now have far less funding. They increasingly need to prioritise how resources, in terms of money and staff, are allocated to the management of the natural and historical environment, and this is likely to become more difficult during the lifetime of the scheme.

The Ingleborough Dales’ heritage landscape is a farmed landscape, so the loss of upland farming businesses in the area would inevitably result in dramatic changes to that landscape. Despite upland farmers managing their land more intensively, upland farms in the scheme area would struggle to survive without financial support from the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). A 2009 report on future prospects for the farming industry in the Yorkshire Dales showed that the average income for most farming families was under £10,000 per year. This means that landowners do not always have sufficient resources to maintain all of the heritage assets on their land, and maintenance spending is prioritised for heritage features that provide a direct economic benefit for the landowner. This has led to a gradual decline in the condition of much of the area’s historical environment. The economic downturn has exacerbated this situation.

The CAP has been recently reformed and this has implications for agri-environment funding to incentivise land managers to manage their land in ways which protect the natural and historical landscape. Environmental Stewardship had been the primary agri-environment scheme and this has now been replaced by the new Countryside Stewardship scheme. If the new scheme proves not to provide the same levels of support to upland farming areas, the risk in the short term is that habitats maintained via Environmental Stewardship will decline. But the greater long-term risk is that upland farm businesses may not be able to survive without the financial support provided by CAP subsidy.

However, management mechanisms such as Countryside Stewardship cannot address the threats to heritage alone, and increasingly they require match funding from landowners and conservation organisations to deliver agreements, which is getting harder to find.

Opportunities  Directly address threats to the heritage, and the resources to conserve and protect it, with the establishment of the IDLP. This can identify some of the most important heritage features and then bring together a partnership involving landowners, the public sector and volunteers to make the most impact with pooled resources.  Strengthen existing partnerships and create new ones to facilitate the sharing of resources and skills to address the threats to the heritage.  Provide a small grants scheme to enable communities and organisations to address the threats to their heritage.

4.6. Caves at risk A particular threat exists to the unique cave environment of the area. Damage to caves occurs through heavy group use and destructive practices and behaviour, including inappropriate digging, breaking formations, theft, trespass, vandalism and graffiti. In addition, many caves have historically been used to dump waste, creating point sources of pollution and a danger to cavers. There is a wealth of archaeological material but thus far little has been done to catalogue it.

Opportunities  Involve the caving community in clearing caves and shakeholes of dumped waste. Damaged stalactite  Involve the caving community in efforts to record and protect cave environments.

 Provide accredited training for cave guides and leaders.  Provide opportunities to bring together those with an interest in cave archaeology to research and catalogue the dispersed archival material.

4.7. Built heritage Within the project area there are some 2291 features recorded on the Historic Environment Record, including 163 listed buildings, 512 other historical buildings and 19 scheduled monuments. Four of the listed buildings are classed as ‘at risk’ and nine as ‘vulnerable’. Three of the scheduled monuments are classed as at ‘high risk’.

The rich variety of vernacular buildings, the diversity of minor heritage features and large- scale industrial archaeological features and sites have all witnessed a gradual but relentless deterioration. The impact of vibration from traffic is causing damage to roadside features. In some cases, weather extremes at a high altitude damage historical features and important traditional buildings.

There is a specific risk around the lack of a skilled workforce for the repair of dry stone walls and traditionally built mortared stone buildings, which are such an important part of the Ingleborough Dales landscape and heritage. Builders and volunteers involved in the repair of other built structures may have insufficient skills to do conservation building work.

Farm management intensification and mechanisation have led to a decline in the condition of traditional stone field barns and dry stone walls, important heritage landscape features. A massive shift from haymaking to silage, and changes in regulations regarding housing of livestock, mean that field barns are no longer used for hay storage and sheltering cattle through the winter. Having no use, many field barns are no longer maintained, particularly if they are in isolated fields far from the farm. Three hundred of the 4000+ field barns in the National Park (some 45% of which are in ‘poor’ or ‘very bad’ condition) are in the scheme area. The main scheme for agri-environment grants in the Yorkshire Dales, the Pennine Dales Environmentally Sensitive Area, was not available in the project area and so farmers who wanted to maintain and repair their buildings were unable to access funding. Recent changes to agri-environment funding mean that grants for capital works to traditional farm buildings are no longer available, and this is likely to continue for at least the lifetime of this scheme.

Dry stone walls subdivide the landscape, separating pastures and meadows and other landscape features. These walls have a rich history dating back to medieval times or even earlier in some cases. The density of walls that were built over centuries and the difficulty of the terrain over which they were built requires a high level of skill to maintain and repair them. However, as the number of people working on the land has steadily declined, largely due to increasing farm mechanisation, dry stone walls have become more difficult to maintain. This is especially true for dry stone walls that originally formed internal stock- proof boundaries between small fields that are now managed as one unit. Some of the very

61 early walls have a distinctive style and form, but most are unrecognised and unmapped in the landscape. However, derelict and partially collapsed ancient walls have, in places, been rebuilt in a modern style due to a lack of awareness of their historical importance. Commonly, derelict walls are simply abandoned and replaced by post and wire fencing which can, at least in the short term, be a more economical solution than rebuilding or repairing a dry stone wall. However, this causes a very visible change in the local landscape character.

Opportunities  A 2011 volunteer-led survey has informed comprehensive structural and archaeological surveys of a prioritised number of historically valuable barns. These will be restored to prevent further decay.  A training programme will be provided for a small group of ‘next generation’ wallers, who will develop advanced dry stone walling skills and be able to recognise and restore walls within the context of their natural and historical environment – to include both historical and more contemporary wall styles. Training courses will highlight the range and significance of all wall types in the area and the skills involved in restoring them, with a focus on the key habitat projects in the scheme.

 Volunteer and specialist surveys will aid the identification of key buildings (traditional farm buildings and industrial archaeology) to be restored or, where appropriate, conserved and consolidated in order to retain historical integrity.  Conservation projects can provide opportunities for built heritage skills training.

4.8. Cultural heritage A significant threat exists to the pool of heritage-related experience and knowledge in the area. Several archives are managed by elderly guardians, with no clear plans for the long- term care and maintenance of the material. The scale of these collections is remarkable – one based in Settle contains literally hundreds of thousands of files. There are currently no long-term plans to effectively share this wealth of material or safeguard it for the future. There are cases locally where collections have simply disappeared, gone into an individual’s possession, or even been thrown away.

Similarly, there is an ageing and dwindling local population in the area who have a connection to a bygone age. These are people who raked the meadows by hand, filled the quarry hoppers with a shovel, can remember the call of a corncrake, dry stone walled with a skilled ancestor, or discovered a cave using only basic equipment. As each year passes, such people and their connection to the heritage of this corner of the Dales are slipping away, their irreplaceable links to the place and their rich legacy to youngsters and newcomers lost forever.

Opportunities  The scheme will provide opportunities for volunteers to gain the skills necessary to catalogue and digitally capture important cultural archive material.  The memories and reminiscences of former and current quarry workers and family members, as well as local official and colloquial names for a range of quarry-related jobs and practices, can be collected and preserved as oral histories.

4.9. Climate Change Climate change will have a significant impact on the Yorkshire Dales National Park, including the Ingleborough Dales area, potentially affecting many of the special qualities which cumulatively define what makes this area so important.

The UK Climate Projections provide national, regional and local information about the projected changes in the climate over the coming century. The UKCP09 projections for the Yorkshire and Humber region (using the medium greenhouse gas emissions scenario and the central estimate), predict the following changes:  Hotter, drier summers (average summer temperatures most likely to be 3.3°C higher and average summer rainfall most likely to be 23% less)  Warmer, wetter winters (average winter temperatures most likely to be 3°C higher and average winter rainfall most likely to be 15% more)

Projections for the North West region (which the Ingleborough Dales area is close to) are very similar to the above.

Some change is already evident, for example through the earlier onset of Spring seen across the country. The extremes of weather experienced in recent years – for example, in 2012 the driest Spring for more than a century gave way to the wettest April to June on record, while 2014 was the warmest year on record – are projected to become more frequent and severe as the century progresses. More extreme weather conditions, fluctuating temperatures, drought and heavy rain create threats. This is anticipated to become more frequent and severe, and extreme weather events such as flash flooding will have a greater erosive capacity, thus threatening a whole range of heritage.

Part of the risk of climate change is its inherent unpredictability: a warmer climate will benefit a number of species which are currently at the northern end of their range; extended cold weather in Spring could delay the bird breeding season, leading to a shorter breeding period and potentially a population reduction; and a lack of high quality habitats and connectivity between them will make it harder for species to adapt to changes and avoid disappearing entirely.

Climate change will also have impacts on the built and man-made heritage of the scheme area. Heavy rainfall penetrating historical buildings that are not completely weather-tight can lead to a rapid deterioration in their fabric if the problem is not addressed.

Opportunities  The habitat restoration and creation projects will join up and make larger areas of semi- natural habitat. This will defragment the landscape and make it easier for displaced species to move around and find suitable sites and make habitats more resilient.

 Traditional building skills training will enable appropriate repairs to be carried out to buildings at risk.

4.10. Recreational pressure and visitor numbers The popularity of the area has inadvertently led to erosion, habitat damage, wildlife disturbance, and stock disturbance. Some two million people access the scheme area annually, most notably in relation to the Three Peaks walking and other activities. The reputation of the Three Peaks Walk tends to focus walkers to that particular route, usually without them being aware of the damage caused or the importance of the place around them. In addition, there is little awareness of the other opportunities which occur in nearby areas. This has related problems with car parking (such as at Ribblehead), visitor facilities and related infrastructure being over- burdened, with subsequent problems of congestion and erosion of footpaths and road verges. At Ribblehead, the popularity of the area especially for the Three Peaks walking route results in large numbers of cars parked haphazardly on verges and even on the Scheduled Ancient Monument (SAM). With some traffic driving rapidly through the site and thousands of walkers in the area on busy weekends, the hazards to people can be considerable. Opportunities  By highlighting lesser-known sites, visitor impact can be ‘diluted’.  Damage to the Ribblehead SAM can be reduced through better visitor management.  To redirect part of the Three Peaks Walk off the road and onto adjacent land.

Section 5: The Scheme Plan

5.1. Introduction The IDLP will deliver an integrated suite of projects to achieve our Vision for the Ingleborough Dales landscape.

The scheme plan includes 27 projects. Some include several sub-projects, making a total of around 60 individual projects. The breadth of the projects includes natural, built and cultural heritage restoration, creative and digital interpretation, physical and intellectual access improvements, social inclusion, educational activities, oral histories, digital archiving, volunteering, sustainable transport, benefits to the local economy, and skills training.

The projects have been arranged into four programmes that will each contribute to the realisation of the vision and achieve the priorities for Landscape Partnerships.

The projects are based on the first-stage application accepted by HLF, but the four programmes have developed and been adapted as a result of further discussions and planning during the development phase and to reflect the threats and opportunities to our landscape described in Section 3. A list of individuals and organisations consulted during the development phase is presented in Annex 1.

All projects deliver more than one of the nine HLF Landscape Partnership outcomes. An analysis that shows the contribution towards the HLF outcomes by the suite of projects is included towards the end of this Section.

The LCAP will deliver a robust and diverse programme that is achievable, sound, and which has taken into account threats and opportunities. However, not all threats can be dealt with or all opportunities taken, but the Landscape Partnership considers that the projects best meet the requirements of HLF, the aspirations of local communities and organisations, and the needs of our unique landscape.

Changes to the scheme since the first-stage submission are outlined in Section 5.6.

Some of the projects in the first-stage application have not been included in the second-stage application and have been replaced by new projects.

Several projects emerged during the development phase that met HLF requirements and that would have fitted well into the scheme, but they have not been able to be included in the LCAP. This is generally due to either budgetary constraints or unresolved issues at the time that the LCAP needed to be finalised and adopted by the Steering Group. During the delivery phase, IDLP staff and partners will remain up-to-date on these projects so that if an

65 opportunity arises to implement them, such as funding from HLF or other sources becoming available or issues being resolved, we can proceed quickly.

Summaries of the four programmes and their projects, that together will deliver the Partnership’s aims and objectives, are below.

Maps showing the locations of the projects (for those that have a definite geographical location) are in Annexes 22b-e.

5.2. Programmes, Aims and Projects overview

5.2.1. Programme 1: Historical Ingleborough Aim: The built and cultural heritage of the Ingleborough Dales is conserved, restored and celebrated A prioritised series of heritage features that create the historical landscape character of the Ingleborough Dales area and give it its unique sense of place will be recorded, conserved and restored for current and future generations. Local people will be involved in community archaeology projects. The memories and thoughts of communities associated with quarrying will be captured. Community-led projects will restore and celebrate valued built and cultural features.

H1: Traditional Farm Buildings Restoration of traditional farm buildings, a key component of the Ingleborough Dales’ landscape.

H2: Dry Stone Walls Prioritised dry stone walls in the Ingleborough Dales area that have either become derelict or have been replaced by post and wire stock fences will be rebuilt. Volunteering and training opportunities will be provided.

H3: Thorns Through Time Investigating the uninhabited hamlet of Thorns. A comprehensive archaeological survey and targeted excavation of the settlement will be carried out, a key historical structure will be consolidated, and interpretive and educational resources will be produced. The project will provide volunteer and training opportunities, enhance visitor appreciation, and provide an improved learning experience for the local community and visitors.

H4: Southerscales: a deserted settlement Trained volunteers, working alongside professionals, will produce detailed archaeological and botanical surveys and geophysical plans of Southerscales, a deserted settlement on Ingleborough.

H5: Ribblehead Landscape Enhancements Works to improve the experience of visitors to the iconic Ribblehead Viaduct, with the long-term goal of conserving the archaeological and historical artefacts and features of the Scheduled Ancient Monument (the viaduct and historical construction site). Visitors will be

66 able to access information and interpretation to enhance their enjoyment and understanding of the area.

H6: Ribblehead Station Ribblehead Station is an important focal point for the area and it provides a key gateway and access point to the Ingleborough Dales. The project will involve internal decoration and repairs, enhanced interpretation, better visitor signage, and a community archaeology project.

H7: Quarry Tales Exploring and recording the memories and language associated with quarrying in the Ingleborough Dales, using oral history methods and research carried out by trained volunteers.

5.2.2. Programme 2: Natural Ingleborough Aim: The natural heritage of the Ingleborough Dales is conserved, restored and celebrated Important habitats – woodlands, raised bogs, limestone pavements, and nature reserves – will be restored and favourably managed by the area’s private and public landowners/managers to support a diverse, resilient and sustainable network of wildlife habitats. The cave environment and its features and archaeology will be better recorded and protected and will be more accessible. Volunteers will be trained in ecological and cave surveying techniques and their work will inform management plans. Community-led projects will restore and celebrate valued natural features.

N1: Woodland Restoration Native woodland restoration and creation, and woodland surveying by trained volunteers.

N2: Swarth Moor Restoration and Interpretation Enhancing the nationally important lowland raised mire at Swarth Moor, near Helwith Bridge, for both wildlife and people. The project aims to create an actively growing bog surface by raising water levels, and provide a boardwalk across the site. This will enable the wildlife, geology and history of the site to be interpreted for visitors. It will also improve access between the public car park and picnic area at Helwith Bridge and the footpath that runs between Swarth Moor and Dry Rigg Quarry.

N3: Limestone Pavement Restoration Restoring the botanical diversity of areas of limestone pavement, a characteristic geological feature of the Ingleborough Dales area. The project will increase the understanding and enjoyment of limestone pavement among local people and visitors as well as contribute to biodiversity targets.

N4: Safeguarding Ingleborough’s Wildlife Sites Practical conservation works, training local volunteers, and improving access and interpretation to safeguard Yorkshire Wildlife Trust’s Ingleborough nature reserves.

N5: Cave Conservation Protecting our karst and underground heritage by clearing surface shakeholes of historical farm waste, fencing open shafts to prevent livestock from falling in, and cleaning and protecting underground speleothems.

N6: Mealbank Quarry Nature Reserve Establishment of an actively managed nature reserve on part of the disused quarry site to safeguard a threatened population of the Northern Brown Argus butterfly Aricia artaxerxes, a UK BAP priority species.

5.2.3. Programme 3: Discover Ingleborough Aim: People can access, understand and participate in the heritage of the Ingleborough Dales more easily A network of enhanced physical and intellectual access and interpretation across the Ingleborough Dales that will convey how, over time, a unique combination of natural and cultural heritage has shaped the Ingleborough Dales landscape. It will link together existing and new attractions to help conserve the heritage and traditions of the area. The network will enable a wider range of local people and visitors of all ages to discover, appreciate, enjoy and actively care for the special qualities of the area. This will include developing new audiences and involving hard-to-reach groups. People will benefit from improved physical and intellectual access to the Ingleborough Dales’ special heritage landscape qualities. Volunteers will be trained to digitise important local archives to make them publicly accessible. Opportunities to access the area’s heritage using public transport will be promoted.

D1: Stories in Stone website, brand and interpretation An appealing, simple website, a strong and memorable brand, a smartphone app and innovative interpretation will be developed to establish the identity of and promote the Stories in Stone scheme, its projects and the Ingleborough Dales.

D2: Ingleborough Dales Rocks The development of newly researched, written and designed webpages about the geology and geomorphology of the Ingleborough Dales area.

D3: Schools Out A range of outdoor-based activity and engagement days for primary schools within the Ingleborough Dales area and its immediate catchment will be provided. The days will enable exploration and celebration of the landscape. This will be done through a series of themes that enhance and develop a range of curriculum areas, building up a connection between local young people and the iconic landscape in which they live.

D4: Ingleborough for All Opportunities for people from groups that are currently under-represented in countryside visits will be provided to enable them to take part in fun, active and thought-provoking activities, inspiring people about, and connecting them to, the heritage and landscape of the Ingleborough Dales. By building lasting connections through a range of supported visits,

68 activities and training, beneficiaries will be enthused to make informed independent visits to the Ingleborough Dales.

D5: Overground Underground Festival Annual programmes of events and activities delivered by a range of providers to enable people to discover the natural and cultural heritage of the Ingleborough Dales area, as well as its recreational opportunities. Over the four years of the IDLP scheme, the Festival will increase its geographical coverage of the Ingleborough Dales, increase participation, and extend the range and number of events.

D6: Capturing the Past Identifying the archival heritage held locally, listing it and making it available online. The project will facilitate this by training and supporting groups and individuals to catalogue and digitise archives relating to the history of local communities and their use and management of the landscape.

D7: Access and Interpretation improvements A wide range of projects that will deliver a landscape-wide strategy to interpret the scheme area in a holistic, comprehensible and meaningful way. They will provide enhanced physical and intellectual access to enable residents and visitors of all ages and abilities to increase their understanding and appreciation of the area’s natural, historical and cultural heritage.

D8: Musical Rocks The creation of ringing rock installations so that the public can appreciate that certain rocks in the Ingleborough Dales area make a ringing sound. These objects will probably be in the form of a picnic bench, dry stone walls and a rustic lithophone. The project will enable students from Settle College, local primary schools and young people with special needs to explore the geological and musical properties of these objects and to present what they have discovered in different locations.

D9: Community Heritage Grants Grants of between £200 and £5000 to support community-led projects or activities that conserve, enhance, celebrate and increase understanding of the natural and historical landscape of the scheme area.

5.2.4. Programme 4: Skills for Ingleborough Aim: People have the knowledge and training to maintain, restore, manage and celebrate the heritage of the Ingleborough Dales Training opportunities will be provided to increase the heritage skills and knowledge of local communities and partners, and to increase the resource available for heritage conservation work in the Ingleborough Dales. Local young people will gain land management and conservation qualifications and go on training placements with local contractors and organisations. Dry stone wallers will be able to recognise and rebuild local and historical wall styles and features. Cave guides and leaders will be better able to raise the public’s

69 awareness of cave geology, geomorphology, hydrology, ecology, cave archaeology, and conservation issues, and provide a better experience for their customers.

S1: Rural Trainees Countryside management and heritage skills training for young people in the Ingleborough Dales area.

S2: Heritage Skills Training A range of skills training events, inspired by the unique heritage of the Ingleborough Dales area, will be developed and delivered for a wide range of interest groups.

S3: Young Rangers A group for young people, aged 12 to 16, who want to put something back into the landscape they love. Once a month, the group will go out to do a practical task in the project area. Tasks will be organised by a range of individuals and organisations.

S4: Ingleborough Dales Cave Environment Training workshops to raise awareness of cave geology, geomorphology, hydrology, ecology, archaeology, and conservation issues. They will be particularly aimed at people leading groups in the cave systems of the Ingleborough Dales area. By raising awareness of the importance of the still developing ‘history’ of the cave it will discourage the increasing evidence of graffiti in the most popular novice caves of the area.

S5: Walk Leader Training Training and advice for guided walk leaders to enable them to lead guided and/or interpretive walks effectively and safely, and to pass on knowledge about the ecology, archaeology, history and geology of the Ingleborough Dales.

5.3. Project outputs and costs The table below lists the programmes and their projects, including the lead partner (in brackets), and expected outputs and costs. Project outcomes are shown in Section 5.5.

Part 2 of our LCAP provides full details for each project.

Historical Key outputs Cost Ingleborough

H1 Traditional 10 traditional farm buildings restored Farm Buildings £238,452 (IDLP)

H2 Dry Stone 3000 metres of dry stone wall restored, including £125,250 Walls (IDLP) 1275 metres on the Ingleborough NNR

H3 Thorns A record of all archaeological features and standing £39,468

Through Time buildings at the site, including their condition (IDLP) A publicly available report that will help inform the consolidation works at the site and its future conservation and management, and its sustainable use as an educational resource Consolidation of the ruined house The production of educational and teaching materials, including primary school teaching resources and an MP3 trail 200 volunteer days involving local people being trained/engaged in fieldwork and historical research 400 members of the public engaged with during and after the project

H4 Southerscales: Survey of whole site completed a deserted A detailed record of all archaeological features and settlement (IDLP) structures A publicly available report that will help to safeguard the archaeological integrity of the site, inform site management and help to ensure its sustainable use as an educational resource £36,236 The production of educational and teaching materials A report discussing the impact of cattle grazing on earthworks sites targeted at the conservation community 345 volunteer days 400 members of the public engaged with

H5 Ribblehead Restoration and protection of 360m of grass verge Landscape 955m2 verge parking taken into active management Enhancements (IDLP) Installation of a gate, a footbridge and construction of £56,304 25m of aggregate path Installation of three additional visitor interpretation signs and two sound posts

H6 Ribblehead Refurbished visitor area Station New interpretation panels (Settle & Carlisle Railway Report on the archaeological investigation £42,500 Association) Refurbished café and shop area Improved signage to the visitor centre

H7 Quarry Tales 2 community events £42,305

(Quarry Arts) 30 volunteers trained in interviewing and research skills At least 50 hours of oral histories in digital form Learning materials for Key Stage 2 produced 100 school children involved 25 Discovery Arts Awards 50 books printed Set of audio recording equipment available

Programme cost £580,515

Natural Key outputs Cost Ingleborough

N1 Woodland 15ha of native broadleaved woodland created Restoration 16 volunteer days to carry out woodland surveying £82,560 (YDNPA)

N2 Swarth Moor 25ha of lowland raised mire brought into favourable Restoration and condition £133,269 Interpretation 450m of boardwalk constructed (Natural England) 3 interpretation panels installed

N3 Limestone 4ha of limestone pavement will be enhanced and Pavement brought into favourable condition £21,224 Restoration (Natural England)

N4 Safeguarding 55ha of nature reserve will be better managed Ingleborough’s 7.4ha will be brought into favourable condition Wildlife Sites (Yorkshire Wildlife 980m dry stone wall repaired Trust) 1 gill woodland created 1 new gateway created into Ingleborough NNR

6 new information panels installed £135,182 Establish a YWT North Craven supporters group of at least 30 members Recruit and train one voluntary trainee per annum working a total of 552 person days on practical management, biological monitoring, livestock checking and volunteer support 464 volunteer days working on practical management,

biological monitoring and livestock checking

N5 Cave 20 volunteers Conservation 240 volunteer days (Natural England) 16 sites worked at £31,220 8 days of school involvement 6 public talks and presentations

N6 Mealbank 4ha will be brought into favourable condition Quarry Nature 350m of boundary fence installed Reserve (Yorkshire Wildlife 100m of dry stone wall repaired Trust) 400m of safety fencing installed 50m of slabbed access path laid £64,330 Creation of wetland area 4 information and interpretation boards installed 300 volunteer days working on practical management and biological monitoring

Programme cost £467,785

Discover Key outputs Cost Ingleborough

D1 Stories in Stone 1 website website, brand and Scheme branding developed interpretation £96,000 (IDLP) 1 smartphone app At least 10 innovative interpretation projects

D2 Ingleborough New geodiversity webpages Dales Rocks £13,000 (YDNPA)

D3 Schools Out 4000 young people engaged with the local heritage (IDLP) landscape 160 activities delivered 20 teachers developed skills in taking young people £53,900 out into the Ingleborough Dales area 10 links created between local schools and urban schools

D4 Ingleborough 780 people from disadvantaged and/or marginalised £42,515

73 for All groups participating, including: (IDLP)  30 people trained to lead groups in the outdoors  480 people experiencing the Ingleborough Dales area  270 people will develop skills or undertake practical work The 750 people in the latter two groups comprise of:  130 young people  260 people from BAME backgrounds  80 people suffering from physical health impairment  180 people experiencing mental health issues  100 people experiencing socio-economic difficulties Production of Ingleborough for All handbook and walk cards

D5 Overground 1 new freelance part-time post created Underground 25 volunteers per year (contributing 1000 volunteer Festival hours) (Overground Underground At least 30 Festival events per year Festival Steering At least three new events per year £46,800 Group) At least 1000 participants each year 25% increase per year in attendances At least one new parish in the Ingleborough Dales area included per year

D6 Capturing the 18 volunteers trained Past 120 volunteer days (Yorkshire Dales Society) 6 archives worked on £65,773 2 community events Digital archiving equipment available

D7a Access for All 6 accessible walk routes promoted to people with (IDLP) different disabilities and health conditions 2 routes made more accessible by the provision of seating along the route 6 short films of routes being used by people with £23,930 limited access 6 route cards 6 sets of downloadable information, including route descriptions and photographs

D7b Cave Rescue Mobile display to be taken to at least 12 venues per Organisation year display material 20 talks and activities £6,500 (Cave Rescue Organisation)

D7c Craven Lime 10 interpretation panels installed Works Trail Audio recordings for three sound posts made £20,416 (YDNPA) Three sound posts installed

D7d Family-friendly Route leaflet designed and printed cycle routes 24.5 miles of cycle route promoted £1,750 (YDNPA)

D7e Welcome to 10 indoor gateways and 3 outdoor gateways installed the Ingleborough Dales: gateway £14,652 interpretation (IDLP)

D7f Ingleborough 2 self-guided geotrail leaflets incorporating two trails Rocks! per leaflet (North Yorkshire A simplified geological map Geodiversity Partnership) 2 smartphone apps (iPhone and Android) Geological sites database At least 15 candidate Local Geological Sites within the £21,292 IDLP area identified and their condition assessed At least five candidate Local Geological Sites notified to YDNPA for formal designation Preparation of Site Management Plans for at least five of the Local Geological Sites

D7g Walk With Us 8 leaflets and downloadable PDFs heritage trails HTML5 app £20,800 (IDLP)

D7h Ingleborough 10 self-guided walk leaflets researched and printed Walks and available as downloadable PDFs (Dales & Bowland £12,000 Community Interest Company)

D8 Musical Rocks 25-100 primary school pupils involved (Quarry Arts) 25+ Discovery Arts Awards presented £19,876 10-15 Settle College students involved in initial

Enrichment activity 10 young people with sensory impairment involved 2 public events at Lower Winskill Farm 5 volunteers helping with public events 3 stone wall panels with ringing rocks 1 rustic lithophone made 3 large installations of three different rock types (picnic bench) Smartphone app A4 information panel KS2 worksheets created by students

D9 Community 20 Community Heritage Grants allocated Heritage Grants 20 community-led heritage projects successfully £130,000 (IDLP) implemented 100 volunteers involved and/or trained

Programme cost £589,204

Skills for Key outputs Cost Ingleborough

S1 Rural Trainees 6 young people employed (IDLP) 6 young people will achieve vocational Level 2 or Level 4 diplomas 2 young people will achieve a Level 4 qualification with Field Studies Council/Manchester Metropolitan £121,400 University Each trainee gains six additional certificated qualifications At least 4 young people will obtain full-time employment and/or further training

S2 Heritage Skills 16 Botanical identification courses with 10 participants Training per course = 160 participants (IDLP) 8 Coppicing courses with 8 participants per course = 64 participants £77,592 8 Hedgelaying courses with 6 participants per course = 48 participants 8 Winching courses with 8 participants per course =

64 participants 4 Horse Logging courses with 4 participants per course = 16 participants 6 Biofuels courses with 8 participants per course = 64 participants 3 Chainsaw courses with 8 participants per course = 24 participants 6 Felling courses with 4 participants per course = 24 participants 8 Recording Vernacular Buildings courses with 12 participants per course = 96 participants 8 taster Dry Stone Walling courses with 10 participants per course = 80 participants 8 Geology and Walls courses with 10 participants per course = 80 participants 8 Unique Wall Features courses with 10 participants per course = 80 participants 12 Heritage Construction Skills workshops with 10 participants per course = 120 participants

S3 Young Rangers 40 activity days (YDNPA) 400 volunteer days from young people 20 group members at any one time and 15 of these to be regular members taking part in six activity days £17,296 each year 40 members will receive outdoor first aid and hill skills training 32 members will gain a John Muir Award

S4 Ingleborough 24 caving trips or workshops Dales Cave 13 CPD events Environment £13,537 (Yorkshire Dales 148 participants Guides) A decrease in damage/graffiti in the caves

S5 Walk Leader 16 training days for local walk leaders Training 192 training places for volunteers £6,911 (IDLP)

Programme cost £236,736

Total cost of all programmes £1,874,240

5.4. Connections between projects The diagram below illustrates the connections between the projects. Other connections will be made during the delivery phase.

H2 H3 H4 H5 H6

H1 H7

S5 N1

S4 N2

S3 N3

S2 N4

D1 D7

D6 D5 D4 D3 D2

Note: D1 Stories in Stone website is linked to several other projects so, for sake of clarity, these links are not shown. Also, many D7 projects are linked to other D7 projects. 78

5.5. Delivering Landscape Partnership outcomes Our Vision, Aims and Objectives are closely linked to Heritage Lottery Fund’s Landscape Partnership programme outcomes, the nationally defined outcomes that HLF uses to set out what all Landscape Partnerships need to accomplish. All of the projects that will be delivered through the scheme will achieve more than one of the nine HLF Landscape Partnership outcomes. These are: Outcomes for heritage: Heritage will be better managed, in better condition, and identified/recorded Outcomes for people: People will have developed skills, learnt about heritage, and volunteered time Outcomes for communities: Negative environmental impacts will be reduced, more people and a wider range of people will have engaged with heritage, and the local area/community will be a better place to live, work or visit.

The table below illustrates how the projects contribute to these HLF Landscape Partnership outcomes.

erplace

a a bett

volunteered time time volunteered

identified/recorded

impacts will be reduced will impacts

have engaged heritage with engaged have

orepeople

ocal area/community ocalarea/community

Heritage will be better managedHeritage be better will condition Heritage be in better will Heritage be will skills will People developed have heritage about will People learnt have will People have Environmental M L H1: Traditional Farm Buildings        H2: Dry Stone Walls        H3: Thorns Through Time          H4: Southerscales: a deserted settlement         H5: Ribblehead Landscape Enhancements      H6: Ribblehead Station         H7: Quarry Tales        N1: Woodland Restoration        N2: Swarth Moor Restoration         N3: Limestone Pavement Restoration      

N4: Safeguarding Ingleborough’s Wildlife Sites          N5: Cave Conservation        N6: Mealbank Quarry Nature Reserve          D1: Stories in Stone website and brand       D2: Ingleborough Dales Rocks      D3: Schools Out        D4: Ingleborough for All         D5: Overground Underground Festival         D6: Capturing the Past        D7: Access and Interpretation Improvements          D8: Musical Rocks       D9: Community Heritage Grants         S1: Rural Trainees         S2: Heritage Skills Training         S3: Young Rangers       S4: Ingleborough Dales Cave Environment        S5: Walk Leader Training     

5.6. Changes to the scheme since first-stage approval This section summarises the key changes to the scheme delivery and projects as outlined in the first-stage submission and, following the development phase, as they are now detailed in the Landscape Conservation Action Plan.

5.6.1. Partners Horton Parish Council had originally been part of the steering group that developed the Craven Dales Landscape Partnership’s unsuccessful first-stage application (see page 6), since a major project of that bid was being led by the parish council. It continued to be represented on the steering group that developed the current Landscape Partnership scheme but, as it is not now leading on any significant projects, it is inappropriate for it to be a partner on the LP Board. Horton PC, along with the other parish and town councils within the IDLP area, will be able to join the Local Stakeholders Group (see section 6.4).

The North Craven Cluster of Schools (which includes Settle College) has been invited to be represented on the LP Board.

5.6.2. Programmes and Projects Section 5.2 describes the programmes and projects in the Landscape Conservation Action Plan. The main changes to the programmes are as follows:

The scheme originally had four programmes: Programme A: Sustaining the landscape through long-term management; Programme B: Restoration and conservation of natural and human elements of the landscape; Programme C: Providing access, learning and enjoyment of the area’s heritage; and Programme D: Provision of training opportunities in traditional skills linked to scheme projects. However, during the development phase it became clear that Programme A was more of a cross-cutting theme than a programme of specific projects. In addition it was felt that Programme B would be clearer by splitting it into two programmes that focussed on natural heritage and built heritage. Programmes C and D are largely intact.

Minor project-specific changes are included in the project details in Part 2 of the LCAP but significant changes are as follows:

H3 Thorns: The initial intention was that four historical structures at the site would be restored or consolidated, according to their condition and likely costs. However, since the landowner did not expect to get any material benefit from the work he was not happy to make a cash contribution or enter into a maintenance agreement. Without this, and because of the relatively high costs (based on quotes), the IDLP considered it a risky project. One structure – the remains of a historical house – will still be consolidated, due to the low cost but high heritage value. The community archaeology element will progress as planned.

H6 Ribblehead Station: This is an exciting new project that has been brought into the scheme because of the site’s importance due to its location, use by visitors, and its links to H5 Ribblehead Landscape Enhancements. Together the two projects will significantly enhance the experience of visitors to the Ribblehead area.

N6 Mealbank Quarry Nature Reserve: This project was not specifically included in the first- stage submission but emerged out of discussions during the scheme’s development phase, in particular in relation to development of N4 Safeguarding Ingleborough’s Wildlife Sites and wider discussions about the possible management of small disused quarries for nature conservation objectives.

D7 Access and interpretation projects: Many of these were not specifically included in the first-stage submission but emerged during the development of the Integrated Access Plan. An annual budget of £10,000 has been allocated to the D1 Stories in Stone website project to support new opportunities involving innovative interpretation techniques, including technology (apps, HTML5 websites, NFC chips, QR codes, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth hubs), social media, storytelling, art, music, arts and crafts, and sights and sounds. The budget will be managed by the Discover Ingleborough Officer (see Section 6.6).

D8 Musical Rocks: The project builds on a proposal in the first-stage submission for the construction of geological benches and walls as a way to interpret a geological outcrop or view. The current proposal emerged during the development phase. This project takes a more creative approach to interpreting the landscape and its geology and it provides much greater community involvement opportunities, as several local primary schools will be involved. It also has greater linkage with other scheme projects.

D9 Community Heritage Grants: The first-stage submission included a project involving volunteers recording the variety and condition of small-scale historical landscape features to enable improved conservation management of them in the future. During the development phase this proposal was extended to include the restoration and conservation of these features through a small grants scheme. It was further proposed that this scheme should also include restoration of natural features, as well as surveying and interpretation of built and natural features, and associated educational activities and materials. This approach will enable closer community involvement in the area’s heritage.

S1 Rural Trainees: The first-stage submission included a proposal for four trainees but we now propose to recruit six.

The Out of the Darkness project originally encapsulated oral history, archiving, and recording cave features and their condition. The oral history element has not been taken forward but the archiving element is potentially now within the scope of D6 Capturing the Past, and recording of cave features is included in N5 Cave Conservation.

Only three proposals have been dropped entirely, all located around the disused Sunnybank quarry, which was gifted from Hanson UK to Horton Parish Council a few years ago:

Sunnybank stone cutting water mill: this was to have been consolidated but further inspection indicated that the costs far outweighed public benefit.

Helwith Bridge to Horton public access link through a new footbridge and track with a link to the disused Foredale Quarry: alleged anti-social behaviour by some climbers using Foredale Quarry led to local opposition to any enhanced access proposals, so this has not been pursued.

New innovative interpretation based at the recently restored Sunnybank picnic site: Horton Parish Council has undergone a change of members since the first-stage submission and this, together with uncertainty over which councillor would lead on the project, led the parish council to formally withdraw the project from the scheme. It’s hoped that elements of the proposals may be brought back into the scheme at some point during the delivery phase.

5.6.3. IDLP delivery team Section 6.6 outlines the structure and roles of the staff team that will deliver the Landscape Conservation Action Plan. The main changes are as follows:  The Landscape Partnership Manager post has remained unchanged but it is now referred to as the Scheme Manager.  The title of the Conservation Project Officer has been amended to Project Officer. It will remain a 1.0 FTE post but the role will now include managing the proposed Community Heritage Grants scheme.

 The Community Heritage Officer 1.0 FTE post is now referred to as the Community and Education Officer. The officer(s) will be responsible for managing community and education projects and will specifically deliver the Ingleborough for All outreach project and the Schools Out education project. In recognition of the range of skills and experience required, the post is expected to be two 0.5 FTE posts but the roles may be combined into one 1.0 FTE post.  The Interpretation Officer, originally envisaged to be a 0.5 FTE post responsible for managing interpretation and training projects, has developed into the Discover Ingleborough Officer 0.6 FTE post. The post holder will lead on developing and delivering many of the access and interpretation proposals included in the Integrated Access Plan. The training aspect of this post has been moved to the Administration Officer post. The increase in hours is partly due to the lack of capacity within YDNPA to provide gift-in- kind staff time. The post holder will manage a small annual budget to implement additional interpretation projects.  The Administration Officer 0.5 FTE post has become a Training and Administration Officer 0.8 FTE post. The post holder will split their time evenly between administering the Rural Trainees project and having an overview of volunteer involvement in IDLP projects, and providing an administrative and secretarial service to the Scheme Manager and other IDLP staff to support the effective delivery of the scheme.

This makes a total of 4.4 FTE posts, as compared to 4.0 FTE posts envisaged in the first- stage submission. There are good reasons for this revision:  There has to be sufficient capacity and expertise within the core scheme staff team to ensure the successful delivery of the scheme, to reduce the risk of overstretching human resources, and also to strengthen partnership working for the future.  The vision of the IDLP is dependent upon an inclusive and constructive process of communication between the many communities and organisations which have a voice in the future of the Ingleborough Dales landscape. However, the partners and the community lack the human resources to fully facilitate such a complex interface between so many interested parties, and YDMT, as the lead partner, has no human resource to bring to the process other than that secured through the IDLP scheme.

5.6.4. Costs and match funding The total cost of the scheme of £2,602,438 remains very close to the original estimate of £2,629,468. However, there have been changes within and between budget headings. The key changes are as follows:

 Capital costs: These have increased by around £48,000, mainly due to a higher restoration target for Traditional Farm Buildings.  Activity costs: These have increased by around £110,000, mainly due to higher IDLP staff costs.

 Other costs: This now includes a sum of £61,600 for increased management and maintenance costs.  Inflation has decreased dramatically from £188,578 to £9,795. This is partly due to the prevailing inflation rate being zero but mainly due to way the previous figure was calculated: it had been estimated that 60% of the total capital and activity costs would have inflation included and the rate used was 3%. The funds released have been used to support project delivery costs.  The amount of non-recoverable VAT has dropped from £197,139 to £126,239. This is largely due to how the Common Fund will be managed, ie VAT-registered project partners can pay for their project costs directly and will draw down from YDMT the ex- VAT amount (see section 7.2.3). YDNPA will also ‘cash flow’ some projects. The funds released have been used to support project delivery costs. New funding has been secured from Natural England, Yorkshire Wildlife Trust, Butterfly Conservation Trust, Council of Northern Caving Clubs, and the Settle & Carlisle Railway Association. We have also now included an estimate of the income from course fees, and the value of volunteer time has been more accurately estimated.

The lower scheme cost and increased match funding has reduced the amount of HLF grant requested from £2,011,919 to £1,991,200. However, the HLF intervention rate has stayed the same: 77%.

Details of the new funding package are provided in Section 7.2.2.

5.6.5. Start date We had envisaged that the delivery phase would commence in April 2015. However, at the mid-term review of our development phase, held at HLF’s offices in Leeds on 5 December 2014, HLF’s decision-making timetable was clarified and it became clear that we would be unable to submit a high quality Landscape Conservation Action Plan by the deadline needed to enable us to meet our anticipated start date. This was revised to be October 2015.

Our LCAP was submitted on 27 April for a HLF decision in September.

An aerial view of Ribblehead Viaduct, which also shows evidence of the 19th century construction camp and the numerous shakeholes in the area 84

Section 6: Scheme Governance and Delivery

6.1. Introduction This section sets out how the scheme will be governed, managed and delivered.

It explains:  the roles of and relationships between the Landscape Partnership Board, the Lead Partner, Local Stakeholders Group, the Ingleborough Dales Community Forum, and the IDLP delivery team  how the scheme will recruit staff and procure goods and services  the scheme’s financial management arrangements, including the Common Fund, scheme income, and third-party grants and agreements.

6.2. Landscape Partnership Board A Landscape Partnership Board (LP Board) will be established with appropriate levels of delegated authority to ensure effective oversight and strategic development of the scheme. Members of the LP Board will come from the public, private, voluntary and community sectors. Once appointed to the LP Board they will be representing the whole of the scheme, rather than their organisation or a sub-set of projects.

Delivery partners represented on the LP Board will include: Yorkshire Dales Millennium Trust Yorkshire Dales Landscape Research Trust Yorkshire Dales National Park Authority Yorkshire Wildlife Trust Natural England North Craven Cluster of Schools (tbc) Hanson UK Lafarge Tarmac Ltd Two members nominated by the Local Stakeholders Group (see Section 6.4) It is likely that members also sit on other project or site management groups, and so bring a range of experience and contacts to the Landscape Partnership. The LP Board will also be able to draw on the advice and support of other staff in partner organisations, as well as

85 organisations not directly represented on the Board. The Board will undertake regular skills reviews and may co-opt members to fill gaps in knowledge or capabilities.

The LP Board will meet at least four times a year and will be responsible for scrutinising delivery, monitoring progress towards agreed targets and outcomes, and providing a strong steer as to the direction and inputs required to deliver the aims and objectives of the scheme.

The LP Board will:  monitor and review the progress on the implementation of the scheme and recommend changes if required  advise on all aspects of the programmes and projects included in the scheme  support the recruitment of and direct the staff team appointed to manage and deliver the scheme  help to identify and secure funding for projects included in the scheme  help to identify linkages with other projects or policies  receive and comment on reports on the scheme’s work programmes and the work of any task and finish sub-groups that it may wish to form  promote the work and aims of the IDLP to stakeholders and in the wider community.

The LP Board will be governed by the Landscape Partnership Agreement (see Annex 11). YDMT will appoint one of its Trustees to act as Chair of the LP Board, which will then have a direct delegated relationship with the YDMT Board of Trustees.

The LP Board will build on the strengths and successful joint working of the Steering Group which has overseen the IDLP’s development phase and production of the Landscape Conservation Action Plan.

6.3. IDLP lead partner and accountable body YDMT is the lead partner and accountable body of the IDLP. It currently has 15 volunteer Trustees and employs 14.2 FTE staff.

YDMT will have contracts and reporting relationships with HLF and other funders as appropriate. As such, YDMT’s Trustees will retain ultimate accountability and therefore will maintain an overview to ensure the IDLP scheme is delivered effectively, monitoring headline risks, financial management, and reporting to HLF as required.

YDMT will be responsible for the overall project management of Stories in Stone, including: Managing the contract and relationship with HLF:  ensuring compliance with HLF requirements

 ensuring appropriate reporting.

Managing the overall scheme and ensuring its different functions are delivered coherently:  contract management and performance of the core functions within the IDLP  budget and financial management  recruitment and employment of the delivery team  ensuring excellent internal communications between the component parts/functions of the IDLP, the projects, the Local Stakeholders Group, and community forum members.

Maximising the impact of the scheme:  linking into other related key initiatives for sharing of best practice  delivering a programme of external communications to highlight the successes of the scheme. Managing scheme governance:  risk management and compliance with relevant policies (eg safeguarding)  providing financial accounting and management services to the LP Board, and supporting the IDLP Chair in ensuring excellent governance.  reporting to YDMT Trustees as appropriate.

Grant management of supported projects:  setting out and overseeing grant conditions, offer letters and payment schedules  project monitoring (financial, deliverables) and overseeing project risk management (and implementation of performance management strategies where necessary).

YDMT will act as the accountable body for the Landscape Partnership scheme and will manage the scheme’s cash flow. YDMT will submit quarterly claims to HLF and absorb any adverse cash flow between claim periods.

The Scheme Manager will have responsibility for monitoring project expenditure and income and will provide financial reports to the Landscape Partnership Board, HLF and the YDMT Management Team. In addition to financial oversight from HLF and the HLF Monitor, the scheme will also be subject to YDMT’s audit requirements to ensure financial accountability.

YDMT will provide the secretariat via the Scheme Manager (as a non-voting member in attendance).

6.4. Local Stakeholders Group The Local Stakeholders Group (LSG) will be made up of interested individuals and members of community and user/interest groups who have already been involved in the development

87 of the scheme, or who have been identified through the audience development of the scheme, or who become interested in and/or involved with the scheme during the delivery phase. The LSG has its own terms of reference (see Annex 12) and will provide community engagement, input and advice to the LP Board.

The LSG will nominate two members to sit on the LP Board so that the views of the LSG can easily be fed back into the delivery of the Scheme.

Updates will be sent to LSG members a few weeks prior to LP Board meetings, allowing time for members to discuss scheme progress and for their views to be noted and presented to the Board via the LSG representatives.

This structure and process allows the LSG to significantly input to the LP Board whilst retaining a clear distinction between an advisory group and the more formal decision-making role of the LP Board.

Both the LP Board and the LSG have a role in terms of promoting the Ingleborough Dales Landscape Partnership and raising awareness amongst local communities and other stakeholders. The LP Board and the LSG will be expected to assist in the identification and sharing of good practice.

6.5. Ingleborough Dales Community Forum The LP Board will organise an annual Community Forum to:  provide local people with an opportunity to gain a better understanding of the work of the IDLP and to input into the management of the scheme  raise the profile of the scheme to a wider audience  provide a showcase for local products, facilities and services.

The Forum will be open to all and will be held at a suitable venue within or close to the scheme area.

6.6. IDLP delivery team YDMT will employ a staff team (4.4 FTE) to lead the management and practical delivery of Stories in Stone. Outlines of the roles are below, while detailed job descriptions are in Annex 13:  Scheme Manager (1.0 FTE): responsible for line managing the delivery staff, coordinating and monitoring project delivery on a day-to-day basis, overseeing the scheme management systems, including being responsible for signing contracts for goods and services, reporting to the IDLP Board, reporting and claiming from HLF and other

funders, and advocacy, partnership building and strategic development to ensure the scheme’s successful implementation and long-term legacy.  Project Officer (1.0 FTE): responsible for developing and supporting historical and natural heritage conservation and training projects, and managing the Community Heritage Grants scheme.  Community and Education Officers (2 x 0.5 FTEs or 1.0 FTE): responsible for delivering Ingleborough for All (providing opportunities for disadvantaged urban communities to enjoy, learn about and help conserve the historical and natural environment of the Ingleborough Dales), and Schools Out (providing a range of outdoor-based activity and engagement days for primary schools within the Ingleborough Dales area and its immediate catchment, to enable children to explore and celebrate their local landscape). Job descriptions for both roles have been written but they may be combined into one 1.0 FTE post.  Discover Ingleborough Officer (0.6 FTE): responsible for developing and supporting projects that provide new interpretation and sustainable tourism opportunities, and managing a small budget to support innovative interpretation.  Training and Administration Officer (0.8 FTE): responsible for administering the Rural Trainees project, having an overview of volunteer involvement in IDLP projects, and providing an administrative and secretarial service to the Scheme Manager and other IDLP staff to support the effective delivery of the scheme.

The relationship of the IDLP team and key YDMT staff is shown in Annex 14.

IDLP staff will be subject to employment contracts that set out expectations of their roles. Annual priorities and work plans will be agreed and reviewed informally on a monthly basis. In addition, formal performance reviews will be conducted annually.

6.7. Volunteers A well-trained and highly motivated volunteer work force will play a significant and vital role in securing the heritage value of the landscape in the long term, and the success of the scheme will in part be measured by the effectiveness of the volunteer contribution. By involving residents in training, they have a real involvement in the decision-making relating to local environments and heritage.

Project lead partners will be directly responsible for recruiting, training and retaining volunteers from a wide range of backgrounds and abilities to work on their projects. YDMT, and partners such as YDNPA and Yorkshire Wildlife Trust, have volunteer policies in place to ensure that volunteer training and involvement is run to the highest standards and that volunteers have a positive experience. The IDLP Training and Administration Officer will maintain an overview of volunteer involvement and will ensure good communications and

89 management of volunteers are maintained, so that volunteers have a satisfying time and local heritage benefits from their efforts.

Volunteers will gain:  new skills such as dry stone walling and archaeological survey techniques  satisfying work and personal development  new and exciting experiences  health and well-being benefits  an enhanced appreciation of the landscape and heritage of the Ingleborough Dales.

The involvement of volunteers in delivering and maintaining the scheme through a variety of projects is a key element in securing the long-term sustainability of the proposals. Each of the four scheme programmes includes a number of projects which will involve volunteers in a number of ways: surveys of habitats and historical features, assessing route accessibility, habitat management, leading walks, repairing dry stone walls, digitising archives, helping with school visits, supporting events, manning stalls, supporting festivals, becoming the future trainers - an endless variety.

Key projects that will involve volunteers include H3 Thorns Through Time, H4 Southerscales: a deserted settlement, H7 Quarry Tales, N4 Safeguarding Ingleborough’s Wildlife Sites, N5 Cave Conservation, N6 Mealbank Quarry Nature Reserve, D5 Overground Underground Festival and D6 Volunteers of all ages and backgrounds Capturing the Past. will be involved

6.8. Consents and statutory responsibilities Access: All proposals are on existing Public Rights of Way.

Archaeology: Project leads of projects involving proposed or possible work on Scheduled Ancient Monuments (Thorns, Southerscales, Ribblehead Landscape Enhancements) will liaise with Historic England to ensure that necessary consents are in place. Some consultation has already taken place.

Historical structures: None of the buildings included in the scheme are listed and so Historic England consent is not needed.

Landowner consents: Sites owned by Partners on the LP Board (YDNPA, Yorkshire Wildlife Trust), who have signed up to the Landscape Partnership Agreement, have already got landowner consent. Landowner consent for sites in private ownership or owned by Craven District Council will be in place before works start.

Natural England: Consents are required to works affecting SSSIs, Local Geological Sites, and sites subject to Limestone Pavement Orders. Natural England is a partner of the Landscape Partnership and there are strong links directly with Natural England officers which has ensured that Natural England is entirely happy with proposals included within the scheme.

Planning consents: The Limestone Pavement Restoration project will need planning permission in Years 1 and 2. It is not envisaged that many other projects will require planning permission. However, the need for planning consent will be established early in a project’s development so as to ensure there is sufficient time to obtain it.

European Union procurement rules: It is not anticipated that any procurement will exceed the relevant EU threshold but if it does then services will be tendered through Tenders Direct.

State Aid: All of the projects have been forwarded to Defra to be assessed with respect to State Aid issues. Most projects have been assessed as being covered through the General or Agricultural de minimis regulations (EC 1407/2013 and EC 1408/2013), but a few may need to be block exempted through EC 651/2014 Training aid and EC 702/2014 Aid for investments in favour of the conservation of cultural and natural heritage located on agricultural holdings and Aid for afforestation and the creation of woodland. We will ensure that all partners and applicants are aware of any potential State Aid implications.

Statutory responsibilities: None of the projects are the statutory responsibility of any of the partners or project lead partners.

6.9. Risk Register Such a highly complex scheme inevitably carries a number of risks. The key risks are: 1. Delivery team lack relevant skills needed to successfully coordinate the scheme and deliver specific projects 2. Loss of staff member 3. Loss of partner 4. Funding shortfall due to increased costs or withdrawal of funding 5. Failure to engage volunteers, stakeholders and communities

6. Lack of effective project management and failure to manage financial reporting and claims process 7. Projects inadequately delivered / fail to meet targets / timetable slippage / project- specific risks 8. Failure to get relevant consents or permissions for specific works 9. Procurement process is unclear or not adhered to, leading to poor appointment or low value for money 10. Scheme does not deliver long-term sustainable benefits for the landscape, its heritage and communities

A Risk Register illustrating the impacts and probabilities of these key risks, and how the scheme’s good management and governance will reduce them, is in Annex 15.

6.10. Communications Strategy Prior to the delivery phase commencing, a communications plan will be drafted. The two key reasons for doing this are:  Stories in Stone is funded with public money from the Heritage Lottery Fund and it is therefore important that the public can see that the scheme provides value for money, public benefit and is being delivered in an honest and transparent manner  The scheme is large and complex and it will require good, consistent and coordinated publicity and communication.

The strategy will include:  telling the background to Stories in Stone  communication principles and messages  terminology to be used  use of social media and online media  coordination of press releases  production of leaflets, newsletters and website releases  a Stories in Stone blog  communications to the Local Stakeholders Group and the wider public  promoting opportunities for residents and visitors to get involved in the scheme’s work.

Section 7: Scheme Finances

7.1. Procurement Policy The IDLP is committed to ensuring that procedures for staff recruitment and procurement of goods and services are transparent, fair and open, that they achieve value for money, are carried out in accordance with best practice, and keep to the relevant equality legislation. Our Procurement Policy therefore meets HLF guidelines.

7.1.1. Staff recruitment: All delivery team posts will be externally advertised, and application processes and timetables will be manageable and fair to enable as wide a range of suitable applicants to apply as possible. Posts will be widely advertised, with sufficient time allowed for people to see job adverts in a range of settings (online and in print). The exception to this is the Scheme Manager post, which the openly-recruited Development Officer will move into. Appropriately trained staff will be responsible for the selection of staff and, whenever possible, shortlisting and interviewing will be carried out by the same staff. A methodical and objective process for shortlisting and interviewing will be agreed, including interview questions and criteria for objective scoring. Only staff with appropriate ability, experience, knowledge and skills will be selected and appointed. The recruitment procedures of delivery partners who propose to recruit staff to deliver IDLP projects will need to be approved by the IDLP Scheme Manager as a condition of grant support.

7.1.2. Goods and services: Procurement of all goods and services, whether by YDMT or project delivery partners, will be in accordance with the following procedures:  expenditure up to £10,000 requires a single written quote, but further quotes may be sought to confirm value for money  expenditure between £10,000 and £50,000 requires at least three competitive tenders or written quotes  expenditure above £50,000 requires a full tender process.

Note that the procurement policies of some project partners, such as YDNPA and Natural England, have lower thresholds and therefore, since they are obliged to follow their own procedures, they will be exceeding HLF’s requirements.

For organisations applying for a Community Heritage Grant (project D10), the following procedures apply:  expenditure up to £2,000 requires a single written quote  expenditure between £2,000 and £10,000 (this being the maximum project value permissible for the grant scheme) requires at least three written quotes.

All thresholds are exclusive of VAT. The thresholds apply to all individual goods and services or to the aggregate fee as a single purchase or appointment. Procurements will not be divided in order to circumvent these procedures. Where appropriate, quotes will be sought for i) each annual phase of projects running over two or more years, and ii) where an individual provider could potentially receive more than £10,000 (or £2,000 if providing goods or services for a Community Heritage Grant recipient).

We will retain proof of competitive tendering procedures, including a report on the quotes or tenders we have invited and received, together with our decision on which to accept and the reasons for that decision. As well as price, other factors that will be taken into account to reach decisions to appoint include qualifications, relevant experience/knowledge, resources (manpower, equipment and the ability to perform the contract by the anticipated deadline), and other requirements specific to the goods or service that would have a bearing on cost effectiveness. We will demonstrate the factors we have taken into account and how we arrived at the decision to appoint.

For projects being delivered by partners who wish to (and are eligible to) charge for their project management staff time, one of the following approaches will be followed:  if the project is managed by a voluntary/not-for-profit sector organisation then we will seek advance agreement from HLF to procure their services without competition, and project management costs will be calculated on a full cost recovery basis  we will work with the project partner to ensure that direct delivery costs stay below the procurement threshold  we will provide a fully justified request for a single tender action approach. This is particularly relevant where the project partner has invested considerable time and expertise developing a project and there may be questions over intellectual property ownership  where a case cannot be made on one of these grounds the work will be procured in accordance with our Procurement Policy, with or without the support of the delivery partner.

We have already put our policy into practice for procuring services for several projects that will be wholly or partly delivered in Year 1. As well as supporting the development of the LCAP and providing us with robust costings, the early procurement of services will enable us to begin implementing projects as soon as possible after we receive the formal Permission to Start from HLF. Project-specific procurement is outlined in the table below.

Project Year 1 procurement Years 2-4 procurement H1: Traditional IDLP development staff invited Landowners (or IDLP delivery Farm Buildings and received quotes for the two staff) will obtain at least three buildings prioritised for Year 1. quotes. Quotes will be based on Quotes were based on detailed detailed specifications already specifications drawn up by drawn up by YDNPA Building YDNPA Building Conservation Conservation staff (specifications staff. For both buildings the will be checked for validity). lowest quote was preferable. The contractors have been advised that, subject to confirmation of HLF funding, the contracts will be offered to them. H2: Dry Stone Landowners will obtain at least Landowners will obtain at least Walls three quotes for their scheme, three quotes for their scheme, even if the estimated cost of the even if the estimated cost of the work is below £10,000. This is work is below £10,000. This is because an individual contractor because an individual contractor will potentially receive more than will potentially receive more than £10,000 over the course of the £10,000 over the course of the scheme. scheme. H3: Thorns IDLP development staff invited Procurement of all goods and Through Time and received tenders for the services will be in accordance building work. Tenders were with the IDLP procurement based on the detailed policy. specifications. The lowest quote was preferable. The contractor has been advised that, subject to confirmation of HLF funding, the contract will be offered to them. Dr David Johnson will lead on project management and volunteer training and supervision. Dr Johnson is providing a similar role for the H4 Southerscales project. His overall fee for these two projects is capped at below £10,000. Procurement of all other goods and services will be in accordance with the IDLP procurement policy. H4: Dr David Johnson will lead on Procurement of all goods and Southerscales: A project management and services will be in accordance Deserted volunteer training and supervision. with the IDLP procurement Settlement Dr Johnson is providing a similar policy. role for the H3 Thorns project.

His overall fee for these two projects is capped at below £10,000. Procurement of all other goods and services will be in accordance with the IDLP procurement policy. H5: Ribblehead IDLP staff will prepare a brief for The Procurement of all goods and Landscape the provision of project services will be in accordance Enhancements management which will be put out with the IDLP procurement to tender. The contract will be policy. awarded based on price and relevant experience. Procurement of all other goods and services will be in accordance with the IDLP procurement policy. H6: Ribblehead Procurement of all goods and Procurement of all goods and Station services will be in accordance services will be in accordance with the IDLP procurement with the IDLP procurement policy. policy. H7: Quarry Tales A tender brief for project delivery Subject to satisfactory was drawn up by IDLP performance in Year 1, the development staff and consultants contract will be extended for the were invited to tender. The second year of this two-year contract has been awarded, project. Procurement of all goods subject to confirmation of HLF and services will be in accordance funding, based on price and with the IDLP procurement relevant experience. Quarry Arts’ policy. recruitment process to recruit the part-time project administrator will be approved by the IDLP scheme manager. Procurement of all other goods and services will be in accordance with the IDLP procurement policy. N1: Woodland YDNPA Trees and Woodlands Landowners (or IDLP or YDNPA Restoration staff drew up a detailed staff) will obtain at least three specification for the Year 1 quotes, usually even when the scheme and, although the estimated cost is below the HLF estimated cost was well below the threshold of £10,000. Quotes will HLF threshold of £10,000, quotes be based on detailed specifications were invited and received. The drawn up by YDNPA Trees and lowest quote was preferable. The Woodlands staff. contractor has been advised that, subject to confirmation of HLF funding, the contract will be

offered to them. N2: Swarth Lafarge Tarmac staff will prepare a The Procurement of all goods and Moor brief for the re-wetting works, services will be in accordance Restoration and based on the recommendations with the IDLP procurement Interpretation arising from the peat analysis policy. carried out in the development phase. The brief will be put out to tender and the contract will be awarded based on price and relevant experience. Natural England staff will prepare a brief for the boardwalk. The brief will be put out to tender and the contract will be awarded based on price and relevant experience. Procurement of all other goods and services will be in accordance with the IDLP procurement policy. N3: Limestone The two schemes identified for Procurement of all goods and Pavement Year 1 will be treated as one services will be in accordance Restoration scheme and three quotes will be with the IDLP procurement sought for the fencing work, even policy. though the combined estimated cost is below £10,000. Procurement of all other goods and services will be in accordance with the IDLP procurement policy. N4: Safeguarding Procurement of all goods and Procurement of all goods and Ingleborough’s services will be in accordance services will be in accordance Wildlife Sites with the IDLP procurement with the IDLP procurement policy. policy. N5: Cave Procurement of all goods and Procurement of all goods and Conservation services will be in accordance services will be in accordance with the IDLP procurement with the IDLP procurement policy. policy. N6: Mealbank Procurement of all goods and Procurement of all goods and Quarry Nature services will be in accordance services will be in accordance Reserve with the IDLP procurement with the IDLP procurement policy. policy. D1: Stories in A brief for the website and Procurement of all goods and Stone website branding has been drafted which services will be in accordance and brand will be finalised soon after with the IDLP procurement delivery commences and sent out policy. to tender. The contract will be

awarded based on price and relevant experience. Procurement of all other goods and services will be in accordance with the IDLP procurement policy. D2: Ingleborough YDNPA staff will prepare briefs Procurement of all goods and Dales Rocks for content and webpage services will be in accordance development which will be put with the IDLP procurement out to tender. Contracts will be policy. awarded based on price and relevant experience. Procurement of all other goods and services will be in accordance with the IDLP procurement policy. D3: Schools Out The recruitment process to Procurement of all goods and recruit the part-time project services will be in accordance officer will be in accordance with with the IDLP procurement the IDLP procurement policy. policy. Procurement of all other goods and services will be in accordance with the IDLP procurement policy. D4: Ingleborough The recruitment process to Procurement of all goods and for All recruit the part-time project services will be in accordance officer will be in accordance with with the IDLP procurement the IDLP procurement policy. policy. Procurement of all other goods and services will be in accordance with the IDLP procurement policy. D5: Overground The Festival steering group’s Procurement of all goods and Underground recruitment process to recruit services will be in accordance Festival the part-time administrator will with the IDLP procurement be approved by the IDLP scheme policy. manager. Procurement of all other goods and services will be in accordance with the IDLP procurement policy. However, for certain elements three quotes will be required (even though their value is well below the £10,000 threshold). D6: Capturing A tender brief for project delivery Subject to satisfactory the Past was drawn up by IDLP performance in Year 1, the development staff and local contract will be extended for the groups and consultants were second year of this two-year

invited to tender. The contract project. Procurement of all goods has been awarded, subject to and services will be in accordance confirmation of HLF funding, with the IDLP procurement based on price and relevant policy. experience. Procurement of all other goods and services will be in accordance with the IDLP procurement policy. D7: Access and Procurement of all goods and Procurement of all goods and Interpretation services will be in accordance services will be in accordance Improvements with the IDLP procurement with the IDLP procurement policy. policy. D8: Musical This is a highly specialised project Any additional procurement Rocks that the lead partner has invested needed for the second year of this considerable time and expertise in two-year project will also be in developing, and the lead partner’s accordance with the IDLP fees (and all other elements) are procurement policy. below the £10,000 threshold. D9: Community Applicants will procure goods and Applicants will procure goods and Heritage Grants services in accordance with the services in accordance with the IDLP procurement policy. IDLP procurement policy. S1: Rural Procurement of all goods and Procurement of all goods and Trainees services will be in accordance services will be in accordance with the IDLP procurement with the IDLP procurement policy. policy. S2: Heritage Procurement of all goods and Procurement of all goods and Skills Training services will be in accordance services will be in accordance with the IDLP procurement with the IDLP procurement policy. policy. S3: Young Procurement of all goods and Procurement of all goods and Rangers services will be in accordance services will be in accordance with the IDLP procurement with the IDLP procurement policy. policy. S4: Ingleborough This is a highly specialised project Any additional procurement Dales Cave that the lead partner has invested needed for the second year of this Environment considerable time and expertise in two-year project will also be in developing, and the lead partner’s accordance with the IDLP fees (and all other elements) are procurement policy. below the £10,000 threshold. S5: Walk Leader Procurement of all goods and Procurement of all goods and Training services will be in accordance services will be in accordance with the IDLP procurement with the IDLP procurement policy. policy.

7.2. Financial Management YDMT will hold any IDLP funds as a restricted project fund with its own unique identity. YDMT produces monthly management accounts on all of its funds, which will include details on IDLP income and expenditure. Appropriate financial reporting will also be agreed with HLF. As a registered charity, YDMT’s accounts are subject to annual external audits.

Financial details including a cash flow forecast and a detailed costs spreadsheet are in Annex 16. The Scheme Manager will be responsible for producing up-to-date budgets and cash flow forecasts.

7.2.1. Management of the Common Fund The Common Fund is the value of the total financial contributions available from partners, other project delivery partners, HLF and other funders to support the activities and projects that contribute towards the Landscape Partnership’s outcomes. The IDLP’s Common Fund will be managed as a collection of contributions from partners who will retain control of their share (as well as any additional match funding the partner has secured). Claims submitted by YDMT to HLF will, therefore, include invoices made out to, and paid by, partners other than YDMT. YDMT will pay grant over to partners in accordance with the third-party agreement (see 7.2.4) and based on the agreed internal intervention rate.

7.2.2. Partnership funding Partnership funding has been secured or identified from a number of sources to ensure that, in conjunction with the HLF grant, the scheme is ready to begin delivery, following Permission to Start. The table overleaf summarises these sources and their status. Across the four-year delivery period of the scheme £387,005 of partnership funding (excluding course fees and volunteer time) needs to be secured. £329,234 (85.1%) has already been secured, leaving a balance of £57,771. This sum includes landowner contributions totalling £24,534 (which will be secured on a project-by-project basis), £12,607 which has been agreed in principle, and £20,631 which has yet to be identified.

For Year 1 £77,923 of partnership funding (again, excluding course fees and volunteer time) needs to be secured. £71,283 (91.5%) has already been secured, leaving a balance of £6,640. This sum includes landowner contributions totalling £6,105 (which has been agreed in principle), and £535 which will be secured by September 2015. YDMT and partners will continue to investigate potential funding sources. For example, the new regional LEADER programme, which is anticipated to begin delivery by September 2015, could support some of the training aspects of the scheme. In addition, creative interpretation could be supported by Arts Council funding. Income from course fees charged to participants on subsidised training courses has been estimated to be £35,980.

100

Volunteer time has been calculated using HLF’s standard daily rates of £50 for unskilled labour and £150 for skilled labour. The total estimated value of volunteer time is £188,250. We have not included any in-kind contributions such as staff time in the budgets, though some project plans in Part 2 indicate the estimated value of in-kind contributions. Given the low level of funding that remains to be secured and the high probability of the IDLP succeeding in securing further funding, the risk that the scheme will not secure sufficient match funding over the four-year delivery period is considered to be extremely low. However, to be prepared for the unlikely scenario that the balance of match funding needed is not secured, the IDLP will have contingency plans in place to reduce costs.

Match funding Year 1 Years Totals Status Status source (£) 2-4 (£) (£)

YDMT 25,440 Secured 83,080 Secured 108,520

YDNPA 23,355 Secured 103,981 Secured 127,336

Natural England 5,859 Secured 22,886 Secured 28,745

Yorkshire Wildlife 200 Secured 600 Secured 800 Trust

Lafarge Tarmac 11,484 Secured 45,905 Secured 57,389

Private landowners 6,105 Secured in 24,534 To be secured 30,640 principle on a project-by- project basis

Overground 3,980 £3,445 secured, 20,096 Unsecured 24,076 Underground £535 raised by Festival Sept 2015

Butterfly 0 N/A 500 In principle 500 Conservation

Council of 500 Secured 1,500 Secured 2,000 Northern Caving Clubs

Settle & Carlisle 1,000 Secured 6,000 In principle 7,000 Railway Association

Course fees 4,820 Estimated 31,160 Estimated 35,980

Volunteer time 56,175 Estimated 132,075 Estimated 188,250

Totals 138,918 472,317 611,235

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7.2.3. Role of YDNPA In addition to being a Partner and providing substantial partnership funding, for projects that involve high capital costs and/or that would incur significant non-recoverable VAT, YDNPA has agreed to pay invoices directly and then be reimbursed by YDMT for the ex-VAT amount, following HLF’s approval of claims. This is likely to include built heritage projects such as Traditional Farm Buildings and Ribblehead Landscape Enhancements, and the Stories in Stone website. This will help YDMT and project applicants to ‘cash flow’ these projects, and also reduce the VAT burden, freeing up funds for projects. A formal agreement between YDNPA and YDMT will be set up prior to the delivery phase commencing.

7.2.4. Third-party grants and agreements The IDLP will make third-party grants to private and not-for-profit sector landowners for activities on their land that contribute to achieving the Landscape Partnership’s outcomes. As lead partner, YDMT will be responsible for ensuring that the specific project outcomes are delivered by these landowners and that the terms of grant are complied with. This arrangement will be formalised through a third-party agreement with the landowner that defines the outcomes to be delivered, the conditions of the grant, and which secures the management and maintenance of capital works from the expected date of the works’ completion until 10 years after the scheme’s completion (ie October 2029). It will be a legal agreement between YDMT and the landowner (see Annex 17). In the event that a landowner does not adhere to the third-party agreement, HLF will claw back grant from YDMT and not the partner, and therefore it is YDMT’s responsibility to have appropriate agreements in place and to recover funds. YDMT will build upon its 18 years of experience to apply best practice in project assessment and grant management, using existing and proven structures, systems and agreements, including legal documents and methods adapted for this scheme. A full operating manual will set out clear processes and procedures for the grants function, to ensure a high quality approach is applied to each grant. We will establish a suitable programme of grant management audits to ensure we are performing in accordance with our procedures. Each project will be provided with a formal grant offer, which will set out a payment and reporting schedule but also specific grant conditions relating to the assessment of the project. Once all conditions have been met then the grant will be paid in arrears, upon satisfactory reporting and evidence of expenditure by the grant recipient. Regular monitoring visits will be scheduled. The Scheme Manager will be responsible for producing regular reports on project progress that will be sent to the LP Board, including a red-amber-green rating on performance and levels of concern to alert the Board to issues as they arise. Where a project receives a red rating or two consecutive amber ratings then the grant recipient will become subject to a performance plan. This will be developed with the grant recipient, key stakeholders, and the

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Scheme Manager. The performance plan will be tailored to the specific concerns but will include:  reviewing the way the project is being delivered, highlighting areas to improve and identifying actions needed to meet requirements  allocating additional resources (staff time / funding / expert support if available) if necessary and justified  reviewing targets  dropping a project if it is no longer delivering in line with what is required.

During the course of the performance plan, grant payments may be withheld.

Learning how to make a dry stone wall

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Section 8: Legacy, monitoring and evaluation

8.1. Introduction Sustainability is at the heart of Stories in Stone. The scheme and the projects to deliver it have been designed to have a lasting impact on the landscape, its heritage and people. This section provides detail on the sustainability of projects within the delivery programmes, how the Partnership will be enhanced and able to continue its work, and the exit strategy for the scheme.

8.2. The Landscape Partnership’s legacy for the Ingleborough Dales Planning the long-term legacy of the IDLP’s work, for both the scheme as a whole and for individual projects, has been an important theme running through the development stage. The Partnership aims to deliver a legacy for the landscape in line with our vision and aims. This will include the ongoing collaboration of partner organisations.

The principal legacies of the four programmes are as follows:

Project theme Principal legacy

Historical Ingleborough Historical features have been consolidated to halt further deterioration, historical settlements have been surveyed which has enabled a greater understanding of their development, public access and interpretation to historical heritage has been improved, and people have the skills to play an active part in caring for the historical environment

Natural Ingleborough Habitat restoration works have contributed to ongoing efforts to reduce fragmentation and to build a resilient habitat network which supports a wider range of flora and fauna, and people have the skills to play an active part in caring for the natural environment

Discover Ingleborough A coordinated range of interconnecting access and interpretation projects has enabled better appreciation and understanding of the Ingleborough Dales heritage, and enhanced physical access for more and a wider range of people

Skills for Ingleborough Training opportunities in different settings and aimed at different audiences have increased enthusiasm for managing the heritage

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of the Ingleborough Dales area and have broadened the range of skills available to do so, and tourism businesses are able to offer enhanced visitor experiences both above and below ground

At the project level, project leads, together with other partners, carefully considered before and during the development phase how their projects can deliver sustainable outcomes that will continue beyond the formal end of the scheme in 2019.

The Partnership recognises that the four-year investment through the Landscape Partnership scheme is only a part of the story to secure the long-term future of the Ingleborough Dales’ heritage, and so a constant theme running throughout the scheme and its individual projects will be how to deliver and maintain an ongoing legacy that justifies the significant financial and human resources that will be needed during the delivery phase.

8.3. Development of a legacy strategy The experience of ‘mature’ Landscape Partnerships suggests that, as the scheme rolls out, new legacy opportunities will come to light and some ambitions will prove to be unachievable. In light of this (and as recommended in the HLF-sponsored report Legacy Planning for Landscape Partnerships, February 2013), and as part of a mid-delivery review in 2017 (see Section 8.6.1), we will carry out a comprehensive review of the legacy which we aim to realise and how it can best be achieved.

This will help inform our legacy planning, which will formally start by June 2018 and result in a Legacy Plan, endorsed by the Partnership in October 2018. The Plan will establish the whole scheme legacy, as well as that of individual projects, that we hope to achieve. It will identify the actions that need to be carried out before the end of the scheme in 2019 and who will carry them out. Our LCAP will play a central role in supporting a rigorous approach to legacy planning and providing the basis for the legacy strategy.

The Legacy Plan, together with the mid-delivery evaluation review, will help to secure any resources needed for future work. It will act as a public declaration by the IDLP of its intention to support the scheme’s legacy arrangements and to establish long-term monitoring systems, which will cover both heritage condition and implementation of the strategy.

8.4. How legacy will be delivered One of the legacy challenges is that no single organisation will have an ongoing remit for landscape management, conservation and understanding across the scheme area once the scheme delivery is completed in 2019. However, the scheme is built on a strong and efficient Partnership which will help to strengthen individual partner organisations. In addition, four

105 fully-funded years of delivery will have built significant momentum among communities, businesses, and interest and user groups, which will encourage well-engaged, well-informed, supportive and motivated communities who live and work in, and visit, the Ingleborough Dales area. All are essential elements to carry the scheme’s momentum forward with minimum further investment. It will also have developed and supported many of the skills needed for the long-term management of the area, and helped to have fostered a deeper understanding of the area’s heritage for visitors and among the next generation of volunteers and heritage managers.

The social, political, financial and organisational context for the IDLP will almost certainly have changed by 2019, though the continuing downward pressure on funding, with further cuts to the budget allocations of central government departments, local government and National Park Authorities, seems unlikely to be reversed during the four-year delivery phase of the scheme. Therefore, although the Partnership will remain informed and responsive so as to take advantage of opportunities that might help to secure the legacy of our scheme, it is not the intention to seek a further large injection of funds once the scheme is complete; the Landscape Partnership aims to ensure that many elements of the scheme will become self-sustaining. A reliance on such funds being available would not be a sensible or prudent approach.

The organisations involved in the Partnership will continue beyond the end of the scheme, taking on different legacy management roles, for example:  YDNPA will continue to host and maintain the Ingleborough Dales Rocks geodiversity website for an indefinite period  digitised archives will be maintained by YDS on the Capturing the Past website  partners who own and/or manage individual sites (for example YDNPA, YWT and landowners) will maintain the improvements which have been implemented on their sites. Management and Maintenance Agreements will be used to set out their maintenance responsibilities for works carried out on their land.

YDMT, as the IDLP’s lead partner, is committed to providing an ongoing coordinating role for monitoring the implementation of agreed management and maintenance works, including managing the funds that will be ring-fenced for increased management and maintenance costs. It will continue to support existing groups such as the Swarth Moor Restoration and Aftercare Committee (which has a remit of restoring the moor in the long term to full natural state as part of the quarry closure and whole quarry restoration). It will also support any new groups that are set up specifically in response to a need or opportunity that arises during the delivery phase (such as to continue the digital archiving work delivered through Capturing the Past).

Volunteers will continue to play an important part in the legacy of the scheme. For instance, Yorkshire Wildlife Trust’s North Craven Supporters Group, to be set up during the delivery phase, will enable ongoing monitoring and management of their nature reserves in the Ingleborough area.

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8.4.1. The Landscape Partnership The Landscape Partnership builds on the strong links that existed between several partners. These links were further strengthened and extended during the development phase and they will continue to be so in delivery. Furthermore, the Landscape Partnership is committed to ensuring that these links and relationships are maintained after HLF funding has finished, so as to support future working and embed greater quality in future project development, as well as to provide a wider suite of possible funding options for future heritage conservation and celebration.

Without pre-empting the findings of the Legacy Plan, one possibility is that the Landscape Partnership Board, together with the Local Stakeholders Group, reconstitutes itself as a 'Legacy Group' to act as an umbrella body - sharing skills, ideas, publicity etc. This Group could retain the IDLP logo, which will be prominent on all literature, websites etc, so as to reinforce the sense of identity of the Ingleborough Dales landscape.

For the partner organisations individually, four years of fully-resourced, well-planned and well-coordinated delivery will support new ways of working in the future. Each will emerge from their experience in scheme delivery as organisations that will have adapted to changing times and circumstances. The scheme will also provide an accessible archive of good practice and lessons learned throughout delivery, so efforts may be replicated elsewhere or at another time with greater efficiency and less reinvention. Collectively, partners will continue to restore habitats, undertake research, provide interpretation, fund ideas for working and living sustainably, encourage volunteers and bring the benefits of this area to a wider audience.

8.4.2. Local communities The scheme will encourage increased participation and collaboration, where local residents, businesses, farmers, visitors and agencies work together to share, understand and appreciate the importance of the natural and cultural heritage of the area, and together have the skills and opportunities to contribute to its future after the scheme is completed.

The Partnership is committed to working together in the longer term. It will encourage and support local communities in developing the knowledge and skills required to play a more prominent and effective role in making the plans and decisions that will shape and protect the best of this landscape long into the future.

The records and discoveries about the area’s heritage will provide a foundation for further monitoring and discovery, and a bank of inspirational data to inform the design of future projects and activities. The community grants scheme will have enabled communities to make decisions about their local heritage, to develop the content of interpretive material, and to care for the heritage they value. However, there will always be more to do and this should be the start of further community-based projects. The lessons learnt from the delivery of the community heritage grants scheme could inform the delivery of similar grant schemes which may emerge in the future and which would potentially be managed by YDMT.

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8.4.3. Staff Stories in Stone incorporates delivery through a wide range of partner organisations and has a small core delivery team. Simply put, there is a small group of people for whom the scheme is their main focus of work, therefore fewer people who will need to seek replacement employment, while knowledge gained and lessons learnt will be retained in the partner organisations. The delivery team’s skills would be such that they would be a valuable asset to any employer.

YDMT is committed to retaining the team’s skills, knowledge and networks so that they continue to benefit the Ingleborough Dales area. As employees of YDMT, each will be entitled to redeployment opportunities that may exist within the organisation, and YDMT’s ongoing coordinating role will depend heavily on its ability to retain one or two key personnel in other roles, to allow them to maintain an overview of the IDLP legacy.

8.4.4. Resources HLF funds totalling £27,600 has been set aside to enable YDMT to support legacy delivery during the five years following scheme completion (ie November 2019 to October 2024). Specifically this entails coordinating three meetings a year of the Legacy Group (if that is what transpires), managing the funds available for increased management and maintenance costs, and monitoring the implementation of agreed management and maintenance works.

Three projects – Mealbank Quarry Nature Reserve, the Stories in Stone website and interpretation, and the Capturing the Past website – have increased management and maintenance costs to which HLF funds totalling £34,000 have been allocated. Numerous projects will have their increased management and maintenance costs covered through in- kind contributions.

8.5. Monitoring outputs Each of the 27 projects in the scheme has a clear set of outputs that will be used to monitor project delivery and thus ensure that the Landscape Partnership’s vision and its aims and objectives are being met. These outputs are listed in Section 5.3. The principal mechanism for monitoring and evaluating the scheme’s success at a project level, both during delivery and on completion, will be to develop indicators for each of these outputs. Annual targets will then be set. Outputs monitored by partners, volunteers and delivery staff will be collected by project leads and submitted to the Scheme Manager on a quarterly basis. This data be collated and presented to the LP Board.

This monitoring will also provide a simple ‘before and after’ record, from delivery through to completion. Monitoring will provide accountability for the scheme and allow partners, funders and local communities to assess whether the scheme has provided value for money and delivered its objectives and outputs.

Measuring progress will be achieved through different techniques, such as:

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 photographic ‘before and after’ records of maintenance to historical environment features or repairs to dry stone walls  visitor surveys to record visitors’ impressions of heritage, interpretation, etc  recording the number of days that volunteers have contributed  recording the number of training hours undertaken.

This information will also be captured in the HLF output datasheets, so we will be able to demonstrate the IDLP’s contribution to the national Landscape Partnerships programme.

8.6. Evaluating outcomes Quantitative monitoring will only tell part of the story of what the Landscape Partnership has achieved, and so the performance of the scheme as a whole will be evaluated. The evaluation will attempt to assess the scheme’s success in terms of its wider impact. Has the heritage been improved? Has people’s understanding been increased? These are the types of questions that need to be answered to get a true measure of the success and legacy of the scheme.

Outcomes are, by their nature, more difficult to measure than outputs, and so the scheme evaluation will be carried out by external consultants who will have particular input in analysing and assessing the results of the largely qualitative information collected. This will ensure an objective picture of the success of the scheme is provided on its completion. The Formative Evaluation Plan and Project Change Statements developed during the development phase (see Annexes 2 and 3) will inform the evaluation.

There will be a mid-delivery evaluation in the autumn of 2017 to check that the scheme is doing what it said it would do and to help with developing the legacy strategy. Then there will be a final evaluation at the end of the scheme to check that it did what it said it would do and to help deliver the Legacy Plan.

8.6.1. Mid-delivery evaluation The purpose of the mid-delivery evaluation will be to:  take stock of progress to date, providing a critical assessment which will be of value to funders and partners  tighten up the scheme’s legacy ambitions and consider in more detail how these will be delivered. Legacy will need to be considered at both a scheme-wide level and in terms of individual projects  ensure delivery plans and management systems for the second half of the scheme remain fit for purpose.

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The external consultants will be required to produce an interim scheme evaluation, which will:  confirm what has been achieved to date, identifying what has been particularly successful, difficulties which have been faced, areas where delivery has not been achieved in line with expectations, and an assessment of value for money  provide an assessment of the extent to which the scheme is contributing to wider HLF goals and the wider aspirations of partners and local communities (ie an assessment of whether the ‘right’ things are being done)  review the efficiency and effectiveness of scheme leadership and management and of the role of the Partnership  consider how the scheme might have been managed differently during the first half of the scheme, presenting recommendations for any changes in delivery and management during the second half of the scheme.

8.6.2. Final evaluation In March 2019 the external consultants will carry out a full evaluation of the scheme and produce a final evaluation report in the format recommended by HLF guidance. The final report will verify the impact and benefits to the area. Its audience will be the HLF, the LP Board, partners and stakeholders. The evaluation will:  tell the story of the scheme  examine the extent to which the vision, aims and objectives have been realised, where the original ambitions and targets have been met (or exceeded), and where (and why) there may have been a shortfall  present an assessment of the longer-term outcomes and impacts beyond the end of the scheme, and of the plans in place to ensure this legacy is carried forward  review the process of scheme delivery: how effective have the governance and project management structures been?  show what has been learnt – should things have been done in a different way?

The final evaluation report will be in line with HLF’s requirements (without which the final 10% of HLF’s contribution will not be released).

8.7. Sharing the results of evaluation To ensure that the successes, failures and lessons learnt are shared with other organisations and the public, the evaluation report and other information will be available in hard copy and via the Stories in Stone and partner websites.

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8.8. Exit Strategy Successful delivery of the scheme’s aims and objectives will increase the sustainability of managing the area’s landscape heritage in the future. It will strengthen the Partnership, so that it can continue to deliver benefits to the scheme area after the formal ending of the scheme.

Staff employed through the scheme will bring new skills and perspectives to the Partnership, help it to develop new ways of working, and form new relationships with local communities, organisations and groups. We will seek ways to increase the impact and sustainability of the scheme once the delivery phase is complete. This will involve maintaining a high profile for the scheme and ensuring it is embedded in local and regional strategies, as well as plans for the delivery of sustainable landscape management, heritage conservation, and community engagement and participation. This will encourage opportunities for further funding and for posts to continue once the delivery phase is complete.

We anticipate that the new energy and focus provided by the Landscape Partnership will create a momentum of its own, generating more partners, a greater understanding amongst local organisations of the importance of the landscape heritage, and the realisation of what can be achieved by working together in partnership. We will learn lessons from the most successful Landscape Partnership Schemes across the country and apply successful legacy lessons to ensure a lasting momentum for the Ingleborough Dales Landscape Partnership Scheme.

A stunning view of the sunset at Ribblehead Viaduct

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Section 9: Adoption and Review

9.1. Adoption The Landscape Conservation Action Plan was formally adopted by the Landscape Partnership Steering Group at their meeting on 11 March 2015. The Landscape Partnership Agreement was signed on 20 April 2015.

Members of the Local Stakeholders Group have been involved in developing the suite of projects that deliver the LCAP and have been consulted during the writing of the LCAP.

Hard copies of the full plan will be held by the lead partner (YDMT), all members of the Landscape Partnership Board, the IDLP delivery team, and the Heritage Lottery Fund.

An abridged version will be available for a wider public audience, including all individuals and organisations consulted during the development phase. This will also be downloadable from the scheme website and will be linked from partner websites, where appropriate. Hard copies of the abridged version will be available on request.

9.2. Review The LCAP is an operating manual for the scheme which will provide the basis for the work programmes of delivery staff and project lead partners. It will naturally evolve as Stories in Stone progresses. The plan will be annually reviewed over the four years of delivery so that it remains ‘fit for purpose’, by:  responding to changing circumstances (such as project delivery issues or external factors)  ensuring that the assumptions made are still valid  ensuring the aims and objectives of the scheme are still being met  that thoughts from local communities are taken into consideration  that any new opportunities are incorporated.

The Scheme Manager will be responsible for coordinating the review and proposing any changes, which will then be scrutinised and endorsed by the Landscape Partnership Board. The review will tie in with the submission of a detailed delivery plan for the forthcoming year.

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Stories in Stone

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