A Remote Sensing and Gis Based Critical Evaluation of Change Detection Study in Thimmaipally Watershed for Land Resources Management

International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 8, Issue 4, April 2017, pp. 2110–2124 Article ID: IJCIET_08_04_241 Available online at http://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJCIET?Volume=8&Issue=4 ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316

A REMOTE SENSING AND GIS BASED CRITICAL EVALUATION OF CHANGE DETECTION STUDY IN THIMMAIPALLY WATERSHED FOR LAND RESOURCES MANAGEMENT

B. Ramyaa Sree M-Tech Student, Department of Civil Engineering, K L University, AP, India.

SS. Asadi Professor & Associate Dean Academics, Department of Civil Engineering, K L University, Andhra Pradesh, India.

ABSTRACT The Thimmaipally watershed a part of Musi river sub basin, which is a part of Krishna basin, lies in the North Eastern portion of Ranga Reddy district. The watershed derives its name from Erimulli vagu which drains the area covering an area of 108.30 sq.km. The study area represents semi-arid climate with dry hot summer and mild winter with an average annual rainfall of 781mm. In the study area the major portion falls under low surface water use due to wasteland and forest which occupies about 52 Sq.km. About 48% of the study area comprises wastelands and remaining major portion is under agriculture use. Land use change detection analysis shows that the built-up area during the 4 years 2001 to 2004 increased by 85 ha. And the increase in industrial area by 30 ha. The study area falls in low ground water use category. The depth to water table in the watershed ranges between 5-15m bgl. Major portion of the study area has medium air quality. The study highlights that there is no scope for setting up the water polluting industries due to low surface water flow. Due to high risk of surface water pollution potential, only low surface water polluting industries can be considered. Three industrial sites have been selected and these have been categorized based on the criterion which has been adopted by considering the parameters like infrastructure, water availability, nearness to the sensitive area and land availability etc. The study indicated that medium air and low water polluting industries can be setup towards East of Cherial, South-west of Keesara and high air and low water polluting industries towards North of Ghatkesar. Satellite data of 2011 and 2016 Geocoded Satellite data are acquired as primary and secondary data for analysis. Visual Interpretation techniques are used to identify the Landuse/ Land cover classes from 2011 and 2016 satellite imageries, ground truthing and post interpretation of the satellite image for preparation of 2011 and

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2016 Land use/Land cover map in this different classes are identified. These spatial data maps generate statistical values of Land use/Land cover map classes, from this data analysis was carried out to find out the changes in the Land use/Land cover map classes of 2011 to 2016 . These type of model studies are very useful to identify the Land use/Land cover changes, its impact on Land Resources and in preparing the action plans to protect the Land Resources. Key words: Land use/Land cover, Land Resources, Remote sensing ,GIS. Cite this Article: B. Ramyaa Sree and SS. Asadi A Remote Sensing and GIS Based Critical Evaluation of Change Detection Study in Thimmaipally Watershed for Land Resources Management, International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 8(4), 2017, pp. 2110-2124. http://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJCIET?Volume=8&Issue=4

1. INTRODUCTION Scientific management of natural resources, in order to ensure their optimal utilization, keeping in view of conservation, environmental and socio-economic needs is a basic requirement. Development of land use systems that are both economically viable and yet sustainable in the long run is the prerequisite. Sustainable Development is often defined as “development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”. Thus use and management of natural resources in a manner that ensures continued productivity without impairing their quality for coming generations is implied. The concept is all the more relevant in our society where nearly sixty seven percent of the population is dependent upon land for its sustenance and this situation is not going to change in the near future. Thus, sustainable development is a process of change in which the use of resources, the direction of investment, the orientation of technological development and institutional changes, all are in harmony. Sustainability thus defines an important new societal goal for land use planning. Natural resources such as soil, surface and ground water, landform etc. have their relevance, but best results for assessment and management of natural resources are achieved by integrating various themes and assessing their potentiality in ideal geographical unit i.e. a watershed under the sub-systems of land, air & water with socio-economic backdrop by multi-disciplinary research. The emphasis on watershed development recognizes that rain-fed areas need to be developed and managed in a sustainable manner. In effect, the purpose of watershed development is to increase the carrying capacity of land and water resources in rain-fed areas (OIKOS and IIRR, 2000).The integration of resources data generated in the areas of forests, land use, , socio-economics etc. can lead to identification of homogeneous land units having unique combination of characteristics and hence specific suitability in terms of scientific land utilization to increase the land productivity without compromising long term productivity and the environmental quality.

2. DESCRIPTION OF STUDY AREA Keesara, an important town of study area is a place of great sanctity of Hinduism, enshrined with mythological glory of Lord Shiva belongs to medieval period and is renowned throughout the state. The study area lies in the North Eastern portion district of Ranga Reddy which is situated at the heart of Dakshinapatha of the Deccan Plateau of the Indian subcontinent an epitome of ancient Nizam culture and with latest edition of Information Technology. Both these ancient and modern cultures have to some extent contributed, directly or synergistically, for betterment of human life in this otherwise chronic drought-prone area. A long term planning strategy has been devised with the consequent study of the area under,

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‘Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System based Natural Resources Inventory and Management plan for Erimulli Vagu catchment, Musi River Basin, in order to make the study area survive as a viable, better inhabited and economically self-sustained entity. The term “development” assumed a new meaning after the Brundt land Report which called for a change in economic world order to reduce the destruction of environment and solve social problems. The term” sustainable development” has finally emerged as a code phrase to focus the need for harmonious development of land, water, vegetation and other natural resources of the area in such a way that the changes proposed to meet the needs of the development are brought about without diminishing the potential for meeting their future needs as well as those of the future generations. Systematic planning is indeed, prerequisite for the proper management and development of the land resources, which are highly stressed in the area as a result of frequent droughts causing water scarcity and overall poor life-style of the people. Sustainable development requires a holistic approach maximizing the crop yields after taking into account the precarious environment conditions

Figure 1 Location map of study area

Figure 2 Thimmaipally watershed map of study area

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Table 1 Villages covering in the study area Sl. Name of the Village Mandal Geographical coordinates No. Latitude (DMS) Longitude (DMS)

1. Malkaram Shamirpet 78° 37' 34.2" 17° 33' 12.2" 2. Gandi Narsampalli Kisara 78° 37' 6.5" 17° 32' 38.9" 3. Timmaipalli Kisara 78° 36' 51.3" 17° 32' 49" 4. Dharmaram Kisara 78° 38' 7.6" 17° 32' 46.7" 5. Yadagiripalli Kisara 78° 38' 3.1" 17° 32' 28.1" 6. Yadagiripalli (E) Kisara 78° 35' 7.9" 17° 31' 56.5" 7. Haridaspalli Kisara 78° 36' 16.7" 17° 31' 28.7" 8. Cherial Kisara 78° 37' 49.2" 17° 30' 51.7" 9. Kisara Kisara 78° 40' 7.7" 17° 31' 20.1" 10. Kisara Kisara 78° 40' 24.3" 17° 30' 57" 11. Lalanguda Kisara 78° 40' 1.8" 17° 29' 55.9" 12. Rampallidaira Kisara 78° 39' 40.6" 17° 29' 54" 13. Kundanpalli Kisara 78° 38' 26" 17° 29' 51.5" 14. Bandlaguda Kisara 78° 37' 32.4" 17° 30' 3.4" 15. Godamkunta Kisara 78° 38' 57.5" 17° 29' 15.6" 16. Chariapalli Kisara 78° 39' 27.5" 17° 28' 28.2" 17. Rampalli Kisara 78° 38' 41.6" 17° 28' 5" 18. Ismailkhanguda Kisara 78° 38' 36.8" 17° 27' 38.9" 19. Yemanampet Kisara 78° 39' 40.8" 17° 27' 16.3" 20. Saiguda Kisara 78° 40' 8" 17° 27' 44.3" 21. Ghatkesar Ghatkesar 78° 41' 9.2" 17° 27' 9.8"

2. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 1. To prepare thematic resource database on 1:50,000 scale using Remote Sensing and GIS techniques. 2. To develop the criteria for Land resources management resulting in Identification of sensitive zones, land use change identification of 2011 to 2016Industrial areas to conservation of Agricultural lands, Forest lands, religious places etc. 3. To generate action plans for Land Resources Development 3. METHODOLOGY

3.1. step by step processing of methodology 1. Source data like satellite data and SOI toposheets are collected. The satellite data of IRS-P6, LISS III, 2011 and 2016 years data was geometrically corrected and enhanced using SOI toposheets with scale 1:50000 and ERADAS software satellite imagery are printed in FCC. 2. Preparation of themes of 201 and 2016 years Land use/Land cover maps was done by using Visual Interpretation Techniques.

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3. Field visits were carried out to check the delineated units of the prepared Land use/Land cover maps and also collection of secondary data related to field observation classes are incorporated in to the final Land use/Land cover maps. 4. All the maps prepared were converted into soft copy by digitization. Graphics reparation, editing, composition of layout was done using Arc Info and Arc view software. 5. Comparison of 2011 and 2016 final Land use/Land cover maps was done to identify the changes of classes, finding the statistical variations.

3.2. Delineation of Watershed The Thimmaipally watershed is further sub-divided into 20 micro watersheds as shown in the drainage and watershed map. These watersheds are assigned codes as per national watershed atlas. The average the area of each watershed ranges from 249 ha to 1090 ha.

3.3. Analysis of Meteorological Data One of the important parameters for consideration in designing the artificial recharge and rainwater harvesting structures is the analysis and assessment of rainfall and temperature data of the area concerned for a proper assessment of water losses, rainfall – runoff and evaporation from the water bodies. Analysis of long-term rainfall data will indicate long- term trends and cyclic changes in the rainfall pattern and its influence on the recharge.

3.4. Assessment of Socio-Economic Conditions The water use and conservation habits of the local people are generally influenced by their socio-economic status. Data on socio-economic fabric of the inhabitants of the watershed has been analysed for developmental activities.

3.5. Surface Water bodies Surface water bodies are the potential sources for developing the artificial recharge systems. Possibilities of revitalising and desilting them for using as recharge sources will be discussed for augmenting the groundwater. Present status on surface water bodies in the area of study has been updated based on the satellite data.

3.6. Land use & Land Cover Land use / Land cover mapping has been carried out using Remote Sensing techniques and ground checks. Areas of agriculture, forest and wastelands have been assessed to delineate sensitive zones.

3.7. Change detection Proximity of the study area to Hyderabad leads to pressure of growing population. Change detection was carried out for comparing the Land /Land cover patterns for assessing the rate and kind of changes that has occurred during the course of time.

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Figure 3 Flow chart showing the methodology 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1. Drainage and Watersheds Erimulli vagu formed by the confluence of two-second order streams south of Bandlaguda village is the main drainage in the study area. The vagu flows from North to South and drains into Adilabad cheruvu located south of Ghatkesar. The watershed is in the shape of an inverted triangle tapering towards southern portion.

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4.2. Codification of Watersheds The Thimmaipally watershed is further subdivided in to 20 micro watersheds. The codification is done as per the guidelines of AIS & LUS (1990) as given below. Alpha- numeric symbolic codes consisting of a combination of alternating Arabic numbers and English capital alphabet letters have been used to designate different stages of delineation as indicated in Plate 3.2. • Water Resource Regions are assigned Arabic numbers 1,2,3- • Basins are assigned letters as A,B,C- • Catchments are assigned Arabic numbers 1,2,3- • Sub catchments are assigned letters as A,B,C- • Watersheds are assigned Arabic numbers 1,2,3- Thus, watersheds will have the codes like IAIAI, 2B2A3, 3A5C4, 4G4D3, etc. This system of codification is almost an open chain system and can be extended to the stages of delineation of lower categories as well. The sub divisions at each state have been limited within 8 numbers so that from cartographic point of view only 5 letters are used. However, it is felt that at sub-catchment and watershed denotes more than 8 numbers are necessary in some cases. This codification system can be easily adapted to digital coding also to facilitate computer processing of watershed data.

Table 2 Details of Micro Watersheds of Erimulli Watershed WATERSHED CODE FEATURE LENGTHIN KM AREA IN HAC. First Order Drains 6.115

4D1E6c2a Second Order Drains 3.255 505.9559 Third Order Drains 0.931

First Order Drains 10.406

Second Order Drains 7.054 4D1E6c2b 990.8103 Third Order Drains 2.594 Other Order Drains 2.664 First Order Drains 14.660 Second Order Drains 7.031 4D1E6c2c 995.8318 Third Order Drains 3.406 Other Order Drains 1.344 First Order Drains 7.596

4D1E6c2d Second Order Drains 2.047 451.9539 Third Order Drains 1.808

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Table 2 Details of Micro Watersheds of Erimulli Watershed (continued) LENGTHIN AREA IN WATERSHED CODE FEATURE KM HAC. First Order Drains 4.824 4D1E6c2e 346.2944 Second Order Drains 3.480 First Order Drains 6.541 Second Order Drains 4.981 4D1E6c2f 546.5971 Third Order Drains 0.837 Other Order Drains 0.093 First Order Drains 8.056 4D1E6c2g Second Order Drains 2.806 404.7342 Third Order Drains 1.193 First Order Drains Nil 4D1E6c2h Second Order Drains Nil 255.418

Third Order Drains Nil First Order Drains 0.41 4D1E6c2i 176.405 Second Order Drains 0.07 First Order Drains 4.427 Second Order Drains 2.897 4D1E6c3a 656.4576 Third Order Drains 1.159 Other Order Drains 4.488 First Order Drains 9.123 4D1E6c3b Second Order Drains 3.018 595.8685 Third Order Drains 3.137 First Order Drains 11.375 4D1E6c3c Second Order Drains 3.119 450.8113 Third Order Drains 1.063 First Order Drains 5.986 4D1E6c3d Second Order Drains 1.539 326.5339 Third Order Drains 1.726 First Order Drains 15.456 4D1E6c3e Second Order Drains 2.392 792.907 Third Order Drains 2.351 First Order Drains 14.305 4D1E6c3f Second Order Drains 5.151 885.0035 Third Order Drains 2.687 Other Order Drains 1.170 First Order Drains 23.121 4D1E6c3g Second Order Drains 6.792 930.8435 Third Order Drains 3.426 First Order Drains 5.997 4D1E6c3h Second Order Drains 2.807 277.7517 Third Order Drains 0.216

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Table 2 Details of Micro Watersheds of Erimulli Watershed (continued) LENGTHIN AREA IN WATERSHED CODE FEATURE KM HAC. First Order Drains 15.004 4D1E6c3i Second Order Drains 2.365 610.6084 Third Order Drains 2.458 First Order Drains 5.556 4D1E6c3j Second Order Drains 0.955 249.4302 Third Order Drains 2.040 First Order Drains 7.955 Second Order Drains 1.458 4D1E6c3k 536.0309 Third Order Drains 5.479 Other Order Drains 1.372 TOTAL 287.34 10830.75

4.3. Micro Watersheds of Thimmaipally Watershed Watersheds are natural hydrologic entitles that cover a specific areal expanse of land surface from which the rainfall runoff flows to a defined drain, channel, stream or river at any particular point. Obviously, the size of a watershed is governed by the size of the stream or river in question or the point of interception on the stream or river like a dam, barrage, etc Size of the watershed/hydrologic unit is of practical importance in land and water resources development. Watershed approach and land management will improve soil moisture regime by rainwater harvesting. A workable size of the watershed is defined by the aims and objectives of a particular development programme. For all practical purposes a hierarchical approach is essential in delineating watersheds in a river system and assigning an appropriate term to clearly indicate such stage of sub-division. The concept of “stream orders” is often followed in geomorphic analysis of natural drainage system. Stream order number one is allotted to the original smallest single stream without any tributaries and the subsequent order numbers occur downstream.

4.4. Land use / Land cover Land cover is a fundamental parameter describing the Earth’s surface. This parameter is a considerable variable that impacts on and links many parts of the human and physical environments. Land use describes how a parcel of land is used such as for agriculture, settlements or industry, where as Land cover refer to material such as vegetation, rocks or water bodies that are present on the earth’s surface .Over the years remote sensing has been used for land use / land cover Mapping in different parts of India. Change detection and monitoring can be done using multi date image to evaluate difference in land cover. This may occur due to human activity for development or by change in environmental conditions. Remote sensing because of synoptic viewing capability and repetitive coverage can be a very good tool for studying these changes. The land use Map depicts the utilisation status of land and is an important input for the preparation of other theme Maps. The Map has been prepared based on Survey of India toposheets and visual interpretation of satellite imagery and field checks and presents the real land use which is different from the legal land use. Visual interpretation uses various scene elements like tone, texture, shape, size and association in general to identify and delineate objects. While preparing the Map, care has been taken to correctly demarcate

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4.4.1. Definition and Explanation of land use / land cover classes Land use refers to “man’s activities and the various uses which are carried out on land”. Land cover refers to, “natural vegetation, water bodies, rock/soil, artificial cover and others resulting due to land transformations”. Although land use is generally inferred based on the cover, yet both the terms land use and land cover being closely related are interchangeable. For e.g., vegetation as a cover for agricultural crop and for forest and the respective activity is classified based on the contextual evidence.

4.4.2. Built-up land It is defined as an area of human habitation developed due to non-agricultural use and that which has a cover of buildings, transport, and communication, utilities in association with water, vegetation and vacant lands. The Built up land in the study area includes Gandi Narsampalli, Timmaipalli, Dharmaram, Yadagiripalli, Malkaram, Haridaspalli, Cherial Keesara, Lalanguda, Rampallidaira, Kundanpalli, Bandlaguda, Godamkunta, Chariapalli, Rampalli, Ismailkhanguda, Yemanampet, Spiguda, Ghatkesar etc. are occupied an area of 339.90 ha in year 2011 and 455.45 ha in year 2016.

4.4.3. Agricultural land It is defined as the land primarily used for farming and for production of food, fiber, and other commercial and horticultural crops. It includes land under crops (irrigated and un- irrigated), fallow, plantations etc.

4.4.4. Crop land It includes those lands with standing crop as on the date of the satellite imagery. The crops may be of either Kharif or Rabi or Kharif + Rabi seasons and covering an area of 5160.34 ha in year 2011 and 4861.28ha in year 2016.

4.4.5. Forest It is an area (within the notified forest boundary) bearing an association predominantly of trees and other vegetation types capable of producing timber and other forest produce.

4.4.6. Degraded forest or scrub Forest It is described as a forest where the vegetative (crown) density is less than 20% of the canopy cover. It is the result of both biotic and abiotic influences. Scrub is a stunted tree or bush/shrub and occupying an area of 1005.18 ha. In year 2011 and 1014.99 ha. in year 2016.

4.4.7. Forest Encroachment It is described as an area of which is encroached due to the anthropogenic activities. In the study area the forest encroachment is occupying an area of 255.29 ha in year 2011 and 245.62 ha in year 2016.

4.4.8. Wastelands Wastelands are degraded lands which can be brought under vegetative cover with reasonable effort and which are currently under utilised. These lands are also which are deteriorating due to lack of appropriate water and soil management or due to natural causes. Wasteland can

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4.4.9. Land with or without scrub These are the lands devoid of any good vegetative cover, generally prone to deterioration due to soil erosion and may or may not have scrub cover. In the study area large extent of land covered mostly with Prosophis Juliflora are seen scattered in the entire study area. These type of wastelands are occupied an area of 3491.83 ha in year 2011 and 3546.35 ha in year 2016.

4.4.10. Barren rocky / stony waste/sheet rock area It is defined as the rock exposures of varying lithology often barren and devoid of soil cover and vegetation. They occur amidst hill forests as openings or scattered as isolated exposures or loose fragments of boulders or as sheet rocks on plateau and plains covering an area of 161.57 ha in year 2011 and 288.81 in year 2016.

4.4.11. Water bodies It is an area of impounded by water, Arial in extent and often with a regulated flow of water. It includes man-made reservoirs/lakes/tanks/canals, besides natural lakes, rivers/streams.

4.4.12. River / Stream It is a natural course of flowing water on the land along definite channels. It includes from a small stream to a big river and its branches. It may be perennial or non-perennial. and occupies an area of 328.11ha. in year 2011 and 314.45 ha in year 2016.

4.4.13. Reservoir / Lakes / Tanks / Canal It is a natural or man made enclosed water body with a regulated flow of water. Reservoirs are larger than tanks/lakes and are used for generating electricity, irrigation and for flood control. Tanks are smaller in areal extent with limited use than the former.

Figure 5 Land use/Land cover map of 2011

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Figure 6 Land use/Land cover map of 2016

Figure 7 Land use/Land cover class change map of 2011 to 2016

Table 3 Land Use/ Land Cover Area Statistics Area in ha. in Area in ha. In Land use/ Land cover Year 2011 year 2016 BUILT-UPLAND Village / Town 309.89 395.44 Industry 30.01 60.01 AGRICULTURE LAND Single Crop 2623.33 2402.50 Double Crop 2001.66 1939.18 Agriculture Plantation 275.35 259.60 FOREST Scrub Forest 1005.18 1014.99 Forest Encroachment 255.29 245.62

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Table 3 Land Use/ Land Cover Area Statistics (continued)

Area in ha. in Area in ha. In Land use/ Land cover Year 2011 year 2016 WASTELAND Barren Rocky/Stony Waste/Sheet Rock Area 161.57 288.81 Land With Scrub 3491.83 3546.35 WATER BODIES River / Tank 328.11 314.45 OTHERS Quarry 347.36 363.63 Total 10830 10830

All other features like water bodies, built up land / settlements, roads/railways are also depicted in the land use/Land cover Maps. The spatial distribution and extent of land use / land cover for the study area are shown in Pie diagrams Fig-4 and Fig-5 for year 2011 and 2016 respectively. Spatial Distribution of Landuse / Land cover classes - 2001

village / tow n 1% 0% 3% 3% 2% 3% Industry 27% Single Crop Double Crop Agricultural Plantation Scrub / Degraded forest 32% Land w ith / w ithout scrub Barren rocky / stony w aste

18% River / Stream / Tank 9% 2% Quarry Forest encroachment

Figure 8 Spatial Distribution of Land use / Land cover classes – 2011 Spatial Distribution of Landuse / Land cover classes - 2004

village / tow n 3% 1% 3% 3% 2% 4% Industry 24% Single Crop Double Crop Agricultural Plantation Scrub / Degraded forest Land w ith / w ithout scrub 32% Barren rocky / stony w aste 17% River / Stream / Tank 9% 2% Quarry Forest encroachment

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Figure 9 Spatial Distribution of Land use / Land cover classes - 2016

Figure 10 Changing Trends of Land use / Land cover classes – 2011 to 2016

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