Chapter Vi Regional Overviews

CHAPTER VI REGIONAL OVERVIEWS

WESTERN AND SOUTHERN EUROPE VI

CHAPTER 6 - REGIONAL OVERVIEWS

WESTERN AND SOUTHERN EUROPE388 Fig. 94 Shares of detected victims of trafficking in Western and Southern Europe,* by age group and sex, 2018 (or most • Most detected victims are adult women, but recent) men and boys are being increasingly detected.

• Sexual exploitation remains the most detected form of trafficking, however, trafficking for 28% 37% forced labour and trafficking for other purposes, mainly for criminal activity and exploitative

begging, are being increasingly detected. 21% 14%

• Convicted traffickers are mainly adult men. The majority are comprised of citizens of the country of conviction. However, a large share Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. of persons convicted for trafficking in persons *Based on information on the sex and age of 11,839 victims detected in 21 countries in Western and Southern Europe. is made up of foreigners. Fig. 95 Shares of detected victims of traffick- • Most detected victims are foreigners. Central ing in Western and Southern Europe,* and South-Eastern European victims are less by forms of exploitation, 2018 (or commonly detected when compared to the past. most recent) Victims from Sub-Saharan Africa remain a significant share of the victims detected in this subregion.

• Countries in this subregion are increasingly detecting their own nationals as victims of trafficking. 44% Sexual exploitation

32% Forced labour Profile of the victims Other forms of 24% While the relative majority of the trafficking victims de- exploitation tected in this subregion continue to be women (37 per cent), the share of boys increased from 6 per cent in 2016 to 21 per cent recorded in 2018. This can mainly be ex- plained by a few countries in the subregion, which reported a significant number of boy victims compared to Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. other victim profiles. One example of this pattern is the *Based on information on the form of exploitation for more increasing detection of boys trafficked for the purpose than 11,330 victims detected in 19 countries in Western and of drug trafficking in the United Kingdom (see the text Southern Europe. box on Trafficking for exploitation in criminal activities – a double victimization on page 50). subregion recorded an increase of 10 percentage points in detected child victims from 2016 to 2018 (25 per cent Overall, Western and Southern Europe reported the to 35 per cent). greatest shares of male victims globally, both men and boys, comprising 49 per cent of the total. Moreover, this Forms of exploitation Trafficking for the purpose of sexual exploitation contin- 388 This subregion consists of the following countries: Andorra, Austria, ues to be the most commonly detected form in this sub- Belgium, Cyprus, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ire- land, Italy, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Por- region, followed by forced labour. However, trafficking tugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom. for “other purposes” experienced the greatest increase,

133 GLOBAL REPORT ON TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS 2020

Fig. 96 Shares of detected victims of traffick- Fig. 97 Shares of detected victims of trafficking for sexual exploitation, by age ing for forced labour, by age group group and sex, 2018 (or most recent) and sex, 2018 (or most recent) 12 countries (n=2,016 victims whose sex, age 12 countries (n=874 victims whose sex, age group group and form of exploitation was reported) and form of exploitation was reported)

8% 74% 63% 26%

2% 16% 5% 6%

Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. Source: UNODC elaboration of national data.

Fig. 98 Shares of persons investigated or Fig. 99 Shares of persons prosecuted arrested for trafficking in persons, for trafficking in persons, by sex, by sex, 2018 (or most recent) 2018 (or most recent) 10 countries (n=3,365) 9 countries (n=2,441)

75% 25% 78% 22%

Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. Source: UNODC elaboration of national data.

Fig. 100 Shares of persons convicted of traf- rising from 7 per cent in 2016 to 25 per cent in 2018, ficking in persons, by age group and more than double the global average of 12 per cent. This sex, 2018 (or most recent) increased share is mainly due to high numbers of victims 11 countries (n=1,092 persons convicted) exploited in forced criminal activity and exploitative begging, as detected in some countries in the subregion. The share of victims trafficked for the purpose of forced labour did not vary greatly from 2016, though Belgium, 74% 25% Luxembourg, Portugal and the United Kingdom reported more victims of trafficking for forced labour than for sexual exploitation. 1%

The subregional breakdown of detected forms of exploitation for forced labour did not significantly change, Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. with the share of forced labour cases increasingly moder- ately to 32 per cent in 2018, compared to 27 per cent of the total cases of exploitation detected in 2016. Most detected victims of sexual exploitation continue to be women, amounting to 74 per cent of the subregional total in 2018. When looking at breakdowns of detected male victims trafficked for sexual exploitation,

134 WESTERN AND SOUTHERN EUROPE VI

there tends to be more men than boys reported in gen- Trafficking flows affecting Western and eral. Conversely, men make up the majority of detected Southern Europe victims who were trafficked for forced labour in this sub- In line with the global trend, the detection of own na- region (63 per cent). tionals as trafficking victims has been increasingly recorded across the countries of Western and Southern Profile of the offenders Europe. The flow of detected victims from Central and The vast majority of those investigated/arrested, prose- South-Eastern Europe has drastically declined since cuted and/or convicted for trafficking in persons in this 2014, however, victims from these countries are still de- subregion are males. In 2018, the share of males in each tected in most countries in Western and Southern Eu- of these categories made up more than 75 per cent of rope. The share of victims from Sub-Saharan Africa has offenders and was more than double that of females. The overall remained stable over the last ten years. Notably, ratio of males to females prosecuted and convicted re- Sub-Saharan Africa is the largest non-European region mained similar to that of the last reporting period. About of origin of detected trafficking flows into Western and one per cent of total persons convicted were boys. Southern Europe.

Most of the traffickers (64 per cent) who are convicted in The largest proportion of the flow from Sub-Saharan Western and Southern Europe are foreigners in the coun- Africa remains victims trafficked from West Africa, with tries of conviction. These foreigners are mainly other about 13 per cent of the total victims detected from this European citizens, the majority from South-Eastern subregion, similar to the values recorded in 2016 (15 per Europe with smaller numbers from other Western and cent). Meanwhile, the share of the flow from East Africa Southern European and Central European countries. has increased from 3 per cent to 6 per cent. While victims Other recorded offenders are mainly citizens of East from West Africa are detected in almost every country of Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. As with other patterns in Western and Southern Europe, victims from East Africa trafficking in persons, these profiles did not significantly are reportedly mainly trafficked to the United Kingdom, change over the last few years. the Netherlands, France and a few other countries.

MAP. 9 Shares of traffickers convicted in Western and Southern Europe, by region of citizenship, 2018 (or most recent) 10 countries (n=1,015 persons convicted)

National offenders 36% and foreign offenders within the subregion 5% 9% 41% Western and Southern Europe 3% 32% Central and 11% South-Eastern Europe

East Asia and the The Americas Africa South Asia and the Pacific Middle East

Citizenship of convicted traffickers

Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. Note: The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations.

The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations.

135 GLOBAL REPORT ON TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS 2020

Fig. 101 Trend in the shares of traffickers convicted in Western and Southern Europe, by region of citizenship, 2014, 2016 and 2018

45% 40 41 40% 36 35%

30% 28 28 26 25%

20%

15% 13 10 11 10% 8 9 9 6 5 5 4 4 4 5% 2 2 3 1 1 0 0% 2014 2016 2018

National offenders Foreigners from Western and Southern Europe From Central Europe From South-Eastern Europe From Eastern Europe and Central Asia From East and South Asia From the Americas From Africa and the Middle East

Source: UNODC elaboration of national data.

MAP. 10 Shares of trafficking victims detected in Western and Southern Europe, by major areas of origin,* 2018 (or most recent)

Domestic (within countries) 35% and within the subregion (cross-border) 2% 3% 17% 37% Central and Eastern Europe Western South-Eastern and Central Asia and Southern Europe Europe 9%

13% 5% 6% 8% East Asia North Africa and the Pacific and the Middle East South Asia

West Africa East Africa

South America Flows: detected victims in destination countries Flows: less than 5% of detected victims in destination countries

Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. Note: The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. The*Based boundaries on andinformation names shown on andthe the citizenship designations of used7,810 on detectedthis map do victims not imply detected official endorsement in 20 countries or acceptance in Western by the and United Southern Nations. Europe.

136 WESTERN AND SOUTHERN EUROPE VI

Fig. 102 Trends in shares of trafficking victims detected in Western and Southern Europe, by major areas of origin, 2009-2018

2009 23% 35% 19% 7% 16%

2012 17% 40% 18% 7% 18%

2014 20% 47% 16% 7% 10%

2016 24% 33% 20% 9% 14%

2018 37% 17% 19% 9% 18%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Victims trafficked within the subregion From Sub-Saharan Africa (including domestic trafficking) From East Asia From Central and South-Eastern Europe From other regions

Source: UNODC elaboration of national data.

At the same time, victims from East Asia have been Criminalizing trafficking in persons detected in almost every country of this subregion, al- Most of the countries of Western and Southern Europe though as a relatively low share compared to the total introduced the specific offence of trafficking in persons detected victims. Despite the low percentage, most coun- after the United Nations Trafficking in Persons Proto- tries in this subregion report at least a small number of col entered into force in December 2003. By November detected victims mainly from South-East Asia. 2008, most of these countries had legislation criminalizing trafficking in persons as defined in the Protocol. This is similarly the case with the flow from South Asia. While the overall proportion remains at about 5 per cent, The number of convictions recorded in this subregion most countries in Western and Southern Europe reported is above the global average, and conviction rates have detected victims from South Asia, even if in small numbers. generally increased since 2011. However, it is below the Over the period measured, Western and Southern Eu- levels recorded in Eastern Europe and Central Asia or in ropean countries recorded an increasing number of de- Central and South-Eastern Europe. tected victims from North Africa (6 per cent), including Similar to conviction rates, the number of victims de- victims from the Maghreb and Sudan. tected per 1,000,000 has generally increased since 2010.

Relatively low numbers of victims from Eastern Europe and Central Asia have been detected. Low numbers of victims from the Middle East have also been detected. The proportions of victims from South America, Cen- tral America and the Caribbean detected in Western and Southern European countries continue to be minimal.

137 GLOBAL REPORT ON TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS 2020

Fig. 103 Number of countries in Western and Southern Europe introducing a specific offence on trafficking in persons, December 2003 –August 2018 100% 3 1 1 80%

60% 18 23 23 24 24 40% 21

20% 6 0% 2003 2008 2012 2014 2016 2018

Countries with no specific TiP offence or Countries with a specific offence on TiP considering only some forms of trafficking criminalizing most/all forms of trafficking listed in the UN TiP Protocol Source: UNODC elaboration of national data.

Fig. 104 Average conviction rates (per 1,000,000 population) globally and by subregions in Europe and Central Asia, 2003-2018

10.00

8.00

6.00

4.00

2.00

0.00 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Western and Southern Europe Central and South-Eastern Europe Eastern Europe and Central Asia Global average - conviction rates Source: UNODC elaboration of national data.

Fig. 105 Average victim detection rates (per 1,000,000 population) globally and by subregions in Europe and Central Asia, 2003-2018

40 35 30 25 20

15 10

5 0 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Western and Southern Europe Central and South-Eastern Europe Eastern Europe and Central Asia Global average - victim detection rate Source: UNODC elaboration of national data.

138 CENTRAL AND SOUTH-EASTERN EUROPE VI

CENTRAL AND Fig. 106 Shares of detected victims of traffick- SOUTH-EASTERN EUROPE389 ing in Central and South-Eastern Europe,* by age group and sex, 2018 (or most recent) • Most detected victims are adult women. The profile of the victims does not appear to have changed significantly over the years. 21% 53%

• The majority of detected victims continue to be trafficked for sexual exploitation, though 4% 22% there have been minor increases in the shares of victims trafficked for forced labour.

Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. • Convicted traffickers are mainly adult men. *Based on information on the sex and age of 1,732 victims of The largest citizenship group is nationals of trafficking in persons detected in 16 countries in Central and the country of conviction. South-Eastern Europe. Fig. 107 Shares of detected victims of traffick- • This subregion is a significant origin of traf- ing in Central and South-Eastern ficking in persons for Western and Southern Europe,* by forms of exploitation, Europe. Victims from these countries are 2018 (or most recent) rarely detected in other parts of the world.

• This subregion is characterized by significant levels of domestic trafficking, though victims from East Asia and from Eastern Europe have also been detected in these countries. 64% Sexual exploitation

18% Forced labour Other forms of 18% Profile of the victims exploitation The age and sex composition of detected victims in this subregion remains similar to 2016. In 2018, there was a slight decrease in girl victims and a slight increase in men victims detected. Yet, this subregion continues to report among the lowest shares of male victims globally, with women and girls together comprising about 75 per cent Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. *Based on information on the form of exploitation for 2,138 victims of of the total detected victims. trafficking in persons detected in 16 countries in Central and South-Eastern Europe. Forms of exploitation In Central and South-Eastern Europe, most detected recorded cases of trafficking of pregnant women for the victims continue to be trafficked for sexual exploitation, purpose of selling their babies for illegal adoption. though there were minor increases in the shares of vic- The vast majority of detected victims who have been traf- tims trafficked for forced labour or for other purposes ficked for sexual exploitation in this subregion continue from 2016. Croatia, for example, recorded more detect- to be females. This number is mostly comprised of wom- ed victims trafficked for forced criminal activity than any en, with some countries detecting a significant number other form, while Poland similarly recorded more victims of girls as victims of this form of trafficking. Males are trafficked for forced labour than any other form. Bulgaria detected in far smaller numbers, with boys being reportedly more trafficked than men for sexual exploitation. 389 This subregion consists of the following 16 countries: Czechia, While trafficking for forced labour mainly affects men, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland and Slovakia (Cen- the percentage of female victims – who are largely women tral Europe) and Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Cro- atia, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovenia – is relatively high, amounting to about 30 per cent of (South-Eastern Europe). victims in this subregion.

139 GLOBAL REPORT ON TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS 2020

Fig. 108 Shares of detected victims of traffick- Fig. 109 Shares of detected victims of trafficking for sexual exploitation, by age ing for forced labour, by age group group and sex of the victims, 2018 (or and sex of the victims, 2018 (or most most recent) recent) 12 countries (n=1198 victims whose sex, age group 12 countries (n=228 victims whose sex, age group and form of exploitation was reported) and form of exploitation was reported)

2% 59% 66% 29%

4% 35% 4% 1%

Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. Source: UNODC elaboration of national data.

Fig. 110 Shares of persons investigated or Fig. 111 Shares of persons prosecuted for arrested for trafficking in persons in trafficking in persons in Central Central and South-Eastern Europe, and South-Eastern Europe, by sex, by sex, 2018 (or most recent) 2018 (or most recent) 12 countries (n=530) 12 countries (n=390)

76% 24% 75% 25%

Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. Source: UNODC elaboration of national data.

Fig. 112 Shares of persons convicted of traf- National authorities in the subregion also detected vic- ficking in persons in Central and tims trafficked for other purposes including forced crim- South-Eastern Europe, by age group inal activity, exploitative begging and forced marriages. and sex, 2018 (or most recent) 10 countries (n=88) Trafficking for exploitation in begging was recorded in the Western Balkans, as well as in other parts of this subregion. Trafficking for forced criminal activity was reported by both the Baltic and Western Balkan countries. 71% 27%

Source: UNODC elaboration of national data.

140 CENTRAL AND SOUTH-EASTERN EUROPE VI

Profile of the offenders The number of convictions recorded in this subregion As in other parts of Europe, far more males are investigat- is above the global average. It is above the level recorded ed/arrested, prosecuted and/or convicted for trafficking in the countries in Western and Southern Europe and, in persons in Central and South-Eastern Europe than in 2018, higher than Eastern Europe and Central Asia. females. 71 per cent of persons convicted were men and Conviction rates have generally increased since 2003. about 2 per cent were boys. The proportion of male and The number of victims detected per 1,000,000 has also female offenders remains stable from the previous report- generally increased since 2003, though a more stable ing period. trend has been recorded since 2010. This is in line with a The vast majority of the people convicted of trafficking general rise in conviction rates. in persons in this subregion are citizens of the country of conviction (84 per cent). Of the foreigners convicted, most of them are citizens of other countries in Central Fig. 113 Shares of offenders convicted in and South-Eastern Europe or from Eastern Europe and Central and South-Eastern Europe, by citizenship, 2018 (or most recent) Central Asia. 14 countries (n=168) The charts below show the difference in the citizenship profiles of convicted traffickers in Western and Southern Europe and in Central and South-Eastern Europe. This can be understood by recognition of the different posi- tions these two subregions have in the trafficking process: 84% National offenders the former is primarily a destination for trafficking vic- Foreigners – Central 5% and South-Eastern Europe tims, while the latter acts primarily as a source. Eastern Europeans 5% and Central Asians

Trafficking flows affecting Central and 1% From Africa and the Middle East South-Eastern Europe 1% East and South Asians Central and South-Eastern Europe is primarily a subre- 4% Other gion of origin for detected victims who are trafficked to Western and Southern Europe. In 2018, 17 per cent of the victims detected in Western and Southern Europe were citizens of Central and South-Eastern Europe. Vic- tims from this subregion have also been detected in other Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. countries within Central and South-Eastern Europe (10 per cent); Victims have also been detected and repatriat- Fig. 114 Comparison of the shares of national ed from Eastern Europe. and foreign citizens convicted in Western and Southern Europe and While half of all victims detected in the subregion in Central and South-Eastern Europe, are citizens of the country of detection, Central and 2018 (or most recent) South-Eastern Europe is also a destination for cross-border victims of trafficking. A significant flow originates National offenders Foreign offenders from the countries of East Asia. Lower numbers of vic- 100% 84% tims originating from Eastern Europe are also detected. 80% 64% Criminalizing trafficking in persons 60%

All countries in Central and South-Eastern Europe had 36% introduced the offence of trafficking in persons in line 40% 16% with the United Nations Trafficking in Persons Protocol 20% by August 2012. Most of them had already introduced such an offence before Protocol came into force in De- 0% cember 2003. Many of the countries in this subregion Western and Central and Southern Europe South-Eastern Europe have long-standing legislation regarding trafficking in persons. Source: UNODC elaboration of national data.

141 GLOBAL REPORT ON TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS 2020

MAP. 11 Destinations for trafficking flows from Central and South-Eastern Europe, 2018 (or most recent)

17% 60% Western Central and Eastern and Southern South-Eastern Europe and Europe Europe Central Asia

Share of victims from Central and South-Eastern Europe detected at destinations.

Flows: detected victims in destination countries Flows: victims repatriated from destination countries

Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. Note: The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations.

MAP. 12 Shares of victims detected in Central and South-Eastern Europe,* by subregion, 2018 (or most recent)

Domestic (within countries) 50% and within the subregion (cross-border) 10% 10% Eastern Europe 60% and Central Asia Central and South-Eastern 24% Europe

East Asia and the Pacific

South Asia

Flows: detected victims in destination countries Flows: less than 5% of detected victims in destination countries

Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. Note: The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. *Based on information on the citizenship of 843 victims of trafficking in persons detected in 16 countries in Central and South-Eastern Europe.

The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. 142 CENTRAL AND SOUTH-EASTERN EUROPE VI

Fig. 115 Number of countries in Central and South-Eastern Europe introducing a specific offence on trafficking in persons, December 2003-August 2018

100% 1 5 80%

60% 16 17 17 17 17 40% 12 20%

0% 2003 2008 2012 2014 2016 2018

Countries with a specific offence on TiP criminalizing most/all forms of trafficking listed in the UN TiP Protocol Countries with no specific TiP offence or considering only some forms of trafficking Source: UNODC elaboration of national data.

Fig. 116 Average conviction rates (per 1,000,000 population) globally and by subregions in Europe and Central Asia, 2003-2018 10.00

8.00

6.00

4.00

2.00

0.00 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Western and Southern Europe Central and South-Eastern Europe Eastern Europe and Central Asia Global average - conviction rates

Source: UNODC elaboration of national data.

Fig. 117 Average victim detection rates (per 1,000,000 population) globally and by subregions in Europe and Central Asia, 2003-2018

40 35 30 25 20

15 10 5 0 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Western and Southern Europe Central and South-Eastern Europe Eastern Europe and Central Asia Global average - victim detection rate

Source: UNODC elaboration of national data.

143 GLOBAL REPORT ON TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS 2020

EASTERN EUROPE AND Fig. 118 Shares of detected victims of traffick- CENTRAL ASIA390 ing in Eastern Europe,* by age group and sex, 2018 (or most recent)

• Most detected victims are adult women, though adult men have also been significantly detected. 38% 46% Detection of minors as victims of trafficking remains limited compared to adults. 5% 11% • The majority of detected victims are trafficked for forced labour.

• This subregion is characterised by a considerable Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. *Based on information on the sex and age of 866 victims of trafficking share of women prosecuted and convicted for in persons detected in seven countries in Eastern Europe. trafficking in persons. Fig. 119 Shares of detected victims of traffick- • Countries in this subregion are characterized ing in Central Asia,* by age group by significant levels of domestic trafficking. and sex, 2018 (or most recent)

• This subregion is a relevant origin of trafficking in persons for Central and South-Eastern Europe. Victims from these countries are detected 32% 55% in Western and Southern Europe and in the Middle East. 8% 5%

Profile of the victims

The majority of the victims detected in Eastern Europe Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. and Central Asia continue to be adults, in particular *Based on information on the sex and age of 710 victims of trafficking women. On the whole, however, the subregion continues in persons detected in five countries in Central Asia. to report a greater share of men victims in comparison to other areas (the global average being 20 per cent). Fig. 120 Shares of detected victims of traffick- Across the subregion, the share of detected child traf- ing in Eastern Europe and Central 2018 ficking remains minimal compared to other parts of the Asia,* by forms of exploitation, (or most recent) world. Regarding the sex of the detected child victims, the countries in Central Asia continue to report more victims who were boys than girls. Meanwhile in Eastern Europe, the number of detected victims who were girls was generally higher than that of boys. Yet, countries in Eastern Europe and countries in Central 29% Sexual exploitation Asia broadly record the same patterns in victim profile. 66% Forced labour Forms of exploitation Other forms of 5% The majority of the detected victims in Eastern Europe exploitation and Central Asia in 2018 were trafficked for forced labour. Countries in Central Asia are characterized by a

390 This subregion comprises of 7 countries in Eastern Europe and of 5 countries in Central Asia. Eastern Europe consists of Armenia, Azer- baijan, Belarus, Georgia, the Republic of Moldova, the Russian Fed- Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. eration and Ukraine. Central Asia includes Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, *Based on information on the forms of exploitation for 2,475 detected Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. victims in 12 countries in Eastern Europe and Central Asia.

144 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA VI

Fig. 121 Shares of detected victims of traffick- Fig. 122 Shares of detected victims of trafficking for sexual exploitation, by age ing for forced labour, by age group group and sex, in Eastern Europe and and sex, in Eastern Europe and Cen- Central Asia, 2018 (or most recent) tral Asia, 2018 (or most recent) 6 countries (n=281 victims whose sex, age group 6 countries (n=470 victims whose sex, age group and form of exploitation was reported) and form of exploitation was reported)

80% 83% 11%

10% 10% 4% 2%

Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. Source: UNODC elaboration of national data.

Fig. 123 Share of persons investigated or Fig. 124 Shares of persons prosecuted for arrested for trafficking in persons in trafficking in persons in Eastern Eastern Europe and Central Asia, Europe and Central Asia, by sex, by sex, 2018 (or most recent) 2018 (or most recent) 4 countries (n=118) 5 countries (n=493)

52% 48% 24% 76%

Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. Source: UNODC elaboration of national data.

Fig. 125 Shares of persons convicted of larger share of victims trafficked for sexual exploitation, trafficking in persons in Eastern compared to Eastern Europe. However, it is important Europe and Central Asia, by sex, to note that together, Eastern Europe and Central Asia 2018 (or most recent) report one of the greatest shares of victims who were 6 countries (n=475) trafficked for forced labour.

Other forms of exploitation detected in this subregion 20% 80% include mainly trafficking for exploitative begging and, to a lesser extent, trafficking for mixed exploitation. Most of the detected victims of trafficking for sexual exploitation are women, with girls detected to a lesser extent. Females made up nearly all (90 per cent) of the detected victims for this form of trafficking. Nearly all victims of trafficking for forced labour are adults, with a Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. far larger share of men (83 per cent) than women.

145 GLOBAL REPORT ON TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS 2020

Profile of the offenders Fig. 126 Shares of trafficking victims detected This region reports among the highest numbers of fe- in Eastern Europe and Central Asia,* by area of citizenship, 2018 (or most males prosecuted and convicted globally. Females com- recent) prised 76 per cent of those prosecuted and 80 per cent of those convicted during the reporting period (see Profile of the offenders in chapter 1). The proportions of males and females investigated or arrested for trafficking remained nearly equal. All persons investigated/arrested, prosecuted and/or convicted for trafficking in persons in this re- 97% Domestic victims gion were all adults. Eastern Europeans – The overwhelming majority (97 per cent) of those con- 2% victed of trafficking in 2018 were citizens of the country cross-border of conviction in the six countries in the subregion that Central Asians – 1% reported on offender citizenship. cross-border

Trafficking flows affecting Eastern Europe and Central Asia Eastern Europe and Central Asia is primarily a subregion

of origin for victims trafficked within their national bor- Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. ders (domestic trafficking) and within the subregion. Vic- *Based on information on the citizenship of 456 detected victims tims from Eastern Europe are also detected in countries of in 11 countries in Eastern Europe and Central Asia. Western, Central and South-Eastern Europe, such as Ger- many, Czechia, Poland and Slovenia, for instance, while victims from Central Asia have been detected in Turkey.

MAP. 13 Destinations for trafficking flows from Eastern Europe and Central Asia, 2018 (or most recent)

100% Eastern Europe and Central Asia Western 10% and Southern Central and Europe South-Eastern Europe

8% The Middle East

Share of victims from Eastern Europe and Central Asia detected at destinations.

Flows: detected victims in destination countries

Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. Note: The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations.

146 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA VI

Victims from this region have also been detected in the The number of convictions recorded in this region has Middle East, and in smaller numbers in North America. been the highest level recorded globally since 2003. However, in general, the flows of victims to countries However, the conviction rate per 1,000,000 has been outside of Europe are limited. generally decreasing over the last 10 years. Nevertheless, today, the conviction rate in the region remains among Criminalizing trafficking in persons the highest in the world. All countries of Eastern Europe and Central Asia had introduced a specific offence of trafficking in persons in line The number of victims detected per 1,000,000 has also with the United Nations Trafficking in Persons Protocol generally decreased over the last 15 years, similar to the by August 2012. Six countries had already introduced conviction rate. However, the number of victims detect- such an offence in the process of ratification of the proto- ed in relation to the population remains among the high- col, and five did so right after the Protocol came into force. est globally.

Fig. 127 Number of countries in Eastern Europe and Central Asia introducing a specific offence on trafficking in persons, December 2003-August 2018

100% 1 80% 6 60% 12 12 12 12 11 40%

20% 6

0% 2003 2008 2012 2014 2016 2018

Countries with a specific offence on TiP criminalizing most/all forms of trafficking listed in the UN TiP Protocol Countries with no specific TiP offence or considering only some forms of trafficking

Source: UNODC elaboration of national data.

Fig. 128 Average conviction rates (per 1,000,000 population) globally and by subregions in Europe and Central Asia, 2003-2018 10.00

8.00

6.00

4.00

2.00

0.00 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Western and Southern Europe Central and South-Eastern Europe Eastern Europe and Central Asia Global average - conviction rates

Source: UNODC elaboration of national data.

147 GLOBAL REPORT ON TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS 2020

Fig. 129 Average victim detection rates (per 1,000,000 population) globally and by subregions in Europe and Central Asia, 2003-2018 40 35 30 25 20

15 10 5 0 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Western and Southern Europe Central and South-Eastern Europe Eastern Europe and Central Asia Global average - victim detection rate Source: UNODC elaboration of national data.

SOUTH ASIA391 Nepal and Sri Lanka. Based on this information, it appears that the detected victims of trafficking for forced labour make up more than half the share of victims in this • Children and adult women are almost equally subregion. Notably, trafficking for the purpose of forced detected, accounting for 45 and 44 per cent of marriage is recorded as a main form of exploitation after total victims detected respectively. sexual exploitation and forced labour. Trafficking for the purposes of exploitative begging and forced criminal ac- • The majority of detected victims are trafficked tivity were also reported in the region. for forced labour. Profile of the offenders • Victims from this subregion are commonly There is no available information regarding the sex profiles detected in the Middle East. Victims are also of the persons convicted of trafficking in South Asia, and trafficked to East Asia, Western and Southern very limited information regarding the profiles of those Europe and North America. arrested or prosecuted for trafficking in persons for the reporting period. Of those arrested, based on information • Countries in this subregion are characterized by from Nepal, males comprised 74 per cent of the total. significant levels of domestic trafficking. Trafficking flows affecting South Asia The majority of detected victims in South Asia are cit- Profile of the victims izens of the country of detection or are trafficked from The largest group of detected victims continues to be another country within the subregion. women, with a large share of children, both girls and South Asia is an origin area for trafficking to the rest of boys. This region records among the highest share of the world. The main destinations appear to be the Mid- children among total victims detected, second only to dle East, East Asia and the Pacific, Western and Southern Sub-Saharan Africa. Europe and North America. South Asian victims were also detected, in limited numbers, in East and Southern Africa. Forms of exploitation The information on the forms of exploitation for traffick- Criminalizing trafficking in persons ing cases detected in South Asia were reported by India, Most South Asian countries introduced the specific offence of trafficking in persons in line with the UN defi-

391 This subregion includes Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, nition after December 2003, when the United Nations Pakistan and Sri Lanka. Trafficking in Persons Protocol entered into force.

148 SOUTH ASIA VI

Fig. 130 Shares of detected victims of traffick- Fig. 132 Shares of persons arrested for ing in South Asia,* by age group and trafficking in persons in Nepal, sex, 2018 (or most recent) by sex, 2018

11% 44% 74% 26%

24% 21%

Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. *Based on information on the age and sex profile of 7,644 victims of trafficking detected in seven countries.

Fig. 131 Shares of detected victims of traf- Fig. 133 Shares of trafficking victims detected ficking in South Asia,* by form of in South Asia, by area of citizenship, exploitation, 2018 (or most recent) 2018 (or most recent)

36% Sexual exploitation 96% Domestic victims 52% Forced labour South Asians – 4% cross-border 12% Other forms of exploitation

Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. *Based on information on the forms of exploitation for 5,124 victims of trafficking detected in three countries.

MAP. 14 Destinations for trafficking flows from South Asia, 2018 (or most recent)

5% Western Central and and Southern South-Eastern Europe Europe North America East Asia The and the Pacific Middle East 6% 12% South Sub-Saharan Asia Africa

Share of victims from South Asia detected at destinations. 100% Flows: detected victims in destination countries

Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. Note: The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations.

149 The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. GLOBAL REPORT ON TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS 2020

Fig. 134 Number of countries in South Asia introducing a specific offence on trafficking in persons, December 2003-August 2020 100% 1 2 2 2 80% 4 5 60% 8 7 40% 6 6 6 4 20% 3

0% 2003 2008 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020

Fig. 135 Average conviction rates (per 1,000,000 population) globally, in South Asia and in East Asia and the Pacific, 2003-2018

3.00

2.00

1.00

0.00 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

South Asia East Asia and the Pacific Global average - conviction rates

Source: UNODC elaboration of national data.

Fig. 136 Average victim detection rates (per 1,000,000 population) globally, in South Asia and in East Asia and the Pacific, 2003-2018 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

South Asia East Asia and the Pacific Global average - victim detection rate Source: UNODC elaboration of national data.

150 EAST ASIA AND THE PACIFIC VI

EAST ASIA AND THE PACIFIC392 Fig. 137 Shares of detected victims of trafficking in East Asia and the Pacific,* by age group and sex, • About a half of the detected victims in this 2018 (or most recent) region are adult women. Children account for about one third of total detected victims.

• The majority of detected victims in East Asia 21% 48% and the Pacific continue to be trafficked for sexual exploitation. 11% 20% • Women account for the majority of persons investigated and prosecuted, and about a half of those convicted for trafficking in persons. Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. *Based on information on the sex and age of 5,969 victims detected in • Victims from East Asia and Pacific have been 19 countries and territories. detected in all regions and most subregions globally. Victims from East Asia have largely Fig. 138 Shares of detected victims of traffick- been detected within East Asia and the Pacific, ing in East Asia and the Pacific,* by form of exploitation, 2018 (or most in the Middle East, Europe and the Americas. recent) • This region is characterized by significant levels of both domestic and intraregional trafficking.

Profile of the victims In East Asia and the Pacific, women represent the larg- 64% Sexual exploitation est share of detected victims. Children account for about 29% Forced labour one third of the victims detected in 2018, while one in 7% Other forms five detected victims is an adult man. East Asian coun- of exploitation tries reported women or girls more frequently. The information received from the countries in the Pacific refers to large shares of girl victims of trafficking in the Solomon Islands, men detected in New Zealand and women, girls and men detected in Australia.

Forms of exploitation Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. *Based on information on the form of exploitation for 5,144 victims Countries in East Asia and the Pacific detect large num- detected in 16 countries. bers of victims who were trafficked for the purpose of sexual exploitation. Less than one third of the victims are trafficked for the purpose of forced labour. Countries in this subregion report a higher share of girls Among the other forms of exploitation detected, victims trafficked for the purpose of sexual exploitation. Adult trafficked to produce sexual abuse material (pornogra- men are mainly reported to be trafficked into forced la- phy) and trafficking for forced marriage have been re- bour. The subregion, however, records a relatively high ported. and equal share of males (men and boys) trafficked for sexual exploitation and females (women and girls) for forced labour, at 28 per cent.

392 This subregion comprises 13 countries in East Asia and 6 countries in the Pacific. East Asia consists of Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Profile of the offenders China, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Mongolia, Myanmar, the Phil- Countries in East Asia and the Pacific report a large share ippines, Republic of Korea, Singapore, Thailand, Timor-Leste. The Pacific includes Australia, Cook Islands, Nauru, New Zealand, Palau of females prosecuted and convicted for trafficking in and Solomon Islands. persons. Females accounted for 56 per cent of prosecu-

151 GLOBAL REPORT ON TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS 2020

Fig. 139 Shares of detected victims of traffick- Fig. 140 Shares of detected victims of trafficking for sexual exploitation, by age ing for forced labour, by age group group and sex, 2018 (or most recent) and sex, 2018 (or most recent) 9 countries (n=1435 victims whose sex, age group 9 countries (n=473 victims whose sex, age group and form of exploitation was reported) and form of exploitation was reported)

13% 33% 62% 22%

15% 39% 10% 6%

Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. Source: UNODC elaboration of national data.

Fig. 141 Shares of persons investigated and/or Fig. 142 Shares of persons prosecuted for traf- arrested for trafficking in persons in ficking in persons in East Asia and the East Asia and the Pacific, by sex, 2018 Pacific, by sex, 2018 (or most recent) (or most recent) 9 countries (n=1,233) 7 countries (n=1,236)

39% 61% 44% 56%

Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. Source: UNODC elaboration of national data.

Fig. 143 Shares of persons convicted of traf- tions in the reporting period while males accounted for ficking in persons in East Asia and the 52 per cent of the convictions. Far more females were Pacific, by sex, 2018 (or most recent) suspected of or arrested for trafficking in persons (61 per 9 countries (n=888) cent) than males (see Profile of the offenders in chapter 1). The vast majority of convicted traffickers are citizens of the country of conviction, while some 5 per cent are for- 52% 48% eigners, mainly from other countries in the subregion.

Trafficking flows affecting East Asia and the Pacific Victims from East Asia and the Pacific have been detected in all regions and most subregions globally – in about 60 different countries. Both the diversity of the flows and Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. the number of victims detected indicate that trafficking from East Asia has a global dimension. The flows from countries in East Asia to the Middle East and the Euro- pean subregions are particularly significant. Victims have

152 EAST ASIA AND THE PACIFIC VI

also been detected in North America, with a few detected destination for victims trafficked from other South-East in Central and South America. In addition, victims from Asian countries, and Thailand is a destination for victims East Asia have been repatriated from Sub-Saharan Africa. trafficked from countries of the Greater Mekong area. Australia and Malayisia report detection of victims of This region is also an important destination for subre- domestic trafficking, as well as victims from South-East gional cross-border trafficking and domestic trafficking Asia and from South Asia. flows. Affluent countries of East Asia tend to be destina- Relatively few victims were detected as being from Sub- tions for victims trafficked within the subregion, usually Saharan Africa and South America. from neighboring countries. For example, Malaysia is a

Fig. 144 Shares of traffickers convicted in Fig. 145 Shares of victims of trafficking de- East Asia and the Pacific, by area of tected in East Asia and the Pacific,* citizenship, 2018 (or most recent) by area of citizenship, 2018 (or most 9 countries (n=916) recent)

46% Domestic

42% East Asians and from 95% National offenders the Pacific – cross-border Foreigners from countries 6% South Asians 4% in East Asia and the Pacific 3% Other

1% South Asia 2% East Africans

1% West Africans

Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. *Based on information on the sex and age of 1,429 victims detected in 19 countries.

MAP. 15 Destinations for trafficking flows from East Asia and the Pacific, 2018 (or most recent)

24% 9% Central and Western South-Eastern and Southern Europe Europe North 88% America East Asia The and the Pacific Middle East 18%

Share of victims from East Asia and the Pacific detected at Flows: detected victims in destination countries destinations.

Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. Note: The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations.

The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. 153 GLOBAL REPORT ON TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS 2020

Criminalizing trafficking in persons Correspondingly, the number of victims detected per Most of the countries in East Asia and the Pacific in- 1,000,000 has also increased since the United Nations troduced the specific offence of trafficking in persons Trafficking in Persons Protocol entered into force. Never- according to the UN definition immediately following theless, the number of victims detected in relation to the the entry into force of the United Nations Trafficking population remains at a lower level compared to other in Persons Protocol in 2003. Nine countries introduced parts of the world. a specific offence on trafficking in persons over the last ten years. The number of convictions per 1,000,000 people recorded in this subregion has generally been lower compared to European levels. However, the conviction rate per 1,000,000 has been generally increasing over the last 15 years.

Fig. 146 Number of countries in East Asia and the Pacific introducing a specific offence on trafficking in persons, December 2003-August 2020

100% 3 2 2 6 5 80% 11

60% 26 26 27 27 40% 23 24 18 20%

3 0% 2003 2008 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 Countries with a specific offence on TiP criminalizing most/all forms of trafficking listed in the UN TiP Protocol Countries with no specific TiP offence or considering only some forms of trafficking

Source: UNODC elaboration of national data.

Fig. 147 Average conviction rates (per 1,000,000 population) globally, in South Asia and in East Asia and the Pacific, 2003-2018

3.00

2.00

1.00

0.00 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

South Asia East Asia and the Pacific Global average - conviction rates

Source: UNODC elaboration of national data.

154 NORTH AND CENTRAL AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN VI

Fig. 148 Average victim detection rates (per 1,000,000 population) globally, in South Asia and in East Asia and the Pacific, 2003-2018

16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

South Asia East Asia and the Pacific Global average - victim detection rate

Source: UNODC elaboration of national data.

NORTH AND CENTRAL AMERICA Profile of the victims AND THE CARIBBEAN393 In Central America and the Caribbean, most of the detected victims in 2018 are girls and women, equalling 79 per cent of the total detected trafficking victims in this • Countries in North America detect more adult subregion. In particular, the share of girls as a propor- women than any other victim profile, while tion of the total detected victims, at 40 per cent in 2018, Central America and the Caribbean is character- remains among the largest percentage of girl victims of ized by a substantial detection of underage girls trafficking recorded worldwide. and adult women. In North America, females continue to account for an • The majority of detected victims in North even larger share of detected victims than in Central America, Central America and the Caribbean are America and the Caribbean during the reporting period. trafficked for the purpose of sexual exploitation. This pattern was observed in all three countries in this subregion and follows the global trend for the reporting • North American countries are characterized by period. an increasing share of victims trafficked within their own countries; mainly female victims traf- Fig. 149 Shares of detected victims of traffick- ficked for sexual exploitation. ing in Central America and the Carib- bean,* by age group and sex, 2018 (or most recent) • Countries in Central America and the Caribbe- an detect own nationals and victims from some countries in South America. At the same time, victims from these countries are detected in the 13% 39% richer countries of North and South America.

8% 40%

393 These subregions comprises 3 countries in North America and 9 countries in Central America and the Caribbean. North America consists of Canada, Mexico and the United States of America. Cen- tral America and the Caribbean includes the Bahamas, Costa Rica, Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Honduras, Guatemala, Nicaragua, *Based on data on sex and age of 506 victims detected in 9 countries Panama, Trinidad and Tobago. in Central America and the Caribbean.

155 GLOBAL REPORT ON TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS 2020

Fig. 150 Shares of detected victims of traffick- Forms of exploitation ing in North America,* by age group In North America, Central America and the Caribbean, and sex, 2018 (or most recent) sexual exploitation is the most commonly detected form of trafficking (over 70 per cent), which is among the highest recorded globally. The share of detected victims trafficked for forced labour ranges between 13 and 22 per 13% 62% cent in the two subregions.

In North America, victims are also trafficked for mixed 3% 22% forms of exploitation (sexual and forced labour), as well as for exploitative begging, forced criminal activity and forced marriage. In Central America and the Caribbean,

Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. children are also trafficked for the purpose of exploitative *Based on data on sex and age of 9,301 victims detected in three begging, for forced criminal activity and for some forms countries in North America. of illegal adoption.

Fig. 151 Shares of detected victims of traffick- Fig. 152 Shares of detected victims of trafficking in Central America and the ing in North America,* by form of Caribbean,* by form of exploitation, exploitation, 2018 (or most recent) 2018 (or most recent)

81% Sexual exploitation 72% Sexual exploitation

13% Forced labour 22% Forced labour

Other forms Other forms 6% 6% of exploitation of exploitation

Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. *Based on data on form of exploitation for 645 victims detected in *Based on data on form of exploitation for 8,490 victims detected in seven countries in Central America and the Caribbean. three countries in North America.

Fig. 153 Shares of detected victims of traffick- Fig. 154 Shares of detected victims of trafficking for sexual exploitation in North ing for forced labour in North Amer- America, by age group and sex, 2018 ica, by age group and sex, 2018 (or (or most recent) most recent) 3 countries (n=6,183 victims whose sex, age group 3 countries (n=1,831 victims whose sex, age group and form of exploitation was reported) and form of exploitation was reported)

3% 68% 49% 42%

1% 28% 6% 3%

Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. Source: UNODC elaboration of national data.

156 NORTH AND CENTRAL AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN VI

Fig. 155 Shares of persons prosecuted for Fig. 156 Shares of persons convicted of trafficking in persons in Mexico and trafficking in persons in Mexico and Canada, by sex, 2018 (or most recent) Canada, by sex, 2018 (or most recent) (n=256) (n=85)

73% 27% 80% 20%

Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. Source: UNODC elaboration of national data.

Fig. 157 Shares of persons investigated and/ Fig. 158 Shares of persons prosecuted for or arrested for trafficking in persons trafficking in persons in Central in Central America and the Caribbean, America and the Caribbean, by sex, by sex, 2018 (or most recent) 2018 (or most recent) 4 countries (n=217) 6 countries (n=564)

47% 53% 52% 48%

Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. Source: UNODC elaboration of national data.

Fig. 159 Shares of persons convicted of traf- As far as victims of trafficking for sexual exploitation ficking in persons in Central America are concerned, most victims in North America are adult and the Caribbean, by sex, 2018 (or women, while a higher share of girls is reported in Central most recent) 4 countries (n=71) America and the Caribbean. In North America, detected victims who are trafficked for forced labour are mainly adults, with men and women detected in similar shares. The victims detected in Central America and the Carib- 48% 52% bean who are exploited in forced labour are girls and boys.

Profile of the offenders Countries in Central America and the Caribbean continue to report large shares of female offenders, particularly in Central America. The proportions of males and females suspected of, arrested for and/or convicted of traf- Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. ficking are similar, with a slightly greater share of females (see Profile of the offenders in chapter 1). In North America, Mexico and Canada reported information on the sex of persons going through criminal

157 GLOBAL REPORT ON TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS 2020

justice system procedures for trafficking in persons, with Countries in North America have been detecting increas- most of them are males. ing shares of domestic victims compared to past years. In Central America and the Caribbean, data collected At the same time, more victims have been detected from from six countries indicates that 85 per cent of convicted other regions, such as South America (3 per cent) and traffickers were citizens of the country of conviction with Africa and the Middle East (2 per cent). the remaining 15 per cent made up of offenders from other countries in Central America and the Caribbean or South America. Fig. 160 Trend in shares of trafficking victims detected in North America, by area Trafficking flows affecting North America of citizenship, 2014 – 2018 North America is a significant destination for both in- 100% 9 7 6 traregional and transregional trafficking flows. Despite 90% 8 9 this, most detected victims were citizens of the country 80% 16 9 3 7 of detection. While this was the case for all three coun- 70% 12 8 tries in the subregion, the United States, in particular, 60% reports a large share of their own nationals as victims of 16 trafficking. 50% 40% 68 75 In terms of transnational trafficking, the most significant 30% 47 flows into North America originate from countries in 20% other parts of the Americas, though the number of vic- 10% tims from Central America and the Caribbean appears to 0% be declining (from 9 per cent in 2016, to 3 per cent in 2014 2016 2018 2018). A significant trafficking flow to North America Domestic victims originates from countries in Asia. The key origin coun- Cross-border from other countries in North America tries are in South-East Asia, but also consist of other From Central America and the Caribbean Asian countries on a smaller scale. From East and South Asia Yet, at the same time, very few North American victims From other regions are detected in other subregions of the world. Source: UNODC elaboration of national data.

MAP. 16 Origins of trafficking victims detected in North America, 2018 (or most recent)

Domestic (within countries) 75% and within the subregion (cross-border) 7%

82% North America East Asia 9% and the Pacific 3% 3% South Central America Asia and the Caribbean

South America Flows: detected victims in destination countries Flows: less than 5% of detected victims in destination countries

Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. Note: The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations.

The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations.

158 NORTH AND CENTRAL AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN VI

MAP. 17 Origins of trafficking victims detected MAP. 18 Destinations for trafficking flows in Central America and the Caribbean, from Central America and the by subregion, 2018 (or most recent) Caribbean, 2018 (or most recent)

Domestic (within countries) 87% North and within the subregion (cross-border) 4% America

91%

Central America 91% and the Caribbean Central America and the Caribbean 8%

South South America America

Flows: detected victims in destination countries Flows: detected victims in destination countries Flows: less than 5% of detected victims in destination countries

Share of victims from Central America and The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement the Caribbean detected at destinations. or acceptance by the United Nations. Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. Note: The boundaries and names shown and the designations used Note: The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. United Nations.

Trafficking flows affecting Central America United Nations Trafficking in Persons definition. Most and the Caribbean of these countries introduced the offence of trafficking in Victims detected in Central America and the Caribbean persons between the end of 2008 and August 2012. Only are primarily citizens of the country of detection. The one country in this subregion continues to have only a other significant flows are from South America and oth- partial offence for trafficking in persons. er countries in the subregion. These flows mainly move from south to north, from relatively poorer countries The number of convictions per 1,000,000 people re- towards relatively richer countries across the border. As corded in North America indicates a general increase in an illustration, victims from the northern part of Cen- conviction rates in the subregion since 2009. Similarly, tral America are trafficked to Mexico and to the United conviction rates have been increasing in the subregion of States. At the same time, victims from the northern parts Central America and the Caribbean, almost reaching the of South America are trafficked to the southern countries global average in 2018. of Central America. Overall, the trafficking flows affecting Central America and the Caribbean continue to be Similarly, both subregions have recorded an increase in confined to the Americas, both in terms of their origin the number of victims detected per 1,000,000 since the and destination. United Nations Trafficking in Persons Protocol entered into force. Criminalizing trafficking in persons The vast majority of countries of Central America and the Caribbean, and all three countries in North America, have an offence of trafficking in persons that follows the

159 GLOBAL REPORT ON TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS 2020

Fig. 161 Number of countries in North America, Central America and the Caribbean introducing a specific offence on trafficking in persons, December 2003-August 2020 100% 1 1 1 3 2 80% 11 60% 18 18 19 19 19 40% 17

20% 9

2 0% 2003 2008 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020

Fig. 162 Average conviction rates (per 1,000,000 population) globally and by subregions in the Americas, 2003-2018

3.00

2.00

1.00

0.00 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

North America Central America and the Caribbean South America Global average - conviction rates Source: UNODC elaboration of national data.

Fig. 163 Average victim detection rates (per 1,000,000 population) globally and by subregions in the Americas, 2003-2018 16

8 6

4 2 0 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

North America Central America and the Caribbean South America Global average - victim detection rate Source: UNODC elaboration of national data.

160 SOUTH AMERICA VI

SOUTH AMERICA394 Fig. 164 Shares of detected victims of trafficking in South America,* by age group and sex, 2018 (or most recent) • Women represent the majority of victims detected in South America, while one in four detected victims is a man. 25% 69%

• The majority of detected victims in South America are trafficked for the purpose of sexual 1% 5% exploitation, while more than one third are trafficked for forced labour.

• Victims from South America have been detected Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. *Based on data on sex and age of 3,421 victims detected in in large numbers within South America and in 10 countries in South America. Central America and the Caribbean. Fig. 165 Shares of detected victims of traffick- • Victims from this subregion have also been ing in South America,* by forms of detected or repatriated from North America, exploitation 2018 (or most recent) Europe, the Middle East and East Asia.

Profile of the victims In this subregion, the vast majority of the detected vic- 64% Sexual exploitation tims of trafficking are females, making up 69 per cent of the total in 2018. While women make up the over- 35% Forced labour whelming majority, there was an increase from 12 per Other forms cent in 2016, to 25 per cent in 2018 in men detected as 1% of exploitation victims in this subregion.

Forms of exploitation In line with the forms recorded in the previous years, there is an increasing trend for the majority of detected victims Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. in South America to be trafficked for sexual exploitation *Based on data on forms of exploitation for 3,091 victims detected (from 58 per cent in 2016 to 64 per cent in 2018). in 9 countries in South America. Data from eight countries reporting this information in the subregion show that the overwhelming majority (96 trafficked for forced labour in 2018 was large. About half per cent) of these victims are females, with more women of the detected victims of this form for trafficking are than girls. females, near-equally split between women and girls. The second most commonly reported form is trafficking for the purpose of forced labour, although the share has Profile of the offenders remained at a similar level to 2018. Argentina and Chile The majority of offenders in South America continue to reported more victims who had been trafficked for this be men, accounting for around two thirds of those inves- purpose than for sexual exploitation. tigated/arrested, prosecuted and/or convicted of traffick- This form of trafficking affected all groups of victims – ing in 2018 in the subregion. While the share of female women, men, girls and boys – in broadly similar numbers. offenders remains low, the proportion is in line with the global average. Data collected in this subregion show that, compared to In terms of citizenships of convicted traffickers, over 80 other subregions, the share of female victims who were per cent of those convicted in the court of first instance in six South American countries were citizens of those 394 This subregion includes Argentina, Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay and Ven- countries. Most of the remaining 16 per cent of offenders ezuela (Bolivarian Republic of). convicted were from other countries within the subregion.

161 GLOBAL REPORT ON TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS 2020

Fig. 166 Shares of persons investigated Fig. 167 Shares of persons prosecuted for and/or arrested for trafficking in trafficking in persons in South persons in South America, by sex, America, by sex, 2018 (or most recent) 2018 (or most recent) 8 countries (n=575) 6 countries (n=409)

63% 37% 61% 39%

Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. Source: UNODC elaboration of national data.

Fig. 168 Shares of persons convicted of Fig. 169 Shares of persons convicted of trafficking in persons in South trafficking in persons in South America, by sex, 2018 (or most recent) America, by area of citizenship, 6 countries (n=149) 2018 (or most recent) 6 countries (n=139)

67% 33%

84% National offenders

Foreigners from countries 15% in South America

Western and 1% Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. Central Europe

Trafficking flows affecting South America The large majority of victims detected in South America Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. are victims of domestic trafficking. These countries are also destinations for cross-border trafficking flows within South America. However, within the subregion, there is no clear pattern of origin and destination countries. For originating from the Caribbean directed to the countries example, victims from Paraguay and the Plurinational of the Southern Cone. State of Bolivia have been detected in Argentina, while victims from the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela have Flows out of South America are mainly directed to Cen- been detected in Colombia and Peru. Brazil and Chile tral America and the Caribbean. In particular, victims are also destinations for victims from Bolivia and Peru, from the northern part of South America are detected among other states of origin, and Peru is also a destina- in the more affluent countries of the neighbouring sub- tion for victims trafficked from neighbouring countries. region. South American victims have also been detected Consequently, the trafficking flows within South Amer- in North America and Western and Southern Europe. ica appear rather complex, but are also limited in terms Repatriation data, however, show trafficking of South of geographical reach, as most are limited to a nearby American victims is also directed to East Asia and the country. One exception seems to be the trafficking flows Gulf countries of the Middle East.

162 SOUTH AMERICA VI

MAP. 19 Destination for trafficking flows from South America, 2018 (or most recent)

North Western and America Southern Europe

8% Central America North Africa and East Asia and the Caribbean the Middle East and the Pacific

South 97% America

Flows: detected victims in destination countries Flows: less than 5% of detected victims in destination countries Share of victims from South America Flows: victims repatriated from destination countries (magnitude unknown) detected at destinations.

Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. Note: The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations.

Criminalizing trafficking in persons MAP. 20 Origins of trafficking victims detect- Most South American countries have a specific offence ed in South America,* by subregion, 2018 (or most recent) of trafficking in persons, in line with the United Nations Trafficking in Persons definition. The majority of countries introduced a specific offence on trafficking in persons between 2004 and 2012. As of August 2018, only Central America and the Caribbean one country in the subregion had partial legislation, with all other countries having introduced a specific offence for all forms of trafficking in persons.

South The number of convictions per 1,000,000 people record- America ed in this region has been lower compared to Central American countries. However, the conviction rates per 97% 1,000,000 have been generally increasing over the last 15 years. Domestic (within countries) 66% and within the subregion (cross-border) 31%

Correspondingly, the number of victims detected per Flows: detected victims in destination countries 1,000,000 in South American countries has also in- Flows: less than 5% of detected victims in creased since the entry into force of the United Nations destination countries

Trafficking in Persons Protocol, in line with the rise in Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. conviction rates. The boundaries and names shown and the designations Nusedote: on The this boundariesmap do not imply and official names endorsement shown and or acceptancethe designations by the United used Nations. on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. *Numbers refer to 3,243 detected victims in 11 countries of South America.

163 GLOBAL REPORT ON TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS 2020

Fig. 170 Number of countries in South America introducing a specific offence on trafficking in persons, December 2003-August 2020 100% 1 1 2 3 4 80% 5

60% 10 10 10 40% 9 8 7 6 20%

1 0% 2003 2008 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020

Fig. 171 Average conviction rates (per 1,000,000 population) globally and by subregions in the Americas, 2003-2018 3.00

2.00

1.00

0.00 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

North America Central America and the Caribbean South America Global average - conviction rates Source: UNODC elaboration of national data.

Fig. 172 Average victim detection rates (per 1,000,000 population) globally and by subregions in the Americas, 2003-2018 16

14 12

8 6

4 2 0 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

North America Central America and the Caribbean South America Global average - victim detection rate Source: UNODC elaboration of national data.

164 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA VI

SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA395 Fig. 173 Shares of detected victims of trafficking in Sub-Saharan Africa,* by age group and sex, 2018 (or most recent) • Children represent the majority of victims detected in Sub-Saharan Africa, especially in West Africa. Southern African and East African coun- 14% 27% tries tend to detect more adults than children.

• The majority of detected victims in Sub-Saharan 27% 32% Africa are trafficked for the purpose of forced labour.

• Trafficking flows out of Sub-Saharan Africa have Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. *Based on data on sex and age of 4,799 victims detected in a global dimension, with victims detected in 26 countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. Western and Southern Europe, in North Africa and in the Middle East. Victims from Sub- Fig. 174 Numbers of detected victims of Saharan countries are also detected in North trafficking in Sub-Saharan Africa, America and East Asia. by age group, sex and subregion,* 2018 (or most recent) • As a destination of trafficking flows, most of the Men Women Girls Boys victims detected in this subregion are trafficked 1,600 within their own countries or across the border 1,389 from neighbouring countries. 1,400

1,200 1,164

Profile of the victims 1,000

Most of the detected trafficking victims in Sub-Saharan 800 Africa continue to be children, at about 60 per cent, with 687 600 both boys and girls detected in significant proportions. 497 414 400 However, analysing the data by geographical areas shows 206 200 109

that child trafficking continues to be more commonly 96 66 62 60 detected in West Africa than in the rest of Sub-Saharan 49 0 Africa. East and Southern African countries continue to West Africa East Africa Southern Africa detect larger shares of adults. East African countries have Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. detected more adult males, while Southern African coun- *Based on data on sex and age on victims detected in 13 countries in tries detect more women. West Africa, 6 countries in East Africa, 7 countries in Southern Africa.

Countries in West Africa tend to detect more victims Forms of exploitation than other countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. As a conse- Most of the victims detected in Sub-Saharan Africa in quence, regional analyses regarding the profiles of victims 2018 were trafficked for forced labour. largely reflect data from this part of the African conti- In spite of differing capacities to detect, record and re- nent. port victims, the proportions of the different forms of exploitation remain largely the same in West, East and Southern Africa, with a predominance of victims of traf- 395 This subregion includes 35 countries, which for analytical purposes can be divided into three areas, namely West Africa (Benin, Burkina ficking for forced labour in all areas. Among the other Faso, Cabo Verde, Cameroon, Chad, Côte d’Ivoire, Gambia, Ghana, forms of exploitation, countries in this region reported Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo), East Africa (Kenya, Mauritius, Rwanda, Uganda and trafficking for forced criminal activity, forced marriages United Republic of Tanzania) and Southern Africa (Angola, Bot- and mixed forms of exploitation. swana, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Eswatini, Lesotho, Mad- agascar, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Seychelles, South Africa, Zimbabwe, Zambia).

165 GLOBAL REPORT ON TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS 2020

Fig. 175 Share of detected victims of traffick- Fig. 176 Number of detected victims of traf- ing in Sub-Saharan Africa,* by forms ficking in Sub-Saharan Africa,* by of exploitation, 2018 (or most recent) forms of exploitation and subregion, 2018 (or most recent) Sexual exploitation Forced labour Other forms of exploitation 2,500 2,263

2,000 20% Sexual exploitation

77% Forced labour 1,500

3% Other forms 1,000 of exploitation 598

500 473 281 100 98 91 32 25 0 West Africa East Africa Southern Africa

Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. *Based on data on forms of exploitation for 4,835 victims detected *Based on data on forms of exploitation of detected victims in 22 countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. in 10 countries in West Africa, 3 countries in East Africa and 7 countries in Southern Africa.

Fig. 177 Shares of persons investigated or Fig. 178 Shares of persons prosecuted for arrested for trafficking in persons trafficking in persons in Sub-Saharan in Sub-Saharan Africa, by sex, Africa, by sex, 2018 (or most recent) 2018 (or most recent) 9 countries (n=348) 7 countries (n=1,092)

62% 38% 70% 30%

Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. Source: UNODC elaboration of national data.

Fig. 179 Shares of persons convicted of trafficking in persons in Sub-Saharan Profile of the offenders Africa, by sex, 2018 (or most recent) Most traffickers in this subregion continue to be males, in 7 countries (n=121) proportions broadly similar with global patterns. Coun- tries in West Africa reported the highest share of females investigated/arrested for, prosecuted for and/or convicted of trafficking. Conversely, countries in Southern Africa 66% 34% reported the highest share of male offenders. Countries in East Africa reported that around 70 per cent of the offenders were males.

Data on the citizenship of the persons convicted of trafficking show that most are citizens of the country where Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. they were convicted. In 2018, 12 countries in Sub-Saha-

166 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA VI

MAP. 21 Destinations for trafficking flows from Sub-Saharan Africa, 2018 (or most recent)

20% Western and North Southern Europe America

East Asia North Africa and the Pacific and the Middle East 37%

Sub-Saharan Africa 99%

Flows: detected victims in destination countries Share of victims from Sub-Saharan Africa detected at destinations. Flows: less than 5% of detected victims in destination countries

Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. Note: The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations.

The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. Fig. 180 Shares of persons convicted of Trafficking flows affecting trafficking in persons in Sub-Saharan Sub-Saharan Africa Africa, by area of citizenship, During the reporting period, victims from Sub-Saharan 2018 (or most recent) Africa were detected in, or repatriated from, countries in most subregions across the globe, making it a relevant region of origin for detected cases of trafficking in persons globally. Victims from all areas of Africa were detected in Western and Southern Europe in significant flows. Victims from West and East Africa were frequently de- 78% National offenders tected in North Africa and the Middle East, including in the countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council. Victims Foreigners from countries 22% in Sub-Saharan Africa from West and East Africa were also detected in East Asia and North America. Most of the victims detected in Sub-Saharan Africa are either citizens of the country of detection or citizens of other Sub-Saharan African countries. Furthermore, trafficked victims are generally trafficked within the same geographical area. For example, West African countries Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. detect only victims from West Africa or victims who were domestically trafficked. Countries in East Africa detect foreign victims from other countries in East Africa, with very small numbers from West and Southern Africa along with victims trafficked from South Asia. The pic- ran Africa reported that 78 per cent of convicted traffick- ture is similar in Southern Africa in terms of cross-border ers were citizens of these countries while 22 per cent were trafficking, including some victims trafficked from West citizens of other countries in the subregion. and East Africa and from Asia.

167 GLOBAL REPORT ON TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS 2020

Criminalizing trafficking in persons MAP. 22 Origins of trafficking victims In the region, four countries in Sub-Saharan Africa have detected in West Africa, 2018 (or most recent) legislation that only criminalizes trafficking in children, while one country has no specific offence addressing this crime. Most other countries in this subregion introduced Domestic (within countries) 92% a specific offence in line with the United Nations Traf- and within the subregion ficking in Persons definition after 2009. (cross-border) 8%

The number of convictions per 1,000,000 people re- 100% corded in Sub-Saharan Africa has been generally lower compared to the rest of the world. In addition, over the West last 15 years, the conviction rate per 1,000,000 has been Africa fluctuating between 0 and 1 persons, with no marked increase recorded.

The number of victims detected per 1,000,000 in Flows: detected victims in destination countries Sub-Saharan African countries has increased since the United Nations Trafficking in Persons Protocol entered into force. The number of detections, however, remains among the lowest compared to other regions. Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. Note: The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations.

MAP. 23 Origins of trafficking victims MAP. 24 Origins of trafficking victims detected in Southern Africa, detected in East Africa, 2018 (or most recent) 2018 (or most recent)

Domestic (within countries) 43% Domestic (within countries) 14% and within the subregion (cross-border) 43% and within the subregion (cross-border) 75%

South West South East Asia West Asia Africa East Asia and the Africa 89% Africa Pacific East 6% Africa

86%

Southern Southern Africa Africa

Flows: detected victims in destination countries Flows: detected victims in destination countries Flows: less than 5% of detected victims in Flows: less than 5% of detected victims in destination countries destination countries

Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. Note: The boundaries and names shown and the designations used Note: The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. United Nations.

168 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA VI

Fig. 181 Number of countries in Sub-Saharan Africa introducing a specific offence on trafficking in persons, December 2003-August 2020 100% 5 10 7 14 80% 19

60% 32 41 40% 36 38 29 33 24 20% 11 0% 2 2003 2008 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020

Countries with a specific offence on TiP criminalizing most/all forms of trafficking listed in the UN TiP Protocol Countries with no specific TiP offence or considering only some forms of trafficking

Source: UNODC elaboration of national data.

Fig. 182 Average conviction rates (per 1,000,000 population) globally and by subregions in Africa and the Middle East, 2003-2018 4.00

3.00

2.00

1.00

0.00 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Global average - conviction rates North Africa and the Middle East Sub-Saharan Africa Source: UNODC elaboration of national data.

Fig. 183 Average victim detection rates (per 1,000,000 population) globally and by subregions in Africa and the Middle East, 2003-2018

14.00

12.00

10.00 8.00

6.00

4.00

2.00

0.00 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Global average - victim detection rate North Africa and the Middle East Sub-Saharan Africa

Source: UNODC elaboration of national data.

169 GLOBAL REPORT ON TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS 2020

NORTH AFRICA AND Fig. 184 Shares of detected victims of traffick- THE MIDDLE EAST396 ing in North Africa and the Middle East,* by age group and sex, 2018 (or most recent) • Adult women and men are more frequently detected as victims of trafficking in North Africa and the Middle East. The detection of children 36% 33% is more frequent in North African countries than in the rest of the subregion.

17% 14% • Detected victims in North Africa and the Mid- dle East are trafficked for sexual exploitation, for forced labour and for exploitative begging in almost equal proportions. North Africa

• The majority of the victims detected in North African countries are domestically trafficked. Relevant flows into these countries originate 52% 40% from East and West Africa.

• Countries of the Middle East and the Gulf Co- 2% 6% operation Council are destinations for victims trafficked from Asia, from Sub-Saharan Africa and from Eastern Europe and Central Asia. Countries in the Gulf Cooperation Council

Profile of the victims In North Africa, the majority (69 per cent) of detected victims are adults. Among children, girls and boys were 26% 69% detected in equal shares. North African countries tend to detect more children than the rest of the region (31 per

cent). The majority of victims in countries of the Gulf 3% 2% Cooperation Council (GCC) were men, whereas other countries in the Middle East detected mainly women.

Forms of exploitation Other countries in the Middle East During the reporting period, trafficking for the purpose of sexual exploitation, forced labour and for the pur- Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. pose of exploitative begging was reported in nearly equal *Based on data on sex and age of 1,690 victims detected in 13 countries in North Africa and the Middle East. shares. Trafficking for exploitative begging was detected in North Africa as well as in the GCC countries. Traf- ficking for forced criminal activity and for the removal of organs is also reported in the subregion. for forced labour. At the same time, most of the victims Females comprise most of the victims trafficked for sex- trafficked for the purpose of organ removal were men. ual exploitation, and two thirds of the victims trafficked Profile of the offenders The vast majority of traffickers in North Africa and the 396 This subregion includes 16 countries and comprises North Africa (Algeria, Egypt, Morocco, Sudan and Tunisia), the Gulf Cooperation Middle East continue to be male. More than 70 per cent Council (GCC) countries (Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi of the persons prosecuted for trafficking in persons in Arabia and United Arab Emirates) and the other countries of the Middle East (Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, and the Syrian Arab 2018 were males, with seven countries reporting that Republic). over 80 per cent of those convicted were males.

170 NORTH AFRICA AND THE MIDDLE EAST VI

Fig. 185 Shares of detected victims of traffick- Fig. 186 Shares of persons investigated and/or ing in North Africa and the Middle arrested for trafficking in persons East,* by forms of exploitation, in North Africa and the Middle East, 2018 (or most recent) by sex, 2018 (or most recent) 8 countries (n=850)

30% Sexual exploitation 74% 26% 30% Forced labour 29% Exploitative begging 1% Organ removal 2% Forced criminality 8% Other forms / unreported Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. exploitation Fig. 187 Shares of persons prosecuted for trafficking in persons in North Africa and the Middle East, by sex, 2018 (or most recent) Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. 10 countries (n=901) *Based on data on forms of exploitation for 1,121 victims detected in 12 countries in North Africa and the Middle East.

As for the citizenship profiles of the traffickers, the data 70% 30% show that the majority of those convicted of trafficking in 2018 were citizens of the country of conviction, at 70 per cent. The remaining 30 per cent were mostly offenders from other countries in the subregion.

Trafficking flows affecting North Africa Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. and the Middle East In line with the results for the profiles of victims and the Fig. 188 Shares of traffickers convicted forms of exploitation, the three areas that make up this in North Africa and the Middle region are also dissimilar in terms of inbound trafficking East, by area of citizenship, flows. 2018 (or most recent) 7 countries (n=386) North African countries have mainly detected domestic victims, along with victims from East and West Africa. This is also confirmed by West African countries reporting their own citizens trafficked to, and then repatriated from North African countries. Countries in the Middle East detect significant shares 70% National offenders of victims from East Africa, Eastern Europe and South Foreigners from Asia. Meanwhile, GCC countries detect large numbers 26% countries in North Africa of Asian victims, victims from other countries of the and the Middle East Middle East, as well as victims from East Africa. 4% Asia In terms of flows out of North Africa and the Middle East, significant flows to Western and Southern Europe were detected – 6 per cent of the victims detected in Western and Southern Europe are North African and 2 per cent are from the Middle East. Source: UNODC elaboration of national data.

171 GLOBAL REPORT ON TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS 2020

Countries in the Middle East rarely reported victims of MAP. 25 Origins of trafficking victims domestic trafficking. Some intraregional cross-border detected in North Africa, 2018 (or most recent) trafficking has been detected in the GCC countries as well as in other countries of the Middle East. 60% Criminalizing trafficking in persons North 19% Most of the countries in North Africa and the Middle Africa East introduced specific offences criminalizing traffick- 21% ing in persons after the year 2009. As of August 2020, West Africa East among the 17 countries assessed, only two countries lack Africa legislation criminalizing trafficking in persons.

The number of convictions per 1,000,000 people record- Domestic (within countries) 60% ed in North Africa has been lower compared to the rest of the world. Meanwhile, countries in the Middle East tend to record more convictions than North African coun- Flows: detected victims in destination countries tries. Over the last 15 years, the registered conviction rate per 1,000,000 persons in North Africa and Middle East has generally increased. Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. Note: The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. The number of victims detectedThe boundaries per and 1,000,000 names shown and in the the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. countries of North Africa and the Middle East has been fluctuating, but generally increasing since the United Na- tions Trafficking in Persons Protocol entered into force. The number of detections, however, remains among the lowest compared to other regions.

MAP. 26 Origins of trafficking victims detected in the Middle East, 2018 (or most recent)

Eastern Europe and Central Asia

The Middle 23% East 22% Other 38% 28% East Asia countries in the 10% North East Asia The Gulf and the Pacific Africa Middle East South and the Pacific Cooperation South 41% West Council Asia Asia 14% West Africa 18% Africa East Africa East Africa

Domestic (within countries) 9% and within the subregion (cross-border) 13%

The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official Source:endorsement UNODC or acceptanceelaboration by theof Unitednational Nations. data.

Note: The boundariesThe andboundaries names and shown names and shown the and designations the designations used used on on this this map map dodo not not imply imply official official endorsement endorsement or acceptance or acceptance by the United by Nations.the United Nations.

172 NORTH AFRICA AND THE MIDDLE EAST VI

Fig. 190 Number of countries in North Africa and the Middle East introducing a specific offence on trafficking in persons, December 2003-August 2020

100% 2 2 2 4 80% 6

60% 13 17 15 15 15 40% 13 11 20% 4 0% 2003 2008 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020

Countries with a specific offence on TiP criminalizing most/all forms of trafficking listed in the UN TiP Protocol Countries with no specific TiP offence or considering only some forms of trafficking

Source: UNODC elaboration of national data.

Fig. 191 Average conviction rates (per 1,000,000 population) globally and by subregions in Africa and the Middle East, 2003-2018 4.00

3.00

2.00

1.00

0.00 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Global average - conviction rates North Africa and the Middle East Sub-Saharan Africa

Source: UNODC elaboration of national data.

Fig. 192 Average victim detection rates (per 1,000,000 population) globally and by subregions in Africa and the Middle East, 2003-2018

14.00

12.00 10.00 8.00

6.00 4.00

2.00 0.00 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Global average - victim detection rate North Africa and the Middle East Sub-Saharan Africa

Source: UNODC elaboration of national data.

173