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Index

abandonment, 132 adrenal-cortico-tropic hormone (ACTH) abuse, 175, 208, 257, 295, 309–10, 331, 359 stress and, 39, 67 ACC, 116, 328, 340 adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) in emergence of trusting relationship, Beta-lopotropin and 329 in microbes, 48 left-wing political orientation and, 116 adult attachment, 270 prosocial emotions and, 116 definition, 177 accessibility,21 advertising, 179 definition, 12 affect accommodation, 236 definition, 20, 39, 113, 205 definition, 212 affect (noun) accurate emotional communication definition, 8, 11 OXY and, 190 affect dimensions, 8 Acetylcholine (ACh) affect infusion model (AIM) definition, 42 definition, 237 acetylcholine esterase (AChE) affect labeling definition, 43 definition, 242 Acheulean industry, 165 affection, 263 ACTH, 37, 48, 53, 67 affectional stages activation,xvi,5,7–9, 25, 38, 53–54, 57–58, 64, definition, 181 67, 72–73, 89–91, 103, 105, 107, 116, affective attunement, 195 128, 131–33, 136–38, 155, 187–90, affective communication, 260 192, 194, 196, 205, 209, 252, 257–58, affective curiosity 277, 280, 313, 318–19, 326, 338, definition, 21 364–65, 389, 392, 395, 402–3, 413, affective empathy, 132 416, 422 affective environment, 96 activation systems affective microscope, 199 reticular formation and, 25 affective neuroscience, 10 actor–viewer empathy (film) affective qualia definition, 235 definition, 33 acupuncture peptides and, 49 opiates and, 51 affects, 219 adaptation, 67, 69, 147, 230 definition, 8 addiction, 116 affects, higher-level, 8 definition, 43, 51 affects, primary, 8 addiction to love, 87, 256 affordances, 217, 261 admiration, 278, 325, 352 bodily definition, 337 Emotion III and, 17 as primary moral emotion, 332 definition, 16 humiliation and Gibsonian theory, 261 authoritarian leadership, 338 social, 16 research on, 338 terrestrial, 16 admiration/resentment, 340 aggression, 134 as primary moral emotions, 297 aggressive behavior, 86, 125 423

424 Index agnosia, 144 annoyance, 200 definition, 119 Anolis agonist lateralization and, 125 definition, 38 anomie, 346 agonistic competition, 59 antagonist alarm reaction,69 definition, 38 alexithymia anterior,64 definition, 81 anterior amygdala aliments, 236 OXY and, 190 definition, 212 anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), 105, 189, altruism, 201, 326, 330, 332 319 slime molds and, 156 anterior cingulate gyrus, 137 ventral striatum and anterior commissure, 125 attachment, 327 anterior insula, 319, 349 altruistic behavior, 260 anterior thalamus (AT), 101 amazement, 214 anticipated emotions ambivalent attachment, 177 definition, 237 aminergic transmission anticipatory emotions definition, 44, 36 definition, 237 amniote egg, 108 antigens amoebae, 156 definition, 67 amotivation anti-intraception definition, 210 definition amphetamine (dexedrine), 45 in authoritarianism, 343 amygdala, 22, 103, 110, 112–15, 122–23, anti-mirror neurons 129, 132, 137, 189–90, 192, 194, definition, 121 242, 331, 361 anti-Semitism, 343 active avoidance and, 90 antisocial behavior, 110, 182, 323 DBI and, 52 antisocial personality disorder (APD), 330 lateralization of, 130 anxiety, 132, 207, 253, 259 response to facial expression, 80 DBI and, 7, 52 selfish emotions and, 116 anxious/ambivalent attachment, 213, 269 amygdala circuit, 105, 114 embarrassment and, 283 amygdala division, 103 anxious-preoccupied adult attachment definition, 100 definition, 177 amygdala lateralization appeasement displays, 99, 282 sex differences in, 133 appraisal, 139 anagenesis definition, 22 definition, 19 appreciation, 352 analytic cognition definition LH and, 125 as GREAT emotion, 357 analytic cognitive processing, 325 appreciation emotions, 337 analytic KD, 219 apprehension, 214 analytic-cognitive development, 216 approach and avoidance, 59, 89 analytic-cognitive system, 218 approach-avoidance hypothesis, 133 anatomical asymmetry, 222 definition, 126 androgens,53 Arab Spring, 314, 338 anencephalic infants indignation and, 337 facial displays in, 74 archetypes, 111 anger, 107, 109, 114, 116, 132, 133, 207, 228, Ardipithecus ramidus (Ardi), 201 312, 319, 327, 329 definition, 162 as primary affect, 75 Argenine Vasopressin (AVP) pancultural facial expression of, 75 definition anguish, 263 defense behaviors and, 56 angular gyrus, 317 Arnold, 22 animal passions, 208 arousability animal social organization, 294 definition, 61

Index 425 Arousal, 5, 59, 84, 93 authoritarian submission definition, 12 definition arousal and arousability, 61 in authoritarianism, 343 arousal dimension of emotion, 64 authoritarian tendencies, 349 ArrA gene, 155 authoritarianism arrogance, 258, 262, 272 definition, 343 AS and ASD authority, 358 left amygdala-OFC hypoactivation definition and, 131 in intuitive morality, 349 Ascending Reticular Activating autism spectrum, 359 System (ARAS) autistic spectrum disorder (ASD) definition, 84 definition, 131 ASD, 131, 188, 192 autoimmune disease, 68 Asperger syndrome (AS), 359 autokinetic effect, 247 definition, 131 autonomic nervous system (ANS), 65 assimilation, 236 definition, 67 definition, 212 autonomic responses, 141, 331 association areas autonomy, 358 definition, 117 autonomy ethic, 349 associative learning, 218 avoidant attachment, 177, 213, 269 astonishment, 214 embarrassment and, 283 atrocity, 342, 347 avoiding being exploited atropine (belladonna), 44 Justice and, 361 attachment, 87, 152, 175, 180, 189, 201, 206, AVP, 188, 190, 256, 355, 357 246, 269, 275, 285, 341, 350 and pair-bonds, 187 exploration and, 213 awareness opiates and, 87, 183 definition, 16 social influence and, 255 Gibsonian theory, 244 attachment affects awe, 209 definition, 207 cognitive emotion, 29 attachment and bonding, 123 axon attachment and caring definition, 34 in moral reasoning morality of caring, 299 B cells,67–68 attachment emotions, 213, 256, 269 memory, 68 attachment security, 343 baboon, 162, 168 OXY and, 284 Babyfacedness attachment theory, 174, 269 definition, 179 attachment-detachment bacteria, 160 definition, 28 ball toss paradigm attention, 214 definition, 311 attribution barbiturates (e.g., phenobarbital) internal vs. external, 226 GABA and, 47 attribution theory, 243, 244, 257, 272 basal ganglia, 88, 99, 108, 123, 129, 130, 340 definition, 226 basic emotions, 129 audiovocal communication, 102, 105 battered person syndrome Family-related triad and, 100 definition, 310 aura, 101, 109–10, 112, 390 BDSM practices, 310 Australopithecus afarensis, 163 behavior activation authoritarian aggression DA and, 90 definition behavior steering in authoritarianism, 343 NE and, 90 authoritarian morality, 341, 343, 347 behavioral activation and inhibition and adult–child relationship systems (BAS and BIS), 25 Piaget, 298 behavioral activation system (BAS), 209 authoritarian personality definition, 89 insecure attachment and, 344 behavioral activation/inhibition, 6

426 Index behavioral inhibition system (BIS), 209 Broca’s area, 66, 77–78, 118–19, 121, 134, definition, 89 137, 165, 222 belonging, 312 Brodmann areas (BA), 47, 117–18, 340 benzene (alcohol), 52 BA 7, 317, 319, 326, 340 benzodiazepines (BZD) BA 8, 281 GABA and, 47 BA 9, 317–18, 328, 340 bereavement, 88, 184, 208 BA 10, 122, 281, 317–19, 326, 340 beta endorphin,37 BA 11, 122, 319 Beta lipotropin and BA 13, 340 pain and, 39, 48 BA 19, 319 beta lipotropin,48 BA 21, 319 betrayal, 189 BA 22, 118, 134, 138, 319 biobehavioral synchrony, 191 BA 23, 326 biofilm BA 24, 340 quorum sensing and, 155 BA 26, 326 biological affects BA 27, 319 access to subjective qualia,59 BA 29, 326 biological drives, 6 BA 30, 326 biological emotions, 205 BA 31, 317, 326 definition, 206 BA 32, 328, 340 biological potential BA 36, 340 in higher-level emotions, 5 BA 37 (FFA), 131 biologically based emotions, 255 BA 38, 319 bioluminescence BA 39, 317, 319 quorum sensing and, 154 BA 40, 317 bioregulation BA 44, 118, 134, 137, 319 definition BA 44/45, 119, 138 GREAT emotions and, 358 BA 45, 118, 134, 319 bipedalism, 163 BA 46, 137, 317–18, 340 birth control, 315 BA 47, 122, 340 BIS, 115 definition, 117, 118 BIS punishment system brutality, 342 passive avoidance and, 90 bubble of expressivity blushing, 142 definition, 83 body language, 8 burnout body postures CRH and, 58 as display, 5 bonding, 152, 208, 263 “C” system, 123 bone marrow,67 Cambrian period, 38 Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) cAMP, 156 left amygdala-OFC hyperactivation cannabinoid,54 and, 131 cannibis, 54 boredom, 207, 214 capture bonding Bowlby, John, 174, 269 definition, 309 brain laterality, 361 caregiver–child relationship, 175 brain structure caregiving spontaneous/symbolic communication distress vocalizations and, 87 and, 151 caring, 208, 278, 358 brainstem, 5, 64, 73 definition definition, 84 in intuitive morality, 349 brain washing, 308 catechol-O-methyl-transferase (COMT) broaden and build, 123, 206, 211 definition, 44 cognitive emotions and, 29 caudate, 98, 189, 327 definition, 210 CD38 gene Broca’s (expressive) aphasia definition, 192 definition, 119 cell assemblies, 34

Index 427 cell body cocaine, 45 definition, 34 coercive persuasion, 309 Cenozoic era, 161 definition, 309 central amplifying system cognition NE as, 91 definition, 15 central route cognitions about the body definition, 236 definition, 226 central sulcus, 117 cognitive balance theories cephalization, 156 definition, 223 cerebellum, 318, 340 cognitive consistency theories, 221, 223, cerebral lateralization, 124 244 definition definition, 223 and emotion, 126 cognitive dissonance, 245 certainty, 214 cognitive dissonance theory, 238, 243 cerveau isole, 84, 142 definition, 225 challenge displays, 99 cognitive emotions, 207, 214, 216 challenging stimuli, 9 definition, 29, 214 character cognitive growth cycle, 216 definition, 301 definition, 212 charisma,80 cognitive/motor group definition definition, 105 GREAT emotions and, 354 cognitive-attribution theories chimeric stimuli, 136 definition, 259 chimpanzee, 161, 168, 221 cognizance chimpanzee last common ancestor (CLCA) definition, 244 definition, 162 colliculi chlordiazepoxide (Librium) definition, 88 GABA and, 47 coma, 142 choice communication, 161, 180, 311 subjective experience and, 41 dynamic regulation through, 62 cholecystokinin (CCK) social evolution and, 147 satiety and, 39 communication of emotion, 114 cholecystokinin (CCK) communication systems, 72, 181 definition, 38, 53 communicative relationship, 200 choline acetyltransferase (CAT) natural selection of, 161 definition, 43 quorum sensing and, 155 cholinergic transmission communicative social environment definition, 36, 41 definition, 6 chordata,39 community, 358 chordata community ethic, 349 definition, 38 comparison other (CO), 261 cingulate area, 115 definition, 261 cingulate gyrus, 87, 101, 112, 129, 130, compassion, 327, 341, 347 137 new media and, 314 cingulate lesions, 116 compassion-focused imagery (CFI), civility, 358 341 definition definition, 285 GREAT emotions and, 358 competence, 216 classical conditioning, 64, 217, 219 definition, 209 classically conditioned associations, competence theories, 210–11 140 complex-social emotions, 129 classical language areas, 118 compliance, 255 climate of threat definition, 255 definition, 344 stage of group influence, 306 Clynes, M. F., 27 comprehension, 214 coalitions, 160, 168 definition, 244

428 Index computer programming, 220 corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH), 62, 67 computers, 24 DBI and, 53 conditioned fear responses, 22 definition, 38 confidence, 214 stress and, 58 confident dominance cortisol (CORT), 7, 179, 192, 193 and high 5-HT, 160 and coydog display, 74 conflict resolution, 105, 320 stress and, 53 conformity, 254, 304, 306, 311 countershock,69 definition, 248 courting, 152, 181 confusion, 310 as display, 76 conservative moral intuition courtship displays, 99, 108 definition, 350 coyote–beagle hybrids (coydogs) in intuitive morality, 350 displays in, 73 conservatives, 341 crayfish, 159 consortships CRH, 62, 67 in chimpanzees, 168 cricket, 72 contact comfort, 28, 108, 180–82, 208, 257 curare,43 contemporary threat curiosity, 147, 211, 214, 218 insecurity, authoritarianism, and, 344 definition, 206 contempt, 327 evolution of, 147 as primary affect, 75 curiosity and exploration, 124 definition, 339 curiosity-boredom as primary moral emotion, 332 definition, 28 display, 339 cyanobacteria, 153, 160 pancultural facial expression of, 75 cyberball, 312 research on, 339 cybernetics, 292 contempt/sympathy cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), as primary moral emotions, 297 36, 156 contentment, 214 cystic fibrosis, 155 contraceptives, 172 control, 312 DA, 191, 355 conventional rules, 298 DA agonists, 45 conventionalism dance notation, 220 definition, 343 Darwin, Charles, 75, 146 in authoritarianism, 343 DBI,62 converse decision-making, 323 definition, 333 definition, 122 in moral emotions, 333 emotion and, 237 in primary social emotions, 264 decoding coolness, 214 definition, 79 cooperation, 328 defensive behaviors, 85 cooperative conditioning deindividuation, 346, 347 definition, 81 definition, 346 coping, 139, 141 dendrites combine, 141 definition, 34 definition, 229 dependency, 175 coping styles depression, 29, 214, 267 OXY and, 285 desires core limbic group, 108 definition, 3 definition, 103 despair, 58, 208, 269 core relational themes, 273, 276, 278 definition, 58 corpus callosum, 125 hospitalism, 175 corpus striatum, 108 destroying the enemy CORT, 193 justice and, 361 cortical blindness destructiveness and cynicism unconscious emotion perception in, 80 definition corticoid hormones,53 in authoritarianism, 343

Index 429 detached attachment, 331 dispositional authoritarians detachment, 269 definition, 344 definition, 269 distress, 228, 263, 312 hospitalism, 175 distress calls, 105, 183 developmental interactionist definition, 179 conceptualization, 237 in prairie voles, 186 developmental scale, 219 OTKO and, 188 spontaneous/symbolic communication distress vocalizations, 87, 116, and, 151 183, 256 developmental-interactionist theory, 20, 84, 96, opiates and, 87 140, 142, 198, 362 distributive justice, 299 definition, 8 definition, 297 diazepam (Valium) divinity, 358 GABA and, 47 divinity ethic, 349 diazepam-binding-inhibitor (DBI), 62 DLPFC, 319–20, 330, 361 anxiety and and selfish emotions, 321 amygdala, 47 DMPFC, 326 definition DNA, 147, 153, 155, 157 anxiety and, 52 doing good Dictyostelium discoideum (slime mold) septal/NAcc areas definition, 156 altruism, 329 Differential Emotion Scale, 21 doing well dignity, 353 justice and, 361 definition reward GREAT emotions and, 359 positive selfish emotions, 329 dinosaurs, 161 dominance, 181, 262, 267, 353 direct group inhibition in nonvertebrates, 158 definition, 302 in vertebrates, 159 direct perceptual acquaintance dominant and submissive emotions, 108 knowledge by acquaintance as, 17 dominant/subordinate relationships, 295 director–viewer empathy (film) dominant-submissive relationship, 158 definition, 235 dopamine (DA), 7, 187, 191, 355 disconnection syndromes, 142 definition, 44 definition, 119 dorsal,64 diseases of adaptation, 69 dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), disgust, 107, 114, 133, 297, 319, 329, 123, 312 342 dorsal putamen, 103 as primary affect, 75 dorsal striatum, 189, 196 pancultural facial expression of, 75 dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), disinhibition, 323 85, 137 disinhibitory psychopathology, 83, 115 utilitarian judgment and septal dysfunction and, 329 dual process model, 318 dismissive-avoidant adults attachment dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (DMPFC), definition, 177 103, 123, 281 displacement double-blind studies, 6 definition drives, 8, 19, 219 in authoritarianism, 343 hypothalamus and, 25 display Drosophila, 155 definition, 11 drug addiction, 295 brain mechanisms, 73 drugs of abuse, 40, 58 display rules, 128, 141 dual-process model of moral judgment definition, 12, 76 evaluation of, 321, 325 displays, 147, 246 dual-process theories, 236 as social affordances dual process theories of attitude change Gibsonian theory, 261 definition, 227 definition, 5 moral judgment and, 317 displays of emotion, 182 dyadic interaction, 201

430 Index dynamic emergence of social bonding embarrassment, 258–59, 262, 323, 326, 331 fMRI response and, 328 definition, 281 dynamics of primary social emotions social emotion, 29 in America and Japan, 290 emergent system, 182 dynorphins emotion definition, 50 definition, 9, 24, 61 emotion communication, 181, 184, 200–1 early abuse emotion focused coping and attachment disorders, 182 definition, 230 and violence, 112 Emotion I, 61, 63, 72, 140, 141, 147, 198, 205 early attachment Emotion II, 33, 61, 63, 72, 141, 148, 182, 198, trust and, 182 205 early isolation, 295 definition, 12 early warning system, 22 Emotion III, 20, 33, 61, 63, 89, 96, 112, 141, ecological challenges 182, 198, 205 definition, 207 definition, 12 ecological context, 362 emotion lexicon, 216, 267 ecological contingencies, 362 emotional agnosia, 142 ecological demands, 5 emotional aliments, 235 ecological reality emotional blunting, 313 and displays of emotion, 26 emotional bonding, 315 ecologically fundamental interpersonal emotional communication, 116, 132, 144, contingencies, 262, 264 174, 180, 246, 313, 314 definition, 246, 260 and helping behavior, 302–3 ecologically fundamental situational RH and, 126 contingencies, 260 role in emotional education, 13 definition, 214 emotional competence, 182, 198, 229, 245 ecological-systems model, 276, definition, 14–15, 228 292, 332 emotional development, 81, 180, 198 definition, 28, 247 emotional education, 12, 81, 116, 181–82, 198, testing of, 271 229, 230, 234–35, 236, 245, 314 ecological-systems model of social definition, 13–14, 228 emotions, 247, 255 emotional experience, 216 evidence for, 284 emotional exploration, 234, 314 ecology of social interaction, 174, 261 emotional expressivity ecstasy, 89 definition, 360 effectance affects GREAT emotions and, 360 definition, 207 emotional inoculation effectance motivation, 216, 218–19, 256 definition, 239 definition, 206, 209 emotional instability, 132 effective genome emotional intelligence, 84 definition, 140 emotional potency effective genotype new media and, 314 definition, 112 emotional processing, 122, 323 effector cells emotional regulation, 139 definition, 34 emotional sonar, 95 effortless intuition, 293 definition, 83 Ekman, Paul, 75 emotional synchrony Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM) definition, 235 definition, 236 emotions as cultural constructions, 216 elation-depression continuum empathic concern, 330, 341 amines and, 44 empathic emotions, 341 electromagnetic radiation, 217 empathy, 105, 116, 132, 195, 313, 320, electromyography, 80 323, 326, 329, 331, 331, 332, 361 elevation, 352 empathy-altruism hypothesis definition, 256 definition, 341 as GREAT emotion, 356 empathy-liking relationship moral socialization and, 281 in film, 234

Index 431 encoded genome eukaryotes definition, 140 definition, 155 encoded genotype euphoria, 45, 184 definition, 112 evaluation of the self, 257 encoding evil, 342 definition, 78 evolution of the brain, 219 endocannabinoids evolved organism–environment definition interaction, 24 CCK and, 54 exchange, 352 endocrine responses, 141 exchange theory, 356 endocrine system, 65, 86 exclusion, 311, 346 definition, 67 executive functions, 25, 26, 64 endogenous opiates expectancy affects, 214 affective qualia and expectancy system, 209 pain regulation, 49 experiential insight, 122 endoplasmic reticulum, 155 expiatory punishment, 343 endorphins, 105, 184, 256 expressive, aphasia, 119 definition, 50 exploratory behavior, 147 enkephalins expressive aprosodia definition, 48, 50 definition, 134 ennui, 207, 214 expressive behaviors cognitive emotion, 29 definition, 8 environmental niche, 146 expressive displays, 10 envy, 198, 258, 278, 342 extended amygdala, 318 envy/jealousy, 247 extenuating circumstances, 299 definition, 276 external attribution, 226 primary social emotion, 29 externalizing response modes developmental sequence, 277 definition, 81 display, 277 externalizing versus internalizing research on, 278 definition, 93 epigenetic influences externally focused cognitive processing attachment and, 175 definition, 123 epinephrine (Epi) extrapyramidal motor system, 65, 66 definition, 44 extreme situations, 311 equalitarian morality, 299, 343, 351 extroversion, 81 and peer relationships extroversion–introversion, 213 Piaget, Jean, 298 definition, 94 equalitarian relationship, 353 longitudinal studies, 95 equilibration, 216 relationship with BAS/BIS, 95 definition, 212 extroverts versus introverts equity, 299, 352 BAS versus BIS activity, 91 erotic feelings, 153 eye-to-eye gaze, 132 escape from freedom insecurity, authoritarianism, and, 345 face-to-face interaction essence, 107 GREAT emotions in of emotion, 34, 152 invisible, 352 essences of emotion facework definition, 5 definition, 281 estrogen, 53, 57 facial displays, 185 estrus, 162, 168, 170–72, 201, 402 facial expressions, 108, 132, 135, 141 definition, 167 as display, 5 ethic of mutual respect cross-species homologies in, 74 and equalitarian morality primary affects and, 75 Piaget, Jean, 299 facial muscles ethnic cleansing unconscious responses in, 80 definition, 198 fairness, 358 ethnocentrism, 343, 349 definition, 332 ethogram, 97 in intuitive morality, 349

432 Index false feedback paradigm Freud, Sigmund, 243 definition, 313 friendships falsification in baboons, 162, 168 as display rule, 75 frontal cortex, 330 family planning, 315 frontal lobes, 117, 122, 330 family resemblances, 5 control of emotion and, 26 family-related emotions frontopolar cortex (FPC), 318, definition, 152 330, 361 family-related triad, 100, 116 and prosocial moral emotions, 321 Fascism (F) Scale fruiting body, 156 definition, 343 frustrated hostility fast axonal transport, 37 and low 5-HT, 160 fear, 107, 109, 114, 116, 207, 214, 228, 315 frustration, 207, 324, 329 as primary affect, 75 functional groups, 103 as symphony of feeling functional magnetic resonance imaging anxiety (DBI) , stress (CRH), and (fMRI), 103 panic (CCK), 27 fundamental interpersonal contingencies, definition, 7 268 pancultural facial expression of, 75 fusiform face area (FFA), 131 fearful-avoidant adult attachment fusiform gyrus, 137, 137 definition, 177 feelings, 113 GABAergic transmission definition, 3 definition, 47 feelings and desires,33 game situations, 83 fellow feeling, 297 gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) female exogamy definition, 47 definition, 168 ganglion,65 femininity gape-threat display, 73 display, 179 Garden of Ardi and Lucy, 167 fertility choices, 315 gate theory of pain regulation, 50 fight-or-flight, 67, 71, 96 general adaptation syndrome filial love definition, 69 definition, 191, 195 general-purpose processing systems, 219, fission–fusion organization 246 definition, 169 definition, 18, 218 fixed action patterns, 19 genes, 148 definition, 9 genetic bottleneck, 166 flexibility,42 gibbon, 161 flourishing Gibson, James, 16 definition, 212 Gibson’s perceptual theory flow, 200 definition, 217 fluoxetine (Prozac©), 45, 160 gloating, 342 fMRI, 137, 137, 189–90, 312, 316–19, 325, global self-attributions 339, 357 definition, 257 follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), 57 globus pallidus, 98, 103, 196 Fore tribe, New Guinea glutamate,47 pancultural facial expression in, 75 GnRH, 153 foreboding, 109 goal-directed behavior, 113 forebrain, 64, 209 Golden Rule, 208 forgiveness, 211 Golgi apparatus, 37, 155 fos gonadal hormones,52 definition, 57 gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) foundations of intuitive morality definition, 153 definition, 349 sex hormones and, 57 FPC, 330, 361 erotic feelings and, 39 free will, 63, 144, 246 gorilla, 161 as biologically determined, 42 gorillas, 221

Index 433 Gotu Kola hedonic pleasure, 91 CCK and, 54 helping behavior G-protein, 36, 43 definition, 301 grammar, 220 helplessness, 183, 310–11 gratitude, 352 heroin, 184 definition heuristic processing as GREAT emotion, 356 definition, 236 gratitude of caring high road appraisal, 139 definition high road to cognition as reciprocal GREAT emotion, 356 definition, 23 gratitude of exchange higher-level emotions definition definition, 5, 28, 205–6, 255 in dominant-submissive relationships, higher-level information processing, 141 356 higher-order analytic-cognitive gray matter,65 mechanisms, 330 GREAT emotions higher-order cognitive processing, 219 definition, 352, 354 high-road, 313 display of, 354 hindbrain, 149 gust and, 355 hippocampus, 103, 110, 112, 115, 129, 137, septal area and 331 OXY, 357 histamine, 44 greeting Hobbes, Thomas, 145 as display, 76 Holocaust, 342, 347, 351, 357 grex, 156 Homarus americanus (lobster) grief, 207 dominance/submission in, 158 group confrontation and criticism, 309 home range group influence, 304 definition, 99 group mind homeostasis, 147 definition, 241, 346 hominids, 246 group selection hominins definition, 147 definition, 162 guilt, 257–59, 297, 308, 314, 323, 325–26, Homo economicus, 123 329, 331, 331, 357 Homo erectus VMPFC and, 324 definition, 165 guilt/shame, 247 Homo ergaster definition, 273 definition, 165 developmental sequence, 275 Homo floresiensis, 167 display, 274 Homo habilis, 164 primary social emotion, 29, 273 Homo heidelbergensis research on, 275 definition, 165 guilt-embarrassment, 282 Homo homini lupus, 145 guilt-proneness, 275 Homo neanderthalensis gust, 208, 357 definition, 166 definition, 206, 297 Homo sapiens gust-disgust, 297 definition, 166 definition, 28 Homo(genus) gyri (singular gyrus), 117 definition, 164 hope, 214, 315 habituation hormones,48 ARAS and, 85 hostile sexuality, 281 happiness, 107, 207, 214 hubris, 257, 262 as primary affect, 75 human nature, 309, 341 pancultural facial expression of, 75 human sexuality, 170 hazing humiliation, 116, 307–8, 313, 337, 342, 346 definition, 310 definition, 336 Hebb, Donald, 34 as primary moral emotion, 332 hedonic hotspots, 92, 96, 191, 327, 355 display, 336

434 Index humiliation (cont.) immunization insecurity, authoritarianism, and definition, 68 admiration of strong leader, 346 imprisonment powerlessness and, 337 social influence in, 306 research on, 336 impulsive aggression, 160 humiliation dynamic, 339 impulsiveness, 122, 323, 331 definition, 336 impulsivity, 116, 132 humiliation/indignation, 340 incentives, 218 as primary moral emotions, 297 definition, 218 humiliation/indignation dynamic positive and negative, 19 definition, 338 incidental emotions humor, 211 definition, 237 hunger drive, 9 indecision, 214 Huntington’s disease, 108 independence hydra definition, 291 peptides and, 49 US culture, 291 hyperactivity, 116 indignation, 307–8, 313–15 hyperexpressive alexithymia definition, 337 definition, 82 as primary moral emotion, 332 hyperfunctional magnetic resonance display, 337 imaging (hyperfMRI) individualistic/selfish emotions, 6, 256 definition, 328 RH and, 128 hypoexpressive alexithymia inferior colliculi, 88 definition, 81 inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), 137, 195, 319, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (H-P-A) 326 axis, 53, 58, 67 inferior parietal lobule (IPL), 121, hypothalamus, 6, 64, 67, 97, 101, 209 222 aggressive/defensive/submissive inferior temporal gyrus, 137 display and, 86 information DBI and, 52 definition definition, 85 affordances as, 24 social attachment and, 87 Gibsonian theory, 217 subjective experience and, 88 information, motivation, and behavioral hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (H-P-A) skills (IMB) model axis, 53, 67 definition, 240 hypothesis of universal dynamics ingratiation, 313 in primary social emotions, 266 inhibition, 331 hypothesis of universal labeling inhibitory psychopathology,83 in primary social emotions, 266 insect societies, 246 hysteria, 116 insects, 72 insecure ambivalent attachment ice ages, 163 definition, 176 identification insecure attachment, 176 definition, 83 insecurity, 214 stage of group influence, 306 instincts, 8, 219 identification of friend or foe (IFF), 95 instrumental conditioning, 64 definition, 83 instrumental learning, 218–19 IFF, 95 reward-punishment and, 90 IMBþE model insula, 103, 112, 137, 189, 195–96, 319, 326, definition, 241 340, 361 imipramine,45 insular cortex, 117 imitation, 177, 314 insulin, 37 definition, 14 metabolism and, 39 in infants, 177 intent to kill immune system,65 in chimpanzees, 170 definition, 67 intentions, 299 immune system responses, 141 interactive synchrony, 341

Index 435 interdependence infidelity and definition, 291 sex differences, 286 Asian cultures, 291 joy in giving, 327 interest, 214 paleocortical v. striatum and as primary affect, 75 septal area intergenerational transmission of attachment, 327 attachment, 194 Jung, Carl, 95, 111 internal attribution, 224 justification, 351 internal representation of reality knowledge by description as, 17 KA (emotion) and KD (reason) internalization relationship between, 17 definition, 306 kisspeptin (KP) stage of group influence, 306 GnRH and, 57 internalizing response modes Kluver-Bucy syndrome definition, 81, 93 definition, 114, 142 internally focused cognitive processing knock-in experiments definition, 123 definition, 49 Internet, 313 knock-out experiments interoception, 103 definition, 49 interoceptive perceptual systems knowledge by acquaintance (KA), 59, 119, definition, 41 150, 219, 244, 314 interoceptors,3 definition, 16, 217 definition, 217 knowledge by description (KD), 119, 141, Gibsonian theory, 217 150, 244 interpersonal behavior, 358 definition, 16, 217, 219 interpersonal communication attachment style and, 270 laissez-faire economic system, 146 interpersonal context language, 166, 215, 218 prosocial emotions in, 328 definition, 219 interpersonal contingencies, 20, 240, 246, language 255–56, 263–64, 266, 268, 287, 292, analytic cognition and, 125 294–95, 332–33, 359 definition, 221 interpersonal intimacy, 151 larynx, 66, 77, 119, 162, 222 interpersonal synchrony, 191, 197, 200, 359 lateral,64 and GREAT emotions, 354 lateral paralimbic group interventions, 237 definition, 103 and emotional education, 183 lateral parietal cortex (LPC), 123 intimacy, 208 lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC), 123, intimate emotions 330 displays of lateral temporal cortex (LTC), 123 touch and smell, 27 laughter intolerance of ambiguity, 214 rat analog, 185 intraparietal sulcus, 319 L-dopa,44 intrinsic motivation, 210 learning about affects introversion–extraversion, 95, 209 communication and, 15 intuitive understanding, 326 left ACC, 340 intuitive ethics, 349 left amygdala involvement, 200 positive emotion and, 130 iproniazid,45 social brain network and, 131 irritability, 132 left hemisphere (LH), 124 isolation, 208, 345 left-wing political orientation Izard, Carroll, 75 anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), 348 lenticular nucleus, 318 James, William, 69 lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgendered jealousy, 258, 276, 342 (LGBT), 229 developmental sequence, 277 leucine enkephalin (leu-enkephalin), 48 display, 277 Leviathan (1650), 145

436 Index liberal moral intuition major histocompatibility complex (MHC) definition, 350 definition, 68 in intuitive morality, 350 male philopatry liberal versus conservative attitudes definition, 168 security versus threat, 348 manipulativeness, 331 liberals, 340 MAO genotype libido, 167 personality and, 46 GnRH and, 57 MAO inhibitors (MAOIs), 45 life alone paradigm marijuana, 54 definition, 313 masculinity liking, 92, 196 display, 179 as opiate-mediated reward, 52 masking limbic midbrain area (LMA), 77, 185 as display rule, 76 approach/avoidance and, 89 massacre, 347 limbic psychotic trigger reaction (LPTR), 347 master daily routine, 108 definition, 111 master routine,98 limbic system, 64, 98, 103, 105, 112–13, 130 maternal aggression, 341 definition, 26, 97 maternal behavior, 105 in display, 77 distress vocalizations and, 87 linguistic competence, 218, 246 OXY and, 55 linguistic control, 243 maternal care linguistic motivational/emotional systems, family-related triad and, 100 220 mathematics, 220 definition, 222 matrilineal most recent common ancestor linguistic motives (M-MRCA) definition, 244 definition, 166 linguistic self meadow vole (Microtus pennsylvanicus) definition, 227 and promiscuity, 186 linguistically based sentience, 219 meaning of life, 346 lizard, 108 meaningful existence, 312 lobsters, 160 measuring affects, 21 Locke, John, 145 media, 229, 231, 238 locus coeruleus,84 emotional education and, 15 NE and, 44 terrestrial ecology and, 217 locus of control, 210 medial,64 logical consistency, 222 medial caudate, 196 love, 180, 182, 208, 228, 263 medial forebrain bundle (MFB), 92, 327 ecological level, 7 reward and, 89 symphony of neurochemicals, 7 medial frontal gyrus, 317–19 love bombing, 310 medial geniculate body (MGB), 22 low road primary appraisal, 141 medial parietal cortex (MPC), 123 low road to cognition, 115, 139, 312, 355 medial PFC definition, 22 definition, 103 lower face displays, 129 medial posterior group loyalty definition, 106 definition, 358 medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC), 123, 194, in intuitive morality, 349 195, 280, 318, 326, 330 LPTR, 111, 114 emotional judgment and Lucy, 163 dual process model, 318 luteinizing hormone (LH), 57 medial septal area, 115 lymph nodes,67 medial temporal gyrus, 137 lynchings, 342, 347 medial temporal lobe (MTL), 123 medial thalamus, 116 “macho” qualities mediodorsal thalamic nuclei (MD), 85 definition, 173 melancholy, 214 MacLean, Paul D., 97 melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH), 37 macrophage (“big-eater”) cells, 67 Beta-lopotropin and, 48

Index 437 merciless killing modeling, 314 in chimpanzees, 169 definition, 14 mercy, 343 modesty mesolimbic reward system definition, 336 definition, 327 as primary moral emotion, 332 messianic leaders, 345 display, 336 methionine enkephalin (met-enkephalin) modulation Beta endorphin and, 48 as display rule, 75 MFB, 92 modules midbrain, 64, 88, 189 primes as, 5, 26 midbrain central gray, 86–87 monoamine oxidase (MAO), 44, 46 middle frontal gyrus (DLPFC), 317 monogamous prairie vole, 56 middle temporal gyrus, 137 OXY and AVP in, 55, 186 Milgram experiments, 248 montane vole (Microtus montanus) Milgram, Stanley, 248 and promiscuity, 186 militant enthusiasm, 343 mood, 60 definition, 342 definition, 21 mindful cognitive activity moral adaptation definition, 227 definition, 282 mindful symbolic processing, 243 moral approbation, 206, 297, 362 mindless cognitive activity brain mechanisms of, 326 definition, 227 moral behavior, 300 mindlessness, 227 definition, 296 mindreading, 326 moral compass, 304 mirror moral contingencies, 207 definition moral development, 296 in moral emotions, 333 moral dilemmas, 299, 325 mirror neuron, 10, 138, 139, 150, 177 definition, 316 mirror neuron systems, 79 moral disgust mirror neurons, 70, 138, 139, 140, 150, definition, 280 177, 178, 293–94, 355, moral emotions, 207, 296, 313, 325, 356 330, 342 communication and, 122 cognitive and social emotions and, 29 definition, 120 definition, 297 emotions of others, 121 moral intuition empathy and, 121 definition, 350 in human brain, 121 in intuitive morality, 350 intentions of others, 120 moral judgment, 300, 323, 330, 342 mirror primary moral emotions definition, 296 definition, 333 Piaget, Jean, 298 mirror-converse, 294 moral knowledge definition definition, 300 in moral emotions, 334 moral opinion in primary social emotions, 265 definition, 300 mirroring, 195, 326 moral realism mirror-opposite definition, 298 definition, 294 and authoritarian morality, 298 in moral emotions, 333 moral reasoning in primary social emotions, 265 sex differences in mirror-reciprocal, 294 Gilligan, Carol, 299 definition moral reasoning task in moral emotions, 334 definition, 318 in primary social emotions, 265 moral relativism mitochondria, 155 and equalitarian morality Mitochondrial Eve, 166 Piaget, Jean, 299 Mode One pebble tools, 165 moral socialization, 281 Mode Two stone tools, 165 morality, 316, 322, 349

438 Index morality of caring, 299, 340, 349 need states, 59 attachment and need to be loved values, 351 definition, 256, 260 definition, 29, 207, 297 need to belong prosocial emotions and definition, 304 attachment, 350 need to follow/exceed expectations, 269 morality of constraint definition, 256, 260 and authoritarian morality, 298 negative chemotaxis, 156 morality of cooperation negative incentives,90 and equalitarian morality negative prosocial emotions,21 Piaget, Jean, 299 neglect, 208, 257, 331, 359 morality of good neocortex, 64 Piaget, Jean, 300 definition, 97, 117 morality of justice, 349 nerves,65 definition, 29, 207, 297 neurochemical pathways, 22 morality of subjugation, 342 neurochemical systems, 5, 103 definition, 341 definition, 33–34 moral-personal dilemmas evolutionary age of, 38 emotional engagement and, 317 subjective experience and, 39 morphernes, 220 neurocultural model of facial expression morphine, 49, 184 definition, 76 motivation, 103 neuromodulation definition, 8–9 definition, 36 motivational-emotional systems, 24–25, neuromodulator 246 definition, 36 definition, 9, 15 neuropeptides,48 motor homunculus,66 neurosteroids,53 Mousterian tool culture neurotransmission definition, 166 definition, 35 MPFC, 195, 318, 326 neurotransmitters, 35 MSH, 37 definition, 35 MTV, 21 neutralizing multilevel estimative system as display rule, 75 appraisal theory new communication media, 361 Arnold, Magda, 22 emotional communication and, 313 musical notation, 220 nicotine, 43, 52 mutual benefits, 352 nigrostriatal pathway, 88 mutual contingent responsiveness, 178, 180, non-Duchenne smile, 283 191, 354, 355, 361 nonpropositional, 148 definition, 178 definition, 78 myelin sheath,65 nonverbal communication, 8 definition, 79 NAcc, 187, 189, 191–92, 194 RH and, 125 OXY and, 187 nonverbal receiving ability naloxone,50–51, 87 definition natural ecology of social interaction, 260 RH and, 136 natural killer cells, 67 nonverbal sending accuracy natural kinds, 294 definition, 134 natural law, 173 norepinephrine (NE), 84, 158, 355 natural selection,24 definition, 44 definition, 146 norms, 29, 314, 345, 352, 353 Nazi party definition, 247 humiliation/indignation/resentment/ nucleus,65 admiration, 338 nucleus accumbens (NAcc), 89, 92, 98, NE, 158, 355 327 need for understanding nursing/maternal care definition, 216 behavioral triad and, 26

Index 439 nurturance, 102, 182–83, 208 out-group hostility, 341 OXY and, 54 in chimpanzees, 169 nurturing the genome, 112 ovulation, 167 emotional communication and, 144 ovulatory crypsis nurturing parent model definition, 170, 172 pity ovulatory phase, 127 liberal ideology, 290 OXTR gene definition, 192 obedience to authority, 248, 252, 299, 304, OXY, 188, 190–91, 193–95, 201, 256, 341, 311 355, 357 obedient aggression, 254 and interactive synchrony, 196 gender differences in, 253 and pair bonds, 187 object-oriented stimulatory play, 193 and trust, 294 definition, 193 dark side of, 341 obligation, 352 in new lovers, 196 obsessive-compulsive behaviors, 108 parental affiliative behaviors and, occipital lobe, 117 194 occipital/visual association group physiological synchrony and, 193 definition, 106 schadenfreude and, 197 octopamine synchronous parenting and, 192 submission in lobsters, 158 trust and OFC, 122, 129, 131, 132, 330, 361 humans, 189 Oldowan industry, 165 OXY knock-out (OTKO) mouse olfactory tubercle, 98 definition, 188 ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny, 220 oxytocin (OXY), 7, 100, 183, 186, 190, 197, opiate addiction, 87 284 opiates, 49, 116, 183–84, 196 definition, 38, 54 opiates and pain, 311 opioid-dependence theory of attachment PAG, 50, 103, 185 definition, 185 dorsal, and rage/fear, 185 opium, 184 ventral, and sex, play, 185 opium, 49, 184 pain, 105, 184, 312 opium addiction, 51 pain modulation pain, attachment and, 87 opiates and, 184 opposite pair-bonding definition AVP and, 56, 171, 195 in moral emotions, 333 pair-bonds, 186 in primary social emotions, 264 definition, 162 optimism, 211, 214 paleocortex orangutan, 161 definition, 97 orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), 103, 122, 323, paleocortical brain structures, 6, 112 331 paleomammalian systems serotonin (5-HT) and, 46 definition, 25 organelles, 157 paleosociality organophosphates definition, 153 definition, 44 pancultural facial expressions, 27 orgasm, 133, 168, 171 limbic system and, 26 RH and, 127 panic, 151, 208, 263 ostracism, 346 CCK and, 7, 53 definition, 311 PANIC, 184 OXY and, 54 pantomime expression other condemning emotions definition, 135 definition, 291 pantomime recognition other praising, 352, 356, 356 definition, 135 other-praising emotions, 338 parable of the Good Samaritan, 303 outcome deservingness parabrachial nucleus,92 definition, 332 paradox of tragedy, 235

440 Index parahippocampal cortex, 340 personal causation, 210 parahippocampal gyrus, 112, 137 personal relationships parallel (e.g., holistic) processing definition, 304 X System and, 123 persuasion, 309 paranoid feelings, 110 PFC, 132, 340 parasympathetic nervous system (PNS), lateralization of, 132 86 PFC lateralization definition, 67 sex differences in, 133 parental affectional system, 28, 180–81, 183, phenomenological subjective reality, 11 195, 228, 254 pheromone releases definition, 28 as display, 5 parental behaviors, 152 pheromones, 12, 108, 141, 153, 156, 167 parental love Phineas Gage definition, 191 frontal brain damage and, 322 parental touch, 192 phonemes, 220 parent–infant gaze synchrony, 192 phylogenetic adaptations, 217 parietal lobe, 117 phylogenetic scale, 19, 219 parietal region, 317 spontaneous/symbolic communication Parkinson’s disease, 66, 135 and, 151 DA and, 66 Piaget, Jean, 298 paroxetine (Paxil), 45 Piaget’s theory paternal involvement in child care, 193 definition, 212 pathological lying, 331 pick up patriarchy, 168 definition, 217 patrilineal most recent common ancestor Gibsonian theory, 217, 261 (Y-MRCA) Pikaia definition, 166 definition, 39 Pavlov, Ivan, 95 piocin Paxil, 45 OXY and, 54 pecking order, 295 piriform region, 117 peer affectional system, 181, 183, 208, 228, pituitary, 57–58 293, 359 pity, 258, 297, 326, 331 definition, 28 pity/scorn, 247, 290 pelvis, 167 definition, 278 peptide neurohormones primary social emotion, 29 definition, 48 developmental sequence, 279 peptidergic neurochemical systems display, 279 as interoceptive perceptual systems, 41 research on, 279 definition, 41 placebo effect peptides opiates and, 51 definition, 37, 48 play, 152, 185, 209 genetic biosynthesis of, 37 behavioral triad and, 26 perceptual systems definition, 116 definition, 24 family-related triad and, 100 perfidious displays, 128 play deprivation, 116 periaquaductal gray (PAG), 184, 318 pleasure centers, 89 definition pluralistic ignorance, 302 opiates and, 50 pogroms, 342, 347 tegmentum and, 89 poise, 214 perifornical hypothalamus, 86 Pol Pot massacres, 347 peripheral physiological responses politeness, 358 definition, 9 definition peripheral route GREAT emotions and, 353 definition, 236 political orientation, 116 periventricular hypothalamus, 58 polygraph, 331 periventricular system (PVS) polypeptides,48 punishment and, 89 positive chemotaxis, 156

Index 441 positive incentives,90 primary intersubjectivity, 178, 180, 191, 355, positive prosocial emotions,21 361 positive psychology definition, 178 definition, 210 primary moral emotions positive selfish emotions definition, 332 definition, 21 primary motivational-emotional systems, postcentral gyrus, 117 26, 107 posteriomedial cortices (PMC), 326 definition, 5 posterior,64 primary motor cortex, 118 posterior amygdala, 190 in display posterior cingulate cortex, 281, 326, 331 and Broca’s area, 77 posterior cingulate gyrus, 317 primary olfactory cortex posterior hypothalamus, 73 definition, 117 posterior orbitofrontal cortex (pOFC), 85 primary social emotions postsynaptic cell definition, 246, 262, 271 definition, 34 display in dominance-submission post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 130 postures, 262 power, 308 primary somatosensory cortex, 117 power and toughness primary visual cortex definition, 343 definition, 117 in authoritarianism, 343 primates, 161, 246 powerlessness, 345 primes, 25, 107, 140, 142, 142, 205, 219, 362 prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster) as irreducible biological reality, 26 monogamy and as modules of emotion, 26 OXY/AVP, 186 definition, 5 preattunements, 139, 147, 150, 161, 178, hierarchy of, 18 200, 246 private events, 4, 21 definition, 20 problem-focused coping mirror neurons and, 80, 120 definition, 230 MN systems and, 20 Profile of Nonverbal Sensitivity (PONS), precentral gyrus, 137 137 precuneus, 326, 340 progesterone, 53, 57 prefrontal, 340 projectivity prefrontal cortex (PFC), 122, 132 definition prejudice, 349 in authoritarianism, 343 prelimbic cortex, 187 prokaryotes pre-propeptide,37 definition, 153 presence, 200 prolactin (PRL), 193 presynaptic cell propaganda, 342 definition, 34 propeptide,37 pride, 257–58, 262, 297, 325 propositional speech, 167 pride/arrogance prosocial cooperation, 59 definition, 272 prosocial emotion displays, 27 primary social emotion, 29 prosocial emotions, 6, 152, 325 developmental sequence, 272 and rational morality, 321 display, 272 and support of rational decision-making, research on, 273 325 pride-in-other, 278 limbic system and, 26 primary affects prosocial/cooperative emotions, 108, 256 definition, 19 LH and, 128 limbic system and, 26 prosopagnosia primary appraisal, 141 definition, 120 primary auditory cortex proteins,48 definition, 117 protest, 269 primary drives, 59 definition, 264 primary gustatory cortex hospitalism, 175 definition, 117 proto-altruistic behavior, 157

442 Index proto-attachment behavior, 157 recognition, 214 protoawareness red nucleus, 88 definition, 41, 153 reference groups, 305 proto-social organization, 157 definition, 304 proto-threat behavior, 157 reflexes, 8, 18, 219 Providencia stuartii, 155 regret Prozac, 45 definition, 283 pseudospeciation, 174, 198, 341, 347, 349, 351, social emotion, 29 354 reinforcement definition, 170, 346 definition, 19 pseudospontaneous communication, 105, 128, reinforcement sensitivity theory 148–49 definition, 90 voluntary expression initiation as, 79 rejection, 132, 311, 313, 346 psychopath, 347, 351, 360 relationship of emotion and motivation, 9 psychopathy, 116, 329, 342, 347 relaxation response,67 definition, 330 remorse, 325, 329, 330, 331 Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R) definition, 284 definition, 331 social emotion, 29 puberty, 229 VMPFC and, 324 punishment sensitivity, 91 repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation pupil dilation, 80, 142 (rTMS) purity definition, 320 definition, 358 repression in intuitive morality, 349 definition, 229 putamen, 98, 189, 196, 327 in authoritarianism, 343 pyramidal motor system, 65, 118 reptilian brain, 103, 106, 112, 168 definition, 65 definition, 98 reptilian emotion systems, 144 qualia reptilian ethogram, 108 definition, 20, 33, 141 Reptilian Power emotions qualification definition, 21 as display rule, 75 reptilian rewards, 239 quorum-sensing, 153, 161 Reptilian sex emotions, 21, 108 reptilian systems rage, 109, 342 definition, 25 rainforests, 161 resentment, 200, 307–8, 315, 337, 342 raphe nuclei,84 definition, 339 serotonin (5-HT) and, 44 as primary moral emotion, 332, 337 rational decisions, 318 respect, 343, 346, 352 rationalization as GREAT emotion, 356 definition, 343 respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) in authoritarianism, 343 definition, 194 rats, 125 restitution, 299 raw awareness, 219 reticular formation, 25, 84, 143 readout, 10, 20, 59, 198 retributive justice definition, 24 definition, 297 reboxetine,45 retrosplenial area, 326 receptive aprosodia revenge, 313 definition, 134 revolutionary social movements receptor sites,36 definition, 344 definition, 34 reward reciprocal, 293 subcortical VTA/MFB, 327 definition, 293 reward from painful abuse, 311 in moral emotions, 333 reward-punishment systems, 64, 103, 209 in primary social emotions, 264 rhomboid gene, 155 reciprocal exchange, 328 right amygdala reciprocity, 132, 195, 352 fear and, 130

Index 443 right anterior temporal cortex, 318 scorned groups, 326 right DLPFC scripts, 246, 314 and objective vs. subjective moral definition, 247 judgments, 321 second messenger fairness vs. self interest and, 320 definition, 36 integration of emotion in decision- secondary appraisal, 141 making and, 321 secure adult attachment right hemisphere (RH), 124 definition, 177 emotional communication and, 26, 134 secure attachment, 176–77, 213, 269 right hemisphere hypothesis and confidence in being loved, 285 definition, 126 definition, 176 right medial OFC, 319 embarrassment and, 283 right posterior superior temporal sulcus, security, 180, 207 319 seizure, 110 right ventral prefrontal cortex (RVPFC), 312 selection pressures right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex definition, 146 (RVLPFC), 242 Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors right VTA (SSRIs) romantic love and, 196 definition, 45 right-wing political orientation self, 243 amygdala and, 348 definition, 227 risk, 237 Rogers, Carl, 227–28 definition, 122–23 self theory, 227, 244 risk as feelings hypothesis self/bodily awareness, 244 definition, 123, 237 self/bodily comprehension, 244 risk-taking, 238 self/body cognizance, 244 risky sexual situations self-awareness, 346 emotions in, 241 self-by-acquaintance roles, 29, 314, 345, 352, 353 definition, 227 definition, 247 self-attributions, 257 romantic jealousy, 276 self-by-description romantic love definition, 227 and attachment, 285 self-conscious emotions, 257 definition, 191 definition, 257 romantic relationships, 270 self-consciousness, 294 rostral ACC, 123 self-efficacy, 210 rough-and-tumble play, 147, 181, 208, self-esteem, 81, 312 228, 293 self-identity, 345 rules, 246, 345 self-interest, 201 definition, 220 self-respect, 353 Rwandan genocide, 347 selfish gene theory, 152 selfish versus prosocial emotion systems, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 57, 153 96, 144 sadness, 107, 109, 207, 214, 312 selfish-prosocial hypothesis, 133 as primary affect, 75 self-organizing system, 147, 255, pancultural facial expression of, 75 261 Sarin (nerve gas) social orgaization as, 352 definition, 44 self-stimulation satiation definition, 92 definition, 19 sending accuracy endorphins and, 90 definition, 135 satisfaction, 207, 214 sense of fairness, 330 savannah, 162 sense of injustice, 342 schadenfreude, 197, 267, 278 sense of justice, 296 definition, 342 sensory deprivation, 175 scorn, 258, 278, 280, 290, 297 sensory homunculus and teasing, 281 definition, 117

444 Index sentic forms sham rage, 73, 86 definition, 27 shame, 257–59, 262, 273, 297, 308, 314, 325, sentograph 331 definition, 27 as primary affect, 75 separation, 175, 184, 208 developmental sequence, 275 separation cries, 116 VMPFC and, 324 separation distress shame-anger sequences definition, 183 definition, 280 septal area, 87, 89, 92, 112, 115, 327–28, shame-embarrassment, 282 357 shame-proneness, 275 in emergence of social attachment, shock,69 329 sign language, 135 OXY and AVP signature displays, 99, 108 attachment and, 329 signs septal circuit, 105 definition, 78 septal division silly love songs, 7, 231–32 definition, 100 as aliments for exploration, 232 septal lesions, 115 simulating septal stimulation, 115 as display rule, 76 septal/NAcc, 361 situational authoritarians prosocial hedonic hotspots definition, 344 liking, 329 situational contingencies, 207, 214–16, septal-hippocampal-frontal (SHF) system 256 definition, 115 situational variability in behavior, 305 sequential reciprocal trust game skin conductance (SC), 93 definition, 328 Skinner, B. F., 4, 21 serial (e.g., linear) processing slime molds, 6, 153, 160 C system and, 123 small-molecule neurotransmitter systems serotonin, 355 definition, 42 serotonin (5-HT), 7, 44, 84, 159, 196, Smith, Adam, 297 267 snarl-threat display, 73 definition, 45 social affordances, 217, 261–62 dominance in lobsters, 158 social amnesia receptor types, 37 OTKO and, 188 serotonin receptors, 159 social animals, 261 serotonin-based depression, 105 social attachment, 87 sertraline (Zoloft), 45 social awareness, 244 sex social biofeedback, 21, 81, 96, 142, 181, definition 183 in authoritarianism, 343 definition, 14 sex and aggression, 6, 109 social bonding communication and, 14 OXY and, 55 sex-related behaviors social brain network communication and, 14 LH and, 131 sexual advertisements, 167 social cognizance, 244 sexual affectional system, 181, 183, 195 social comparison, 230, 239, 247, definition, 28 260 sexual behavior social comparison jealousy, 276 AVP and, 56 social comparison theory, 261 OXY and, 55 social competence, 282 sexual love embarrassment and, 283 definition, 195 social comprehension, 244 sexual readiness displays, 167 social contract, 348 sexual receptivity definition, 145 advertisement of, 171 Social Darwinism sexuality, 170, 181 definition, 146

Index 445 social deficits, 116 somatic motor system,65 social deprivation, 175, 208, 257, 359 sound spectrograph, 76 social dominance emotions, 267 spatiotemporal cues displays of as display, 5 body posture, 27 special-purpose processing systems, 217, 219, social emotions, 246, 255, 259, 260, 287 246 definition, 29 definition, 17 social environment specific emotional appeal definition, 6 definition, 232 social exclusion, 312 specific self-attributions social influence, 246–47, 304, 308, 313 definition, 257 social interaction, 132, 177 spinal cord injuries, 69 social intuitionist, 293 spleen,67 social learning, 13, 21, 180 split-brain social media, 313–16 definition, 125 social motives, 254, 260, 295 sponge, 39, 153, 157, 160 social organization, 197, 200, 246 sponges slime molds and, 156 definition, 157 social potency dispersal and re-aggregation, 157 serotonin (5-HT) and, 46 spontaneous communication, 122, 127, 134, social preference, 256 135, 139, 151, 153, 200, 219, 246 social reality, 206 definition, 78, 136, 148 social recognition, 256 in non-vertebrates, 160 social referencing spontaneous sending accuracy definition, 255 definition, 81 and social influence, 255 RH and, 136 social regulation, 148 stage of compliance, 307 social rejection, 116 stage of exhaustion social relationship definition, 69 definition, 152 stage of identification, 308 in non-vertebrates, 159 stage of internalization, 308 social reputation, 319 stage of resistance social rival, 277 definition, 69 social skills, 122, 323 state of nature, 348, 350 social smiling, 128 definition, 145 social structure, 147, 168, 313 status, 353 social support stem cells, 157 definition, 248 steroids social threat, 341 definition social-affective play, 193 DBI and, 52 definition, 193 still face, 355 sociality, 152, 174, 183 definition, 178 socially disengaging emotions strange situation, 289 definition, 291 definition, 176 socially engaging emotions strangeness, 109 definition, 291 strategic pluralism model of mating sociobiology, 72 definition, 172 socio-emotional affordances, 122 streams of communication, 136 mirror neurons and, 122 stress sodium amobarbitol, 127 CRH and, 7 Soman (nerve gas) definition, 68 definition, 44 stress buffering, 200 Somatic Marker Hypothesis, 323 stress hormones, 58 definition, 122 stress syndrome,69 somatic markers striatum, 88, 327 VMPFC and, 122 definition, 98

446 Index strict father model symbolic communication, 127, 135, 139, 148, scorn 151, 219 conservative ideology, 290 definition, 79, 136, 148 stromatolites, 246 symbols definition, 153 definition, 78, 220 strong versus weak nervous systems, 95 sympathetic nervous system (SNS), 67, 86 structural linguistics, 220 definition, 67 struggle for existence, 146 sympathy, 117, 297, 327, 341, 346, 347 subcortical brain structures, 6, 64 definition, 339 subcortical tissue as primary moral emotion, 332 definition, 97 gender differences, 340 subjective experience, 33, 37, 88, 107 research on, 339 subjective experience of emotion, 10, 182 touch and, 340 subjective feelings and desires, 4 sympathy/contempt, 341 subjectively experienced affect, 113 symphony of feeling subliminal presentation, 92 definition, 5–6 submission, 181, 262, 345 symphony of the genes submissive behaviors, 85 definition, 6 in nonvertebrates, 158 synapse, 44 submissive displays, 99, 108, 347 synaptic space submitting definition, 35 as display, 76 syncretic cognition Substance P, 184 definition, 16 definition RH and, 125 pain and, 50 syncretic cognitive processing, 325 substances syncretic feelings and desires, 330 definition, 217 syncretic KA, 141, 219 substantia nigra, 66, 88 Syndrome E DA and, 44 definition, 347 sulci (singular sulcus), 117 system superdisplays, 179 definition, 260 definition, 179 system of social emotions, 266 superior colliculus, 88, 190, 319 systematic processing superior frontal gyrus, 137, 340 definition, 236 superior temporal gyrus, 137, 137 superior temporal sulcus (STS), 195, 326 T cells,67–68 superstition helper, 68 definition inducer, 68 in authoritarianism, 343 killer, 68 supplemental motor cortex, 66, 105, 121 memory, 68 in display, 77 suppressor, 68 suppression, 230 Targeted Emotional Education Modules definition, 229 (TEEMs) surfaces definition, 241 definition, 217 teasing, 281–82 surprise, 207, 214 tectum as primary affect, 75 definition, 88 pancultural facial expression of, 75 tedium, 214 survival of the fittest, 146 tegmentum,88 suspicion definition, 88 amygdala/anterior insula telenovelas negative selfish emotions, 329 definition, 315 definition temperament, 93 GREAT emotions and, 360 temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), 347 suspiciousness, 190 definition, 109 sweating, 142 temporal lobes, 117 Sydenham’s chorea, 108 temporal pole, 103, 129, 281, 331 Sylvian fissure, 117 temporoparietal junction (TPJ), 326

Index 447 tend and befriend, 123, 206, 255 triune brain, 25, 101 social emotions and, 29 triune theory, 97, 106 terrestrial awareness, 244 evaluation, 102 terrestrial cognizance, 244 trolley dilemma, 316 terrestrial comprehension, 244 true believer terrestrial ecology, 261 definition, 346 terrestrial environment, 217 true feelings, 12, 128, 139, 141, 190 definition, 6 trust, 180–81, 189, 214, 328, 341, 343, terrestrial reality, 206 346, 352 territorial displays, 108 conditional territory definition, 328 definition, 99, 168 definition terror, 109 as GREAT emotion, 357 testosterone, 53, 57, 190 unconditional AVP and, 56 definition, 328 tetrahydrocannibinol (THC), 54 Trust Game, 189–90 thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) anonymity of, 191 amygdala input to, 85 definition, 189 attention control, 85 trustworthiness, 189, 191, 328, definition, 85 354, 360 thalamocingulate circuit, 105, 116 definition thalamocingulate division, 101 GREAT emotions and, 360 definition, 100 expressivity and, 83 thalamus, 85, 97, 103, 319, 340 tryptophan, 44, 46, 160 The Descent of Man (1871), 146 twin The Origin of Species (1859), 146 definition theory of ecological realism in moral emotions, 333 definition, 16 in primary social emotions, 264 Theory of Mind (ToM) Tyrosine, 44 definition, 131 and prosocial moral emotions, 326 Ultimatum Game, 324–25, 361 theory-of-mind (ToM) skills, 272 definition, 319 threat, 116, 181 uncertainty, 207, 214 as display, 76 unconditioned stimulus,90 threat displays, 99 unconscious affect thymus gland,67 definition, 92 tickling, 185 uncus, 117 TLE, 109–11 understanding, 214 Toba event, 166 definition, 216 tolerance universal dynamics, 266 definition universal ecological contingencies in addiction, 51 in higher-level emotions, 5 tolerance for ambiguity, 214 universal facial expressions, 215 ToM, 195, 326, 357 universal facilitators of justice ToM skills, 269 moral emotions as, 298 left PFC and, 132 universal labeling, 266 Tomkins, Silvan, 75 universal motivators of justice touch, 108 moral emotions as, 298 as display, 5 unmediated empathy transgenic mice, 49 mirror neurons and, 314 trepidation, 214 upper facial displays, 129 tricyclic antidepressants, 45 utilitarian judgment triumph, 315 definition, 317 definition, 335 as primary moral emotion, 332 valence dimension of emotion, 64 display, 335 valence hypothesis, 133 triumph/modesty, 340 definition, 126 as primary moral emotions, 297 vasopressin (AVP), 7, 100, 183, 186

448 Index vasotocin, 99, 186 voluntary expression initiation, 79, 149 definition definition, 77 OXY and AVP and, 56 vomeronasal organ,57 ventral,64 VTA, 196 ventral pallidum,92 VTA/MFB, 329, 361 AVP and, 188 VTA/MFB-striatum ventral premotor cortex (VPMC), 121 reward system ventral striatum, 103 BAS ventral tegmental area (VTA), 196, 327 wanting, 329 ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC), 123 Wada test ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC), definition, 127 122, 323 wanting, 92, 196 vested provisioning as DA-mediated reward, 52 definition, 171 wanting versus liking, 144 Vibrio fischeri, 154 definition, 92 vicarious exploration warm glow new media and, 314 altruism and, 327 viciousness, 115 warmth, 208 video technology, 8 warning, 181 violence, 109 as display, 76 virulence factors, 155 weak and defenseless, 347 visible spectrum, 217 Wernicke’s (receptive) aphasia VMPFC, 123, 132, 330, 361 definition, 119 and prosocial moral emotions, 321 Wernicke’s area, 127, 134, 222, 222 role in guilt/shame and remorse, 324 definition, 119 VMPFC damage white blood cells, 67 blunting moral emotion and, 323 white matter,65 decrease in prosocial emotions and, 325 witch hunts, 342 effects on moral judgment and withdrawal behavior, 323 CRH and, 58 enhanced response to unfairness and, definition 324 in addiction, 51 vocal displays within-group cooperation monkeys, 76 in chimpanzees, 169 vocal prosody definition, 134 “X” system, 123 vocalizations as displays, 7 xenophobia voices of the genes, 59, 103, 144, 173, 197, 238, OXY and, 198, 357 362 definition, 6 Y-chromosomal Adam, 166 as knowledge of body, 243 yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae subjective experience as, 41 GnRH in, 57 voles, 86, 246 voluntary expression formation, 119 Zoloft, 45 definition, 77 zygomaticus major, 278