Archaeological Survey, O’Braonainn Graveyard, , Co. Kerry.

August 2010

Client: The Heritage Office, Kerry County Council, County Buildings, Ratass, Tralee, Co. Kerry.

RMP No.: KE030-018

Surveyors: Daire Dunne Tighearnach Dunne

Contact details: 3 Lios na Lohart, Ballyvelly, Tralee, Written by: Laurence Dunne Co. Kerry. Tel.: 0667120706 E-mail: [email protected] Web Site: www.ldarch.ie Archaeological Survey, O’Braonainn Graveyard, Tralee, Co. Kerry.

Table of Contents

Introduction...... 2 Site Location & Description...... 3 O’Brennan Graveyard...... 3 Boundaries...... 5 Entrance...... 5 Pathways, shelter/ altar & stoup...... 5 Desire Lines...... 6 Named Tombs...... 6 Unnamed tombs...... 7 Named Headstones...... 8 Unnamed Headstones...... 8 O’Brennan Church...... 9 Summary of recommendations for future management/conservation of O’Brennan graveyard...... 9 References...... 11 Figures...... 13 Plates ...... 18 Appendix 1 Named Tombs...... 28 Appendix 2 Unnamed Tombs...... 32 Appendix 3 Named Headstones...... 35 Appendix 4 Unnamed Headstones...... 42 Appendix 5 Misc...... 42

Copyright Notice: Please note that all original information contained within this report, including all original drawings, photographs, text and all other printed matter deemed to be the writer’s, remains the property of the writer and Laurence Dunne Archaeology and so may not be reproduced or used in any form without the written consent of the writer or Laurence Dunne Archaeology.

Laurence Dunne Archaeology ii Archaeological Survey, O’Braonainn Graveyard, Tralee, Co. Kerry.

List of Figures Figure 1: Site location map. Extract from OS Discovery series. O’Brennan Graveyard encircled in red...... 13 Figure 2: Extract from RMP, sheet 30. O’Brennan Graveyard encircled in red...... 14 Figure 3: Extract from 1st Edition OS map, sheet 30, 1841...... 15 Figure 4: Extract from 2nd Edition OS map, sheet 30, 1896...... 16 Figure 5: O’Brennan Graveyard survey layout plan 2010...... 17

List of Plates Plate 1: View of approach and parking area to O’Brennan Graveyard from west...... 18 Plate 2: View of interior of south-western limits of O’Brennan Graveyard from east. Note Slieve Mish Mountains of Peninsula in background...... 18 Plate 3: View of interior of O’Brennan Graveyard from east...... 19 Plate 4: View on north-east corner of O’Brennan Graveyard. Note sharp fall of ground. Further note informal grassy path...... 19 Plate 5: View of northern limits of O’Brennan Graveyard. Note informal grassy path and boundary wall...... 20 Plate 6: View of entrance gates to O’Brennan Graveyard from east...... 20 Plate 7: View of rectangular limestone stoup or basin (300) at south-west corner of O’Brennan Graveyard...... 21 Plate 8: View of chest-type tomb (186) of O’Callaghan family at O’Brennan Graveyard...... 21 Plate 9: View of the partially collapsed O’Connor tomb (257) from east...... 22 Plate10: View of the damaged and over grown Healy tomb (110) from east...... 22 Plate 11: View of illegible and completely overgrown and reduced tomb (115) from east...... 23 Plate 12: View of the Fitzmaurice tomb (181) from east...... 23 Plate 13: View of the damaged and over grown Heffernan tomb (191) from east...... 24 Plate 14: View of the completely overgrown, modern High Cross of the Ahern grave (75) from east...... 24 Plate 15: Close up of the 1786 headstone (151) to the memory of Maurice Hanaghlan (Hanrahan?) who died in 1786 aged 77 years...... 25 Plate 16: View of Republican grave plot (2) to the memory of local men Patrick Herlihy, John Reidy, Denis Broderick and Michael Brosnan...... 25 Plate 17: View of memorial (23) to Captain Seán Ó Cróinín who died in 1926 aged 27 years...... 26 Plate 18: View of unhewn headstone in O’Brennan graveyard...... 26 Plate 19: View of possible remains of rectangular structure (possible church) at O’Brennan Graveyard from north-west (see Figure 5)...... 27

Laurence Dunne Archaeology iii Archaeological Survey, O’Braonainn Graveyard, Tralee, Co. Kerry.

Graveyard: O’Brennan

Townland: Crag

Parish: O’Brennan

Barony:

Local name of graveyard: O’Brennan

XY Co-ords: E491986, N615153

RMP No.: KE030-018

No. of named tombs: 19

No. of unnamed tombs: 15

No. of named headstones: 82

No. of unnamed headstones: 9

No. of plaques: 0

No. of architectural fragments: 0

No. of cross slabs: 0

Holy Water Stoup / Basin: 1

Laurence Dunne Archaeology 1 Archaeological Survey, O’Braonainn Graveyard, Tralee, Co. Kerry.

1. Introduction

O’Brennan Graveyard was surveyed using a Magellan ProMark 3 Rover and Base station and presented in Irish Transverse Mercator (ITM). The GPS graveyard survey datasets were exported using Hangle software from GPS and then exported into Auto- CAD and finished using Adobe Illustrator. Reference numbers mentioned in the main body of the report relate to the ID point given when the survey was undertaken (see A3 plan, Figure 5). A digital photographic record and surname database was also compiled to complement the cartographic survey (see Appendices below). Digital photographs of the features within the graveyard are referenced in the appendix and all photographs are provided on the attached disc.

The survey was undertaken in March 2010 and was undertaken with due regard to:

. Conservation principles as produced by ICOMOS in the Venice and Burra Charters . The publication in 2004 of the Architectural Heritage Protection-Guidelines for Planners by the DoEHLG . The heritage objectives as outlined and adopted in the current Kerry County Council Development Plan 2009-2015, Built Heritage (Chapter 10).

The Convention for the Protection of the Architectural Heritage of Europe was signed at the Granada Convention in 1985 and ratified by Ireland in 1997. The conservation aims as stated in the Burra Charter are for the retention or restoration of historical significance with the minimum of physical intervention and that such intervention work be reversible, maintain the structure’s character and setting and that all conservation works should be undertaken following comprehensive research.

An information booklet on care and maintenance for tombs should be compiled and sup- plied to the relevant parish church.

All of these graveyards are recorded monuments protected under the National Monu- ments (Amendment) Act 1994 and under the jurisdiction of Kerry County Council. All proposed works should be carried out by experience competent personnel under ex- pert archaeological / architectural guidance and supervision. As these sites are recorded monuments conservation and restoration works can only be carried out under licence from the National Monuments Service of the Dept. of Environment, Heritage and Local Gov.

Laurence Dunne Archaeology 2 Archaeological Survey, O’Braonainn Graveyard, Tralee, Co. Kerry.

2. Site Location & Description

O’Brennan graveyard is located in Crag townland approximately 9km east of Tralee (Fig- ure 1). It is situated 2.5km north of the N21, Tralee to -Limerick routeway. The site is located on the lower slopes of the Stacks Mountains at 85m OD with expansive views of the Slieve Mish Mountains and Lee Valley to the southwest with the Gap of Dunloe of the Reeks clearly visible to the south.

The approach to the graveyard is from a minor road that also services a working, busy farm known as O’Brennan House. Ample parking is available for funerals or for visitors around the spacious open area in front of the graveyard associated with this busy farm (Plate 1 & Figure 5).

There is no water provided or refuse collection facilities provided.

In general the graveyard internally is kept neat and tidy especially around the south- ern perimeter concrete pathway with the grass well managed (Plate 2). Other informal grassy paths extend around the other three boundary walls. However, the interior of the graveyard has no defined paths and is very bumpy and irregular and covered in deep grass with some briar as well, making the interior very difficult to negotiate (Plate 3).

3. O’Brennan Graveyard

O’Brennan-O’ Braonainn-translates as Uaimh Bhreannán or Brendan’s Cave, that was named after St. Brendan the patron saint of Kerry. Apparently in 494AD St. Brendan, as a boy of ten, was sent to stay overnight by his foster-father St. Erc in the cave as a penance for some misdemeanour (Ua Riogbhardáin and Ua Ciarrbhaic 1932, 14).

The Rev. Denis O’Donoghue who wrote the seminal work Brendaniana in 1893 records… The spot became the site of a parish church now called O’Brennan (the ‘O’ representing the Irish ‘Uaimh’), where there are the ruins of an ancient church and a large and much used graveyard. The cave itself was preserved with religious care through many centuries and

Laurence Dunne Archaeology 3 Archaeological Survey, O’Braonainn Graveyard, Tralee, Co. Kerry.

a little nunnery was built and maintained close beside it…there is no trace now remaining of the little convent and even the venerable cave itself cannot be identified with any -cer tainty. It appears that some vandal, who wanted stones, quarried into the cave some forty or fifty years ago and destroyed almost every vestige of it (O’Donoghue, 1893).

There is no remains of this cave today however, there is a large distinct depressed area at the north east corner of the graveyard that may reflect this cave (Plate 4).

The site is recorded in the Record of Monuments and Places (RMP as KE030-018001- graveyard and KE030-018003-church (Figure 2).

In 1302 the tithes for the Church of St. Brendan’s Cave was valued at 10s. In 1368 the rector of St. Brandan de Antro was John de Geraldines (King 1931, 259).

Charles Smith records in 1756 ...O’Brenane, an entire rectory, the church in ruins. Patron: the bishop, Proxy 10s (Smith 1756, 39).

There were no remains of the church when the site was inspected by John O’Donovan in July 1841 (O’Donovan 1983, 63).

O’Brennan Graveyard is denoted on the 1st Edition OS map, sheet 30, 1841, however, no indication of a church or nunnery is denoted (Figure 3). Similarly, the 2nd Edition OS of 1896 only denotes the graveyard (Figure 4).

In the course of this survey the possible outline of a building were recorded. These com- prised a low northern and western outline of a possible rectangular structure situated on a bumpy platform area surrounded by several tombs and with a distinct E-W orientation. Within this area the ground is overgrown with deep grass, briars and is collapsed and dangerous and therefore not possible in the course of this survey to determine with any certainty the nature of this structure (Figure 5).

Laurence Dunne Archaeology 4 Archaeological Survey, O’Braonainn Graveyard, Tralee, Co. Kerry.

4. Boundaries

Boundary walls of this small rectangular graveyard are constructed with rubble lime- stone built to courses and bedded in mortar and capped with ‘soldiers’ and are in excel- lent condition. The walls are 1.2m high internally. The W and N boundary walls are al- most entirely covered in ivy but otherwise in good condition although a whitethorn tree encroaches mid way along the west boundary wall (Plates 2 & 5). Kerry County Council put in some small No Dumping signs at the W and N walls.

4.1 Recommendations

The ivy should be removed from the boundary walls.

5. Entrance

Entry into the graveyard is gained through a pair of modern green painted iron gates set between three square piers of coursed squared limestone blocks capped with sol- diers and contemporaneous with the boundary walls (Plate 6). The gates open easily and freely.

5.1 Recommendations

No recommendations required.

6. Pathways, shelter/ altar & stoup

There is a formal concrete path in excellent condition that extends along the southern internal perimeter of the graveyard (Plates 2). An informal grassy pathway, kept low but grass cutting, extends along the W, N and E boundary (Plates 4 & 5 and Figure 5). A modern covered shelter/altar structure (305) with seating is situated at the northwest corner of the graveyard on the pathway. Concrete bench seating is also provided outside the shelter / altar area (Plates 2). Alongside the altar against the S boundary wall is a rec- tangular stone stoup or basin (300), 0.61m L x0.37m W x 0.15m D, placed on a low rubble limestone plinth with the words Donated by Jerry Breen inscribed in cement (Plate 7). Internally the stoup/ basin measures 0.465 L x 0.23m W x 0.095m D. There is some punch dressing here and there on the inside while the exterior is roughly trimmed.

Laurence Dunne Archaeology 5 Archaeological Survey, O’Braonainn Graveyard, Tralee, Co. Kerry.

6.1 Recommendations

Additional informal pathways should be created to access the interior of the graveyard. This will necessitate the cutting away of the grass and briars in the interior and maintain it at a low level.

7. Desire Lines

The existing formal and informal perimeter pathway services much of this small grave- yard. However, the interior is devoid of any pathways formal or informal and it is over- grown, bumpy and very difficult to traverse (Plate 3).

7.1 Recommendations

The interior dense grass and briars should be cut back short and maintained at this low level. Some internal informal paths could then be created to gain access to the interior.

8. Named Tombs

There were nineteen named tombs recorded, largely in a good state of preservation (Ap- pendix 1). The majority are ‘strong-box’ type and there is a very fine rectangular chest tomb also, built with ashlar limestone (Plate 8). Twelve of the tombs are built with ashlar limestone of which ten are in very good order. However, ashlar tombs (110 and 257) are partially collapsed and broken (Plates 9 & 10). The seven other named tombs comprise two small rectangular low types (212 & 232), both of which require repairs to their sides. One tomb is illegible and survives as a grassy overgrown mound (Plate 11). Another rendered tomb (181) is interesting in that it has embolded on it in concrete that it was repaired by Patrick Fitzmaurice in 1916 (Plate 12). Presently it is partially overgrown and its render is cracked and in need of attention. The other named tomb (191) survives as a grass covered mound in need of serious repairs (Plate 13).

Laurence Dunne Archaeology 6 Archaeological Survey, O’Braonainn Graveyard, Tralee, Co. Kerry.

8.1 Recommendations

Tombs 110 and 257 should be repaired. The haunches of tomb 110 are particularly bad and collapsed. Tomb 257 is covered in ivy and briars while its haunches are also damaged. The sides of the small rectangular tombs, 212 & 232, should be repaired and re-rendered. The other named grassy covered tombs should be cleared of growth and assessed for further repairs and restoration. All works should be carried following individual archaeo- logical advice and supervision.

9. Unnamed tombs

Fifteen unnamed tombs (Appendix 2) were recorded in very poor states of preservation. Eight are barely manifest above the uneven ground with some masonry visible while the seven others have a higher above ground register but are still entirely covered grass, sod, ivy and briars. Tomb 140 is also partially open.

9.1 Recommendations

It would require focused targeted archaeological excavation to undertake refurbish- ment and conservation work of these unnamed collapsed tombs. However, initially all the tombs should be cut back and ivy and brambles removed. The rough deep grass and other vegetation in the interior of the graveyard should be cut as low as possible and the area and tombs re-evaluated by a qualified archaeologist. All open and exposed tombs should be fully repaired and sealed. This work should be undertaken with expert archaeological advice and guidance.

Tumbled, fallen rubble stone in the areas of the tombs should be removed and / or gath- ered up under archaeological supervision in order to define and record the exact extent and construction details of the tombs. Furthermore, many tombs often contain medieval architectural fragments in them and these can be recorded and preserved.

It is likely that local information would furnish the names associated with these unnamed tombs and this information should be collected.

Laurence Dunne Archaeology 7 Archaeological Survey, O’Braonainn Graveyard, Tralee, Co. Kerry.

10. Named Headstones

A total of 82 named headstones (Appendix 3) were recorded in O’Brennan graveyard. The vast majority of them are modern and in good order. However, a few in the interior of the graveyard are under pressure from un-managed growth and need to be cleared, in particular (75) a tall modern High Cross (Plate 14). Another illegible broken cross (41) should be cleaned and repaired. Apparently the oldest recorded headstone is from 1759 with the name Moor on it but it was not found in the course of this survey unless it is one of the illegible ones. The earliest named headstone recorded in this survey (151) was Maurice Hanaghlan (Hanrahan?) who died in 1786 aged 77 years (Plate 15). At the west end of the graveyard there is a large republican grave setting (2) to the mem- ory of local men, Patrick Herlihy, John Reidy, Denis Broderick and Michael Brosnan who died in those awful troubled times between 1920 and 1923 (Plate 16, Figure 5). A little to the north of the republican grave is the burial place (23) of another soldier, Captain Séan Ó Crónín who died in 1926 aged 27 years (Plate 17 & Figure 5).

10.1 Recommendations

The vegetation in the interior of the graveyard at O’Brennan should be cut back very low and kept that way. This will improve access into the centre and aid maintenance of the graves and tombs. After the grass has been cut back and the briars etc removed, the interior should be resurveyed and updated.

11. Unnamed Headstones

Nine unnamed headstones (Appendix x), of unhewn local stone were recorded within the graveyard (Figure 5 & Plate 18).

11.1 Recommendations

No recommendations necessary

Laurence Dunne Archaeology 8 Archaeological Survey, O’Braonainn Graveyard, Tralee, Co. Kerry.

12. O’Brennan Church

In the course of this survey the possible outline of a section of a building was recorded. These comprised a low northern and western outline of a possible rectangular structure situated on a bumpy platform area surrounded by several tombs and with a distinct E-W orientation. Within this area the ground is overgrown with deep grass, briars and is col- lapsed and dangerous and therefore not possible in the course of this survey to deter- mine with any certainty the nature of this structure (Plate 19 & Figure 5).

12.1 Recommendations

The area in the interior of the graveyard should be cut back and then re-surveyed to de- termine if any further remains of the structure are visible.

13. Summary of recommendations for future manage- ment/conservation of O’Brennan graveyard

. The dense grass and brambles in the interior of O’Brennan graveyard should be cut down and maintained at a low level. Subsequent to its reduction the area should be re-examined and re-surveyed to determine the extent of the possible church structure and to assess how to create informal safe paths into it. . All vegetation on the tombs should be cut back and removed. The tombs can then be reconstructed, repaired and repointed sensitive to their original construction. The render should be replaced sensitive to the original construction. This work may require Ministerial Consent. . The ivy and other growth should only be fully removed as the primary element of an agreed strategy of repairs and other conservation and restoration works. Otherwise ivy and other growth should be simply cut back and maintained at a controllable level. . Restoration works should only be carried out by qualified personnel under -ar chaeological supervision. . An information booklet on care and maintenance for tombs should be compiled and supplied to the relevant parish church.

Laurence Dunne Archaeology 9 Archaeological Survey, O’Braonainn Graveyard, Tralee, Co. Kerry.

. It is likely that local information would furnish the names associated with these unnamed tombs and this information should be collected. . An information board similar to one already existing at Killury graveyard, in Lis- sycurrig townland near Causeway, should be established at a suitable location within the graveyard, most likely to the east of the entrance gate on its interior.

. The Care and Conservation of Graveyards, a publication from The Office of Public Works (OPW) is recommended reading for future maintenance of the church and graveyard.

. An informative booklet on O’Brennan Graveyard should be compiled by Kerry County Council and supplied to the relevant parish church. It should include help- ful tips for parishioners on caring for the graveyard, and the individual plots, as well as giving advice about works which may professional services such as the cleaning of old headstones etc.

Note on Recommendations All recommendations as set out above are recommendations only based on visual site fieldwork undertaken by the writer. No invasive or other intervention work was un- dertaken in the course of producing this report. Ultimately, no responsibility will be accepted by the writer with regard to the undertaking of the conservation work as rec- ommended in this report and based only on visual inspection. The ultimate decision on recommendations etc rests with Kerry County Council.

Laurence Dunne Archaeology 10 Archaeological Survey, O’Braonainn Graveyard, Tralee, Co. Kerry.

14. References

Ballymacelligott Active Retirement Association 1997, History of and its People, Tralee.

Burra Charter 1979. (Charter for the Conservation of Places of Cultural Significance). Australia.

Condit, E (ed). 1987. Recording the Past from Ancient Churchyards and Other Sources. Wordwell Ltd., Dublin 2.

County Kerry Development Plan, 2009-2015.

Fitzpatrick, E (ed). 1995. The Care and Conservation of Graveyards. Stationary Office, Dublin.

Granada Convention 1985.(Convention for the Protection of the Architectural Heritage of Europe). Granada.

Heritage Council, 1999. Regulatory Environment for the Management and Repair of His- toric Buildings. Dublin.

Hutchinson, S. 2003. Towers, Spires & Pinnacles- A History of the cathedrals and churches of the Church of Ireland, Wordwell Press, Bray, Co. Wicklow.

ICOMOS, 1990. Guide to Recording Historic Buildings. London.

King, J. 1931. Past and Present, Facsimile edition Mercier Press, Cork, 1986.

National Inventory of Architectural Heritage, 2002, Survey of the Architectural Heritage of County Kerry, Dúchas the Heritage Service, Dublin.

Laurence Dunne Archaeology 11 Archaeological Survey, O’Braonainn Graveyard, Tralee, Co. Kerry.

O’Donoghue, D. 1893. Brendaniana, St Brendan the Voyager in Story and Legend, Dublin.

O’Donovan, J. 1841. The Antiquities of County Kerry, Royal Carbery Books facsimile edi- tion 1983.

Office of Public Works, 1995.The Care and Conservation of Graveyards. Stationary Office, Dublin.

O’Shea, K. 2005. The Diocese of Kerry, Formerly , Éditions du Signe, Strasbourg, France.

OSNB, ‘Ordnance Survey Name Books’, 1841. Mss Ordnance Survey Office, Dublin.

Parsons, D. 1998. Churches and Chapels: Investigating Places of Worship,Council for Brit- ish Archaeology, York.

Record of Monuments & Places, Archaeological Survey of Ireland, OPW, Dublin.

Royal Institute of the Architects of Ireland, 1995.Guidelines for the Conservation of Build- ings. Dublin. Smith, C. 1756. The Ancient and Present State of the County of Kerry, Facsimile edition Mercier Press Cork, 1979.

Ua Riogbhardáin, M and Ua Ciarrbhaic, T. 1932. ‘Twixt Skellig and Scattery,The Kerryman, Tralee.

Venice Charter 1964. (Charter for the Conservation and Restoration of Monuments and Sites, Venice.

Laurence Dunne Archaeology 12 Archaeological Survey, O’Braonainn Graveyard, Tralee, Co. Kerry.

15. Figures

Figure 1: Site location map. Extract from OS Discovery series. O’Brennan Graveyard encircled in red.

Laurence Dunne Archaeology 13 Archaeological Survey, O’Braonainn Graveyard, Tralee, Co. Kerry.

Figure 2: Extract from RMP, sheet 30. O’Brennan Graveyard encircled in red.

Laurence Dunne Archaeology 14 Archaeological Survey, O’Braonainn Graveyard, Tralee, Co. Kerry.

Figure 3: Extract from 1st Edition OS map, sheet 30, 1841.

Laurence Dunne Archaeology 15 Archaeological Survey, O’Braonainn Graveyard, Tralee, Co. Kerry.

Figure 4: Extract from 2nd Edition OS map, sheet 30, 1896.

Laurence Dunne Archaeology 16 Archaeological Survey, O’Braonainn Graveyard, Tralee, Co. Kerry.

O’Brennan Graveyard, Co. Kerry N

61 71

62 60 28 29 30 12 31 27 Raised Area Possible Church Wall 59

11 26 81 32 212 82 140 252 58 10 Area of Danger 247 115 13 83 207 63 80 79 34 9 33 47 14 64 35 48 145 135 8 242 57 78 84 7 38 70 55 56 77 15 65 36 46 202 69 6 25 201 76 217 120 39 156 110 37 196 151 5 23 161 90 75 40 45 166 105 22 74 16 4 171 85 21 41 125 237 3 176 73 17 262 44 191 222 181 18 232 130 100 257 42 54 68 89 86 2 87 53 67 88 95 227 186 66 72 19 49 52 Location Map 50 20 43 51

Tralee O’Brennan 305 Holy Water Stoup / Basin 300 Dingle

Killarney

Kenmare

Legend

Boundary

Church

Headstone (with name)

Headstone (without name)

Tomb (with name)

ID Numbers General information Tomb (without name)

ID numbers are associated with Surveyor: Daire Dunne all surveyed features. They Path (formal) appear alongside or inside the Archaeologist: Laurence Dunne feature. For example: Surveyed on: 23-08-2010 Path (informal) 123 456 Survey instrument: Magellan ProMark3 Rover & Base Station Alternate colours are used to Scale: 1:200 Each grid square is 10m x 10m Altar differentiate between different features. Each ID number RMP Number: KE030-018 corresponds to a record in the Grave Setting site database.

Figure 5: O’Brennan Graveyard survey layout plan 2010.

Laurence Dunne Archaeology 17 Archaeological Survey, O’Braonainn Graveyard, Tralee, Co. Kerry.

16. Plates

Plate 1: View of approach and parking area to O’Brennan Graveyard from west

Plate 2: View of interior of south-western limits of O’Brennan Graveyard from east. Note Slieve Mish Mountains of Dingle Peninsula in background

Laurence Dunne Archaeology 18 Archaeological Survey, O’Braonainn Graveyard, Tralee, Co. Kerry.

Plate 3: View of interior of O’Brennan Graveyard from east

Plate 4: View on north-east corner of O’Brennan Graveyard. Note sharp fall of ground. Further note informal grassy path

Laurence Dunne Archaeology 19 Archaeological Survey, O’Braonainn Graveyard, Tralee, Co. Kerry.

Plate 5: View of northern limits of O’Brennan Graveyard. Note informal grassy path and boundary wall

Plate 6: View of entrance gates to O’Brennan Graveyard from east

Laurence Dunne Archaeology 20 Archaeological Survey, O’Braonainn Graveyard, Tralee, Co. Kerry.

Plate 7: View of rectangular limestone stoup or basin (300) at south-west corner of O’Brennan Graveyard

Plate 8: View of chest-type tomb (186) of O’Callaghan family at O’Brennan Graveyard

Laurence Dunne Archaeology 21 Archaeological Survey, O’Braonainn Graveyard, Tralee, Co. Kerry.

Plate 9: View of the partially collapsed O’Connor tomb (257) from east

Plate10: View of the damaged and over grown Healy tomb (110) from east

Laurence Dunne Archaeology 22 Archaeological Survey, O’Braonainn Graveyard, Tralee, Co. Kerry.

Plate 11: View of illegible and completely overgrown and reduced tomb (115) from east

Plate 12: View of the Fitzmaurice tomb (181) from east

Laurence Dunne Archaeology 23 Archaeological Survey, O’Braonainn Graveyard, Tralee, Co. Kerry.

Plate 13: View of the damaged and over grown Heffernan tomb (191) from east

Plate 14: View of the completely overgrown, modern High Cross of the Ahern grave (75) from east

Laurence Dunne Archaeology 24 Archaeological Survey, O’Braonainn Graveyard, Tralee, Co. Kerry.

Plate 15: Close up of the 1786 headstone (151) to the memory of Maurice Hanaghlan (Hanrahan?) who died in 1786 aged 77 years

Plate 16: View of Republican grave plot (2) to the memory of local men Patrick Herlihy, John Reidy, Denis Broderick and Michael Brosnan

Laurence Dunne Archaeology 25 Archaeological Survey, O’Braonainn Graveyard, Tralee, Co. Kerry.

Plate 17: View of memorial (23) to Captain Seán Ó Cróinín who died in 1926 aged 27 years

Plate 18: View of unhewn headstone in O’Brennan graveyard

Laurence Dunne Archaeology 26 Archaeological Survey, O’Braonainn Graveyard, Tralee, Co. Kerry.

Plate 19: View of possible remains of rectangular structure (possible church) at O’Brennan Graveyard from north-west (see Figure 5)

Laurence Dunne Archaeology 27 Archaeological Survey, O’Braonainn Graveyard, Tralee, Co. Kerry.

17. Appendix 1 Named Tombs

Surname: O'CONNOR Surname: SUGRUE TombNo: 95 TombNo: 100 PhotoNo: 154_0080 PhotoNo: 154_0081 Photo: Photo:

Notes: Notes: Collapsed N Open N Rendered N Overgrown N Collapsed N Open N Rendered N Overgrown N

Surname: O'CONNOR Surname: HEALY TombNo: 105 TombNo: 110 PhotoNo: 154_0082 PhotoNo: 154_0083 Photo: Photo:

Notes: Notes: Collapsed N Open N Rendered P Overgrown N Collapsed N Open N Rendered N Overgrown P

Surname: ILLEGIBLE Surname: DEE TombNo: 115 TombNo: 130 PhotoNo: 154_0084 PhotoNo: 150_0087 Photo: Photo:

Notes: Notes: Collapsed N Open N Rendered N Overgrown Y Collapsed N Open N Rendered N Overgrown N

Laurence Dunne Archaeology 28 Archaeological Survey, O’Braonainn Graveyard, Tralee, Co. Kerry.

Surname: HANAGHLAN Surname: FITZMAURICE TombNo: 151 TombNo: 181 PhotoNo: 150_0092&0093 PhotoNo: 154_0099 Photo: Photo:

Notes: Notes: Collapsed N Open N Rendered N Overgrown N Collapsed N Open N Rendered Y Overgrown N

Surname: O'CALLAGHAN Surname: HEFFERNAN TombNo: 186 TombNo: 191 PhotoNo: 154_0100&0101 PhotoNo: 154_0102 Photo: Photo:

Notes: Notes: Collapsed N Open N Rendered N Overgrown N Collapsed N Open N Rendered N Overgrown Y

Surname: CONNOR Surname: MCELLIGOTT TombNo: 212 TombNo: 222 PhotoNo: 154_0106 PhotoNo: 154_0108 Photo: Photo:

Notes: Notes: Collapsed N Open N Rendered N Overgrown P Collapsed N Open N Rendered N Overgrown N

Laurence Dunne Archaeology 29 Archaeological Survey, O’Braonainn Graveyard, Tralee, Co. Kerry.

Surname: O'SULLIVAN Surname: O'FLAHERTY TombNo: 227 TombNo: 232 PhotoNo: 154_0109 PhotoNo: 154_0110 Photo: Photo:

Notes: Notes: Collapsed N Open N Rendered N Overgrown N Collapsed N Open N Rendered N Overgrown N

Surname: SCANLON Surname: QUIRKE TombNo: 237 TombNo: 247 PhotoNo: 154_0111 PhotoNo: 154_0113 Photo: Photo:

Notes: Notes: Collapsed N Open N Rendered Y Overgrown N Collapsed N Open N Rendered N Overgrown Y

Surname: O'CONNOR Surname: O'CONNOR TombNo: 252 TombNo: 257 PhotoNo: 154_0114 PhotoNo: 154_0115&0116 Photo: Photo:

Notes: Notes: Collapsed N Open N Rendered P Overgrown N Collapsed P Open N Rendered N Overgrown N

Laurence Dunne Archaeology 30 Archaeological Survey, O’Braonainn Graveyard, Tralee, Co. Kerry.

Surname: LEEN TombNo: 262 PhotoNo: 154_0117 Photo:

Notes: Collapsed N Open N Rendered Y Overgrown N

Laurence Dunne Archaeology 31 Archaeological Survey, O’Braonainn Graveyard, Tralee, Co. Kerry.

18. Appendix 2 Unnamed Tombs

TombNo: 120 TombNo: 125 PhotoNo: 154_0085 PhotoNo: 154_0086 Photo: Photo:

Notes: Notes: Collapsed N Open N Rendered N Overgrown Y Collapsed N Open N Rendered N Overgrown Y

TombNo: 135 TombNo: 140 PhotoNo: 154_0088 PhotoNo: 154_0089 Photo: Photo:

Notes: Notes: Collapsed N Open N Rendered N Overgrown Y Collapsed N Open Y Rendered N Overgrown Y

TombNo: 145 TombNo: 156 PhotoNo: 154_0090 PhotoNo: 154_0094 Photo: Photo:

Notes: Notes: Collapsed N Open N Rendered N Overgrown P Collapsed N Open N Rendered N Overgrown Y

Laurence Dunne Archaeology 32 Archaeological Survey, O’Braonainn Graveyard, Tralee, Co. Kerry.

TombNo: 161 TombNo: 166 PhotoNo: 154_0095 PhotoNo: 154_0096 Photo: Photo:

Notes: Notes: Collapsed N Open N Rendered N Overgrown Y Collapsed N Open N Rendered N Overgrown Y

TombNo: 171 TombNo: 176 PhotoNo: 154_0097 PhotoNo: 154_0098 Photo: Photo:

Notes: Notes: Collapsed N Open N Rendered N Overgrown Y Collapsed N Open N Rendered N Overgrown Y

TombNo: 196 TombNo: 201 PhotoNo: 154_0103 PhotoNo: 154_0104 Photo: Photo:

Notes: Notes: Collapsed N Open N Rendered N Overgrown Y Collapsed N Open N Rendered N Overgrown Y

Laurence Dunne Archaeology 33 Archaeological Survey, O’Braonainn Graveyard, Tralee, Co. Kerry.

TombNo: 207 TombNo: 217 PhotoNo: 154_0105 PhotoNo: 154_0107 Photo: Photo:

Notes: Notes: Collapsed N Open N Rendered N Overgrown Y Collapsed N Open N Rendered N Overgrown Y

TombNo: 242 PhotoNo: 154_0112 Photo:

Notes: Collapsed N Open N Rendered N Overgrown Y

Laurence Dunne Archaeology 34 Archaeological Survey, O’Braonainn Graveyard, Tralee, Co. Kerry.

19. Appendix 3 Named Headstones

Surname: AHERN Surname: AHERN Surname: AHERN GraveNo: 88 GraveNo: 74 GraveNo: 75 PhotoNo: 154_0077 PhotoNo: 154_0064 PhotoNo: 154_0064 Photo: Photo: Photo:

Surname: BROSNAN Surname: BROSNAN Surname: BROSNAN GraveNo: 9 GraveNo: 3 GraveNo: 72 PhotoNo: 154_0008 PhotoNo: 154_0003 PhotoNo: 154_0063 Photo: Photo: Photo:

Surname: BUCKLEY Surname: BUCKLEY Surname: COLLINS GraveNo: 36 GraveNo: 22 GraveNo: 10 PhotoNo: 154_0031 PhotoNo: 154_0020 PhotoNo: 154_0009 Photo: Photo: Photo:

Surname: COLLINS Surname: COSTELLO Surname: COSTELLOE GraveNo: 87 GraveNo: 6 GraveNo: 5 PhotoNo: 154_0076 PhotoNo: 154_0006 PhotoNo: 154_0005 Photo: Photo: Photo:

Laurence Dunne Archaeology 35 Archaeological Survey, O’Braonainn Graveyard, Tralee, Co. Kerry.

Surname: CRONIN Surname: CRONIN Surname: DIVANE GraveNo: 44 GraveNo: 24 GraveNo: 34 PhotoNo: 154_0041 PhotoNo: 154_0022 PhotoNo: 154_0029 Photo: Photo: Photo:

Surname: DONOGHUE Surname: DORGAN Surname: FITZGERALD GraveNo: 35 GraveNo: 21 GraveNo: 26 PhotoNo: 154_0030 PhotoNo: 154_0019 PhotoNo: 154_0024 Photo: Photo: Photo:

Surname: FOLEY Surname: FORAN Surname: GEANEY GraveNo: 1 GraveNo: 59 GraveNo: 71 PhotoNo: 154_0001 PhotoNo: 154_0050 PhotoNo: 154_0062 Photo: Photo: Photo:

Surname: GLEESON Surname: HARRINGTON Surname: HARRINGTON GraveNo: 62 GraveNo: 29 GraveNo: 30 PhotoNo: 154_0054 PhotoNo: 154_0027 PhotoNo: 154_0027 Photo: Photo: Photo:

Laurence Dunne Archaeology 36 Archaeological Survey, O’Braonainn Graveyard, Tralee, Co. Kerry.

Surname: HARRINGTON Surname: HARRIS Surname: HERLIHY GraveNo: 31 GraveNo: 60 GraveNo: 8 PhotoNo: 154_0027 PhotoNo: 154_0052 PhotoNo: 154_0007 Photo: Photo: Photo:

Surname: HERLIHY Surname: HERLIHY Surname: HOGAN GraveNo: 2 GraveNo: 7 GraveNo: 11 PhotoNo: 154_0002 PhotoNo: 154_0007 PhotoNo: 154_0010 Photo: Photo: Photo:

Surname: HUSSEY Surname: HUSSEY Surname: ILLEGIBLE GraveNo: 66 GraveNo: 67 GraveNo: 37 PhotoNo: 154_0058 PhotoNo: 154_0059 PhotoNo: 154_0035 Photo: Photo: Photo:

Surname: ILLEGIBLE Surname: ILLEGIBLE Surname: ILLEGIBLE GraveNo: 41 GraveNo: 47 GraveNo: 45 PhotoNo: 154_0038 PhotoNo: 154_0043 PhotoNo: 154_0042 Photo: Photo: Photo:

Laurence Dunne Archaeology 37 Archaeological Survey, O’Braonainn Graveyard, Tralee, Co. Kerry.

Surname: ILLEGIBLE Surname: ILLEGIBLE Surname: ILLEGIBLE GraveNo: 79 GraveNo: 63 GraveNo: 80 PhotoNo: 154_0068 PhotoNo: 154_0055 PhotoNo: 154_0071 Photo: Photo: Photo:

Surname: ILLEGIBLE Surname: LEAHY Surname: LEEN GraveNo: 52 GraveNo: 16 GraveNo: 78 PhotoNo: 154_0045 PhotoNo: 154_0014 PhotoNo: 154_0067 Photo: Photo: Photo:

Surname: LEEN Surname: LEEN Surname: LYNCH GraveNo: 84 GraveNo: 25 GraveNo: 53 PhotoNo: 154_0073 PhotoNo: 154_0023 PhotoNo: 154_0046 Photo: Photo: Photo:

Surname: LYONS Surname: MAHONY Surname: MCCARTHY GraveNo: 27 GraveNo: 33 GraveNo: 20 PhotoNo: 154_0025 PhotoNo: 154_0028 PhotoNo: 154_0018 Photo: Photo: Photo:

Laurence Dunne Archaeology 38 Archaeological Survey, O’Braonainn Graveyard, Tralee, Co. Kerry.

Surname: MCCARTHY Surname: MCELLIGOTT Surname: MORRISSEY GraveNo: 15 GraveNo: 42 GraveNo: 28 PhotoNo: 154_0013 PhotoNo: 154_0039 PhotoNo: 154_0026 Photo: Photo: Photo:

Surname: MOYNIHAN Surname: MOYNIHAN Surname: O'BRIEN GraveNo: 70 GraveNo: 13 GraveNo: 65 PhotoNo: 154_0061 PhotoNo: 154_0012 PhotoNo: 154_0057 Photo: Photo: Photo:

Surname: O'CONNELL Surname: O'CONNELL Surname: O'CONNOR GraveNo: 57 GraveNo: 56 GraveNo: 58 PhotoNo: 154_0048 PhotoNo: 154_0048 PhotoNo: 154_0049 Photo: Photo: Photo:

Surname: O'CONNOR Surname: O'CONNOR Surname: O'CONNOR GraveNo: 64 GraveNo: 81 GraveNo: 90 PhotoNo: 154_0056 PhotoNo: 154_0069 PhotoNo: 154_0079 Photo: Photo: Photo:

Laurence Dunne Archaeology 39 Archaeological Survey, O’Braonainn Graveyard, Tralee, Co. Kerry.

Surname: O'CONNOR Surname: O'CONNOR Surname: O'CONNOR GraveNo: 19 GraveNo: 83 GraveNo: 82 PhotoNo: 154_0017 PhotoNo: 154_0072 PhotoNo: 154_0070 Photo: Photo: Photo:

Surname: O'CROININ Surname: O'DONNELL Surname: O'DONNELL GraveNo: 23 GraveNo: 50 GraveNo: 18 PhotoNo: 154_0021 PhotoNo: 154_0044 PhotoNo: 154_0016 Photo: Photo: Photo:

Surname: O'DONNELL Surname: O'DONNELL Surname: OLEARY GraveNo: 49 GraveNo: 51 GraveNo: 40 PhotoNo: 154_0044 PhotoNo: 154_0044 PhotoNo: 154_0037 Photo: Photo: Photo:

Surname: O'SHEA Surname: REIDY Surname: REIDY GraveNo: 12 GraveNo: 55 GraveNo: 61 PhotoNo: 154_0011 PhotoNo: 154_0047 PhotoNo: 154_0053 Photo: Photo: Photo:

Laurence Dunne Archaeology 40 Archaeological Survey, O’Braonainn Graveyard, Tralee, Co. Kerry.

Surname: REIDY Surname: ROCHE Surname: ROCHE GraveNo: 43 GraveNo: 85 GraveNo: 39 PhotoNo: 154_0040 PhotoNo: 154_0074 PhotoNo: 154_0036 Photo: Photo: Photo:

Surname: SAVAGE Surname: SAVAGE Surname: SCANLON GraveNo: 77 GraveNo: 76 GraveNo: 89 PhotoNo: 154_0066 PhotoNo: 154_0065 PhotoNo: 154_0078 Photo: Photo: Photo:

Surname: SHEEHAN&LEEN Surname: STACK Surname: SUGRUE GraveNo: 17 GraveNo: 68 GraveNo: 4 PhotoNo: 154_0015 PhotoNo: 154_0060 PhotoNo: 154_0004 Photo: Photo: Photo:

Surname: WHELAN GraveNo: 86 PhotoNo: 154_0075 Photo:

Laurence Dunne Archaeology 41 Archaeological Survey, O’Braonainn Graveyard, Tralee, Co. Kerry.

20. Appendix 4 Unnamed Headstones

GraveNo Notes 14 32 38 46 48 54 69 73 202

21. Appendix 5 Misc

IDNo: 300 PhotoNo: IMG_3536 Photo:

Notes HOLYWATERSTOUP/BASIN

Laurence Dunne Archaeology 42