publishedby the University of Hawai'iSea Grant ColIege Program, ExtensionService. Sea Grant CooperativeReport UNI HI SEACiKANTWR 96-01. ! 1997by HannahW. johnstone. All rights reserved. No part of this publicationmay be reproduced ortransmitted inany form or by «ny meanswithout written permissionfrom thepublisher.
All photosby I !annal>W. johnston» Coverphoto: 'Ena'ena «t Mo'omorni,Moloka'i Figure~on pag» 6 reproduc»dfrom Prevailing Trade Winds; Weafher andCliinafr t'ttHarvai'i FiguresI, I and 1,2!,M. &anderson ed.!, 1993, Univ»rsity of I-Iaw«i'i I'res~, Idun~~lulu,
Bookdesign >nd production by RaymondS. Tabata, University of Hawai'i %« r«nt Extension4»rvice. I'rintcd by HagadonePrinting Comp«jlv,I lonolulu,I II, U4A. Bodytype in HawaiianPalatino by .tu«v« '0 ir 'lphlcs,I Ion<>lulu,I II.
N»t plih,»»if' fronl ill» i«1»of this book will bc shared by the Moloka'i l tiiforic«I Society «nd Unii criity of I !«wai'i Sea Crant Extension % rx ici .
Inqufries and order requests: Individual copies are available from Motoka'I Historical SocIety, P.O. Box 3438, Kaunakakai, Moloka'i, Hl 96748. Price $12,00 plus $3,00 for postage and handling in U.S.!, Send check or money order payable to "MHS Moomomi Book." Inquire about foreign or quantity orders and educational discounts.
Mo'omoroi, West Moloka'i TAHI.E OF CONTENTS
Preface and Dedication
Mahalonui loa Acknowledgments V1 TheNature Conservancy of Hawaii'i v11
Foreword Vn
IN TRODUCTION Getting to Mo'omomi TheNature Conservancy Mo'omomi Preserve Precautions Help protectthe Environmentof Mo'omomi
GEOGRAPHY AND SETTING Climate Flora and Fauna 7 7 The Island of Moloka'i 8 Mo'omomi, Kaluako'i, West Moloka'i l0
FOSSILS,ADZES, AND TRACESOF THE PAST 13 FossilBird Bonesof Mo'omomi,West Moloka'i 13 The FlightlessHawaiian "Goose" 14 More Surprisesto Come? 15 Ancient Plant Molds of' Sandstone 16 Fossil Land Snail Shells 17
HUMAN RELICS AT MO'OMOMI 19 Stone Adzes ]9 Pebbles,Cobbles, and Tools 'l9 Marine Shells 20 GlassFishing Floats 20
HA WAIIAN SEA TURTLES 22
COASTALPLANTS OF MO'OMOMI 25 'Aki'aki 27 'Akoko, Koko 28 'Akoko 29 'Akulikuli 30 Alena 31 'Ena'ena 32 Hinahina, Hinahina-ku-kahakai 33 'Ihi 34 'Ilima 35 Kauna'oa 36 Kiawe, algaroba 37 Mau'u 38 Nama 39 Naupaka kahakai 40 Nehe 41 Nohu 42 'Ohai 43 'Ohelo-kai, 'Ae'ae 44 Pa'u~Hi'iaka 45 Pohuehue 46 Popolo 47 Tetramolopium rockii 48
HA'INA 'IA MAI ANA KA PUANA 49
REFERENCES 50
Mo'omomi. West Moioka'I Preface
I'hisbook was prepared toprovide quick access toinformation about Mo'omorni,Moloka'i, itsplants and other points ofinterest. I hope thai individualstaking this nah!re walk may now derive pleasure in identifyingthevarious native and introduced species ofplants growin~ at Mo'omomi. Mo'omomibeach and dunes are unique, asthey are probably thebest evan~pieota coastalvegetated ecosystem remaining inthe main HawaiianIsland» lnthi» relatively undisturbed areagrow rare coastal plantsonce found throughoutHawai'i, Theplant descriptions found in this guide are written for easy identification,Photographs of the plants and natural features of M i'oInomiwere taken by thc author on numerou» field trips. Pleasewalk with care at Mo'omomi and stay on established trails. Heightenedinterest and increased numbers ofvisitors make it even moreimportant to protectthe delicate environment of the area. Leave theenvironment asyou found it. Make your collections withyour camera only.
A CoastaI Treasure MahaloNui Loa Acknomledgxnents Mysincerest thanksand aloha toJoan Aidem, Although 1 amhara har~fr part-Hawaiian!,andwas raised onMoloka'i fromthe time I was an infantand was familiar with Mo'omorni, WestMoloka'i, ittook a wa1ihi~liha@le newcomer!, Joan,toopen my eyes tothe special plants thatgrew atmy feet and the uniqueness ofMo'omomi. l thankher for themany times she drove meto Mo'omomi, andfor the use of her invaluablereference publications andbooks I thank her, too, for suggestingkey@~pie tocontact forall phases ofthe manuscript. For"first" words praising thevalue ofthe project and long walks totake morephotographs, tomeasure onemore flower, reading, suggesting, currectiny,andpniofr~ ading themanuscript, 1 thank, Wil],my husband. Thank»als« to my daughter, Oianc C Mo'ornorni,West Moloka'i vi The Nature Conservancyof Hawai'i Mo'omomi Preserve: A Refuge for Hawaiian Plants FheNature Co»scrva»cy of I Iawai'i stablishedth . '4~1-acre Mo'omomi F'reservin IMPS.. The crcati in if thi»I'res ri c w<»made p issibl»by a challengegrant fr im th» VresyeF !u»dati inand bv c intributionstr irn th iu;ian l s it 1»dl vldu M i irno»iiis thc laststr i»$11 ild it 3 nllI ir Haw TheNature Conservancv i» i private,»on-pr ifit,i»ternati inal organizati de'vin !t 'dto the pr itecti inol »aturalareas that best preserve. 'thediversity ot lif» in Earth.Thc C i»serea»cv's Hawai'i Field ?ffice manageseleven such natur>1areas thr !ughout the state.The Conservancyrelics onthe. ge'ne rous support of individuals, corporations, andfoundations to accomplish itsmission. Membership in The Nature Conservancywill helpto protectHawai'i'» natural lands and wildlife f !r future generations. Formole information about th» Nature Conservancy ofHawai'i, write to 11]6 Smith Street,Suite 201, Hono]ulu, HJ 96817. A Coastal Treasure vII Foreword Thereare few areas in Hawai'iwhere native coastal plants still flourish. Placessuch as Ka'ena on 0'ahu,and Kalaupapa or Mo'omomion Moloka'iare among the few placesremaining where sizeable and diversepopulations of representativenative species abound. HannahJohnstone's perseverance and dedication hasresulted in a usefulguide to the uniquenatural history of the Mo'ornomiarea. We generallylack natural history guides for specificparts of our Hawai'i Nei, particularlyoutside of our world-classnational parks. Hannah's contributionto thisand future generations is a handycompendium of information,written in a friendlystyle, that will helpresidents and visitorsbetter appreciate the many fascinating facets of oneof our islands' outstandingjewels. TheSea Grant Extension Service, a public outreach unit of theUniversity of Hawai'iand part of a nationalnetwork of SeaGrant programs, aims to promotethe wise use of ourcoastal resources. By supporting the productionand distribution of thispublication, we hope that more peoplewill gainan appreciation of Hawai'i's unique flora and fauna. Withappreciation comes stewardship of the resources for generations yet to come. RaymondS. Tabata, Extension Agent Coastal Recreation and Tourism University of Hawai'i at Manoa Sea Grant Extension Service Honolulu, Hawai'i VII ! Mo'omomi, West Moloka'i Getting to Mo'ornorni FromKaunakakai: Take Route 460 MaunaloaHighway!, west from Kaunakakaitoward the airport, turn right north!at Route480 Pu'upe'elua atso properly known as Pu'ukape'elua! Avenue!. Continue for approximately1.2 miles until youreach Farrington Avenue. Turnleft west!onto Farrington Avenue and follow it forapproximately 3 milesto theend of thepaved portion of theroad. Continue on Mo'omomiRoad, a dirtroad, for about2.1 miles until you come to a fork in theroad. The left fork is for vehicleentry through Moloka'i Ranch to TheNature Conservancy TNC! Mo'omomi Preserve, The right fork keynot required! continues foranother half mile to the beach through Hawaiian Homes Commission lands. Theleft fork leadsto theTNC Mo'omomi Preserve. Vehicle entrance requiresa permitand key $25key deposit refundable upon return!. Permitsare issued by TNC'sMoloka'i office on a limited,firstmome first-servedbasis. The Nature Conservancy office can provide you with a visitor'smap that will guideyou throughthe Moloka'i Ranch lands andinto the Mo'omomi Preserve. Monthly hikes are organized for membersand interested individuals. For information and access, contact TheNature Conservancy of Hawai'i, Moloka'i Preserves, P.O. Box 220, Kualapu'u, Hawai'i, 96757. Mo'omorni. West Moinka'i Ti e Nature ConservancyMo'olTlomi Preserve Thereis a parkingarea within thePreserve at KaiehuPoint, Kawa'aloa BayThe entire trip throughthe Preserve, following directional arrows, cantake from threeto four hours.Examples of plantsnear Kaiehu Point ~an~ake evena shortwalk almostas exciting as the full trip. The magnificentview of thecoastline, the fragrance and sound of thesea, the cpiprsQf the oceanand the sky,all blend togetherin a specialsetting for » unforgettable day of exploring and enjoyment. I the distance,the Moloka'i Ranchbeach pavilion overlooksKawa'aloa ]3aywith its widesandy beach, crashing surf, and very strong sea currents. Words of warning: Do not swim at Kamsa'aloaBay; or anywhereelse in this areau hereocean conditions are generally dangerous. Here at the west end of Kawa'aloa Bay there is a ledge that provides an overhang. This area was once used as a shelter by ancient Hawaiians. To reach the shelter, climb down the rocks, keeping left to reach the floor of the shelter. At the site there are remains of opihi shells edible limpet! and fish bones excavated some years ago by the Bernice P. Bishop Museum in a field exploration of the area. Returningto the top of the ledge,take a minute to look back across Kawa'aloa Bay. Enjoy the sweeping view of the green mountains in the distance,search the horizon for Kalaupapa Lighthouse, and listen to the wild surf crashing on the yellow sandy beach. Drink in the smell of the seaweedthat grows on the coral reefs of the bay and feeds the native greenturtles. Feelthe warmth of the sun and the power of the wind on your body. Let yourself experiencethe magic of Mo'omomi. Your adventure unfolds as you encounter each plant, identify it, and contemplateits environment.Following a rainy period, the tiniest of plants,the delicatenama, can be found growing on this ledge,as well as the pa'u~Hi'i aka,'ilima, hinahina-ku kahakaiand popolo, to name just a few. Precautions A word about xoad conditions:The existing dirt road, under dry conditions,is roughand deeplyrutted. Negotiate the road with care.If it A Coastal Treasure hasrained recently, the road will beslippery and dangerous. A four wheeldrive vehicleor a highclearance truck is almostessential. If youdon't have access tosuch a vehicle,it might be better to try visiting Mo'omomibeach on a dryday or parkat theend of thepavement and walk 2.6 miles to the beach. ideally,the bestdays to walk Mo'omomibeach are those without rain or wind.However, you can generally expect hot sun beating down, and mildbreezes to strongfierce winds at times.It is bestto beprepared. Be wiseand fake precautions toprotect yourself from the sun, glare of sand and sea,wind-whipped sand, and sharpsandstone. ~ Bringalong a visoror tight-fitting hat. ~ Usesunscreen lotion and sunglasses. ~ Wearmedium length to longcotton trousers and light hiking boots or athletic shoes. ~ A canteen of water is essential. ~ A backpack,though not necessary, can carry the canteen of water,beverages, lunch or snacks,binoculars, camera, extra film and batteries. ~ Takea plasticbag to protectdelicate equipment from corrosive sea spray or a sudden shower. Mo'omomi. We~t Motnka'i ln the»ucceedingmillion vears, six volcanoesformed beginning with WestMolok,-~'i about two millionvears ago tollowed by EastMoloka'i, We»t M oui, 1'inn'i, Kaho'olawe, and I Ialeakal,c,The»e six volcano» wer »oclose togt ther th C!irnate rheclinsate otHawai'i is dominated bvit» tr~ipic<>I »etting and bv being »urroundedbv ocean.I'otter»» of air circulatingin tlie I'aciticOcean an< individu<31i»l Flora and Fauna Thevegetation ot theHawaiian Islands is asvaried as the climate. Climaticcondition» influence the array of plants. They vary from those plant»growing on the summits of mountainsthat rise over 10,000 feet, to thosegrowing in lowlandarea» able to supporthuman settlement and agriculture,and to dry coastalslopes and dunes much like Mo'ornomi. Each is different. A CoastaI Treasure Beforeth» arrival of man there were onlv a fewnative mammals in FIiwai'i.The Hawaiian monk seal, Mo>a~c1 Todavth» encroachmenton nativeecosystems by modern civilization continues.What remains of the native ecosysternsis generallyrestricted to th» mountainousregions of the islands.There are preciousfew lowland area»in Ha~ ai'i wherenative ecosysternsstill remain to study andenjoy. Our knowledgeof its uncommonflora and faunawill continue to be enhancedby respectingand preserving the native lowland ecosystems of the Mo'omomi area and The Nature Conservancy of 1 law The Island of Moloka'I Several I lawaii >n legendsdescribe the origin of the Island of Moloka'i. My tavorite is quoted from the BishopMuseum publication, Moloka'i: A Sif~ 5 «rz~ tg,by C,C Summers, 1971. "According to Vaku'i, who was an historian in the time of ka~nehamehaI, the'islands of the Hawaiiangroup were born of Wakea and his wives, After Kakea's first wife, Papa, had given birth to }hawaii, Maui and Kahoolawe, she returned to Tahiti. Mo'ornorni, West Moloka'i W«ike«i !i«n t xik kau!awahizi . a» hi» wife «»d sh bore Lanai. Ag.>in h« took an ~ther ci if«,," H<>iiz ~ Wrzkrzzl iiziz t-!iiziz, ~izizi!i ~zizIt<' < 'izlIizz >tz' ><'sziz 1'Vizhi'iz, HztgzrziHi~ziz irz fVt il >4zi,1]i ized ~kzz, > Ai! il Th«n $V,ii a turne ! ar iund !' urn >n I«r, I ~ I i I Z17:12.13! Molok,i'i lie»approvimitelv 25 mile»» iuthea»tof 0'«i!n , 8,5 niiles northw«»t if M iui,and 9 nii!e»n orthot Lena'i.In theHawaiian group of i»land»,M ~I iki'i i» thet'itth large»t. It is 3Hmi!es long and 10 miles wid«, with an are«i !f 260s !u EastMoloka'i is thelarger of thetwo volcanicmountains, with its highestpeak, Kamakou, soaring to 4,970feet. On EastMa!oka'i's northerncoast, abundant rainfall causes stream erosion, which has createdIarg», deep valleys. On the island's southern coast, the va!leys aresmaller and narrower with a plaindown to the sea. During a period ofminor renewal ofvolcanism onEast Moloka'i, theKa!aupapa I'eninsula was formed. Onthe south side of West Mo!oka'i, the sloping mountain, Mauna!oa, reaches1,380 feet, The existence ofgu!ches, rather than valleys, indicate lessrainfall here. The northern coast ends on a highcliff. By comparison, WestMo!oka'i is considerablydrier than East Moloka'i. In ancienttimes, th» entire western portion of theisland was called the KonaDistrict leeward!, and represented near!y thrw~uarters of the is!and.This district was distinguished by theshoal waters off its A Goastaf Treasure ation M ]oka'i:A SiteS urvc~,by C,C.Summers 97l !, yde wrote of his ob t o reportedt e o that the peopp e"" "" alleyat certain times of th Mo'oinoini o "" """""g thea«a as a temp obta'ned from a spring be th id station. eir f located '...at thenorthern end of thefissure bet~~~n the lands o Kaluako'iand Vala'au." g nd earlypioneer, George P. Cook reportein i ~eI+ 0 Mglo+]" that} g inruins of rockenclosures and was puzzled by their ranceQrs. lennie Wilson2, explained tohim that she was born in pelekunuValley and the people of Velekunu would paddle by canoe to Kalawaoand carry their pa'i'ai semi hard poi! and other belongings imp thepali and overland down the western slope toMo'omomi. Herethey caughtand dried fish to be carried back to their valley homes at pelekunu.The migration of theinhabitants of Pelekunu explains their needfor ti leafand its protection.Ti leafbeing important in nati~e cooking,for bundling preserved fish and for the hukilau corninunity fishing!." Mr.Cooke, also relates "Be!la Munro's3 report by an old Hawaiian fishermanwho found two cavesin nearbyridges at Mo'omomi;one had tx~nwalled up and contained a number of humanbones. The other cave,also walled up contained baskets of lauhalafull of salt.Supposeclly thesalt was stored for use with grass!for preservingbodies, as was the custom,and may also have been used to preservedried fish." Notes: ReverendCharIes McEwen Hyde, of Haverhill,Massachusetts, arrived in H~m~iluluin 1877. He organized The Social Science Association of Honolulu, 2Wife of JohnH. Wilson,mayor af Honolulufor six unconsecutive terms, 1920 to 1952. Wife of JamesMunro, forrmersuperintendent of HawaiianHomes C omrnission, Moloka'i, and rancher at Kainalu, Moloka'i. Mo'omomi. West Moloka'i to take the beak and skull to the I3»rnic~ 1', L At the museum, Dr, Alan Zi»gl»r, «vert»brat» zoologist, w«s particularlyinterested in the f !+'sllbird b»akbecause tht- mandip]e upperor lowerpart of «bird'sbeak! was serrated, or «lmost'too'thed. Therewas nothing li1» it in th» museurn collectio»and this <3iscovqrv appeard tob» of som»significant value. B~causi tl>< b»«k «»d skull were retrieved on different occasions, there ~vls «gooLIpossibility that moreof the bird mightbe containedwithin th~ du»». Wh»» it was discovered that more of the fossil bird did in fact r»main in the dune, there was great excitement! Hut removal of the fossilized bird remains was to be delayed until an experienced palcontologi~tpassed through Hawai'i. This eventually proved to be unfeasible. Nearlya yearpassed. Dr. Zieglerremoved the remainder of the fossilized bird from the Mo'omomi dune. The fossil bones, contained within a jacketedball of sandand plaster,were sent for examinationand identification to Dr. Alexander Wetmore, Dean of Avian Paleontologyat the Smithsonian Institution. Dr. Wetmore was the first to describe the only fossil bird known from the islandsin 1926. Dr. Storrs I, Olson, also with the Smithsonian Institution, and Dr, AlexanderWetrnore, named the flightlessHawaiian goose, Tha>nhetocheir chai lrodousin 1976.They describedit, "...asbeing a large,flightless goose with an extremelyreduced wing, keellesssternum, very robust hind limb, and a heavilyossified [changed into bone]bill havingbony toothlikeprojections on therostrum beak! and mandible." Further studyby Olsonand Helen F. James 991!, anornithologist, of the Thnmbetochenchai~liodous indicates that it is more of an extinct flightless goose like duck, than a goose. More Surprisesto Carve? What about all thc other fossil bird bones that were collected at Mo'omomi?Contemplate the arrival of eachbird on the shores of Moloka'i.Consider the location of the HawaiianIslands in the Pacific Ocean,far from other major land masses. How, when, and from where did they arrive? 15 A Coastal Treasure naupaka, Scaer~olasericea, ii hich today grows abundantly along Hawaiian s hore lines. Chester K. Wentworth ~2~1, geologist, offers an explanationfor thesepla»t casts, He s,~id that as the plants N'crt.'CL?vercd bv the <111ttill~'sa»ci, lvatet and chemiclls passi»g downward to the stevensa»d roots cemented the sand. There are other areas of sandstone and plant molds similar to those found at Mo'omomi. These can be found at 'Ilio Point, Moloka'i, and at Makawehi Dunes, Kaua'i. Fossil Land Snail She!ls Near Kalani Point, West Moloka'i, there are dunes of lightly cemented sandstone sand that is lithified, or turned into stone!. The sandstone is interspersed with layers of hardened red volcanic soil and remnants of prehistoric sandstoneplant stems and root molds or forms, Along the beach,this layer of reddish sediment thickens to approximately three feet in depth, and is abundant with fossil land snail shells. Over the years, wind and waves have exposed these treasuresfrom the past. The fossil land snail shells have been identified from three different groupsof shells.Amasfra, the right handedshells, Pnrtwlina, the plump left handed shells, and Newco~nbia,the thin left handed shells, Handednessis determinedby holdingthe shelle ith the pointupward and the operunningtoward oneself. If the opening isto theright, the shell is rrgbt-bt-handed an e and vice versa for a lefth lt is specu a v year»go there must d!~f o an of Vv'est o o , the srlails were washed down o d the s oreeline. ine. Ha o d T. Stearnsreported in a Bi ho M pu rs 1 o' in hich theyare foun J canb t d orle p Iace e beloe sealevel and, in anotherplace, at I t100 f sealevel. Thrs d catesth t theremay have be h climaticand environmental conditions in theisland . e ossi ar s ls rndrviduallycollected bv Aid deterrA>nedtobe more than 27,0~! years pid b t d ff~ ] b to es,Irl recent years, there has been further consrderatron and studvon the subject of establishing the age of theMo'omomi iossil land snailshells. It isthought that as a resultof dead carbon in thesnail shells previouslytested, they may have appeared tobe older than they actually are,lt is conceivable,then, that the fossil snail shells could possibly be youngerthan previously thought. HUMAN RELICS AT MO'OMOMI Stone Adzes Ancient Hawaiians were skillful workers of stone, The most common stone implement of the ancient Hawaiians ~as the adze, a cutting too]. Adze makers, kno~ n as po'e ka ko'i, were a highly esteemedgroup, The adzeswere made of fine-grained rock which were chipped and rubbed until the proper shape was achieved; they ranged in size from a foot long, weighing 10 to 12 pounds,to a delicateone inch in length.These adzeswere rectangularin shapenotably different from the triangular or roundedadze forms of other Pacificisland groups. At Mo'omomi, stone adzes, adze blanks, and other relics were found strewn over small areas located near the base of low sand mounds. The stone to make these implements was thought to be from the Kaluako'i quarry, located just south of the road leading from Mo'omomi to Keonelele Beach, at an elevation of 300 feet. Most stone adzes were hafted tied onto! on a curved, L shaped handle of hau,Hibiscus tiliaceus, or suitablewood, paddedwith a bit of kapa, lauhala, or banana leaf between the stone and the wood. Then the stone and wood were firmly lashed together with sennit coconut fiber! braid or olona cord. The various types and sizes of the stone adzes were adaptedto the different kinds of woodv ork for which they were used from felling huge trees to fine carving of intricate patterns on tapa beaters. Pebbles, Cobbles, and Tools Abundant quantities of smoothing pebbles were discovered at various sites at Mo'ornomi. These pebbles are small, smooth rock that is probably of beach origin. Jt is possible that these stones were used as smoothing stones in rubbing and polishing articles of wood. it is thought that someof thesestones were also usedin cooking small birds. Largebeach cobbles a naturally rounded stonelarger than a pebbleand smaller than a boulder!, in a somewhat elongated form, also were found. Thesestones were rather symmetrical, and were possibly used as anvils and for hammering. this archipelago. Bec«usethe islands experiencenormal northeast trade zvinds most ot the ve«r, onlv «n occasional fishing float arrives on the seasaffect< d by thes~"trades " lt is the Kona stormsof winter that bring jn most ot the J«paneseglass tishing floats sought by beachcombers today. Thesetreasnres originate with the high demand for fish in the diet of the peoplepf Japan,ln responseto that demand,Japanese fishermen have developedan impressivearray of fishinggear and methods, Working in internationalwaters, they use gill nets,trawlers and purseseiners, and all requirethe useof fishing floats. Thelargest floats thosewith greatestbouyancy! are used for tuna long line fishing;medium sizedfloats are neededfor tangle net operations,and the smaller and most commonlyfound floatsare usedin salmongillnet fishing. Recordsindicate that the Japanesefishing fleet loseshalf its floats eachyear as the floats tear free of the netsin heavy seas.New floats are producedcontinuously to make up for thoselosses. ln all likelihood, the average fishing float found on Hawai'i's beaches could be 10 or more years old. At onetime, Mo'omomi treasurehunters often found beautiful glassfish floats.Today they are rare indeed,In their place,one finds metal or plasticfloats. But the very rarity of the glass floats makes them much morevaluable, Scan the shorelineand water's edge.Perhaps you may find a glassfishing float to carry home. ~WAIMX SEA TURTLES The west shoresn s andco tal dunesof M asaplaceocu entificimportance in Hawai'i. Mo'o alsoa br ingg ng areafor a smalln turtlesthat inhabit the waters of Hawa,i Threespecies o s are native to Hawai'i: the g hawksbillturtle, and the leatherback turtle to in i e e aters of Hawai'i is the green turtle, Ch Io, belongingtothe turtle family Cheloniidae. The car r hell ofthe adult green turtle is darkbrown with olive or oldfl k . Th h ll or plastron>s yellow to orangeish>ncolor. Green turtles receivetheir name from the colorof their bodyfat. They can be distinguishedfrom other sea turtles by the single pair of scaleson the front of their heads. Hawaiianscall the greenturtle ho~tv.The greenturtle canweigh up to 4$ pound»and is primarily a vegetarian,itslife span is unknownyet, scientistsbelieve that as the green turtle matUressexually at approximately25years, an assumption could be made that its lifespanis V to l00 years.The Hawaiian green turtle is listedas a threatened speciesunder the United StatesEndangered Species Act. Th»green turtle hasno teethbut its jaws aremodified to provide crushing,biting, and tearingsurfaces. They eat algae or limu seaweed! thatgrows underwater on coralreefs and on rocksnear the shore.They havea preferenceto live near these "grazing plots or pastures" of limu that are ]~xatedin nearshorewaters By eating, and recropping the voung limu in the "grazing plots," the green turtle is able to increase the p»rc»ntap»of protein in its diet. The green turtle, like cows, depends on the bacteriain its large intestine for digestion of its food. Hawai'i'»green turtle can migrate up to 800miles from its feeding ground».When the greenturtle is active,it must swim to the surfaceto br»atheevery tew minutes,but while it is restingit is ableto remain und»rwaterfor aslong as two anda halfhours without breathing The gran'nturtle's growth seemsto be slow in the wild, given the long time it takesto r»achsexual maturity. Both the male and female green turtle lw>k«lik» until maturity. At maturitythe male green turtle develops a longclaw on each flipper; and a longtail, capable of grasping,tipped 22 with a h~.avvflattened nail m hicl>i» utilized during mating. The female's claw s Rnd t 1/1 ale ITluch smaller, Both mal»and ternal»turtles travel long distancesfrom their feeding groundsto th» ne»tingbeach where in the nearbywaters of thenesting beach, th» male and female turtles mate. Scientists believe that the nesting fenl lie turtle returns to the same beachwhere it was born. How the female turtle recognizes her particular nesting beachremains a mystery.Estimat»s suggest that only 100to 500female green turtles nest eachyear in Hawai'i, The majority of thesefemale turtles nest principallyin the FrenchFrigate Shoals of the northwesternHawaiian Islands. The fernale green turtle that returns to Mo'ornomi Beach to excavate a nest and lay eggs in the sand has a difficult task. Shemust arrive at the nestingbeach at night, and the beachmust be desertedbecause lights andrnovernent will disturbthe femaleand frighten her away.Normally graceful,swift, and buoyant in the water, the pregnantfernale green turtle is heavy and vulnerable on land. The green turtle sheds large sticky tears all the time. However, while on land the femalegreen turtle's tearsare visible and help keepher eyes freeof sandand prevent drying. Sheascends the beachby hauling her heavybody forward and then digsa deepbody pit for her nestwell abovethe high tide line. After 60 to 100eggs are deposited in the nest, the fernaleturtle covers them with sand. An attempt to concealher nest is madeprior to returning to the sea,but a depressionin the sand or pit and tracksremain to identify the nest of the female green turtle. The whole processrequ.ires tremendous effort by the fernale green turtle, and cantake from one to three hours to complete. Theeggs lying unprotected within their warm sand nest will incubate for two months. After the two months period has ended, the hatchlings prepareto leave their nest. How the hatchling green turtles sensethat proper conditions exist outside the nest for emergence is an interesting puzzle.Studies suggest that the temperature of the sand is the determining factor. Hatchlings usually emerge from the nest during the night when the sand is cooler, so the hatchlings are less visible to waiting predators such as crabs, birds, and carnivorous fish. After the one ounce turtles hatch, they must work together as a group in order to emerge from their nest. A single hatchling is not capableof emergingfrom the nest by itself. It may take the hatchlings days to reach the beachsurface f f o t the e nest.nes Nev ly hatchedturtles thrash about triggeringt he 'movemen entof otherhatchlings. The group movement causes theh 'Icei ing an d wawalls s of the nest chamber tocollapse, raising th nest floorfl towar d th e surfacesur a ofthe beach. The topmost ha tchlings cea their activity i'f e th sursurfacesand is hot.If th»sand is cool,suggesting an overcastd ay ghttime or nig ime, thehatchlings will emerge explosive}y from their nest an d h ea d for or the ocean. The hatchlings must race swiftly to the oceanto stave off possible attacks by predators. Howhatchlings findthe ocean has been studied extensivelv, but.it issgl t I t lyunderstood. Bydiscriminating between light intensities notand compselecting e e ythe unbrightest ers and most open horizon, hatch lings can find theocean even if thesurf is notin view.Moving down a slope,as well asthe interaction ofcues, may also help the hatchling locate the water. Atthe water's edge the hatchlings must negotiate the surf, and once in thewater they must replace the crawling stroke with a swimming stroke.They dive at the approach ofa wavetoavoid being thrown back ontothe beach. The hatchlings then swim constantly for thenext 36 to 4h hour».Ocean currents carry the hatchlings far from land where they continuetogrow for several years before joining adult and juvenile turtle» at coastalfeeding grounds. AncientHawaiian» used sea turtles for food,and as the demandfor turtlemeat increased so did turtlehunting. As a result,the population of seaturtles declined sharply. This is notthe only reason why theturtle populationin Hawai'i is threatened. The dramatic decline of the Hawaiiangreen turtle population can be attributed directly to ! slaughteringofsea turtles tor food and for various commercial uses, and ! u rban development. Sc.ientist»find it difficult to estimatethe population of the other two nativespecie» of seaturtles, the hawksbil1s and leatherbacks, The hawksbillsdo not nestin groupsand the leatherbacksdo not nestin l lawai'iat all. Bothspecies are considered endangered worldwide, In pastcenturies worldwide seaturtle numbers were of sufficient proportionthat no consideration was given toward exploitation and Possibleextinction. Today, poor and wealthy countriesalike are either pr~iducersor consumer»of seaturtle products,decimating turtle numbers tor meat, eggs, shell, oil, leather and decorative objects. ln ternat iona1 awarenessand cooperationamong indivi dualsand nations areurg< ntly neededto pro@atthese vanishing animals. Otherwise, the seaturtles will ultimatelydisappear from theseas they haveinhabited tor millions ot years. hhn'nmnm> %hler f aanlnka i 'AKl'AKI SptÃAtX!flLStrtArfr!k' IA lrRrf! VOama K,rani fart1! lV! < V<~l.'. '!, 'AI i'ski is a c !mn! >»tr !pic,!l yr,!i~ yr !ivi»y,,!l !»y,iitanJ oaits nearth<. igh tiBt'.lint' an I N'itl!i»tI!c rt' l I! >f ! 'ar! iver!y I'hIi yr tss is tflJigCA !USt ! I Ia'4'!t l !A I ! 'Ltls !n n3!OV !th 'I tsl !t!d~it! th ' trOpiCS. Tht'Ha'Lv!tt ll! r!arne irkl irkt 92ljtl I 'it ! th ' p»i '.r !t this yr,!sst ! '! orci~ spirits. Ir! ta t, it Nr!s >i s! ill !A iver!t cxof'cist'! c 'r 'rH !ni 's. Eteje~m. The flowers and SeedSare borne on SpikeSabove the bladeSOf grasS This grass!s a5e to toleratehot sun and salt air The plant helps to stabilizethe w!nd-swept sanctat Ma'omor!!ias it grows aJongthe shore and amongstthe dur!es The scientific name,Sporobaius wrginicus. is derived from the Greek sporos seed! and baiiern to throw!,referr!ng to the unusual action of the fru~tthat swellsand bursfson soaking, p ishing out the seed gf the plant 'AKOKO, KOKO Chanmesyce degerierf end! Euphorbiaceae Spurge family! Vol. 1, Pg,607! The'akoko lies close to the ground in its growth, mat-like, and is oneof severalHawaiian Charnaesyce species. The plant grows on sand dunes andalong drier coastlines. This plant grows throughout Hawai'i except on the islands of Lana'i and Kaho'olawe. This 'akoko is endemic to Hawai'i. Clu»naesycedegeiieri was named to honorDr. Otto Degener 899 1988!. Hewas an early leader in conservation,saving Hawaiian plants, and in dramatizing the plight of the flora of the Hawaiian Islands. His contributioni» immensebecause many of theplants Degener collected ar Deacrlptton.Thebluish green leaves are succulent, somewhat circular inshape. and growon a stemopposing each other. On different branches, variations may occur in leaf colorfrom biuish-green to a rustyred. The leaves average I to one inch in length,The paleyellow flowers are tinyand inconspicuous,and form close to the baseof eachleaf where it joins the stem, Mo'ornomi, West Moloka'i 'AKOKO Chamaesyce skotisbergii ertd.. E ! Euphorbiaceae Spurge family! Vol 1, pg. 614! Thjs attractive plant grows in the shallow sand, and on the sandstone ledges,in back of the sand dunes at Mo'omomi. This 'akoko is endemic to Hawai'i and can be found on southwestern 0'ahu and West Moloka'i, Chamaesyceskottsbergii is a low, mat forming plant, anJ has a lacy appearanceas it lies upon the ground Fach plant measures approximately six to ten inches or more across.A thick, deeptap root ettablesthis plant to survive in the hot, arid areaof Mo'otnorni, Description.Slender branchletsof the plant supportthe bluish-greenleaves that grow oppositeeach other. The shape of the small leavesare oblongto nearlyround, and are approximately~ inch wide and >-inch long. The veins of the leavesare yellow.Tiny yellowflowers grow at the base of each leaf, and appearas yellow dots alongthe branches. A Coastaf Treasure 'AKULIKULI Seed>turnportulocnsfnim &id! Aizoaceae Fig-marigold family! Vol.1, Pg, 176! Thissucculent plant with trailing branches and fleshy stems isa prostrateherb, It issalt tolerantand is found near the beach, and up amongstthe rocksalong theshoreline. 'Akulikoliis a commonbeach plant, and can be found elsewhere in most tropicalregions. Jtis widely used in theSouth Pacific as a saladplant, «ndis very salty in taste.The 'akulikuli is indigenous tothe islands of Hawai'i.It alsogrows in SouthAfrica, Australia, Pearl and Hermes Atoll, l.isianski,Laysan, and Necker Islands. Description.Theleaves ofthe 'akulikuli arenarrow and rounded, andare about i inch to 1y-inchlong. Flowers: Theflowers areborne atthe leaf where the leaves join the branches,arewhite tamagenta incolor, and have five pointed petals. Mo'ornomi, West Moloka'i TheHawaiians used the roots of the alena plant medicinally tore1ieve toothaches, and as a diuretic Descrlptfon.Theleaves are spade-shaped, andare an inch to 1 ~-inchinlength. Each setof leaflets grows opposite each other. The tiny clusters oftubular flowers, white to pinkishincolor, are supported ona thinstalk an inch or two above the plant. The sticky seedsof the alena clings to sea and shore birds, and this aids in the dispersal ofthe seeds Gn.aphaiiumsandmicensium var. molokaiense end., V ! Asteraceae Sunflower family! Vol.1, Pg. 321! The 'ena'escais a smallplant that is denselycovered with white,soft, fine hairs.The name Grtaphaltum is taken from the Greek gnophaIon lock of wool!which describes the woolly appearance of these plants. B is approximatelysix inches in height,having one central stalk and up to fivebranching stalks that grow outwardly away from the main stalk, The'ena'ena plant is endemicto Hawai'i.This variety of 'ena'enais foundonly in WestMoloka'i. It is designatedasbeing vulnerable due to potential development of coastal areas in Hawai'i, Theancient Hawaiians used the 'esca'esca asinsect repellent when storing featheredkahili, a staffmounted with circles of featherworkat thetop. Thekahili was a symbolof royaltyand authority in ancientHawai'i. Description.The leavesare a thick,narrow, spatula shape, and are coveredwith a mat of densefine hairs. These fine hairs are soft and fuzzy to touch; and give the plant a brightwhite appearance. The leaf measures approximately t5 inches in length,and,' to k inch in width.The flower heads are in tightclusters, and are borne at theend of thickstalks. The tiny individual flowers, within the cluster, are dark mustard yellow. 32 Mo'omorni, West Moloka'i plant'sgenus, Heliotropium, isfrom the Greek helios sun! and trope turning!,referring to theerroneous belief that the flowers turn to face thesun. Leaves and flowers that follow the sun are called heliotropic. Theleaves and flowers are highly prized f'or lei making. This is strongly discouraged,however, because theplants are slow-growing, andare vulnerableto over collection.The hinahina is the official flower of the Islandof Kaho'olawe. TheHeliofropium anomalum, var.argenteum, is endemictoHawai'i. The plants also grow on Ni'ihau, Kaua'i and 0'ahu, butare rarely found on Maui and Hawai'i. It is thought that at one time, thehinahina may have grown on the islands of Lana'iand Kaho'olawe. Description.Theleaves are arranged inwhorls. Each slender leaf is approximately ', to 1-inchin length and shape, and green-grayish incolor. The leaves are covered with fine hairsthat give them a silveryappearance that helps to reflectthe heat from the sun. The tinywhite flowers have five waxy petals and a yeilowcenter, and are borne in a cluster supportedona stalkabove the leaves of the plant. The flowers have a sweet,delicate fragrance. A Conc'tel Trace.i in Porhilaca tutea in'! Portulacaceae Purslane family! Vol. 2, Pg. 1071! The 'ihi is a low lying perennialherb. This plant is commonly found growing along the coastlines of Pacific Islands and on most of the islands of Hawai'i. It doesnot grow in great abundanceat Mo'omomi. Description.The leaves are about an inch long, spatula-to-round in shape and succulent.They are supported on thick, fleshy branches that are reddish green to brown. The 'ihi blossom is bright yellow with five petals, and approximately > inch in diameter. The seeds are very small, shiny, and black. Ctisn~ta sand~vieItionn ~r>d! Cuscutaceae Dodder family! VoI. 1, Pg. 582! Thefragile kati»a'oa vinegrows incoastal areas, butdoes not grow in greatabundance atMo'ornomi. Thestems ofthis leafless plant are light yellowtoorange, andstring like inappearance. Thisparasitic plant absorbsnourishme~t froma hostplant. The photograph shows the kn«»»'t>»,withorange, thread like twining vines, growing over its host-plants,the'gorki'aki grassand the silvery bluish green hi rrahi]m-ku-krthakai. Thereisa Hawaiianproverb that says: "Hi/a ka«»a'i!ir, hihiMatM, aloha n>i~&ir~Ar'n>i k«»»s '<>h' tangled parasite vine,tanglecf Mana, pity vinewithout a trunk said of parasites orhelpless folk! Pukui and FIbcrt,l965!. l'he scientific name forits genus, C«sc«ta, wastaken from theArabic, kii.'k«f atangled twistof hair!, alluding tothe appearance of thL'pl"3nt s twining stems, The4t«»»'oa isthe official flower ofthe Isl»~ ofI ann'iandgrows onall the main Hawaiian Islands except Kaua'i »~ kahoolaw'e. lt 1sendemic to 14wal 1. Description.Tiny,tubutar tlowersgrow intight clusters onthe thin, slender stemso< the plant.The minuscule seedsare round, and dark reddish-brown 36 Mo'ornorrti, West Moloka'i f'fInb Mo'ornorni, West Molokai NAMA Nutria srulrf u~icermr's end, V! Hydrophyllaceae Waterleaf family! V@1,I, P< 7o5! The nama is a lovely little plant. It is an annual or possibly short lived perennialherb. It grows on limestoneledges at KaiehuPoint, and among the sand dunes at Mo'omomi. The nama grows in a small mat-form, two to three inches in diameter, and it reaches~-inch to an inch in height. Thisdelightful plant is not easilyspotted, because it is sosmall and lies soclose to the ground, Following a rainy period,th» narnais usually plentiful, and at other times it completely disappears, Nor>tais the Greekword for spring.The namagrows on all the main islandsof Hawai'i,except Kaho'olawe, and also grows on I.isianskiand Laysan.Naiita sa>ri4~ice> Description.'The leaves are slightlycupped. succulent in appearance,hairy, and grow closeto the stern of the plant. The leavesare a deep greento a yellowishgreen, dependingon soil conditions,The narnahas small,tubular flowers with five pale bfuish~urplepetals, a whitethroat, and a yellowishribbed center. The very small seeds are yellowish brown. 39 A Coastal Treasure ~~ala sertcea f tu6 ;oodeniaceae Goodenia farnilv! Vr~I. 1,Pg. 788! This shrub is bushy and denselybranched. Windy conditions at Mo'ornorni causethe rfatipakato grow closeto the ground, limiting its growth to two to threefeet in height, ln a lesshostile environment,the rratipahrcan grow up to 8-] 0 feet in height.The rrat 4Q Mo'omorrti, West fVloloka'i Lipochaeta fntegrifofia end! Asteraceae Sunflower family! VoL 1, Pg, 336! This is a low-lying, perennialplant with mat like growth. At Mo'odor it growsa few inchesabove the ground. In other parts of Hawai'i, this plant may attain a foot or more in height. Thereare many speciesof Li pochaetathat grow along the coastsof the main Hawaiian Islands in a variety of environments, including dry leeward mountains and lava flows, The Nehe is also found growing ori the coastsof Kure Atoll anceLaysan. Descriptioo. The leaves are whitish green, thick, oblong to spatula-like in shape,and approximatelyan inch long in length.They usually grow opposite each otheron the stems.The stems lie close to the ground with roots along the lower surface.The pretty yellowflowers are borneon a stalk,and averagea ,'-inchin diameter.The head of th< flower is composedof many tiny floretsthat are raised and tightly compactedin a disk shape,and surroundedby ray or daisy like petals. oastal Treasure NOHU Tr0>>rim ctstofdes hand! Zygophy!laceae Creosote bush family! p<~j, 2,pq $343! Thenohu, also known as the Puncture Vine, is a perennialherb that growsclose tothe ground with stewns orbranchlets thatare usually less thanthree feet long. Both stems and leaves are covered with many tiny, softhairs that give protection from the sunand heat. Theancient Hawaiians used the seeds of the!>ohi~ in the treatment of bladder diseases. Another usewas to make tea from the root of the p4+t inthe treatment ofthrush 'err a diseaseofthe mouth marked by whitishfungus especially affecting children!. The >rohtr grows on all of theNorthwestern Hawaiian islands, except Gardener Pinnacles and Necker.lt is now considered a pantropical weed. Deecrlption.Theleaves arecomposed ofapproximately sixpairs of leaflets opposing eachother onone main stem. Each leaflet isapproximately > inch long. The bright yellowflowers have five petals, Each blossom measures approximately oneinch in 4 Mo'ornomi, West Moloka'i 'OHAI Sesbania tomentose end, V! Fabaceae Pea family! Vol. 2, Pg. 7257! Thisdense, spreading shrub sprawls on the groundwith stemsor branchlets that often root themselves. At Mo'omomi, an 'ohai plant can cover an areaof five feet in diameter,and grow from six to eight inches in height abovethe ground. The 'ohaiis a plantthat is becomingincreasingly rare, and without careit could be eliminated from Moloka'i and Hawai'i. This plant has been designatedas vulnerable to extinctiondue to lossof lowlandhabitats. Description.The leaves are composed of approximately12 to 20 leafletsopposing each otheron the stem.Each leaflet is dark greenwith a whitishcast, and is approximately oneinch in length.The branches, stems and leaves are covered with fine, soft hairs resultingin a velvetyappearance that gives protection from the sun and heat. The beautiful red 'ohai flowers that bloom at Mo'omomi are similar ln appearanceto pea flowers,and are approximately-inch in length.The undersideof the petalsare pale yellow-green.The seeds are contained in beanpods that appear to beslightly flattened. They are pale green to dark brown. 43 A Coastal Treasure 'OHELO KAI, 'AE'AE Lycium sandwicense bulb Solanaceae Nightshade family! Vol.2, Pg.1257! The'ohelo kai is a lowspreading shrub that grows along the shoreline, Thissalt-tolerant plant grows on all themain islands of Hawai'i.It also grows on Rapa, Tonga, and Juan Fernandez Islands. Description.The leaves on the stems appear in analternating pattern. Each leaf is aboutone inch long, green, pointed, and succulent. The branches ofthe plant that lie uponthe ground often take root. The pale lavender flowers are tubular in shape with four petals,and appear where the leafjoins the stem of theplant. The flower measures approximately-,'-inchinlength. The fruit is a roundred berry that has an edible juicy pulp, and it contains numerous flattish seeds. Mo'ornomi. West Molukka'i I pomm'opcs-raprae, subspec'tes brasiliensfs ind! Conv«lvulaceae M«mingglory family! Vuf. 1,Pg. 559! Thefk!f>uc'f>ue i»a perennialvine that grows atthe high water linealong islandseashor~a. Thisvine isa commonbeachplant, though itdoes not growingreat abundance atMo'ornorni. Thepohuehtie growson all the mainislands ofHawai'i. Itis also found onbeaches andoccasionally inlandonIVJidway Atoll,Lisianski, Laysan, French Frigate Shoals, and Nih«a Thisplant's name Ip~!mor.'a istaken from the Greek ips worm! and JA>trlOI<>s comparablet~~!,meaning worm like, indescribing thetwining habit«fthe plant. Thevines ofthe pDIzuehue wereutilized in the making oftemporary twined fishtraps and baskets, ascords inhouse c»nstructi«n,inmedicines, andas famine food by the ancient Hawaiian». 6~m Mo'ornomi, West Moloka'i Solatium nr.'lsonii r.r>d! Solanaceae Nightshade family! Vr , 2, Pg. 1273! Sr>larrtrnt>>els>!>rii was first collected in 1778 by David Nelson, and the plant was named in his honor, Nelson discoveredmany plants on Captain JamesCook's voyages.This plant is foUnd on Ni'ihau, Kaua'i, 0'ahu, Maui, and Hawai'i, as well as on Kure, Midway, Pearl,and HermesAtolls, Laysan, and Nihoa. Thisplant is a trailing vine-like shrub, lying closeto the ground.Its branchesare covered with very fine, soft golden hairs that casta brownishhue to the plant. Jt is a memberof the tomatofamily. Description.When the plantis well established,and seasonal rains have been plentiful, thefoliage is thickand dense,The leavesare heart-shaped, thick. and have edges that aresmooth, wavy, or slightlycurved. They can grow from one to twoinches in length andwidth, depending on the season.The leaves are grayish-green when the brown hairsare rubbedoff. A stemsupports one to two bell likeblossoms together with one or morebuds. Each blossom is approximatelyj inchin diameter,cup-shaped, and has fivepetals that are lightlavender with a darkpurple center. The fruit, when ripe, are black and resemble miniature tomatoes. 47 A Coastal Treasure TETRAMOLOFlUM ROCKII T» rasnolophss>rrockli erscl. Vj Asteraceae Sunflower family! Vol. 1, Pg.368! i~'tra>ni!h!~>ifrockii trtis knownto befound onlyat ancenear Mo'oniomi, WestMoloka'i, Hawai'i. It growson the sandstone ledges behind the first tine of sanddunes at the west end of Mo'omomi, and near Mo'ornomiBay. Th» plants form compact mats, three inches or morein diameter,and reacha heightof two to threeinches. Deacriptfon.The stems of thisplant are intricately branched at the base.The yellowish-greenleaves are blade like and spatula shaped, and,'" toone inch in length Theleaves are covered with tine soft short hairs that provide protection from the sun and heatat Mo'omomi,The daisy likeblossom has a yellowcenter and a whiteto pinkish skirt of petals borne upon a stalk. Mo'omomi, West Mol«a i HA INA 'IA MAI ANA KA PUANA Thus ends my story. As a child, it was alw,iys a Ioyful Throughthis book,it hasbeen my hopethat,ill vi»itor» to Mo'omomi,particularly young children, m,iy recognize Mo'omomi's cultural significance,and gain ne~respect and appreciation for thisplace which l cherish. Mo'omomihas always been a placeof beauty,curiosity and mystery ...and should remain that way. With your help,care and protection, Mo'omomiwill bepreserved for futuregenerations to share. 49 A Coastal Treasure REFERENCE S rrigoni,Fd ward. l 977.A Mat«reVV@1k toKa'e»a, 0'ah«. University of Hawaii,Sea Grant/Marine Advisory Program,I honolulu,Hawaii. Balazs,Ceorge H, 1988.Hazoaiiarz SeaT«rtles. National Marine Fisheries Service/Center for Environmental Education. Baldwin,Roger E. 1979, H Boom,Robert. ]972. Hawaiiazz Seashells, Boom Books, Hilo, Hawaii. Bryan,!r., Edwin H. 1970, A»ciezzt Hazoaiia» Lije. Na&ral History Press, New York. Carlquist,Sherwin. 1970. Hazoaii: A Mat«ral History, Natural History Press, New York. C'o~i4',C eorge I'. 1949. Mo'olelo 0 MoIokai, Hono]UIu Star Bulletin, I/onolutu, Hawaii. Uegener,Otto, 1946 1963. Flora Hazoaiieszsis orNet> lll«strated Flora of the l Iazraii z»Isla»ds, bks, 1 6. Honolulu. Degener,Otto.1945. Pla»ts ofHazo>aii N 50 Mo'omomi, West Molocha'i Kav, E. Alison. 1994.A IN'«t«ralHi»tory ~!ftI4' Hau' 80. Ha~~«i~' V«~~i-hi~~~FIor The Oriental 1'uhlishing Company, Honolulu, I-Ia>aii. Krauss BeatriceH. 1981.Natii>e Pla»t» Used «» Medicine in I hei»at'i.Harold Lyon Arboretum, University of Hawaii. Krauss,Beatrice H. 1978.6th»obota>ty of tile Ha>«aiba»».H. L. Lyon Arboretum, University of I lawaii. Lamoureux,Charles H, 1976.Traiisic!e Plant» of Hau«ii '. N«ti<»iaiI'ark». HawaiiNatural History Associationin cooperationwith th»National ParkService, U.S. Department of the Interior. Lowrev,Timothy K. 1986.A Bios 51 A Coastal Treasure