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RECENT ADVANCES in the ARCHAEOLOGY of the FIJI/WEST-POLYNESIA REGION University of Otago Studies in Prehistoric Anthropology · No

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RECENT ADVANCES in the ARCHAEOLOGY of the FIJI/WEST-POLYNESIA REGION University of Otago Studies in Prehistoric Anthropology · No RECENT ADVANCES in the ARCHAEOLOGY of the FIJI/WEST-POLYNESIA REGION University of Otago Studies in Prehistoric Anthropology · No. 21 · No. Anthropology in Prehistoric Studies Otago of University Editors David J. Addison Christophe Sand Published by Department of Anthropology, Gender and Sociology University of Otago · Dunedin · New Zealand isbn 978-0-473-14880-5 (Print) ISBN 978-0-473-14586-6 (E-press) University of Otago Studies in Prehistoric Anthropology · No. 21 issn 0110-3709 RECENT ADVANCES in the ARCHAEOLOGY of the FIJI/WEST-POLYNESIA REGION Editors David J. Addison Christophe Sand University of Otago Studies in Prehistoric Anthropology · No. 21 Dunedin · 2008 Series editors: Glenn R. Summerhayes Richard Walter Les O’Neill Department of Anthropology, Gender and Sociology University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand isbn 978-0-473-14880-5 (Print) isbn 978-0-473-14586-6 (E-press) issn 0110-3709 Designed & Typeset by: Les O’Neill ii CONTENTS Preface v Introduction: Archaeology in the Polynesian Homeland: The State of Play at the Beginning of the 21st Century 1 Christophe Sand & David J. Addison The Archaeology of the Polynesian Homeland: A Retrospective View of the Early Years 7 Janet Davidson Natural and Cultural Deposits in Tatuba Cave, Fiji Islands: 1972 and 2002 Investigations 33 Julie S. Field An Early First Millenium AD Burial from the Naselala Site, Cikobia-i-Ra Island (North-East Fiji) 45 Frédérique Valentin, Christophe Sand, Isabelle Le Goff, & Hervé Bocherens Tools of the Ancestors? Evidence for Culturally Modified Human Bone from Tongan Skeletal Assemblages 57 Alice A. Storey Who Built the Fort at Uliamoa? Conjectures on Indigenous Technology Transfer in Early Historic Sāmoa 71 Shawn S. Barnes & Roger C. Green Radiocarbon Dating Marine Shell in Samoa – A Review 79 Fiona Petchey & David J. Addison How Dark Are They? The Sāmoan Dark Ages, ~1500–1000 BP 87 Timothy Rieth & David J. Addison Samoan Plain Ware Ceramics of Tutuila Island, American Sāmoa: Some thoughts on their Spatial and Chronological Distribution 97 David J. Addison, Jeffery Toloa, Tuipuavai Tago, & Siaki Vaueli iii iv preface Born of informal discussions on a boat crossing between fruitful; we hope to see more meetings of Pacific archae- islands in Vava’u after the 2005 Lapita Conference, the idea ologists with this format. of a working conference devoted specifically to the Fiji/ West-Polynesia region took just over a year to reach frui- The success of a project like this also relies on the people tion. Both of us were immediately very enthusiastic about who open their facilities to that strange species, Pacific the concept and the potential outcomes of such group dis- archaeologists. The conference would have felt much less cussions. The project was challenging, with the organizers hospitable without the gracious support of the American spread between Nouméa and Tutuila, without any specific Samoa Community College’s Dr. Adele Satele-Galea’i, resources for the project, and with Addison transitioning Tapa’au Dr. Daniel Aga, Dr. Minareta Thompson, Pa’u Pepe between jobs a few months before the conference. Luck- Faleatua and their staffs who provided facilities, meals, ily, it was possible to transfer Sand’s funding contributed snacks, transportation and a whole array of items and through the French Embassy in Fiji for preparation of a services too numerous to mention. Pemerika L. Tau’ili’ili 2008 conference on the Melanesia/Polynesia/Micronesia and his family graciously hosted some of the participants tripartite cultural division. This money was used to invite at the family meeting house (it also provided a relaxed a number of indigenous archaeologists of the region, as venue for informal gatherings most evenings). we felt from the initial planning that the conference could not be really meaningful without the participation of lo- This volume – a series of papers featuring work by some of cal archaeologists and cultural representatives from Fiji, the conference participants – is the first publication result- Tonga and Samoa. Further financial support came from ing from the conference; a synthesis of the discussions is the New Caledonia Government and the American Samoa in preparation. Our thanks to numerous reviewers who Community College. Positive responses from colleagues provided anonymous comments on all the papers pub- around the globe resulted in the convergence on hot, hu- lished here. Our gratitude to Glenn Summerhayes and mid, and remote Tutuila of some 30 archaeologists and Richard Walter who agreed to have the volume published students. in Otago’s University of Otago Studies in Prehistoric Anthro- pology series. K. Okenaisa Fau’olo-Manila and her staff at For the two of us, it was a pleasure and a great honour ASCC’s Samoan Studies Institute supported the production to organize the Archaeology of the Polynesian Homeland of the volume in numerous ways. Special thanks to Joseph Conference, all the hassle and stress of making the project Iosua for the initial layout. The graphic wizardry of Les happen being quickly forgotten. We took a gamble with O’Neill at the University of Otago Anthropology Depart- the unconventional format, but felt richly rewarded by ment is responsible for the final look of the volume. the calibre of the discussions. The success of the meet- ing was due in large part to the enthusiastic response of The Editors the participants, who made the effort to attend and who made the discussions at the conference so rich: Tautala Asaua, Shawn Barnes, Jacques Bole, David Burley, Ethan Cochrane, Sean Connaughton, Janet Davidson, Suzanne Eckert, Julie Field, David Herdrich, Tomo Ishimura, Phil- lip Johnson, Ledua Kuilanisautabu, Jennifer Kahn, Thegn Ladefoged, Lau Asofou Leapa’i, Sepeti Matararaba, Lisa Matisoo-Smith, Alex Morrison, Ratu Jone Nacabalavu Balenaivalu, Iosefa Percival, Fiona Petchy, Erika Radewa- gen, Timothy Rieth, Andrew Roberts, Anita Smith, Alice Storey, Epi Suafo’a, Frederique Valentin, Unasa F. Va’a, and Honourable Noble Tu’ivanuavou Albert Vaea. They col- lectively demonstrated that thematic working conferenc- es without formal paper presentations can be immensely v A group photo of the participants to the Polynesian Homeland Conference in late November 2006. vi Archaeology IN THE Polynesian Homeland: the state of play at the beginning of the 21st century Christophe Sand* and David J. Addison† Introduction to the west and the islands of East Polynesia, has over the millennia developed along a specific path, leading to the The region of Fiji-Tonga-Samoa, as well as the neighbour- unique cultural traditions we see today. Between the 27th ing islands of Futuna and ‘Uvea (Wallis), have been identi- and the 30th of November 2006, some 35 archaeologists fied as the area where unique proto-Polynesian traditions from around the globe met on Tutuila (American Samoa) emerged after first human settlement about 3000 years to participate in a working conference on the ‘Archaeology ago (Kirch and Green 2001). This region, geographically of the Polynesian Homeland’ (Fig. 1). The meeting brought isolated by significant water gaps from Island Melanesia together researchers currently working in Fiji/West-Poly- nesia and those with an interest in the prehistory of the * Department of Archaeology of New Caledonia, Noumea, New region, to discuss their work and share ideas about specific Caledonia topics drawn from archaeological work carried out over † Samoan Studies Institute, American Samoa Community Col- the last 50 years. The intention was to allow a multifaceted lege, American Samoa synthesis of the region’s prehistory, highlighting agree- Figure 1: Location of the ‘Polynesian Homeland’ in the central Pacific. Base map courtesy of Peter Minton (http://www.evs-islands.blogspot.com). Recent Advances in the Archaeology of the Fiji/West-Polynesia Region. D. Addison and C. Sand eds. University of Otago Studies in Prehistoric Anthropology · No. 21 · 2008 Recent Advances in the Archaeology of the Fiji/West-Polynesia Region ments and disagreements between researchers, to pin- the discussion, the main point about the Lapita phase, was point the meaning of the Melanesian/Polynesian ‘frontier’, a proposal to identify two specific dynamics in the East- and to identify future issues that are likely to define the ern Lapita Province, one around Western Fiji, and one next decade of archaeological research in the Polynesian encompassing the Lau Islands and West Polynesia. Due Homeland. At the conclusion of the workshop, a number to a lack of data, the position of Vanua Levu remains un- of the participants proposed to submit individual papers known at present. Discussions highlighted that the con- as part of a volume on the region, presenting their latest cepts of ‘Early’ and ‘Late’ Eastern Lapita need to be defined results. This volume is the outcome of this collective effort in more detail, some participants arguing that there is just to bring to the forefront this new research. It also gives the an ‘Eastern Lapita’ with open dentate motifs in the Lau- conference organisers, an opportunity to review several of West Polynesian area. the major issues discussed during the meeting. Proto-Polynesian Developments A snapshot of the Polynesian Homeland working conference themes The post-Lapita regional evolutions between ca. 2600 and 1800 BP, and the emergence of Proto-Polynesian cultural During the organisation period, we pinpointed twelve ma- traits were the focus of the second theme. Questions such jor topics/themes that were chosen as a framework
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