1 Figurative Expressions Found in Ed Sheeran's Album

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FIGURATIVE EXPRESSIONS FOUND IN ED SHEERAN’S ALBUM X: A SEMANTIC ANALYSIS

A THESIS

BY RIZQY ALDILINI AKBAR REG. NO. 110705102

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2016

FIGURATIVE EXPRESSIONS FOUND IN ED SHEERAN’S ALBUM X: A SEMANTIC ANALYSIS

A Thesis By: RIZQY ALDILINI AKBAR Reg. No. 110705102

Supervisor, Co. Supervisor,

Prof. Dr. Drs. Syahron Lubis, MA, BA., Drs. Mohammad Syafi’ie, MA

NIP.19511013 197603 1 001 NIP. 195611131986011001

Submitted to Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara Medan in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra in Department of English

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH

FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES

UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA

MEDAN 2016

Approved by the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara (USU) Medan as thesis for The Sarjana Sastra Examination.

Head, Secretary,

Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, MA. Ph.D NIP. 19541117 198003 1 002 NIP. 19750209 200812 1 002

Accepted by the Board of Examiners in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural

Studies University of Sumatera Utara, Medan.

The examination is held in Department of English Faculty of Cultural Studies

University of Sumatera Utara on Tuesday, December 20th, 2016

Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies

University of Sumatera Utara

Dr. Budi Agustono, MS

NIP. 196008051987031001

Board of examiners

Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S

Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, MA. Ph.D

Prof. Dr. Drs. Syahron Lubis, MA, BA.,

Drs. Mohammad Syafi’ie, MA

AUTHOR’S DECLARATION

I, RIZQY ALDILINI AKBAR, DECLARE THAT I AM THE SOLE AUTHOR OF

THIS THESIS EXCEPT WHERE REFERENCE IS MADE IN THE TEXT OF

THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS CONTAINS NO MATERIAL PUBLISHED

ELSEWHERE OR EXTRACTED IN WHOLE OR IN PART FROM A THESIS

BY WHICH I HAVE QUALIFIED FOR OR AWARDED ANOTHER DEGREE.

NO OTHER PERSON’S WORK HAS BEEN USED WITHOUT DUE

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS IN THE MAIN TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS

THESIS HAS NOT BEEN SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF ANOTHER

DEGREE IN ANY TERTIARY EDUCATION.

Signed :

Date : December 20th, 2016

NAME : RIZQY ALDILINI AKBAR

TITLE OF THESIS : FIGURATIVE EXPRESSIONS FOUND IN ED SHEERAN’S ALBUM X: A SEMANTIC ANALYSIS

QUALIFICATION : S-1/SARJANA SASTRA

DEPARTMENT : ENGLISH

I AM WILLING THAT MY THESIS SHOULD BE AVAILABLE FOR

REPRODUCTION AT THE DISCRETION OF THE LIBRARIAN OF

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH, FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES,

UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA ON THE UNDERSTANDING THAT

USERS ARE MADE AWARE OF THEIR OBLIGATION UNDER THE LAW OF

THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA.

Signed :

Date : December 20th, 2016

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Alhamdulillah, in the name of Allah SWT, I would like to thank Allah SWT, for all the mercy, blessing, chance, and power that are given to me so that I am able to complete my study. Praises and greets to Muhammad SAW who has brought us to the luminous era and led us to the goodness of mankind.

I do realize that I will not be able to finish this thesis without the help, encouragement and advice from people around me. There have been many unusually intensive people who supported and encouraged me to finish this thesis. Therefore, I would like to deliver my greatest gratitude and appreciation to all those incredible people.

1. My beloved parents, the reasons behind all good things that I do in my life,

Ir. Gilzen Waldino and Tatmira Lasny, who have been loving and supporting

me with all their hearts. I can’t thank you enough for every single thing that

you have been giving me. You may not be the best parents in the world, but

you are absolutely the best parents for me.

2. My dearest sisters Gita Septia Hasanah. Friends to fight, friends to argue,

friends to share precious moments with. You are definitely the best sisters

that I could possibly ask for. I do love you all.

3. My granny and my aunty, who is like a second mother to me, I thank you all

for all your kindness for take care for me during I stay in Medan. And also

thank you for all you’ve done.

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4. Dr. Budi Agustono, MS, as the Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies; Dr. H.

Muhizar Muchtar, M.S, as the Head of Department of English and Prof.

Dr. Drs Syahron Lubis, MA, BA as my supervisor and also my co-supervisor

Drs. Mohammad Syafi’ie MA, thank you for the help, suggestions, guidance,

solutions and supports related the completion of this thesis and other

administrative supports.

5. Dr. Parlindungan Purba, M.Hum as my academic supervisor, to whom I

always ask for advice and suggestion during my academic years.

6. All the lecturers of Department of English who have shared their excessive

and valuable knowledge and for their contributions during my academic

years.

7. For another lecturers from another department who has been giving me

many helps and advices, especially during my academic years which I will

never forget.

8. My special thanks to my best friend IMSI 2011 junior and senior who has

been giving me so many helps. Haverius Tarigan, Daniel Alessandro,

Christbirth Lumban Tobing, Erick Hariansyah, Rizky Munardi, Habil

Yudhistira, Benhard Situmorang, Dedhad, Faisal, Anggi, Illa, Petra, Nunuk,

Irma, Andus Ijal, Timot, Bang Ryan, Bang Alvin, brothers from another

mother IMSI 2014, Anmar, Teguh, Azri, Chusnul, Daniel, Andik, brothers

from Pematang Siantar, Firman Doyon, Fahmi Aseng, Yudhis, Hafiz, Qidal,

Bagus the atheist, Bang Ridho, Bang Naga, Bang Irul, Tim kita-kita futsal,

uak-uak kedai kopi koktong, Ugha the idiot one, Bryan the oldest one,

Danny the tallest one, Aseng, Andrian Lubis, bang Adi Bacok, Michela

Monica, Erni Juwiling, Sanny Tung, Vani JP, Hastuty Maulina, Lia

Matondang, Mentari Syhaputri, Olivia Zein, and so many many more.

Medan, January 2017

The Writer

Rizqy Aldilini A

ABSTRAK

Skripsi ini berjudul “Figurative Expression Found in Ed Sheeran’s album X: A Semantic Analysys.” Skripsi ini membahas tentang definisi, tujuan, batasan, sense, reference, makna dan majas, dengan topik yang dikhususkan mengenai ulasan majas yang ditemukan di album Ed Sheeran yang berjudul X. Teori yang digunakan dalam menganalisis data adalah teori yang dikemukakan oleh Leech (1969). Teori ini menjelaskan mengenai lima macam majas yaitu personifikasi, metafora, simili, sinekdoke, dan metonimi. Metodologi yang digunakan pada skripsi ini adalah metode deskripsi kualitatif. Tahapan metodologi dalam skripsi ini adalah tahapan pengumpulan data, tahapan pengidentifikasian, tahapan pengklasifikasian, analisis, penghitungan, dan tahapan penarikan kesimpulan. Adapun hasil dari analisis data yaitu data yang telah ditemukan berjumlah 118 data dengan rincian 10 (8.47%) data personifikasi, 76 (64.41%) data metafora, 6 (5.08%) data simili, 14 (11.86) data sinekdoke, and 12 (10.17) data metonimi, dimana dari hasil analisis data, dapat disimpulkan bahwa jenis majas yang paling banyak ditemukan di lagu-lagu yang terdapat di album ini yaitu majas metafora.

Kata Kunci : semantik, majas, sense

ABSTRACT

The thesis entitled “Figurative Expression Found in Ed Sheeran’ album X: A Semantic Analysis.” This thesis explains about definitions, goals, scopes, sense, reference, meaning and figurative expressions which specifically discusses about figurative expressions found in Ed Sheeran’ album X. The theory applied in analyzing the related data is the one proposed by Leech (1969). This theory explains about five types of figurative expressions which are personification, metaphor, simile, synecdoche and metonymy. The methodological research applied in this thesis is descriptive qualitative method. The steps of research are collecting the data, identifying the data, classifying the data, analyzing the data, tabulating the data and drawing conclusion. After conducting such methods, it is found 118 data; 10 (8.47%) of Personifications, 76 (64.41%) of Metaphors, 6 (5.08%) of Similes, 14 (11.86) of Synecdoche, and 12 (10.17) of Metonymies. From the analyzed data, it can be concluded that metaphor becomes the most dominant type of figurative expression occurred in the album. Keyword: semantics, figurative expression, sense

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TABLE OF CONTENT

AUTHOR’S DECLARATION...... v

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS...... vii

ABSTRAK ...... x

ABSTRACT ...... xi

TABLE OF CONTENT…..………………………………………………………... xii

LIST OF TABLES………….……………………………………...……………….. xv

CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background of the Study ………………………………………… 1

1.2. Problems of Study …………………………………………...... 5

1.3. Objectives of Study ……………………………………………... 5

1.4. Scopes of Study ………………………………………………….. 6

1.5. Significances of Study ………………………………………...… 6

CHAPTER II : REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES

2.1 Overview of Semantics ……………………………….…….……. 7

2.2 Goals of Semantics ……………………………………………….. 9

2.3 Scope of Semantics ………………………………………………. 10

2.4 Sense ……………………………………………………………….11

2.5 Reference ………………………………………………………… 12

2.6 Meaning ………………………………………………………….. 14

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2.6.1 The Varieties of Meaning ……………….…………………….. 16

2.6.1.1 Leech’s Seven Types of Meaning ……………….……..…… 16

2.6.1.2 Lexical, Grammatical and Contextual Meaning………..…… 17

2.6.1.3 Linguistics and Speaker Meaning ………………………...... 18

2.7 Figurative Expressions…………………………………..…….… 19

2.7.1 Definitions of Figurative Expressions ……………………...... 19

2.7.2 Types of Figurative Expressions ……………………………. 21

2.7.2.1 Personification…………………………………….………...... 21

2.7.2.2 Metaphor…………………………….…………….…….…..... 22

2.7.2.3 Simile………………………………….…..……….………..... 22

2.7.2.4 Synecdoche…………………………….……….…….……..... 23

2.7.2.5 Metonymy…………………………….………...….………..... 23

2.8 Review of Related Studies ………………..….…………………....24

CHAPTER III : METHOD OF RESEARCH

3.1 Research Design …………………………………………………. 26

3.2 Sources of Data ………………………………………………….. 26

3.3 Data Collecting Procedures …………………………………... 27

3.4 Data Analysis Method …...………………..……………………... 27

3.5 Steps of the Research ……………………………..……………... 28

3.6 Data Percentage ……………………………………………….. 29

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CHAPTER IV : ANALYSIS & FINDINGS

4.1 Data Description …….……………………….….………….…… 30

4.1.1 Collected Data of Ed Sheeran’s album X …….….……………. 30

4.1.2 Identified Data of Ed Sheeran’s album X ……….….………… 34

4.1.3 Classified and Analyzed Data Based On Types of Figurative

Expressions…….………………….…….….………….……… 38

4.1.3.1 Personification…….…………….………….….……………. 38

4.1.3.2 Metaphor ………….………….…………….….……………. 41

4.1.3.3 Simile ……….…….………………….…….….……………. 61

4.1.3.4 Synecdoche ……….……………….……….….……………. 62

4.1.3.5 Personification…….………………….…….….……………. 66

4.2 Findings …………….……………………..….….………….……69

CHAPTER V : CONCLUSION & SUGGESTION

5.1 Conclusion ………………….……………….…………………...71

5.2 Suggestion ………………………….………………………….....72

REFERENCES ………………………………………………………………. 74

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Educational Statistics

Table 2: Data Collection of Ed Sheeran’s album X

Table 3: Data identification of Ed Sheeran’s album X

Table 4. Personification

Table 5. Metaphor

Table 6. Simile

Table 7. Synecdoche

Table 8. Metonymy

Table 9: Table of Figurative Expressions

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Language plays an essential role in human life. It is a common sense that language is a great part of human life. It is supported by Gleason as he says (1998:2)

“Language is so basic to our existence that life without words is difficult to envision because speaking, reading, and writing are such fundamental aspects of our daily life, they seem to be ordinary skill.” People use language as a tool to express their ideas and feelings. As Hornby (1974:473) states, “Language is human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas, feelings, and desires by means of a system sounds and sound symbols.” Human and language are two things that can never be separated for without it, there is no way human can build relationship with other people and understand what happens around the world.

There is one science that deals with language. It is known as Linguistics. Palmer

(1976:6) says, “I have suggested that linguistics is the scientific study of language.

Linguistics has important role to components of language that include sound, the arrangement of words, and meaning.” Supported what Palmer says, Hartman (1972:132) states that linguistics as a field of study and the object is language. In other words, linguistics can also be referred as the study of human language: how it is structured, how it is used to represent meaning, how it is used to communicate ideas, how it is formed, how it is decoded.

There are four branches of linguistics; Phonology, Morphology, Syntax, and

Semantics. In this thesis, the writer only focuses on Semantics. Palmer (1976:1) explains, “Semantics is technical term used refer to the study of meaning.” Furthermore, semantics focuses on the meaning of words, phrases, or sentences in the language.

System for analyzing language divides linguistics expression into two classes: literal meaning and non-literal meaning. Literal meaning denotes the speaker mean according to its true meaning or dictionary usage or alias, when the speaker says something; it has natural meaning or has no other meaning, as shown in the examples below:

1. My mom is cooking dinner for us

2. I want to hug you

Both examples express the literal meaning as the real meaning according to dictionary usage.

Non-literal meaning signifies additional layers of meaning. Non-literal meaning is when the speaker says something that has different meaning or hidden meaning. As

Siregar (1992:10) explains, “If we are speaking non-literally, then we will mean something different from what our words mean. If we are speaking literally, then we mean what our words mean”. For example,

1. Time is money

2. You are my sunshine

Both of the examples contain non-literal meaning, they show additional layer of meaning. In the first example, ‘time is money’ implies that time is as valuable as money.

Moreover, the second example, ‘you are my sunshine’, it does not mean that the listener

2 is the speaker’ sunshine, it means that the speaker is very important for him, just like sunshine for human.

Traditionally, non-literal meaning is known as figurative language or figurative meaning. Figurative language is a language whose meaning need to be interpreted. The speakers make their words figuratively sometimes for the sake of beautifying or emphasizing of what they really want to say. As Kennedy (1983:677) states, “A figure of speech may be said to occur whenever a speaker or writer, for the sake of freshness or emphasis, departs from the usual denotation of words”. Then, Pei (1972:364) supports by saying, “Figure of speech is a mode of expression, as simile, metaphor, or hyperbole, where words are employed in a non literal or unusual sense for special effects, such as lending vividness or heightening beauty of style”.

Figurative expression refers to words, and groups of words, that exaggerate or alter the usual meaning in figures of speeches of the component of words. A figure of speech may be said to occur whenever a speaker or writer, from the sake of freshness or emphasis, departs from the usual denotations of words (Kennedy,

1983:479).

Every sentence that contains figurative expression may confuse the reader or listener for they have to try to convey what the real meaning is. Taylor (1981:165) cites:

“Figurative languages surprises the reader because the statements or ideas expressed does not make sense on the surface level, and, since literal meaning is denied, an act of imagination is required before the intended meaning becomes clear.”

There are many kinds of figurative expressions. Taylor (1981:167) classifies figurative expression into three groups. They are; comparison and substitution (simile,

3 metaphor, allusion, metonymy, analogy and allegory), representation by substitution

(synecdoche, personification, symbol) and contrast by discrepancy and inversion

(overstatement, understatement, paradox (oxymoron), irony, verbal, situational and dramatic.)

Another type of figurative expressions proposed by Leech in his book entitled A

Linguistic Guide to English Poetry. He states that there are five types of figurative expression; personification (humanizing metaphor), metaphor, simile, synecdoche and metonymy (1969:158).

It is important to understand the meaning of figurative expression in order to fully understand what the speakers try to convey. There are many kinds of literary works that use the figurative expression, such as song lyrics. Many song writers use figurative expression to beautify their lyrics in order to get the attention of music lovers.

Related to the phenomena of figurative expression as explained above, through this thesis, the writer is interested to analyze figurative expression that often used by song writer, which in this case is represented by Ed Sheeran’s album entitled X. The sources of data are gathered from the twelve songs contained in Ed Sheeran’s album, X.

X (pronounced "multiply") is the second studio album by English singer-songwriter, Ed

Sheeran which was released worldwide on 23 June 2014 through Asylum Records and

Atlantic Records. The very reason of why the writer chooses this album as source of data is because it received positive reviews from music critics. It has become an international success, peaking at No. 1 in fifteen countries, while topping both the UK Albums Chart and the US Billboard 200 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_(Ed_Sheeran_album).

Accessed on 6 September 2016, at 7.45 PM).

In this album, the song writer uses many figurative expressions to express his ideas to the listeners. For instance:

a. Will your eyes still smile from your cheeks? (from the eleventh song Thinking

Out Loud)

The word ‘smile’ in the example above means form one’s features into a pleased, kind, or amused expression, typically with the corners of the mouth turned up and the front teeth exposed. It can be clearly seen that the song writer uses personification where he uses the word ‘smile’ for the word ‘eye’. The literal meaning is whether the girl will always be happy.

Furthermore, through the elaboration in this thesis; it will be revealed what figurative expressions that can be found in Ed Sheeran’s album X.

1.2 Problems of the Study

In order to elaborate the figurative expressions in this thesis, the problems will be deliberately centered into four questions below:

1. What figurative expressions are found in Ed Sheeran’s album X?

2. What type of figurative expression occurs dominantly in Ed Sheeran’s album X?

1.3. Objectives of the Study

The objectives of a thesis lead to something that should be encountered and solved. In this thesis, the objectives that are needed to be solved are:

1. To find out what figurative expressions found in Ed Sheeran’ album X.

2. To figure out the type of figurative expression which dominantly occurs in Ed

Sheeran’s album X.

1.4. Scope of the Study

A limitation is indeed needed in analyzing certain problem. By doing so, the writer can focus on what matters the most that needs to be analyzed. Therefore, the result of the analysis will be optimal and not out of context. In this thesis, the writer will only focus on analyzing figurative expressions found in Ed Sheeran’s album X by applying the theory proposed by Leech in his book A Linguistic Guide to English Poetry where he mentions that there are five types of figurative expression; personification

(humanizing metaphor), metaphor, simile, synecdoche and metonymy.

1.5. Significances of the Study

A thesis is highly expected to give significances that are useful for the readers.

Just like any other thesis, this thesis also has significances. This analysis hopefully could give worth significances where:

1. The result of analysis may lead the reader to understand about figurative

expressions in general.

2. The result of analysis could give specific information about figurative

expressions found in Ed Sheeran’s album X.

3. The result of analysis could be acted as a consideration for the readers who are

interested in the same subject.

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES

2.1 Overview of Semantics

Semantics is a branch of linguistics related to meaning. Semantics is considered as a study of meaning in language. It deals with the expression of linguistic objects such as word, phrases and sentences. It does not pay attention to the syntactical arrangement or pronunciation of linguistic object. As stated by Katz (1972:1), “Semantics is the study of linguistic meaning. It is concerned with what sentence and other linguistics object express, not with the arrangement with their syntactic parts or with their pronunciation.”

Semantics has long been an object of study within the philosophy. It is said that the term semantics itself was introduced into English at the end of the 19th century.

Etymologically, the word semantics originally derived from Greek word semantikos means ‘significant’; semainein means ‘to show, signify’ or ‘indicated by sign’; from sema means ‘sign’ (Hipkiss, 1995:9). Nonetheless, the word ‘meaning’ has a broad range of perceptions and there is no general agreement among expert about the way in which it should be described.

Many experts propose their own definitions of semantics. Hornby (1974:789) defines it as a “branch of linguistics concerned with studying the meaning of words and sentences.” While Palmer (1976:1) states “Semantics is the technical term used to refer to study of meaning.”

Lyons (1977:1) states “Semantics is generally defined as the study of meaning.”

On the other hand, Siregar (1992:2) states “Semantics is the study of the meaning of

7 words, phrases, or sentences in the language or semantics is the study of meaning in language.” Akmajian (1979:228) says, “Semantics is generally considered to be the study of meaning (and related notions) in language, semantics is generally considered to be the study of reference (and related notions) in languages”.

Semantic basically only deals with meaning and sets aside the syntactical part of the sentence as explained by Katz (1972:1), “Semantics is the study of linguistic meaning. It is concerned with what sentences and other linguistic objects express, not with the arrangement of their syntactic parts or with their pronunciation”

Leech (1977:9) states that semantics (as the study of meaning) is central to the study of communication; and as communication becomes more and more a crucial factor in social organization, the need to understand it becomes more and more pressing.

Semantics is not only the center of communication study but also the center of the study of the human mind- thought processes, cognition, and conceptualization. All these are intricately bound up with the way in which we classify and covey our experience of the world through language.

Semantics has developed and became a subject that is worth studying. There are two factors that make semantics become important. First, meaning is solely connected with communication. A certain meaning can be delivered through communication and plays an important role in human life. Second, the process of human attempts to comprehend the nature of meaning involves the mental ability by the use of reasoning and perception. As stated by Leech (1969:9), “Semantics is central to the study of communication; and as communication becomes more and more crucial factor in social organization, the need to understand it becomes more and more pressing. Semantics is

8 also at the centre of the study of the human mind-thought process, cognition and conceptualization.”

Ridwan (1997:45) in Saleh (2008) states that there are some terms of semantics, such as Semasiology, Semology, Semiotics, Sememis, and Semics. Semantics also has close relations with some disciplines, such as philosophy, psychology, anthropology and sociology.

All those definitions given above are different in some aspect but generally semantics is a part of linguistics that deals with meaning of words. It concerns with meaning of linguistics string. It means that we must focus our attention to what sentences or other linguistic objects express not to arrangement of their syntactic part of their grammatical form.

2.2 Goals of Semantics

The aim of semantics is to explain and describe the meaning in natural language.

To make our starting point in ordinary usage more explicit, we may even say that the goal of semantics is to explain what underlies the use of the word means and related term (sense, nonsense, signify, ambiguous, antonym, synonymy, etc) in English and other language. (Leech, 1969:5)

According to Leech (1981:20-21), there are two questions which must be answered concerning with the goals of semantics theory; what should a semantics theory do and how should it do it? A semantics theory should attribute to each expression in the language which the semantics properties and relations. The answer to the second question is that a semantics theory should have at least two kinds of constraints:

1. Semantics theory of natural language should be finite; people are capable of

storing only a finite amount of information but they nevertheless learn the

semantics of natural languages.

2. Semantics theory of natural language should reflect the fact, except for idioms,

expression are compositional. It means that their meaning is determined by the

meaning of its constituents and their grammatical relations.

Semantics must be able to give more explanations and define any expressions in language. Semantics also has to be able to define their meaning properties and relation.

Any kinds of expressions should have meaning. In this case, semantics should be able to specify those meanings based on their properties or relation.

2.3 Scope of Semantics

Semantics is the study of the linguistics meaning. It is not concerned with what sentences and other linguistics object expressed. It is not concerned with the arrangements of syntactic parts, or with their pronunciations. Semantics could cover more extensive areas, from structure and function of language as well as the interrelationship with other discipline. In this thesis, the scope of semantics is about the meaning itself in linguistics. Meaning of linguistic object can be various. Every people may have different way to analyze the meaning of a linguistic because there is no very general agreement about the nature of meaning or the way in which it should be described.

Although the study of meaning becomes more significant at the early twentieth century, many linguists study language without reference to meaning. There is no very general agreement about the nature of meaning or the way in which it should be described and no one knows which facts are relevant to semantics. However, the

10 linguists have investigated the way of structuring meaning in language. There are at least two major approaches to the way in which meaning in language is studied. Each of these is often influential in determining which facts of meaning are relevant for semantics.

They are linguistic approach and philosophical approach.

Linguistic approach investigated semantics structure of the sentence. The students of language or linguists have long been interested in the way in which meaning in a language is structured. There have been studies of the meaning of words and the semantic structure of the sentences. Some of them also have distinguished between different types of meaning.

The second one is philosophical approach. Philosopher has investigated the relation between linguistic expression such as the word of language, person, and things and event in the world to which these words refers. Although there are maybe different approaches to semantics, three basic terms seem to be widely mentioned in each of this approach, they are, sense, references, and meaning.

2.4 Sense

A German philosopher and mathematician, Frege, proposed the senses of a word is the additional meaning attached to the word. Other linguists who gives contribution about the meaning of sense is Lyons (1977:197) as he says “sense is the term used by a number of philosopher for what others would describe simply as their meaning or perhaps more narrowly as their cognitive or descriptive meaning”.

Sense relates to the complex system of relationships that hold between the linguistic elements themselves (mostly the words); is concerned only with intra- linguistic relations.

Sense is closely related to reference. As stated by Richard (1985:241) in Saleh

(2008:50), reference is the relationship between words, the thing, actions, event, and qualities they stand for. A word or lexeme does not merely have meaning. It contributes to the meaning of a larger unit, a phrase, clause or sentence. For example, the sense of the word ‘ring’ in these following examples is different:

1. Chris bought a ring for his fiancé. (ring means a circular brand which is often of

gold or platinum, worn around a finger as an ornament)

2. That bell has a nice ring. (ring means musical sound)

2.5 Reference

Palmer (1976:30) puts forward his explanation about reference and sense as he says

“Reference deals with the relation between the linguistic elements, words,

sentences, etc. And the non-linguistic world of experience. Sense relates to

the complex system of relationship that hold between linguistic element

themselves (mostly the words); it is concerned only with intra-linguistic

relation.”

Lying upon that fact, it can be concluded that the reference of word is the object designated by the word for example, the reference of the word ‘chair’ is the object designated by the word, which can be pictured as an upside down of number four.

According to Muchtar (2006:103), “The term reference carries different meanings, namely extra-lingual and intra-lingual reference.” Extra-lingual reference is the relationship between words and entities to the something outside of language (non- linguistic word of experience). While, intra-lingual reference is the relationship between

12 words and entities to something inside of an utterance.

Intra-lingual reference can be classified into two categories; anaphora and cataphora. Anaphora means the use of a word or phrase which refers back to another word or phrase which was used earlier in the text or conversation while, cataphora means the use of a word or phrase which refers forward to another word or phrase which will be used later in the text or conversation.

Reference can be said as a link of signifier and signified by words. The signifier is a word in the language and the signified is the object in the worlds that stands for, refers to or denotes. It is an obvious fact that reference is the centre of symbol and object.

Through reference, the language being mentioned is associated to the world.

At present there are two major theories or references, they are the Description theory and the Historical Chain theory. In description theory, an expression refers to its referent because it describes the referent. For instance, the phrase the first person to set foot in the moon refers to Neil Amstrong since the description fits him. The Historical

Chain theory says that an expression refers to referent by a certain historical relation between the words uttered and some initial dubbing of the object with the name. For example, when the speaker use the name Charles de Gaulle it refers to the person christened by that name, provided there is a chain of uses linking the current speaker’s reference with the original christening.

The difference of sense and reference can be seen in the phrase “the woman who is my mother” and “the woman who married my father”. Both of these sentences have the same reference; they refer to ‘my father’s wife. Nevertheless, the sentences of those phrases are different. The first phrase refers to ‘the person who is my (biological)

13 mother, while the second one refers to ‘the person who necessarily my mother’.

In other word, a word or phrase might have more than one sense. When someone is speaking about the meaning of word, he usually speaks about one of its senses, which is usually believed as the primary senses. By this, it can be said that in order to understand a phrase, it must have sense. A phrase would still be understandable even though it has no reference, but without sense, we would not able to understand it. We can see it in this sentence: ‘the king of the Indonesia has two dogs. The meaning of this sentence is understandable, even though there is no king the United States.

2.6 Meaning

Language is an important tool of human being to communicate to one another.

The language, which is used by the human beings as tools of communication, indicates a certain meaning. Meaning of words absolutely plays a role in communication since without meaning there will be no good desired interaction. The word ‘meaning’ is simply derived from the word ‘mean’. There are some definitions of meaning as suggested by semanticist.

Nikelas (1988:23) in Pakpahan (2005:14) defines meaning as “a complex phenomenon involving relationship between a language and the mind of its speakers and practical use to which it is put.” While Richard (1985:172) in Saleh (2008:47) says

“Meaning is what a language expresses about the world we live in or any possible or imaginary word.

Another definition of meaning proposed by Lyons (1977:4) as he says, “Meaning is a word of ordinary, everyday vocabulary of English.” Bloomfield (1933:139) defines

“Meaning of a linguistics form as a situation in which the speakers utter it and response

14 which it calls forth in the hearer.”

By paying attention to the definition above, the word ‘meaning’ has a number different notions and varieties since speakers, in expressing their ideas, minds, feeling, use a word to mean something different from what it denotes.

Speaker meaning can be said as speaker means in producing utterance. In some form of language, generally, linguistics meaning of an expression is simply the meaning or meaning of that expression we can see it below:

a. She likes to run.

b. The event runs well.

c. We run a mail-order house.

From the example above, it can be seen that the word run has more than one linguistic-meaning. In the first sentence the word ‘ run’ means ‘walk fast’. Then, in the second sentence means ‘work’, and in the third one means ‘manage or organize’.

However, in using language, a speaker may use a word to mean something different from what it literally means as understood in the following as stated by Gray

(1984:114), “Literal meaning of statement is its most exact, precise and limited, meaning, without attention to secondary or symbolic meaning metaphorical meaning, etc”

Based on the explanation above, it can be said that each meaning of words used in utterances or expression has lexical meanings or most exact to what the dictionary says, without attention to figurative meanings. If a meaning of an expression used is literal sense, of course, it can be easily interpreted.

2.6.1 The Varieties of Meaning

Many linguists have classified meaning from different point of view based on their reasoning. Those varieties of meaning can be explained in the explanations below.

2.6.1.1 Leech’s Seven Types of Meaning

Leech (1981:8-23) has defined seven types of meaning. The seven types of meaning according to Leech are as follows:

1. Conceptual Meaning is logical, cognitive or denotative content, for examples:

house: a building made for people to live in

horse: a kind of animal which has four legs, a mane and a tail.

2. Connotative meaning is the communicative value and an expression has by the

virtue of what it refers to to over and above its purely conceptual content. And it

includes not only physical characteristic, but also social properties and

psychological, for instance: the word “red” has the connotation of ‘brave’ and the

word “black” has the connotation of ‘magic’, ‘evil’ or ‘fear’.

3. Social meaning is a piece of language conveys about the social circumstances of

it use. It is connected with the situation in which an utterance is uttered, for

examples: the word ‘horse, steed and hag’ have the same conceptual meaning but

they convey different social circumstances of their use where horse used in

general, steed for poetic purpose, and hag is a slang word.

4. Affective meaning is meaning that expresses the personal feelings or attitude of

the speakers or the writers, for example: I’m very glad to hear your voice, but I

wonder if you would be so kind as to lower your voices a little.

5. Reflected meaning is the meaning that arises in case of multiple conceptual

meaning when one sense of a word forms part of our response to another sense,

for example: ‘dear’ in ‘my dear old car’ may be misinterpreted as meaning

'expensive,' so it can be substituted with 'lovely' and eliminate the potential

ambiguity.

6. Collocative meaning consists of the association of a word acquires on account of

the meanings of words which tend to occur in its environment. For example: The

word ‘handsome’ and ‘beautiful’ have common ground in the meaning ‘good

looking’. The word ‘handsome’ refers to man and ‘beautiful’ refers to woman.

7. Thematic meaning means what is communicated by the way in which a speaker

or writer organizes the message in terms of ordering, focus and emphasis. It is

usually applied in the use of active and passive forms, for example:

a. She likes orange juice the most

b. Orange juice she like the most

c. It’s orange juice that she likes the most

2.6.1.2 Lexical, Grammatical and Contextual Meaning

Chaer (1994:289) explains that lexical meaning is meaning that possessed by a lexeme without any context. It is the actual thing that is observed through human sense.

For example, the lexeme ‘cat’ has a lexical meaning a small furry animal with four legs, a tail and mustache.

Grammatical meaning is meaning that possessed by a stem because grammatical process, such as affixation or tense. For example, in the affixation of suffix –s attached to a stem ‘pencil’ produces ‘pencils’. The grammatical meaning that appears that the

17 number of the word ‘pens’ is more than the word ‘pencil’ (‘pencil’ means one pencil

(singular) while ‘pencils’ (plural)).

Contextual meaning is the type of meaning which is determine by the context in which the word is used.

2.6.1.3 Linguistics and Speaker Meaning

In general, the linguistic meaning of an expression is simply the meaning or meanings of that expression in some form of language. One can understand linguistics meaning provided if he possesses adequate knowledge about grammatical rules and vocabularies of a language. The linguistics meaning is determined by the meaning of its constituents and their grammatical relations. For example:

1. The girl runs

2. The bean plants run

3. Her stockings run

In the examples above, the word ‘run’ has more than one linguistic meaning base on the dictionary.

Speaker meaning is what a speaker means when producing his or her utterances.

Sometimes, the speaker says something different from what his other words mean. Or the other words, the speaker sometimes speaks non-literally. There are some different ways of speaking non-literally. One of them is through the use of idiom. Richard

(1985:134) in Saleh (2008:67) points out that idiom is an expression which functions as a single unit and whose meaning cannot be worked out from its separate parts. The meaning of an idiomatic expression cannot be predicated either lexically or

18 grammatically. For example, ‘kick the bucket’ means ‘passed away’, ‘I’m walking in the sunlight’ literally means ‘feel happy.’

2.7 Figurative Expressions

2.7.1 Definitions of Figurative Expressions

Figurative expression is kind of language that uses words or expressions with a meaning that is completely different from the literal interpretation. Figurative expression is rarely used in our daily conversation. Figurative expression is often found in literary works, such as: articles in newspaper, advertisements, novels, poems, etc. It requires us to use our imagination to figure out the author's meaning. When a writer uses literal language, he is simply stating the facts as they are. Figurative expression, in comparison, uses exaggerations or alterations to make a particular linguistic point. Figurative expression is commonly used in literary works, such as: poem, prose and nonfiction writing as well.

Figurative expressions are often arbitrary and conventional. The figurative expressions on a certain language might be different from another. They mostly depend on the cultural background of themselves. Using figurative expression is by making imaginative description in fresh ways. It requires much imagination and focuses the readers or listeners to attend the connotation rather than the denotation because the sentence has hidden meaning. It is usually immediately obvious whether the writer or a speaker is using figurative or literal language.

The Webster‘s New World College Dictionary (1996: 571) explains that figurative speech is an expression (as metaphor or euphemism) that substitutes a variation of points of view by which things or notions which is referred to as if it is

19 different in some ways (in identify, degree, shape) from what it actually is or seems to be but so related to the expression successfully implies an intended meaning of effect either or greatly different from what is utterly said.

Wren (1981:488) states “Figurative expression is a departure from the ordinary form of expression or the ordinary course of ideas in order to produce a greater effect.”

It means that figurative expression is an expression that can be substituted by the variations of points which successfully to imply an intended meaning by giving an effect greatly different from what it literally. Or in the other words it can be concluded that figurative expression is the expressive use of language in which words are used in a non literal sense to give a particular emphasis or to generate a special effect.

There are two purposes of using figurative expression namely pragmatic purpose and referential purpose. The pragmatic purpose of using figurative expression is to appeal the sense or interest, to clarify, to please, to delight and to surprise. While, the referential purpose of using figurative expression is to describe mental process or state, a concept, a person, an object, a quality or an action more comprehensively and concisely.

Figurative expression and semantic have a great relationship because without the knowledge of the meaning of the word, even connotative meaning, it is difficult to comprehend figurative expression, sometimes people read the newspapers, the magazines or novel, overlooked non – literal expressions and read them literally. Of

20 course, the meaning of the expression becomes odd or not understandable. Therefore, figurative expression becomes essential in the learning of vocabularies. While, learning of vocabularies support the learning of semantics.

2.7.2 Types of Figurative Expressions

The types of figurative expressions may be viewed from a variety of viewpoints.

Therefore, it is difficult to obtain agreement on a division that is comprehensive and acceptable to all parties. The views or opinions on the language style so far at least can be distinguished, first, in terms of non-language, second, in terms of the language itself.

There are many kinds of figurative expressions introduced by many different experts. As mentioned above, the writer will only focus on the figurative expressions by

Leech in his book A Linguistic Guide to English Poetry. The figurative expressions are personification (humanizing metaphor), metaphor, simile, synecdoche and metonymy.

2.7.2.1 Personification

Generally, personification refers to the attribution of a personal nature or human characteristics to something nonhuman, or the representation of an abstract quality in human form. It consists of giving human characteristics to an object. It makes the animals and the animate objects talk or behave as humans do.

In his book A Linguistic Guide to English Poetry, Leech (1969:158) clarifies that in personification, the abstraction is figuratively represented as human actually combines all three categories; the concreteness, the animistic and the humanizing.”

For example, ‘The moon and the sun and even the ocean sleep sometimes on certain days.’ The sentence contains personification because the inanimate objects like moon and sun sleep as if they are human.

2.7.2.2 Metaphor

Metaphor a figure of speech in which a word or phrase is applied to an object or action to which it is not literally applicable. Metaphor makes us believe that tenor and vehicle are identical. But as many writers have observed, the pretence often seems more serious and more real than the ‘real’ world of literal understanding. Nevertheless, from a linguistic point of view, the literal meaning is always basis, and the figurative meaning derived. (Leech, 1969: 151)

A brief example of metaphor can be seen below:

a. You are the light of my life - the person described by this metaphor isn't

really providing physical light. He or she is just someone who brings

happiness or joy.

b. He is the apple of my eye - There is no real apple in a person's eye. The

"apple" is someone beloved and held dear.

c. Time is a thief - Time isn't really stealing anything, this metaphor just

indicates that time passes quickly and our lives pass us by.

2.7.2.3 Simile

Generally, simile is a figure of speech involving the comparison of one thing with another thing of a different kind, used to make a description more emphatic or vivid. It typically involves the words ‘like’ or ‘as’.

According to Leech (1969:156), “a simile is a figure of speech in which two distinct things are compared by using the words like or as.”

The examples of simile can be seen below,

a. You are as cute as a kitten, it compares the way someone looks to the way a

kitten looks

b. She is as busy as a bee, it compares someone’s level of energy to a fast-flying

bee

c. Santi is as happy as a clam, it compares someone's happiness to the contentment

of a clam

2.7.2.4 Synecdoche

Synecdoche is a kind of figurative expressions which states one thing partly instead of its universe or vice versa. It is derived from Greek word synekdechesthal, where syn means ‘with ‘; the word ex, means ‘to get out’; and the word decheisthai means ‘to take’ or ‘to receive’.

According to Leech (1969:157), “Synecdoche is the use of a part of a thing to stand for the whole of it or vice versa”. It means that a sentence is considered as synecdoche if A is a component of B or vice versa. The following examples are considered as a synecdoche:

1. God will bless the hand that has given donation for us.

2. We will see the competition between Spain and Italy.

In the first expression, the word ‘hand’ refers to the people because hand is a part of human body. In the second expression, the words ‘Spain and Italy’ are used as substitution of some players of both countries.

2.7.2.5 Metonymy

Generally, metonymy means the substitution of the name of an attribute or adjunct for that of the thing meant or in other words, it is a figurative expression in

23 which the name of one object or idea is substituted for that of another closely associated with it.

Webster‘s Third New International Dictionary in Leech (1969:152) states,

“Metonymy is a figure of speech that consists in using the name of one thing for that of something else with which it is associated.”

One famous example of metonymy is the saying, "The pen is mightier than the sword," which originally came from Edward Bulwer Lytton's play Richelieu. This sentence has two examples of metonymy:

1. The "pen" stands in for "the written word."

2. The "sword" stands in for "military aggression and force."

(http://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples-of-metonymy.html. Accessed on 6

September 2016, at 8.45 PM).

2.8 Review of Related Studies

In completing this thesis, the writer uses some previous researches which share the same topic with this thesis as references. They are:

1. A thesis entitled Semantic Analysis of Figurative Expressions Used By David

Archuleta in His Twelve Selected Song Lyrics which is written by Vinarcy

Rauda Zannah in 2011. In her thesis, she analyzed figurative expressions

found in twelve selected songs of David Archuleta. She comes to conclusion

that there are 35 figurative expressions found in the songs where 12 cases

belong to personification, 11 cases of metaphor, 10 cases of hyperbole, 1 case

of simile, and 1 case of irony. It shows that personification becomes the most

dominant figurative expression.

2. A thesis by Rini Swadeshi Daulay entitled The Analysis of Figurative

Expressions in Alley Blake’s Millionaire to the Rescue published in 2010. In

his thesis, she analyzed figurative expressions found in Millionaire to the

Rescue novel by Alley Blake. He concludes that there are 77 cases of

figurative expressions found in the subject of data where 28 cases of

metaphor (36,36%), 21 cases of hyperbole (27,27%), 15 cases of simile

(19,48%), 8 cases of personification (10,38%), 5 cases of irony (6,49%) and

0 case of oxymoron. Metaphor becomes the most dominant figurative

expression that occurs in the data.

3. A thesis by Lisbet Pakpahan entitled An Analysis of Figurative Meaning in

Scorpion’s Song Lyrics in 2005. In her thesis, she analyzed figurative

meaning found Scorpion’s songs. She concludes that there are 77 cases of

figurative meaning found in 10 Scorpion’s songs and the most dominant one

is hyperbole with total case 26 cases followed by synecdoche (6 cases),

metaphor (17 cases), simile (3 cases), euphemism (3 cases) and metonymy (2

cases).

CHAPTER III

METHOD OF RESEARCH

3.1. Research Design

There are two methods of research; library and field research methods. The first one is conducted by collecting some data from books, newspaper, magazines, journal and other written sources, and the second one is using some questions to someone or a certain group of people in collecting data (Nawawi, 1993:61).

In this thesis, the writer conducts library research where the writer reads and studies some books concerned with linguistics, semantics and figurative expressions.

Further explanation of library research explained by Nawawi (1993:30),

“Penelitian kepustakaan, kegiatan penelitian ini dilakukan maupun di

tempat-tempat lain. Literatur yang dipergunakan tidak terbatas hanya

pada buku dengan menghimpun data dari berbagai literatur, baik di

perpustakaan -buku, tetapi juga dapat berupa bahan-bahan dokumentasi,

majalah-majalah, koran-koran, dan lain-lain.” (The library research is

carried out as well as in other places. The literatures that are used are not

limited to books by collecting data from various literatures in the library,

but it can also be a documentary material, magazines, newspapers, and

many others.) (Nawawi, 1993:30)

3.2. Source of Data

This thesis uses the album of Ed Sheeran entitled X as the subject. The sources of data themselves which are figurative expressions found in the songs are gathered from

12 songs contained in the album, they are: One, I’m a Mess, Sing, Don’t, Nina,

Photograph, Bloodstream, Tenerife Sea, Runaway, The Man, Thinking Out Loud, and

Afire Love.

3.3 Data Collecting Procedures

There are three methods of collecting data such as interview, observation, and analysis on written documents such as quotation, notes, memorandum, publications, and official reports, diaries, and written answer to questioner and survey (Dede Oetomo (in

Suyanto, 1995:186). Lying upon the fact, since the data are gathered from song lyrics, therefore the procedure of collecting the date is written documents.

In collecting the data which in this case are to find the figurative expressions, the writer analyzes all the 22 songs contained in the album. The data are collected by conducting following steps:

1. Reading the song lyrics contained in the album.

2. Finding sentences that contain figurative expressions.

3. Identifying the figurative expressions

4. Classifying every figurative expressions

3.4 Data Analysis Method

In analyzing the data which is to find the figurative expressions in the song lyrics of Ed Sheeran’s album entitled X, the writer uses descriptive-qualitative method where the data which are going to be analyzed are explained descriptively. Supporting prior idea about descriptive-qualitative, Isaac and Michael (1981:46) states, “Descriptive qualitative method describes the population and the evidence of the data systematically, factually and accurately.”

Supported what Isaac and Michael says, Bungin also states (2001:124-125),

“Data kualitatif diungkapkan dalam kalimat serta uraian – uraian, bahkan dapat berupa cerita pendek”. (Qualitative data is explained in sentence and description, even in short story).

The purpose of descriptive qualitative research is in line with the formulation of the problems of the study. The problems themselves will be answered in the objectives of the study. The objectives of study also determine how the writer processes the results of the research which is to present the analysis by using this method. Therefore, the findings or the found data are analyzed in a form of detail explanation.

3.5 Steps of the Research

From the explanation above, especially about the research design, source of data, data collecting method and data analysis method, and in order to get a successful and well-ordered analysis, there are several steps of research that need to be conducted, they are:

1. Collecting the data by thoroughly reading the song lyrics.

2. Identifying the data to find out what kind of figurative expressions they are.

3. Classifying the data according to what kind of figurative expressions they

belong to.

4. Analyzing the finding data by using descriptive qualitative method.

5. Calculating which type of figurative expressions that most occurred.

6. Drawing conclusion.

3.6 Data Percentage

In order to support the research and to find out the most figurative expression occurred in the song lyrics, the writer will apply a formula referring to ‘Educational

Statistic’ by Butler (1985). Following is the formula calculating the percentage of the data.

Table 1: Educational Statistic

X x 100% = N

Where:

X : Number of subcategory of figurative expressions

Y : Number of all data

N : The percentage of subcategory of figurative expressions

CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS

4.1 Data Description

In this chapter, the research is oriented to analyze the data found in the song lyrics of Ed Sheeran’s album entitled X based on the method of research and the review literature, in order to find the kinds of figurative expressions proposed by Leech in his book A Linguistic Guide to English Poetry.

4.1.1 Collected Data of Ed Sheeran’s album X

Based on the research process, this research successfully found 118 occurrences of data related to figurative expressions. The data are collected from the song lyrics of

Ed Sheeran’s album X. The chosen data can be seen in the following table.

Table 2: Data Collection of Ed Sheeran’s album X

No. Song Title Data Tell me that you turned down the man who asked for your hand (line 1-2) And would you take away my hopes and dreams and just stay with me? (line 6) All my senses come to life (line 7, 24, & 36) Another place to let their hearts collide (line 12, 29, & 41) 1 "One" Take my hand and my hearts and soul (line 16-17) I will only have these eyes for you (line 17-18) We'll be strangers if we see this through (line 20) You could stay within these walls and bleed (line 21) You could stay within these walls and bleed (line 21) I'm stumbling off drunk, getting myself lost (line 32) I'm so gone, so tell me the way home (line 33)

Searching for a sweet surrender (line 3) And all of my hopes, all of my own words are all over written on the signs (line 9-11)

But you're on my road walking me home (line 12-13) 2 "I'm a mess" See the flames inside my eyes it burns so bright I wanna' feel your love (line 14-15) Put your faith in my stomach (line 18) I can't shake this feeling now (line 23) I know but all of my words will always below (line 27) I want you to be mine, lady (line 10) Take another step into the no-man's land (line 12) Feel it rushing through you from your head to toe (line 22-23 & 58-59, & 84) This love is a blaze (line 32) I saw flames from the side of the stage (line 33) 3 "Sing" And the fire brigade comes in a couple of days (line 34) I already know she's a keeper (line 43) I'm in deep shit if anybody finds out (line 45) Can you feel it? Found you hiding here so won't you take my hand darling (line 70) Before the beat kicks in again (line 71) I told her I'm not really looking for another mistake (line 5) I called an old friend thinking that the trouble would wait (line 6) I reckon she was only looking for a lover to burn (line 9) I went away for months until our paths crossed again (line 12) 4 "Don't" That heart is so cold all over my home (line 21, 52, & 79-80) We drink away the days with a take-away pizza (line 32) But you didn't need to take him to bed that's all (line 67) We were staying on the same fucking hotel floor (line 71) And I could play a guitar just like ringing a bell (line 3-4) 5 "Nina" Could you have been a part time lover to me (line 7) Getting high as two kites when we needed to breathe (line 14)

We'd use each other's air just for the people to see (line 15) We'd go anywhere our minds would take us (line 17) And time's the only reason that we could break up (line 21) Watching blue planets, creating new habits (line 36) Acting as if we were two rabbits (line 37) Love will come and love will go (line 56) Loving can hurt (line 1) We keep this love in a photograph (line 7 & 25) When our eyes are never closing (line 9 & 27) Hearts are never broken (line 10) Times forever frozen still (line 11 & 29) So you can keep me inside the pocket of your ripped jeans (line 12-14 & 30-32) Holdin' me closer 'till our eyes meet (line 15-16 & 33- 34) Loving can heal (line 19) 6 "Photograph" Loving can mend your soul (line 20) Remember that with every piece of ya (line 23) And it's the only thing we take with us when we die (line 24) And if you hurt me that's OK, baby, only words bleed (line 36-37) Inside these pages you just hold me (line 38) Oh you can fit me inside the necklace you got when you were 16 (line 41-42) Next to your heartbeat where I should be (line 43-44) Keep it deep within your soul (line 45) I got sinning on my mind (line 3) I've been sitting here for ages ripping out the pages (line 5-6) Oh, coloured crimson in my eyes (line 11 & 28) One or two could free my mind (line 12 & 29) I feel the chemicals burn in my bloodstream (line 14,16, 31, & 33) 7 "Bloodstream" So tell me when it kicks in (line 17, 18, 34, 35, 36, 39, & 41) Thought I'd find her in a bottle (line 20) I saw scars upon a broken-hearted lover (line 25) All the voices in my mind (line 37) All the voices in my mind calling out across the line (line 37-38)

I saw scars upon her (line 40) We are surrounded by all of these lies (line 5) You got the kind of look in your eyes (line 7) Your silhouette over me (line 15) The way it brings out the blue in your eyes (line 16) 8 "Tenerife Sea" And all of the voices surrounding us here (line 18) They just fade out when you take a breath (line 19) Just say the word and I will disappear into the wilderness (line 20-21) Lumière, over me (line 27) It's been a long day, thumb on side of the roadway (line 11 & 26) I love him from my skin to my bones (line 12 , 27 & 9 "Runaway" 45) Cold as stone in the kitchen light (line 17) Put my home in a suitcase (line 42) I knew he had his eyes on you (line 8) I'm just disgusted with the skeletons you sleep with in your closet to get back at me (line 19) But tragically our love just lost the will to live (line 24) Recently I tend to zone out up in my headphones to Holocene (line 35-36) You promised your body but I'm away so much (line 37) I stay more celibate than in a monastery (line 38) 10 "The Man" But when I broke the industry that's when I broke your heart (line 46-47) I tend to turn you off and switch on my professional features (line 51) I know you have a day job but mine is 24/7 (line 70- 71) And lighting a spliff I fall into a spiral (line 78) My thoughts just get ahead of me (line 86) I'm sorry for the honesty but I had to get this off my chest (line 92-93) When your legs don’t work like they used to before (line 1) Will your mouth still remember the taste of my love? "Thinking Out (line 3) 11 Loud" Will your eyes still smile from your cheeks? (line 4) And, darling, I will be loving you 'til we're 70 (line 5) And, baby, my heart could still fall as hard at 23 (line 6)

Kiss me under the light of a thousand stars (line 13, 29, & 36) Place your head on my beating heart (line 14 & 30) Maybe we found love right where we are (line 16 & 32) When my hair's all but gone and my memory fades (line 17) And the crowds don't remember my name (line 18) When my hands don't play the strings the same way (line 19) Cause, honey, your soul could never grow old, it's evergreen (line 21) And, baby, your smile's forever in my mind and memory (line 22) And then the devil took your memory (line 2) And we'll die inside (line 16 & 44) And we're wrapped in light and life and love (line 20 & 48) Put your open lips on mine and slowly let them shut for they're designed to be together (line 21-23 & 49- 12 "Afire Love" 51) With your body next to mine our hearts will beat as one (line 24-25 & 52-53) We're afire love (line 27 & 55) Then the devil took your breath away (line 30) Black suit black tie standing in the rain (line 32) Came to my mind I should paint it with a pen (line 35)

4.1.2 Identified Data of Ed Sheeran’s album X

After the data are collected, the research goes to identify the figurative expressions contained in each data. The following table shows the result.

Table 3: Data identification of Ed Sheeran’s album X

Types of Figurative No Data Expressions Tell me that you turned down the man who asked 1 Synecdoche for your hand And would you take away my hopes and dreams 2 Metaphor and just stay with me? 34

3 All my senses come to life Metaphor 4 Another place to let their hearts collide Metaphor 5 Take my hand and my hearts and soul Synecdoche 6 I will only have these eyes for you Synecdoche 7 We'll be strangers if we see this through Metonymy 8 You could stay within these walls and bleed Metonymy 9 You could stay within these walls and bleed Metaphor 10 I'm stumbling off drunk, getting myself lost Metaphor 11 I'm so gone, so tell me the way home Metaphor 12 Searching for a sweet surrender Metonymy And all of my hopes, all of my own words are all 13 Metaphor over written on the signs 14 But you're on my road walking me home Metaphor See the flames inside my eyes it burns so bright I 15 Metaphor wanna' feel your love 16 Put your faith in my stomach Metaphor 17 I can't shake this feeling now Metaphor 18 I know but all of my words will always below Metaphor 19 I want you to be mine, lady Metaphor 20 Take another step into the no-man's land Metonymy 21 Feel it rushing through you from your head to toe Synecdoche 22 This love is a blaze Metaphor 23 I saw flames from the side of the stage Metonymy 24 And the fire brigade comes in a couple of days Metonymy 25 I already know she's a keeper Metonymy 26 I'm in deep shit if anybody finds out Metaphor Can you feel it? Found you hiding here so won't 27 Synecdoche you take my hand darling 28 Before the beat kicks in again Personification 29 I told her I'm not really looking for another mistake Metonymy I called an old friend thinking that the trouble 30 Metonymy would wait 31 I reckon she was only looking for a lover to burn Metaphor I went away for months until our paths crossed 32 Metaphor again 33 That heart is so cold all over my home Metaphor 34 We drink away the days with a take-away pizza Metaphor 35 But you didn't need to take him to bed that's all Metaphor 36 We were staying on the same fucking hotel floor Synecdoche 37 And I could play a guitar just like ringing a bell Simile 38 Could you have been a part time lover to me Metaphor Getting high as two kites when we needed to 39 Simile breathe

40 We'd use each other's air just for the people to see Metaphor 41 We'd go anywhere our minds would take us Personification 42 And time's the only reason that we could break up Metaphor 43 Watching blue planets, creating new habits Metonymy 44 Acting as if we were two rabbits Simile 45 Love will come and love will go Personification 46 Loving can hurt Personification 47 We keep this love in a photograph Metaphor 48 When our eyes are never closing Metaphor 49 Hearts are never broken Metaphor 50 Times forever frozen still Metaphor So you can keep me inside the pocket of your 51 Metaphor ripped jeans 52 Holdin' me closer 'till our eyes meet Personification 53 Loving can heal Personification 54 Loving can mend your soul Metaphor 55 Remember that with every piece of ya Synecdoche 56 And it's the only thing we take with us when we die Metaphor And if you hurt me that's OK, baby, only words 57 Personification bleed 58 Inside these pages you just hold me Metaphor Oh you can fit me inside the necklace you got when 59 Metaphor you were 16 60 Next to your heartbeat where I should be Metaphor 61 Keep it deep within your soul Metaphor 62 I got sinning on my mind Metaphor 63 I've been sitting here for ages ripping out the pages Metaphor 64 Oh, coloured crimson in my eye Metaphor 65 One or two could free my mind Metaphor 66 I feel the chemicals burn in my bloodstream Metaphor 67 So tell me when it kicks in Personification 68 Thought I'd find her in a bottle Metaphor 69 I saw scars upon a broken-hearted lover Metaphor 70 All the voices in my mind Metaphor All the voices in my mind calling out across the 71 Personification line 72 I saw scars upon her Metaphor 73 We are surrounded by all of these lies Metaphor 74 You got the kind of look in your eyes Synecdoche 75 Your silhouette over me Synecdoche 76 The way it brings out the blue in your eyes Metaphor 77 And all of the voices surrounding us here Metonymy 78 They just fade out when you take a breath Metaphor

Just say the word and I will disappear into the 79 Metaphor wilderness 80 Lumière, over me Metaphor 81 It's been a long day, thumb on side of the roadway Metaphor 82 I love him from my skin to my bones Metaphor 83 Cold as stone in the kitchen light Simile 84 Put my home in a suitcase Metaphor 85 I knew he had his eyes on you Synecdoche I'm just disgusted with the skeletons you sleep with 86 Metonymy in your closet to get back at me 87 But tragically our love just lost the will to live Metaphor Recently I tend to zone out up in my headphones to 88 Metaphor Holocene 89 You promised your body but I'm away so much Metaphor 90 I stay more celibate than in a monastery Metaphor But when I broke the industry that's when I broke 91 Metaphor your heart I tend to turn you off and switch on my 92 Metaphor professional features 93 I know you have a day job but mine is 24/7 Metaphor 94 And lighting a spliff I fall into a spiral Metaphor 95 My thoughts just get ahead of me Metaphor I'm sorry for the honesty but I had to get this off my 96 Metaphor chest 97 When your legs don’t work like they used to before Simile Will your mouth still remember the taste of my 98 Metaphor love? 99 Will your eyes still smile from your cheeks? Personification 100 And, darling, I will be loving you 'til we're 70 Metaphor 101 And, baby, my heart could still fall as hard at 23 Simile 102 Kiss me under the light of a thousand stars Metaphor 103 Place your head on my beating heart Synecdoche 104 Maybe we found love right where we are Metaphor 105 When my hair's all but gone and my memory fades Metaphor 106 And the crowds don't remember my name Synecdoche 107 When my hands don't play the strings the same way Metaphor Cause, honey, your soul could never grow old, it's 108 Metaphor evergreen And, baby, your smile's forever in my mind and 109 Metaphor memory 110 And then the devil took your memory Metaphor 111 And we'll die inside Metaphor 112 And we're wrapped in light and life and love Metaphor 37

Put your open lips on mine and slowly let them 113 Metaphor shut for they're designed to be together With your body next to mine our hearts will beat as 114 Metaphor one 115 We're afire love Metaphor 116 Then the devil took your breath away Metaphor 117 Black suit black tie standing in the rain Synecdoche 118 Came to my mind I should paint it with a pen Metaphor

4.1.3 Classified and Analyzed Data Based On Types of Figurative Expressions

After having been identified, the data are later classified based on types of figurative expressions to where they belong. In this passage, the research adduces the explanation of each classification which already collected.

4.1.3.1 Personification

Here below are the lists of collected data that contained personification expression.

Table 4. Personification

Data Type of Figurative No. Data No. Expression 1 28 Before the beat kicks in again Personification 2 41 We'd go anywhere our minds would take us Personification 3 45 Love will come and love will go Personification 4 46 Loving can hurt Personification 5 52 Holdin' me closer 'till our eyes meet Personification 6 53 Loving can heal Personification And if you hurt me that's OK, baby, only 7 57 Personification words bleed 8 67 So tell me when it kicks in Personification All the voices in my mind calling out 9 71 Personification across the line Will your eyes still smile from your 10 99 Personification cheeks?

1. (28) Before the beat kicks in again

This sentence is considered as personification because the writer gives the human

ability ‘kick in’ to abstract object ‘beat’. Literally, this sentence means that the

beat can do a kicking, but the actual meaning of it is actually that the music starts

again.

2. (41) We'd go anywhere our minds would take us

The sentence above sounds odd and illogical because it is impossible for minds

to take someone to somewhere. ‘Mind’ is an abstract object and there is no way

it can take someone to a certain place. The real meaning of this sentence is ‘we

would go to anywhere we want to.’

3. (45) Love will come and love will go.

‘Love’ is an abstract object. It can’t be seen or touched, it can only be felt. It is

impossible for love to come and go just like what human being does. The

sentence above indicates that love can easily come and go similar with what a

man do when he comes or goes to a certain place. What the writer tries to imply

through this sentence is that one day, we can be in love and the other day we

might not be.

4. (46) Loving can hurt

‘Loving’ means the act of giving affection toward someone. The writer combines

it with the word ‘hurt.’ By doing this, it can be interpreted that loving someone

can literally hurt you. But the real point of this sentence is that loving someone

can lead us to sadness, not just happiness.

5. (52) Holdin' me closer 'till our eyes meet

As already known, ‘eye’ is one of the five senses which has function to see

things. Eyes cannot do what human being can do, for example, meeting someone

or something. What the writer tries to say is not that he asks for his girlfriend to

hold him closer until their eyes meet. What he tries to say to the listener is that he

wants his girlfriend to hold him close until they finally see each other.

6. (53) Loving can heal

‘Loving’ means the act of giving affection toward someone. The writer combines

it with the word ‘heal.’ By doing this, it can be interpreted that loving someone

can literally heal you from diseases. But the real point of this sentence is that by

loving someone, everything will seem better for us.

7. (57) And if you hurt me that's OK, baby, only words bleed

‘Word’ is something that comes out from people’ mouth when they talk to

someone, while ‘bleed’ means to lose blood from the body as a result of injury or

illness. The writer personifies the word ‘words’ as if they can bleed like human

being. The real meaning of this sentence is “and if you hurt me that’s okay baby

because I will not get hurt by what you have done to me.”

8. (67) So tell me when it kicks in

The word ‘it’ in this sentence refers to ‘chemicals’ (as shown in the previous

line). This sentence is considered as personification because the writer gives the

human ability ‘kick in’ to abstract object ‘chemical’. Literally, this sentence

means that the chemical can do a kicking, but the real meaning of it is actually

that the writer wants to know when he can feel the effect of the chemicals in his

bloodstream.

9. (71) All the voices in my mind calling out across the line

The voices in mind mean something that we have in mind or thoughts.

‘Thoughts’ are inanimate and abstract object. In this sentence, the songwriter

personifies it as if it can call something out. The act of calling can only be done

by living things. What the songwriter wants to convey through this sentence is

that he has the urge to express his thoughts.

10. (99) Will your eyes still smile from your cheeks?

As already known, ‘eye’ is one of the five senses which has function to see

things. ‘Smile’ is to form one’s features into a pleased, kind, or amused

expression. Eyes cannot smile for eyes have no thoughts that can order to do so.

Smiling is something that people do. What the songwriter tries to convey through

this sentence is “will you always be happy?”

4.1.3.2 Metaphor

Here below are the lists of collected data that contained metaphor expression.

Table 5. Metaphor

Data Type of Figurative No Data No. Expression And would you take away my hopes and 1 2 Metaphor dreams and just stay with me? 2 3 All my senses come to life Metaphor 3 4 Another place to let their hearts collide Metaphor You could stay within these walls and 4 9 Metaphor bleed 5 10 I'm stumbling off drunk, getting myself lost Metaphor 6 11 I'm so gone, so tell me the way home Metaphor And all of my hopes, all of my own words 7 13 Metaphor are all over written on the signs 8 14 But you're on my road walking me home Metaphor

See the flames inside my eyes it burns so 9 15 Metaphor bright I wanna' feel your love 10 16 Put your faith in my stomach Metaphor 11 17 I can't shake this feeling now Metaphor I know but all of my words will always 12 18 Metaphor below 13 19 I want you to be mine, lady Metaphor 14 22 This love is a blaze Metaphor 15 26 I'm in deep shit if anybody finds out Metaphor I reckon she was only looking for a lover to 16 31 Metaphor burn I went away for months until our paths 17 32 Metaphor crossed again 18 33 That heart is so cold all over my home Metaphor We drink away the days with a take-away 19 34 Metaphor pizza But you didn't need to take him to bed 20 35 Metaphor that's all Could you have been a part time lover to 21 38 Metaphor me We'd use each other's air just for the people 22 40 Metaphor to see And time's the only reason that we could 23 42 Metaphor break up 24 47 We keep this love in a photograph Metaphor 25 48 When our eyes are never closing Metaphor 26 49 Hearts are never broken Metaphor 27 50 Times forever frozen still Metaphor So you can keep me inside the pocket of 28 51 Metaphor your ripped jeans 29 54 Loving can mend your soul Metaphor And it's the only thing we take with us 30 56 Metaphor when we die 31 58 Inside these pages you just hold me Metaphor Oh you can fit me inside the necklace you 32 59 Metaphor got when you were 16 33 60 Next to your heartbeat where I should be Metaphor 34 61 Keep it deep within your soul Metaphor 35 62 I got sinning on my mind Metaphor I've been sitting here for ages ripping out 36 63 Metaphor the pages 37 64 Oh, coloured crimson in my eye Metaphor 38 65 One or two could free my mind Metaphor 39 66 I feel the chemicals burn in my Metaphor

bloodstream 40 68 Thought I'd find her in a bottle Metaphor 41 69 I saw scars upon a broken-hearted lover Metaphor 42 70 All the voices in my mind Metaphor 43 72 I saw scars upon her Metaphor 44 73 We are surrounded by all of these lies Metaphor 45 76 The way it brings out the blue in your eyes Metaphor 46 78 They just fade out when you take a breath Metaphor Just say the word and I will disappear into 47 79 Metaphor the wilderness 48 80 Lumière, over me Metaphor 49 82 I love him from my skin to my bones Metaphor 50 84 Put my home in a suitcase Metaphor But tragically our love just lost the will to 51 87 Metaphor live Recently I tend to zone out up in my 52 88 Metaphor headphones to Holocene You promised your body but I'm away so 53 89 Metaphor much 54 90 I stay more celibate than in a monastery Metaphor But when I broke the industry that's when I 55 91 Metaphor broke your heart I tend to turn you off and switch on my 56 92 Metaphor professional features 57 93 I know you have a day job but mine is 24/7 Metaphor 58 94 And lighting a spliff I fall into a spiral Metaphor 59 95 My thoughts just get ahead of me Metaphor I'm sorry for the honesty but I had to get 60 96 Metaphor this off my chest Will your mouth still remember the taste of 61 98 Metaphor my love? And, darling, I will be loving you 'til we're 62 100 Metaphor 70 63 102 Kiss me under the light of a thousand stars Metaphor 64 104 Maybe we found love right where we are Metaphor When my hair's all but gone and my 65 105 Metaphor memory fades When my hands don't play the strings the 66 107 Metaphor same way Cause, honey, your soul could never grow 67 108 Metaphor old, it's evergreen And, baby, your smile's forever in my mind 68 109 Metaphor and memory 69 110 And then the devil took your memory Metaphor

70 111 And we'll die inside Metaphor And we're wrapped in light and life and 71 112 Metaphor love Put your open lips on mine and slowly let 72 113 them shut for they're designed to be Metaphor together With your body next to mine our hearts 73 114 Metaphor will beat as one 74 115 We're afire love Metaphor 75 116 Then the devil took your breath away Metaphor Came to my mind I should paint it with a 76 118 Metaphor pen

1. (2) And would you take away my hopes and dreams and just stay with me?

The line above is definitely a metaphor for it is impossible to take someone’s

hopes and dreams. Hopes and dreams are abstract objects, things that cannot be

seen or touched. The actual meaning of this line is that he wonders whether or

not the girl he loves is willing to love and choose to be by his side forever.

2. (3) All my senses come to life

Literally, this line means that all of his senses have finally been alive as if that

they have been asleep before. It doesn’t make any sense because how come

someone’s senses go to sleep. What the songwriter tries to convey through this

line is that he finally realizes something. ‘Senses come to life’ means that he is

finally aware of something.

3. (4) Another place to let their hearts collide

This line is considered metaphor because there is no way we can let our hearts

collide. Heart is one of vital organs of human body and it is impossible for it to

collide. The preceded line needs to be paid attention to in order to fully

understand the figurative meaning of this line. The complete lines are ‘and all my

friends have gone to find another place to let their hearts collide.’ The literal

meanings of these lines are that his friends have found their own lovers. ‘Let

their heart collide’ are another way the songwriter chooses to convey the idea of

‘falling in love.’

4. (9) You could stay within these walls and bleed

The word ‘bleed’ in this line must not be literally defined as ‘losing blood.’ The

figurative meaning of this line is ‘you could just stay right where you are and be

in pain.’

5. (10) I'm stumbling off drunk, getting myself lost

‘Lost’ has a definition as unable to find one’s way or not knowing one’s

whereabouts. Lying upon that matter, it is impossible to have ourselves lost. This

line should be interpreted as ‘I’m stumbling off drunk, not knowing where to go

to.’

6. (11) I'm so gone, so tell me the way home

What the songwriter tries to say through this line is not that he does not know

where his home is. We can always tell where our home is, unless we have

amnesia, but Home’ is just a metaphor. What he tries to convey through the

using of the word ‘home’ is ‘a place where he belongs to.’ By all means, the

figurative meaning of this line is that he wants to comeback to a place where he

belongs.

7. (13) And all of my hopes, all of my own words are all over written on the

signs

Hope and dream share the same idea that they belong to abstract object. They are

either unseen or untouched. In other word, they cannot be written on the signs as

told by the line above. It clearly suggests that this line is a metaphor. Something

is written on the sign is for people to see. So, what the songwriter means by this

line is that he is completely aware of what he wants to do for his life for ‘he can

clearly see his hopes and dreams.’

8. (14) But you're on my road walking me home

The line above is a metaphorical sentence where the real meaning is that the girl

helps him to achieve what he wants in his life.

9. (15) See the flames inside my eyes it burns so bright I wanna' feel your love

Eyes and flames are completely two different things. Literally, the meaning of

the line above is that there flames in his eyes and he wants the girl to see them,

which makes no sense at all. The real meaning of this line is that he wants the

girl to know that he feels so thrilled, happy, and excited that he is so in love with

this girl.

10. (16) Put your faith in my stomach

Faith and stomach are two different things that have no relation to each other.

Faith is an abstract object whereas stomach is a part of human body. The line

above makes no sense if it is translated literally. ‘Put your faith in my stomach’

is a metaphorical sentence where the real meaning is ‘please trust me’ or ‘have a

faith in me.’

11. (17) I can't shake this feeling now

This line is considered as metaphor because it is impossible to shake a feeling.

Feeling is an abstract object where it cannot be seen, touched or shaken. What

the songwriter tries to express through this line is that he is not able to change the

way he feels toward something.

12. (18) I know but all of my words will always below of all the love you spoke

Generally, word means something that comes out from people’ mouth when they

talk to someone else. It is an abstract object which makes it impossible to put it

in a certain place just like concrete things. Literally, this line makes no sense at

all because it says that his words are always below which means that he is able to

put his words under the love she speaks. It suggests that it is a metaphor. What

he says about his words that will always below is that everything he says means

nothing compared to the feeling that this girl shares to him.

13. (19) I want you to be mine, lady

Literally, the meaning of the line above is that the singer wants to own the girl he

loves. It is impossible to own a person. Figuratively, the line means ‘I want you

to love me forever.’

14. (22) This love is a blaze

Love and blaze are completely two different things. Love is a strong feeling of

deep affection for somebody or something whereas blaze is a very large fire. In

this line, love is equated with blaze or fire. It suggests a metaphor. The real

meaning of this line is that the love the singer shares with his girl is so strong that

it can be felt by their closest ones, just like fire that can be easily seen.

15. (26) I'm in deep shit if anybody finds out

The figurative expression of metaphor shown in the using of the terms deep shit.

Deep shit means in trouble, so what the singer tries to convey to the listener is

that he will be in trouble if anybody finds out.

16. (31) I reckon she was only looking for a lover to burn

Love generally means a partner in a sexual relationship outside marriage. It is not

something that can be burned. Therefore, it clearly states that this line contains

metaphor. Something burned will always turn into ashes and will suddenly be

gone away. Lying upon that fact, the songwriter’ real intention in this line is that

he thinks that the girl he meets has no intention being in a real relationship. She

just wants to play around with him.

17. (32) I went away for months until our paths crossed again

The ‘our paths crossed again’ is a metaphor that has a meaning of ‘until we meet

again.’ Therefore, the real meaning of this line is ‘I went away for months until

we meet again.’

18. (33) That heart is so cold all over my home

The line above is clearly a metaphor for it is impossible to have a cold heart. The

‘heart’ part in this line refers to feeling. Cold is related to ice and ice is blue.

Based on that, it can be concluded that the meaning of this line is he is feeling

blue or in other words, he is feeling distressed.

19. (34) We drink away the days with a take-away pizza

Talking about drinking, it has to be something liquid. It is impossible to drink

something other than that. In this line, the singer metaphorically says ‘drink

away the days.’ Day is not something that can be drunk. What the songwriter

tries to suggest is ‘we spend the days while eating a take-away pizza.’

20. (35) But you didn't need to take him to bed that's all

The ‘take him to bed’ part does not literally mean ‘put him into the same bed as

hers.’ It is a metaphor to actually say having intercourse or sex. So, the figurative

meaning of this line is ‘but you did not need to have sex with him that’s all.’

21. (38) Could you have been a part time lover to me

It is considered metaphor for it uses the term ‘part time lover.’ Part time means

‘temporary.’ So, the literal meaning of this line is that they have been in a short

time relationship or it is just a temporary relationship.

22. (40) We'd use each other's air just for the people to see

It is obviously a metaphor sentence because it is impossible to use someone else’

air. Air is everywhere and it can be used by everybody, everywhere in any time.

‘Use each other’ air’ indicates that they are very close, close enough for them to

actually breathe the same air. Therefore, the figurative meaning of this line ‘we

are so close that people can see it.’

23. (42) And time's the only reason that we could break up

‘And time's the only reason that we could break up’ is a metaphor way to imply

‘we cannot be separated.’

24. (47) We keep this love in a photograph

This line is definitely a metaphor for there is no way love can be kept in a

photograph. Love is an abstract object which makes it untouched or unseen. It

can only be felt. Photograph is a picture of something captured by camera,

usually use as a memento of certain experience. By saying ‘we keep this love in

a photograph’, the songwriter actually wants to say that the love he shares with

the woman he loves must always be lasting forever just like a photograph.

25. (48) Where our eyes are never closing

People close their eyes when they sleep or die. By saying ‘where our eyes never

closing’, metaphorically, it means he is talking about the place where they don’t

sleep or die. What the songwriter implies is ‘a place where we always feel

happy’, that is why they don’t feel like sleeping.

26. (49) Hearts are never broken

Heart is one of vital organ of living things. It can be infected by virus but it

cannot be broken. ‘Hearts are never broken’ is a metaphor way chosen by the

songwriter to actually say ‘keep being strong.’

27. (50) Times forever frozen still

‘Forever frozen still’ means ‘not moving’ or in this case is ‘not ticking.’ By ‘not

ticking’, it means stop. So figuratively, this line means ‘times stop’ or in other

word, forever.

28. (51) So you can keep me inside the pocket of your ripped jeans

If the line is interpreted literally, it may lead to confusion for it is impossible to

keep someone inside the pocket of jeans. This line definitely contains metaphor.

The thing that she keeps inside her pocket jeans is a photograph (just like the title

of the song). So, in other word, he wants her to treat him like a photograph, to be

kept forever which means that he wants to be together with this girl forever.

29. (54) Loving can mend your soul

Mend means to repair something that has been damaged or broken so that it can

be used again. If this line is interpreted literally, the meaning will be ‘loving can

repair you broken soul.’ It is clearly a metaphor for it is impossible for love to

repair something for love is not a concrete object. What the songwriter tries to

say is that by loving someone, we can feel peace in our life.

30. (56) And it's the only thing we take with us when we die

The word ‘it’ in this line refers to ‘love.’ Therefore literally, this line means love

is the only thing we take with us when we die. As a matter of fact, we can take

something with us when we die, especially love. What the songwriter tries to

suggest from this line is that love is immortal and its essence will always be felt

even after the people involved are gone.

31. (58) Inside these pages you just hold me

Based on the explanations above, it has been already suggested that the singer is

symbolized with photograph. Therefore, it can be assumed that by saying ‘inside

these pages you just hold me’, the songwriter suggests that the woman he loves is

holding him close.

32. (59) Oh you can fit me inside the necklace you got when you were 16

Once again, the singer symbolized himself with photograph. Since ‘he is a

photograph’, the line above literally means to put him inside the necklace she got

when she was 16. Necklace is worn in neck which is close to chest. Chest is

always related to heart. So by asking to fit him inside her necklace, the

songwriter actually asks her to keep him close in her heart or in other word

means to always love him.

33. (60) Next to your heartbeat where I should be

This line basically shares the same idea with the previous line. Heartbeat is

related to heart and heart has relation with feeling. So, it actually means that he

wants this girl to always love him.

34. (61) Keep it deep within your soul

Literally, it is impossible to keep something in soul for soul is not a place. This

line is a metaphor sentence which actually suggests the idea of always

remembering him.

35. (62) I got sinning on my mind

Sin means an offence against God or against a religious or moral law. It is

something that is committed, not kept in mind. Mind is related to thinking about

something. So, by saying ‘I got sinning on my mind,’ he doesn’t actually say

about keeping his sin inside his mind but more about remembering every sin he

has committed.

36. (63) I've been sitting here for ages ripping out the pages

This line contains two metaphors. The first one is the ‘for ages’ part and the

other one is ‘ripping out the pages’ part. By saying for ages, the songwriter refers

to ‘a long time’ and for ‘ripping out the pages’, it suggests the idea of

reminiscing the things he has done in his life. The word ‘pages’ refers to ‘the

page of chapter of his life.’ Therefore, figuratively, this line means, ‘I’ve been

sitting here for quite a long time reminiscing the things I’ve done so far in my

life.’

37. (64) Oh, coloured crimson in my eye

Crimson is similar with red. The terms ‘coloured crimson’ in this line defines the

idea of the eye condition after crying. Eyes will turn red after crying. So, this line

figuratively means that he is weeping.

38. (65) One or two could free my mind

This line is considered a metaphor for it is impossible to set mind free. Mind is

an abstract object and it cannot be released or set free. To free something means

to release or let something go from. ‘Free my mind’ basically suggests the idea

of being liberated from something that bothers your mind. Lying upon that

matter, what the songwriter tries to say through this line is ‘one or two things can

make me feel free from all things that bother me.’

39. (66) I feel the chemicals burn in my bloodstream

Metaphorically, this line says that there is some sort of chemicals burn in his

bloodstream. It makes no sense for it is out of question to have something burned

in our bloodstream. The word ‘burn’ actually shares the same idea with ‘blend.

Therefore, the real meaning of this line is that whatever he consumes is somehow

starting to blend with his blood.

40. (67) Thought I'd find her in a bottle

This line clearly contains metaphor for it is impossible to find a person in a

bottle. ‘Bottle’ is something handy which means easy to find and to bring.

Therefore, the real meaning of this line is ‘thought it would be easy for me to

find a lover.’

41. (69) I saw scars upon a broken-hearted lover

It is not he literally sees scars upon a broken-hearted lover. It is a metaphor.

Scars and broken heart actually share the same idea, they have caused by

someone. So the real meaning of this line is that he hurts this girl’s feeling.

42. (70) All the voices in my mind

This line is considered a metaphor for it is impossible to have voices in mind.

The word ‘voices’ is just a metaphor to refer to ‘thoughts.’ Therefore, the

figurative meaning of this line is ‘all the things I think of.’

43. (72) I saw scars upon her

It is not he literally sees scars upon someone. It is clearly a metaphor. The real

meaning of this line is that he hurts this girl’s feeling.

44. (73) We are surrounded by all of these lies

Lie is something untrue that is told by someone. It is an abstract object. It cannot

surround someone or something. It suggests that this line is a metaphor. The real

meaning of this line is that they have been lying to each other.

45. (76) The way it brings out the blue in your eyes

The line above is clearly a metaphor for it is impossible to bring out the blue in

someone else’s eyes. The word ‘blue’ is the metaphor. Blue is known as the

color of calmness. What the songwriter tries to express is that the girl can make

people around her feel calm.

46. (78) They just fade out when you take a breath

The word ‘they’ in this line refers to ‘voices’ (as seen in the previous line). The

word ‘voices’ itself is a metonymy of ‘people.’ There is no denial that this line is

a metaphor for it is out of question to remove people just by taking a breath. It is

the way the songwriter uses to say that this girl can make him feel calm and

comfortable like there are no other people around them.

47. (79) Just say the word and I will disappear into the wilderness

This line is considered a metaphor for it is impossible to make people disappear

just by saying certain word. The ‘word’ he is talking about is the ‘I love you’

word. The real meaning of this line is ‘just tell me that you love me and I will be

extremely touched and happy.’

48. (80) Lumière, over me

Lumière is a French word that shares the same meaning with ‘to light up’ in

English. Literally, this line means ‘please light me up.’ It is considered a

metaphor. What the songwriter wants to say is not that he asks his girlfriend to

light him up with matches or torch or something but more to help him overcome

the troubles he has in his life.

49. (82) I love him from my skin to my bones

The term ‘from my skin to my bones’ is no doubt a metaphor. Technically, bones

are inside skin. It indicates the depth of human body. Therefore, it can be

concluded that the figurative meaning of this line is ‘I am deeply in love with

you’ or ‘I extremely love you.’

50. (84) Put my home in a suitcase

This line is considered a metaphor for it is impossible to put a home in a suitcase.

The term ‘home’ indicates a place to live while ‘suitcase’ means a case used to

carrying clothes when we are travelling. Lying upon that matter, it can be

concluded that the real meaning of this line is that the songwriter chooses to

move out and try to live on the road.

51. (81) But tragically our love just lost the will to live

Love is an abstract object which makes it impossible for it to lose something.

The term ‘love the will to live’ is a metaphor that suggests the idea of ‘die’,

‘stop’ or ‘gone.’ In other word, this line means they no longer love each other.

52. (88) Recently I tend to zone out up in my headphones to Holocene

Holocene is the geological epoch that began at approximately 9.700 BCE. It is

impossible to go back to the past. It shows that this line is a metaphor sentence.

The term ‘Holocene’ shares the same idea with daydream as it is a time in the

past which don’t exist anymore. Therefore, the real meaning of this line is

‘recently I tend to zone out up in my headphones while daydreaming.’

53. (89) You promised your body but I'm away so much

It is considered a metaphor because it is impossible to promise our body to

someone. Body is not something that can be given to someone. The word ‘body’

indicates the person. It is not that he asks for the girl as a person but more to ‘you

promised me to keep staying with me.’

54. (90) I stay more celibate than in a monastery

Celibate is a person who has chosen not to marry or have sex. It is just a

metaphor. It is not that he chooses to be a celibate for the rest of his life but that

he promises to his girlfriend that he will stay loyal to her by not loving the other

woman.

55. (91) But when I broke the industry that's when I broke your heart

This line above is a considered a metaphor for it is impossible to break

someone’s heart. By saying ‘broke your heart,’ he means that he disappoints his

girlfriend.

56. (92) I tend to turn you off and switch on my professional features

This line is clearly a metaphor sentence because there is no way we can turn

someone off and switch our professional features on like what is done with

electric switch. The real meaning of this line is that he puts his professional

features first before the girl he loves or in other word his professional career is

more important that her.

57. (93) I know you have a day job but mine is 24/7

The term ‘24/7’ (twenty four seven) derives from the 24 hours in a day and seven

days in a week. It is a metaphor that indicates someone’s bustle or activity. If he

says that his job is 24/7, it means that he has been busy doing his job.

58. (94) And lighting a spliff I fall into a spiral

The word ‘spiral’ in this line is a metaphor of confusion. Therefore, the real

meaning of this line is ‘and lighting a spliff, I’m in a confused situation.’

59. (95) My thoughts just get ahead of me

It is clearly a metaphor because thoughts are an abstract object. It cannot move or

be moved by someone or something else. Literally, this line means that his

thoughts are out of him. It figuratively means that he has no idea what to do

anymore for he doesn’t know what to think.

60. (96) I'm sorry for the honesty but I had to get this off my chest

Literally, it means that he wants to get something off his chest. It is impossible to

do so. It is just a metaphor to say that he wants to forget something.

61. (98) Will your mouth still remember the taste of my love?

This line is obviously a metaphor for it is impossible to remember the taste of

love. Love is an abstract object and it cannot be tasted. What the writer wants to

state through this line is whether or not the woman still feels his love.

62. (100) And, darling, I will be loving you 'til we're 70

Literally, this line means that the singer will still love his girlfriend until they

reach 70 years old. The number is just a metaphor to say ‘old.’ So, the real

meaning of this line is ‘and, darling, I will be loving you until we both are old

man.’

63. (102) Kiss me under the light of a thousand stars

The ‘under the light of a thousand stars’ is a metaphor of ‘night’ for stars only

show up at night. Therefore, the figurative meaning of this line is ‘please kiss me

at this beautiful night.’

64. (104) Maybe we found love right where we are

Love is an abstract object so it cannot be found. The line above is a metaphor

which states that they fall in love to each other the day they meet.

65. (105) When my hair's all but gone and my memory fades

This line is not literally asking about whether or not the woman will still love

him even after his hair’s gone and his memory fades. The ‘hair’s all but gone’

and ‘memory fades’ are metaphors that refer to characteristics of old man. Lying

upon that matter, the figurative meaning of this line is ‘will you still love me

when I’m old and no longer remember you?’

66. (107) When my hands don't play the strings the same way

This line basically shares the same idea with the line preceded it. It is a metaphor

whose real meaning is ‘will you still love me when I can no longer play a guitar

like I used to when I was young?’

67. (108) Cause, honey, your soul could never grow old, it's evergreen

Soul is an abstract object. Literally, it cannot grow old. This line is a metaphor

that states that she is a kind-hearted woman with love and compassion.

68. (109) And, baby, your smile's forever in my mind and memory

The line above is clearly a metaphor keep someone’s smile in mind and memory.

It is another way to say that he will forever remember her smile.

69. (110) And then the devil took your memory

The word ‘devil’ is a metaphor of ‘death.’ The real meaning of this line is ‘and

then you’re gone,’ or ‘and then you die.’

70. (111) And we'll die inside

It is considered a metaphor for literally, this line makes no sense at all. The term

‘inside’ shares the same idea with ‘mind and feeling.’ When mind and feeling

die, it means resting the minds and feelings for awhile. Resting the minds and

feelings means forget about what happens around. Therefore, it can be concluded

that real meaning of this line is that they want to take a rest and forget about

other things.

71. (112) And we're wrapped in light and life and love

Light, life, and love share the similar characteristic; they are abstract objects. It is

impossible to wrap something with those three things. What the songwriter tries

to say through this line is that they are finally in a peaceful situation.

72. (113) Put your open lips on mine and slowly let them shut for they're designed to

be together

The first sentence of the line above is metaphor that shares the same idea of

kissing someone while the second one means that the girl only belongs to him,

not just the lips but as a whole person. Therefore, the real meaning of this line is

‘kiss me for you only belong to me.’

73. (114) With your body next to mine our hearts will beat as one

It is impossible to have the same heartbeats with someone else. Therefore, the

line above clearly contains a metaphor. The ‘our hearts will beat as one’ is a

metaphor that states that they have the same feeling to each other. By having the

same feeling, it means that they love each other.

74. (115) We're afire love

Love and afire are completely two different things. Love is a strong feeling of

deep affection for somebody or something whereas blaze is a very large fire. In

this line, love is equated with fire. It suggests a metaphor. The real meaning of

this line is that the love the singer shares with his girl is so strong that it can be

felt by their closest ones, just like fire that can be easily seen.

75. (116) Then the devil took your breath away

The word ‘devil’ is a metaphor of ‘death.’ The real meaning of this line is ‘and

then you’re gone,’ or ‘and then you die.’

76. (118) Came to my mind I should paint it with a pen

This line is considered a metaphor for it is impossible to paint our mind with a

pen. The word ‘paint’ in this line shares the same idea of ‘remember.’ Therefore,

the figurative meaning of this line is that he will remember it forever just like

paints that stay long in a painting.

4.1.3.3 Simile

Here below are the lists of collected data that contained simile expression.

Table 6. Simile

Data Type of Figurative No Data No. Expression And I could play a guitar just like ringing a 1 37 Simile bell Getting high as two kites when we needed to 2 39 Simile breathe 3 44 Acting as if we were two rabbits Simile 4 83 Cold as stone in the kitchen light Simile When your legs don’t work like they used to 5 97 Simile before And, baby, my heart could still fall as hard at 6 101 Simile 23

1. (37) And I could play a guitar just like ringing a bell

It is considered as simile because in this sentence, the writer compares the way

he plays a guitar with ringing a bell which is an easy thing to do.

2. (39) Getting high as two kites when we needed to breathe

In this sentence, it can be seen that the writer compares the situation when they

are high taking a breath just like kites that fly high in the sky.

3. (44) Acting as if we were two rabbits

The writer compares himself and the person he infers to with two rabbits.

Rabbits are gentle and soft animal which often be kids’ favor to raise. Therefore,

the actual meaning of this line is ‘acting as we were kids.’

4. (83) Cold as stone in the kitchen light

It is considered as simile because the writer compares the cold situation he

experiences with stone in the kitchen light.

5. (97) When your legs don’t work like they used to before

In this line, the songwriter compares the legs of his girlfriend with the ones she

had in the past. It is about whether or not they will still do the same.

6. (101) And, baby, my heart could still fall as hard at 23

In this sentence, the writer expresses the idea that his heart will always be young,

gentle, and tough by comparing it with the idea of a heart of a 23-year-old man.

4.1.3.4 Synecdoche

Here below are the lists of collected data that contained synecdoche expression.

Table 7. Synecdoche

Data Data Types of Figurative No. No. Expressions Tell me that you turned down the man who 1 1 Synecdoche asked for your hand 2 5 Take my hand and my hearts and soul Synecdoche 3 6 I will only have these eyes for you Synecdoche Feel it rushing through you from your head 4 21 Synecdoche to toe 5 Can you feel it? Found you hiding here so 27 Synecdoche won't you take my hand darling We were staying on the same fucking hotel 6 36 Synecdoche floor 7 55 Remember that with every piece of ya Synecdoche 8 74 You got the kind of look in your eyes Synecdoche

9 75 Your silhouette over me Synecdoche It's been a long day, thumb on side of the 10 81 Synecdoche roadway 11 85 I knew he had his eyes on you Synecdoche 12 103 Place your head on my beating heart Synecdoche 13 106 And the crowds don't remember my name Synecdoche 14 117 Black suit black tie standing in the rain Synecdoche

1. (1) Tell me that you turned down the man who asked for your hand

This expression is categorized as synecdoche because the using of the word

‘hand’ to represent a person. In this case, a part of human body is used to

represent the person as a whole. The actual meaning of this line is ‘tell me that

you turned down the man who is willing to be with you.’

2. (5) Take my hand and my hearts and soul

In this line, the songwriter uses synecdoche to express his idea. He uses the

words ‘hand’, ‘heart’, and ‘soul’ that refer to a person. The meaning of this line

is not that he wants the girl to take his hand, heart, and soul, but to take him (as a

person).

3. (6) I will only have these eyes for you

This expression is categorized as synecdoche because the using of the word

‘eyes’ to represent a person. In this case, a part of human body is used to

represent the person as a whole. The real meaning of this line is ‘I will always

love you.’

4. (21) Feel it rushing through you from your head to toe

As can be seen in the line above, the songwriter once again uses a part of human

body to describe a person. The words ‘head’ and ‘toe’ signifies a person as a

whole body. Figuratively, what the songwriter tries to convey in this line is ‘feel

it rushing through you all over your body.’

5. (27) Can you feel it? Found you hiding here so won't you take my hand darling.

This expression is categorized as synecdoche because the using of the word

‘hand’ to represent a person. In this case, a part of human body is used to

represent the person as a whole. The actual meaning of this line is ‘can you feel

it? Found you hiding here so won’t you take me with you darling.’ The

songwriter doesn’t merely ask his girlfriend to take his hand, but to take him with

her.

6. (36) We were staying on the same fucking hotel floor.

This line indicates a synecdoche which is the use of a part of a thing to stand for

the whole where in this case is the word ‘hotel floor’ to signify ‘a hotel.’

Figuratively, it means that they are staying in the same hotel room, but the real

meaning is that they are in the same hotel, but in different hotel room.

7. (55) Remember that with every piece of ya

Figuratively, the meaning of this line is ‘remember that with every single piece

of you.’ What the songwriter really wants to say is not every piece of his

girlfriend, but his girlfriend as a whole person. It shows that he uses synecdoche

in conveying his idea.

8. (74) You got the kind of look in your eyes.

A synecdoche expression can be found in this line where the songwriter uses a

part of human body ‘eye’ to convey the idea of ‘face expression.’ In this line, he

gives emphasizing in ‘the kind of look in your eyes’ which means the eye

expression of the girl. But literally, what he tries to point out is not just the

expression of her eyes but the expression of her face.

9. (75) Your silhouette over me

The word ‘silhouette’ used by the songwriter is to indicate a ‘real’ person. It is

impossible to have a silhouette without having the person around. The actual

meaning of this line is ‘you come around me.’

11. (81) It's been a long day, thumb on side of the roadway

The word ‘thumb’ used by the songwriter to indicate ‘a person.’ It is not just the

thumb that is on the side of the roadway, but it is the person.

12. (85) I knew he had his eyes on you.

Literally, this line means that he knows that the other man gives his eyes to his

girlfriend, but it is impossible to give someone an eye. The literal meaning of this

line is ‘I know he loves you.’ So, in other word, the writer uses the word ‘eyes’, a

part of human body, to signify a person.

13 (103) Place your head on my beating heart

The term ‘beating heart’ is a synecdoche for it represents the word ‘chest.’ Heart

is a part of chest. The real meaning of this line is ‘place your head on my chest.’

14. (106) And the crowds don't remember my name

This line is considered as synecdoche which is the use of a part of a thing to

stand for the whole where in this case is the word ‘name’ to signify ‘a person.’

The literal meaning of this sentence is ‘and the crowds don’t remember me

anymore.’ ‘Me’ in this case is not just his name but he as a person.

10. (117) Black suit black tie standing in the rain

The term ‘black suit’ and ‘black tie’ are chosen by the songwriter to signify ‘the

people who wear black suit and black tie.’ Literally, this line means that there are

black suit and black tie that are standing in the rain. The actual meaning is not

mere black suit and black tie but they actually signify the people who are

wearing black suit and black tie.

4.1.3.5 Metonymy

Here below are the lists of collected data that contained metonymy expression.

Table 8. Metonymy

Data Type of Figurative No Data No. Expression 1 7 We'll be strangers if we see this through Metonymy 2 8 You could stay within these walls and bleed Metonymy 3 12 Searching for a sweet surrender Metonymy 4 20 Take another step into the no-man's land Metonymy 5 23 I saw flames from the side of the stage Metonymy And the fire brigade comes in a couple of 6 24 Metonymy days 7 25 I already know she's a keeper Metonymy I told her I'm not really looking for another 8 29 Metonymy mistake I called an old friend thinking that the 9 30 Metonymy trouble would wait 10 43 Watching blue planets, creating new habits Metonymy 11 77 And all of the voices surrounding us here Metonymy I'm just disgusted with the skeletons you 12 86 Metonymy sleep with in your closet to get back at me

1. (7) We'll be strangers if we see this through

The complete part of this line is ‘and you know everything changes but we’ll be

strangers if we see this through.’ This line means that they will be completely

different persons and be apart if they get affected by the changes that will

possibly happen in the future. Because being different persons and being apart

are pretty much similar with strangers, it can be simplified by using only

“strangers” as a metonymic phrase.

2. (8) You could stay within these walls and bleed

In this example, the songwriter is not literally talking about an understanding of

the ‘real’ walls, but an understanding of being isolated in her own house. With

metonymy, this idea can be presented as simply “these walls.”

3. (12) Searching for a sweet surrender

This song uses metonymy when the singer tries to look for a sweet surrender, a

term chosen by the songwriter to clarify that he actually tries to forgive himself.

4. (20) Take another step into the no-man's land

This line contains metonymy when the singer goes into no-man’s land which

refers to someplace far away. He simplifies it by using the term ‘no-man’s land.’

5. (23) I saw flames from the side of the stage

Although literally flames have no connection with woman, it can be understood

that this line means that the girl the singer sees from the side of the stage

catching his attention like flames. It is clear that this line uses metonymy which

is a figure of speech that replaces words with related or associated words.

6. (24) And the fire brigade comes in a couple of days

As the continuation of the line above, the songwriter also uses metonymy in this

line where he uses the terms ‘fire brigade’ to signify ‘love’. He chooses this term

for it is related to the word ‘flames’ (the one he uses in the previous line).

7. (25) I already know she's a keeper

In this line, the songwriter is not literally talking about an understanding of

keeping everything, but an understanding of having affection to keep alcoholic

drinks. With metonymy, this idea can be presented as simply “a keeper.”

8. (29) I told her I'm not really looking for another mistake

The songwriter is not literally talking about an interpretation of the entire type of

mistake, but an interpretation of making mistake in choosing a partner. With

metonymy, this idea can be interpreted simply with the term “mistake.”

9. (30) I called an old friend thinking that the trouble would wait

The songwriter uses metonymy where he uses the word ‘trouble’ that refers to

his girlfriend. From the entire lyrics it can be told that he and his girlfriend have

some problems in their relationship. That explains why then he interprets her

with the word ‘trouble’ for she is indeed a trouble for him.

10. (43) Watching blue planets, creating new habits

Blue planet is another term commonly used to signify ‘earth.’ In this line, the

songwriter uses metonymy by choosing to use the term ‘blue planet’ instead of

directly use the word ‘earth.’

11. (77) And all of the voices surrounding us here

This line is considered a metonymy where the songwriter uses the term ‘voices’

to indicate ‘people.’ It is not the voices that surround them but the people who

have the voices. Therefore, the figurative meaning of this line is ‘all the people

surrounding us here.’

12. (86) I'm just disgusted with the skeletons you sleep with in your closet to get

back at me

The term skeleton in this line is not literally referring to bones. It actually defines

the other man that his girlfriend cheats with. It clearly indicates that the

songwriter uses metonymy by using the term ‘skeletons’ instead of directly

saying ‘the other man.’

4.2 Findings

Based on the analysis of the songs contained in Ed Sheeran’ album entitled X, the research has found kinds of figurative expressions which are applied to the material.

After conducting the procedures of collecting, identifying, analyzing the data, the research is continued to count the percentage of each figurative expression based on educational statistic proposed by Butler (1985).

10 1. Personification : x 100 % = 8.47 % 118

76 2. Metaphor : x 100 % = 64.41 % 118

6 3. Simile : x 100 % = 5.08 % 118

14 4. Synecdoche : x 100 % = 11.86 % 118

12 5. Metonymy : x 100 % = 10.17 % 118

Table 9: Table of Figurative Expressions

Types of Figurative No. Data No. Total Percentages Expressions 28, 41, 45, 46, 52, 53, 57, 67, 1 Personification 10 8.47 % 71, 99 2, 3, 4, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 22, 26, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 38, 40, 42, 47, 48, 2 Metaphor 76 64.41 % 49, 50, 51, 54, 56, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 68, 69, 70, 72, 73, 76, 78, 79, 80, 82, 69

84, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 98, 100, 102, 104, 105, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 118 3 Simile 37, 39, 44, 83, 97, 101 6 5.08 % 1, 5, 6, 21, 27, 36, 55, 74, 75, 4 Synecdoche 14 11.86 % 81, 85, 103, 106, 117 7, 8, 12, 20, 23, 24, 25, 29, 30, 5 Metonymy 12 10.17 % 43, 77, 86 99.99 % TOTAL 118 (100%)

The calculation and the table adduces that there are 118 (one hundred and eighteen) findings, with the classification; 10 (ten) Personifications (8.47%), 76 (seventy six) Metaphors (64,41%), 6 (six) Similes (5.08%), 14 (fourteen) Synecdoche (11.86%), and 12 (twelve) Metonymies (10.17%).

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS & SUGGESTIONS

5.1 Conclusions

After conducting the procedures of collecting, identifying, analyzing, and tabulating the data, the final step that is essential to be conducted is drawing the conclusion. Conclusion is important as an aim to give the last information of the analysis. It is achieved based on the result of analysis that has been conducted in the previous chapter. Therefore, the conclusions that can be drawn after analyzing figurative expressions found in Ed Sheeran’s album X are as follow:

1. There are 118 (one hundred and eighteen) cases of figurative expressions found

in Ed Sheeran’s abum X. They are 10 (ten) Personifications, 76 (seventy six)

Metaphors, 6 (six) Similes, 14 (fourteen) Synecdoche, and 12 (twelve)

Metonymies.

2. The type of figurative expression that dominantly occurs in Ed Sheeran’s album

X is metaphor which represents 64.41% of whole cases, followed by synecdoche

with 11.86%, metonymy with 10.17%, personifications with 8.47%, and simile

with 5.08%.

Based on the result above, metaphor turns out to be the most dominant type of figurative expression found in Ed Sheeran’s album X. Metaphor becomes the most dominant type of figurative expression because a song sounds more beautiful with metaphor. Metaphor is proven to be able to attract the attention of the listeners.

Metaphors create vivid images in the listener’s head which makes it easier for them to

71 understand and remember the message that the songwriter wants to convey through his lyrics. It is not just be creative, but also suitable to the story and the mood intended to be portrayed.

5.2 Suggestions

It is clearly obvious that song can be classified as a way for human to communicate with others. A song is not only enjoyed as a form of art, but also gives information to the listeners through the lyrics. Just like in poem, or daily conversation, figurative expressions can also be found in the song lyrics which make them became more interesting and beautiful. It is not easy to interpret the figurative expression especially the ones found in a song. In order to be able to interpret them well, someone is also expected to have information and more experience to understand based on the author context.

In analyzing the figurative expressions, especially in song lyrics, the writer suggests the listener to understand and pay attention to the context of the object. Only by understanding the meaning of each figurative expression found in the song lyrics that listeners can fully absorb the meaning of the song.

Figurative expression is actually an interesting subject to study. What is the writer has in mind can be dived by understanding figurative expressions he used in his works. Therefore, the writer expects that there will be more researches about figurative expressions for it is an interesting subject to analyze. Figurative expressions are possibly to be found on other object such as novel, advertisements, poems, etc.

Based on research that has been conducted, it can be concluded that there are many sentences that actually use figurative expressions, especially in song lyrics. In this

72 study, the research is limited by only using the theory of figurative expression proposed by George Leech. Therefore, there are only a few types of figurative expression discussed in this study. As a matter of fact, there are also other types of figurative expressions introduced by other experts such as hyperbole, symbolism, irony, oxymoron, and many more. That is why the writer suggests that in the next research, students may apply other theory of figurative expression in order to get a more varied analysis.

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