Lessons on Disaster Response, Short-Term Disaster Recovery, and Long-Term Economic January 13, 2015 Recovery for the San Francisco Bay Area 6
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STATE OF CALIFORNIA • DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION ADA Notice TECHNICAL REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE For individuals with sensory disabilities, this document is available in alternate TR0003 (REV 10/98) formats. For alternate format information, contact the Forms Management Unit at (916) 445-1233, TTY 711, or write to Records and Forms Management, 1120 N Street, MS-89, Sacramento, CA 95814. 1. REPORT NUMBER 2. GOVERNMENT ASSOCIATION NUMBER 3. RECIPIENT'S CATALOG NUMBER CA15-1912 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5. REPORT DATE ROLES OF AIRPORTS IN REGIONAL DISASTERS: Lessons on Disaster Response, Short-Term Disaster Recovery, and Long-Term Economic January 13, 2015 Recovery for the San Francisco Bay Area 6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE 7. AUTHOR 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO. Jeanne B. Perkins, Jeanne Perkins Consulting N/a 9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS 10. WORK UNIT NUMBER Association of Bay Area Governments Mailing Address: P.O. Box 2050 -- Oakland, CA 94604-2050 3762 Location: Joseph P. Bort MetroCenter -- Eighth and Oak Streets, Oakland, CA 11. CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMBER Phone: (510) 464-7900 -- Fax: (510) 464-7979 Website: http://abag.ca.gov/ 65A0448 12. SPONSORING AGENCY AND ADDRESS 13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED California Department of Transportation Final Report Division of Research, Innovation and System Information, MS-83 6/1/12 to 9/30/14 P.O. Box 942873 14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE Sacramento, CA 94273-0001 15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 16. ABSTRACT The San Francisco Bay Area is subject to large disasters, including earthquakes, wildfires, and floods. However, catastrophic earthquakes are the largest threat to the region (consisting of Alameda, Contra Costa, Marin, Napa, San Francisco, San Mateo, Santa Clara, Solano and Sonoma counties). The Bay Area airport system includes three international airports, two commercial airports, and dozens of general aviation airports. All of these airports are key resources, as well as key transportation and logistics nodes, in emergency response and recovery. These roles continue during both immediate post-disaster recovery and long-term economic recovery of the region. However, the roles will be impacted and modified based on damage to associated surface transportation systems, utilities (telecommunications, power, fuel, water, wastewater), and support personnel, equipment and supplies. Thus, it is important that airport regulators, airports, and airport users share the same understanding of what could be asked of the aviation system to support disaster response and recovery. This report describes those understandings by identifying: A potential role for commercial and general aviation airports during the three disaster phases as expressed by local government organizations operating within the Bay Area; Actual roles of airports in several recent disasters, based on a review of the literature as well as interviews with airport operators and others involved with those airports at the time of the disasters and during long-term recovery; Recommendations of actions that could be taken by airports to ensure that they can more quickly recover from an incidents, increase their value to regional response actions in future disasters using potential performance improvements, adding mechanisms to speed repair of any damage to airport facilities or to infrastructure serving those facilities, and opportunities for improved coordination. 17. KEY WORDS 18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT Airport, Emergency Response, Resiliency Planning No restrictions. This document is available to the public through the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161 19. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION (of this report) 20. NUMBER OF PAGES 21. COST OF REPORT CHARGED Unclassified. 110 Reproduction of completed page authorized. DISCLAIMER STATEMENT This document is disseminated in the interest of information exchange. The contents of this report reflect the views of the authors who are responsible for the facts and accuracy of the data presented herein. The contents do not necessarily reflect the official views or policies of the State of California or the Federal Highway Administration. This publication does not constitute a standard, specification or regulation. This report does not constitute an endorsement by the Department of any product described herein. For individuals with sensory disabilities, this document is available in alternate formats. For information, call (916) 654-8899, TTY 711, or write to California Department of Transportation, Division of Research, Innovation and System Information, MS-83, P.O. Box 942873, Sacramento, CA 94273-0001. ROLES OF AIRPORTS IN REGIONAL DISASTERS: Lessons on Disaster Response, Short-Term Disaster Recovery, and Long-Term Economic Recovery for the San Francisco Bay Area Prepared by Jeanne B. Perkins, Jeanne Perkins Consulting under contract with the Association of Bay Area Governments (ABAG) January 13, 2015 The contents of this report reflect the views of the author who is responsible for the facts and accuracy of the data presented herein. The contents do not necessarily reflect the official views or policies of the Federal Highway Administration, the Federal Aviation Administration, the Federal Emergency Management Agency, the State of California, Caltrans, Office of Emergency Management or Caltrans, Division of Aeronautics. This publication does not constitute a standard, specification or regulation. Cover Photos – J. Perkins This report has been written as part of a larger project on airports and infrastructure resilience at ABAG funded in large part through Caltrans, Division of Research, Innovation and System Information. For information on the other aspects of this project, see the ABAG website at http://quake.abag.ca.gov/airport_resilience/. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS page Introduction ................................................................................................................................1 Part 1: Current Planning and Understanding of the Role of International, Commercial and General Aviation Airports in Disasters ..........................................3 Federal and Airport Efforts .................................................................................................4 o US Department of Homeland Security ....................................................................4 o FAA Emergency Preparedness Requirements ........................................................5 o Major Airport Disaster Planning .............................................................................6 o General Aviation Airport Disaster Planning ...........................................................8 o Planned Airport and Airline Response in an Emergency .......................................8 o The FAA and Air Traffic Control Operations ........................................................9 o Role of the FAA in Emergency Response .............................................................10 o Use of Out-of-Region Airports .............................................................................13 o Use of Federal Airports for Federal Resource Flights and Staging ......................14 o Role of the FAA in Airport Recovery....................................................................16 Current Understanding by Users .......................................................................................17 o Planned Use of Airports by Air Cargo Carries ......................................................17 o Planned Use of Airports by Passenger Carriers .....................................................20 o Planned Use of Airports by Disaster Service Providers ........................................21 o Planned Use of Airports by Business Users ..........................................................25 Gaps in Planning ................................................................................................................27 o Lack of Examination of the Role of Airports in Long-Term Regional Economic Recovery ................................................................................................................27 o Prior Lack of Examination of the Role of Smaller Commercial and General Aviation Airports ..................................................................................................28 o Need to Appreciate that Air Cargo Carriers and Passenger Airlines Station Specialized Equipment at the International and Commercial Airports ................29 o Lack of Continuity in Staffing of Disaster and Recovery Planning .....................30 o Need to Better Coordinate Surface Transportation with Airport Disaster Response and Recovery Planning .........................................................................30 Part 2: Role of International, Commercial and General Aviation Airports in Recent Natural Disasters ......................................................................................................31 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake ............................................................................................32 1994 Northridge Earthquake .............................................................................................39 2001 Seattle (Nisqually) Earthquake .................................................................................42 2005 Hurricane Katrina......................................................................................................47 2009 Samoan Earthquake and Tsunami .............................................................................53