DOCSLIB.ORG

R&D Systems, Inc., 1-800-343-7475, Rndsystems.Com

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
R&D Systems, Inc., 1-800-343-7475, Rndsystems.Com Neurotransmitter Receptors in the Retina The retina, a light-detecting structure, occupies approximately 75% of the inner surface of the eye. on their exact structure, will absorb red, green, or blue light. Rod cells are highly sensitive photoreceptors and Retina Approximately 20-30 mm in diameter, the retina represents the only component of the central nervous are associated with scotopic (night) vision. Cone cells, which contain only one of the three possible Photopsin system that can be observed without intervention. In humans, the retina is 0.5 mm in depth and composed of molecules, are less sensitive to light and are responsible for color vision. An additional photopigment, known nine to ten definitive layers. These layers contain at least seven general cell types, including retinal pigment as Melanopsin or Opn4, has been detected in specialized ganglion cells. This photopigment detects light in the Cornea Vitreous humour epithelial cells, photoreceptors, bipolar cells, horizontal cells, ganglion cells, Müller (glia) cells, and amacrine blue spectrum and relays information to the non-image forming part of the visual system. Iris cells. Multiple subtypes also exist for each of these cell types. To date, there are at least 10 distinct bipolar Phototransduction begins when light falls on photoreceptors and activates the photopigment. This initiates Pupil cells, between 10 and 15 ganglion cells, and between 25 and 30 different amacrine cells. Additionally, two a signal transduction cascade in photoreceptors, which is then transmitted to horizontal cells and bipolar Lens types of photoreceptors, rod and cone cells, are found in the retina. Rod cells account for about 95% of Retinal blood vessels cells. Bipolar cells subsequently interact with ganglion cells and amacrine cells, and the resulting processed all photoreceptors and are concentrated at the outer edges of the retina while cone cells are concentrated Aqueous humour information leaves the retina via ganglion cell axons, which merge to form the optic nerve. This schematic Hyaloid canal near the center of the retina around an area called the macula. Rod and cone cells contain a light-sensitive depicts potential neuronal processes, their interactions, and associated neurotransmitter receptors in the Ciliary muscle pigment called Rhodopsin and Photopsin, respectivley. These photopigments are comprised of Opsin, a seven retina. R&D Systems currently offers antibodies to many of these molecules. transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor, covalently bound to a Vitamin A derivative termed Retinal, and Optic nerve absorb specific wavelengths of light. Rhodopsin is sensitive to blue-green light while Photopsins, depending Retinal pigment epithelium P2Y1 α 7 nAChR RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM RHODOPSIN-CONTAINING PHOTOPSIN-CONTAINING SSTR2B MEMBRANE DISKS Epo R MEMBRANE DISKS MITOCHONDRIA NPY1R NPY2R ACh+ ACh+ NUCLEUS ACh+ CONE CELL ROD CELL ROD CELL CONE CELL D4R ADORA2A Glutamate Vesicles Glutamate Vesicles mGluR8a mGluR6 GluR6/GRIK2 GluR4 GluR4 mGluR8a Glutamate Vesicles GluR5/GRIK1 mGluR6 KA2/GRIK5 Orexin Receptor 1 GluR2 GluR2 GluR1 HRH3 GluR6/GRIK2 GluR2 GluR4 To Outer Plexiform To Outer Plexiform Layer mGluR5a SSTR2A Layer D1R mGluR1 P2X7 NPY1R + NK1R Orexin A Orexin B+ CHRM3 HRH1 HORIZONTAL CELLS mGluR8a NR1:NR2A OFF-CENTER BIPOLAR CELL BIPOLAR CELL D1R SSTR2A ON-CENTER BIPOLAR CELL P2Y4 BIPOLAR CELL Glycine Vesicles GluR5/GRIK1 α β 1 Gly R NR1:NR2C AII AMACRINE CELL + PKC KA2/GRIK5 Glutamate Vesicles DAergic AMACRINE CELL GluR3 GABAergic (AI) GABA Vesicles GABA-A R ρ AMACRINE CELL TrkB NK1R STARBURST AMACRINE CELL Glutamate Vesicles D4R µ-Opioid R GluR2 GABA-A R ρ To Inner Plexiform HRH1 GABAergic (AI) KA1/GRIK4 To Inner Plexiform Layer + α β µ-Opioid R NR1:NR2A Orexin A 2 1 Gly R AMACRINE CELL To Inner Plexiform Layer Orexin B+ SSTR5 Layer Glutamate Vesicles Glycine Vesicles P2X3 mGluR8a NR1:NR2B α β β δ GABA-A R NR1: NR2A SSTR5 1 1 2 GABAergic (AI) GAP Junction Dopamine Vesicles NR1:NR2A AMACRINE CELL GluRδ2 GABA-A R ρ D1R δ-Opioid R α β Gly R Acetylcholine Vesicles CHRM1 Glutamate Vesicles NR1:NR2D Glutamate Vesicles 4 1 α β γ GABA-A R mGluR7 1 3 2 Glycine Vesicles GluR5/GRIK1 Acetylcholine Vesicles α β γ GABA-A R GluR2 mGluR1α α Gly R 2 3 2 α β Gly R α β Gly R 1 mGluR8a 1 2 1 GluR4 mGluR5a CHRM2 GABA-B R Glycine Vesicles NR1:NR2D Glutamate Vesicles GABA Vesicles Glutamate Vesicles Acetylcholine Vesicles NR1:NR3A β-Endorphin Vesicles GluR2 GABA Vesicles NR1:NR2B ρ GluR4 α β nAChR GABA-A R 3 2 µ-Opioid R GluR4 α α γ 1 3 2 GABA-A R AII AMACRINE CELL GluRδ1 GABA Vesicles Glycine Vesicles α β γ GABA-A R GANGLION CELL GABA Vesicles 2 3 2 α β TrkB 1 Gly R CRLR MT2 D R OFF-CENTER GANGLION CELL 2 TrkC ON-CENTER GANGLION CELL Orexin Receptor 1 α β nAChR 7 2 ipRGC/MELANOPSIN+ GANGLION CELL α β 3 2 nAChR PACAP+ To Optic Nerve KEY: Adenosine A2A Receptor (ADORA2A) GABA-B Receptor Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor (mGluR) Opioid Receptor AMPA Receptor (GluR) Glutamate Receptor, delta (GluRδ) Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor (CHRM) Orexin Receptor 1 Calcitonin Receptor-like Receptor (CRLR) Glycine Receptor (Gly R) Neurokinin-1 Receptor (NK1R) Purinergic Receptor (P2X and P2Y) Dopamine Receptor (DR) Histamine Receptor (HRH) Neuropeptide Y Receptor (NPY R) Somatostatin Receptor (SSTR) Erythropoietin Receptor (Epo R) Kainate Receptor (GluR/GRIK and KA/GRIK) Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor (nAChR) Trk Receptor Kinase (Trk) GABA-A Receptor Melatonin Receptor 1B (MT2) NMDA Receptor (NR) NOTE: This poster conveys a general overview and should be considered neither comprehensive nor definitive. The details of the process are understood to be subject to interpretation. © R&D Systems, Inc. 2013 R&D Systems, Inc., 1-800-343-7475, RnDSystems.com.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Pipeline of Medications to Treat Substance Use Disorders
    Pipeline of Medications to Treat Substance Use Disorders Iván D. Montoya, M.D., M.P.H. Clinical Director and Deputy Director Division of Therapeutics and Medical Consequences NIDA • Cocaine Outline • Methamphetamine • Cannabis Past-Year Prevalence Per 1,000 1,000 People Per NSDUH, 2018 Past-Year Prevalence Per 1,000 1,000 People Per NSDUH, 2018 Number of Overdose Deaths CDC, 2018 Molecular Neurobiology of Stimulant Use Disorders Glutamate Enkephalin or Excitatory Input Dynorphin Inhibitory Neuron k Opioid Dopamine Receptors Enkephalin Receptors Inhibitory Dopamine Neuron GABA Neuron Neuron m Opioid REWARD Receptors GABA-A Receptors GABA Inhibitory Feedback GABA Presynaptic Inhibitory Opioid Neuron Receptors (m, d?) Ventral Tegmental Area Nucleus Accumbens (VTA) (NAc) Adapted from Koop, 2016 • 5HT2c Agonist - Lorcaserin (Belviq XR®) • Orexin 1 antagonists Cocaine • EMB-101 (Oxazepam + Metyrapone) • Buprenorphine + Opioid Antagonist – Clinical Studies • Ketamine • Oxytocin • L-Tetrahydropalmatine (L-THP) 5-HT2C Agonist - Lorcaserin • Clinically available • Selective agonist • Modulate mesolimbic dopamine, decreasing dopamine release • FDA-approved for weight loss • Lorcaserin (Belviq®)10 mg bid • Lorcaserin XR (Belviq XR®) 20 mg qd • Schedule IV • Arena Pharmaceuticals - Eisai Inc. Lorcaserin Pre-clinical Studies - Stimulants • Decrease cocaine self-administration and the reinstatement of responding for cocaine (Grottick et al., 2000; Burmeister et al., 2004; Burbassi and Cervo 2008; Cunningham et al., 2011; Manvich et al., 2012; RüediBettschen
    [Show full text]
  • A Guide to Glutamate Receptors
    A guide to glutamate receptors 1 Contents Glutamate receptors . 4 Ionotropic glutamate receptors . 4 - Structure ........................................................................................................... 4 - Function ............................................................................................................ 5 - AMPA receptors ................................................................................................. 6 - NMDA receptors ................................................................................................. 6 - Kainate receptors ............................................................................................... 6 Metabotropic glutamate receptors . 8 - Structure ........................................................................................................... 8 - Function ............................................................................................................ 9 - Group I: mGlu1 and mGlu5. .9 - Group II: mGlu2 and mGlu3 ................................................................................. 10 - Group III: mGlu4, mGlu6, mGlu7 and mGlu8 ............................................................ 10 Protocols and webinars . 11 - Protocols ......................................................................................................... 11 - Webinars ......................................................................................................... 12 References and further reading . 13 Excitatory synapse pathway
    [Show full text]
  • Blue Cone Monochromacy: Visual Function and Efficacy Outcome Measures for Clinical Trials
    RESEARCH ARTICLE Blue Cone Monochromacy: Visual Function and Efficacy Outcome Measures for Clinical Trials Xunda Luo1☯‡, Artur V. Cideciyan1☯‡*, Alessandro Iannaccone2, Alejandro J. Roman1, Lauren C. Ditta2, Barbara J. Jennings2, Svetlana A. Yatsenko3, Rebecca Sheplock1, Alexander Sumaroka1, Malgorzata Swider1, Sharon B. Schwartz1, Bernd Wissinger4, Susanne Kohl4, Samuel G. Jacobson1* 1 Scheie Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America, 2 Hamilton Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America, 3 Pittsburgh Cytogenetics Laboratory, Center for Medical Genetics and Genomics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America, 4 Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany ☯ These authors contributed equally to this work. ‡ OPEN ACCESS These authors are joint first authors on this work. * [email protected] (SGJ); [email protected] (AVC) Citation: Luo X, Cideciyan AV, Iannaccone A, Roman AJ, Ditta LC, Jennings BJ, et al. (2015) Blue Cone Monochromacy: Visual Function and Efficacy Abstract Outcome Measures for Clinical Trials. PLoS ONE 10(4): e0125700. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0125700 Academic Editor: Dror Sharon, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, ISRAEL Background Blue Cone Monochromacy (BCM) is an X-linked retinopathy caused by mutations in the Received: December 29, 2014 OPN1LW / OPN1MW gene cluster, encoding long (L)- and middle (M)-wavelength sensitive Accepted: March 21, 2015 cone opsins. Recent evidence shows sufficient structural integrity of cone photoreceptors in Published: April 24, 2015 BCM to warrant consideration of a gene therapy approach to the disease.
    [Show full text]
  • The Histamine H4 Receptor: a Novel Target for Safe Anti-Inflammatory
    GASTRO ISSN 2377-8369 Open Journal http://dx.doi.org/10.17140/GOJ-1-103 Review The Histamine H4 Receptor: A Novel Target *Corresponding author Maristella Adami, PhD for Safe Anti-inflammatory Drugs? Department of Neuroscience University of Parma Via Volturno 39 43125 Parma Italy * 1 Tel. +39 0521 903943 Maristella Adami and Gabriella Coruzzi Fax: +39 0521 903852 E-mail: [email protected] Department of Neuroscience, University of Parma, Via Volturno 39, 43125 Parma, Italy Volume 1 : Issue 1 1retired Article Ref. #: 1000GOJ1103 Article History Received: May 30th, 2014 ABSTRACT Accepted: June 12th, 2014 th Published: July 16 , 2014 The functional role of histamine H4 receptors (H4Rs) in the Gastrointestinal (GI) tract is reviewed, with particular reference to their involvement in the regulation of gastric mucosal defense and inflammation. 4H Rs have been detected in different cell types of the gut, including Citation immune cells, paracrine cells, endocrine cells and neurons, from different animal species and Adami M, Coruzzi G. The Histamine H4 Receptor: a novel target for safe anti- humans; moreover, H4R expression was reported to be altered in some pathological conditions, inflammatory drugs?. Gastro Open J. such as colitis and cancer. Functional studies have demonstrated protective effects of H4R an- 2014; 1(1): 7-12. doi: 10.17140/GOJ- tagonists in several experimental models of gastric mucosal damage and intestinal inflamma- 1-103 tion, suggesting a potential therapeutic role of drugs targeting this new receptor subtype in GI disorders, such as allergic enteropathy, Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) and cancer. KEYWORDS: Histamine H4 receptor; Stomach; Intestine.
    [Show full text]
  • A 3' UTR SNP Rs885863, a Cis-Eqtl for the Circadian Gene VIPR2 and Lincrna 689, Is Associated with Opioid Addiction
    RESEARCH ARTICLE A 3' UTR SNP rs885863, a cis-eQTL for the circadian gene VIPR2 and lincRNA 689, is associated with opioid addiction 1 1 2 3 4 Orna LevranID *, Matthew Randesi , John Rotrosen , Jurg Ott , Miriam Adelson , Mary Jeanne Kreek1 1 The Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America, 2 NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America, 3 The Laboratory of Statistical Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of a1111111111 America, 4 Dr. Miriam and Sheldon G. Adelson Clinic for Drug Abuse Treatment and Research, Las Vegas, a1111111111 Nevada, United States of America a1111111111 a1111111111 * [email protected] a1111111111 Abstract There is a reciprocal relationship between the circadian and the reward systems. Polymor- OPEN ACCESS phisms in several circadian rhythm-related (clock) genes were associated with drug addic- Citation: Levran O, Randesi M, Rotrosen J, Ott J, tion. This study aims to search for associations between 895 variants in 39 circadian Adelson M, Kreek MJ (2019) A 3' UTR SNP rhythm-related genes and opioid addiction (OUD). Genotyping was performed with the rs885863, a cis-eQTL for the circadian gene VIPR2 ® and lincRNA 689, is associated with opioid Smokescreen array. Ancestry was verified by principal/MDS component analysis and the addiction. PLoS ONE 14(11): e0224399. https:// sample was limited to European Americans (EA) (OUD; n = 435, controls; n = 138). Nomi- doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224399 nally significant associations (p < 0.01) were detected for several variants in genes encoding Editor: Huiping Zhang, Boston University, UNITED vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor 2 (VIPR2), period circadian regulator 2 (PER2), STATES casein kinase 1 epsilon (CSNK1E), and activator of transcription and developmental regula- Received: August 22, 2019 tor (AUTS2), but no signal survived correction for multiple testing.
    [Show full text]
  • Mechanisms of Acetylcholine Receptor Loss in Myasthenia Gravis
    J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry: first published as 10.1136/jnnp.43.7.601 on 1 July 1980. Downloaded from Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 1980, 43, 601-610 Mechanisms of acetylcholine receptor loss in myasthenia gravis DANIEL B DRACHMAN, ROBERT N ADAMS, ELIS F STANLEY, AND ALAN PESTRONK From the Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA SUMMARY The fundamental abnormality affecting the neuromuscular junctions of myasthenic patients is a reduction of available AChRs, due to an autoimmune attack directed against the receptors. Antibodies to AChR are present in most patients, and there is evidence that they have a predominant pathogenic role in the disease, aided by complement. The mechanism of antibody action involves acceleration of the rate of degradation of AChRs, attributable to cross-linking of the receptors. In addition, antibodies may block AChRs, and may participate in producing destructive changes, perhaps in conjunction with complement. The possibility that cell-mediated mechanisms may play a role in the autoimmune responses of some myasthenic patients remains to be explored. Although the target of the autoimmune attack in myasthenic patients is probably always the acetyl- Protected by copyright. choline receptors, it is not yet clear which of these immune mechanisms are most important. It is likely that the relative role of each mechanism varies from patient to patient. One of the goals of future research will be to identify the relative importance of each
    [Show full text]
  • The Role of the Mtor Pathway in Developmental Reprogramming Of
    THE ROLE OF THE MTOR PATHWAY IN DEVELOPMENTAL REPROGRAMMING OF HEPATIC LIPID METABOLISM AND THE HEPATIC TRANSCRIPTOME AFTER EXPOSURE TO 2,2',4,4'- TETRABROMODIPHENYL ETHER (BDE-47) An Honors Thesis Presented By JOSEPH PAUL MCGAUNN Approved as to style and content by: ________________________________________________________** Alexander Suvorov 05/18/20 10:40 ** Chair ________________________________________________________** Laura V Danai 05/18/20 10:51 ** Committee Member ________________________________________________________** Scott C Garman 05/18/20 10:57 ** Honors Program Director ABSTRACT An emerging hypothesis links the epidemic of metabolic diseases, such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and diabetes with chemical exposures during development. Evidence from our lab and others suggests that developmental exposure to environmentally prevalent flame-retardant BDE47 may permanently reprogram hepatic lipid metabolism, resulting in an NAFLD-like phenotype. Additionally, we have demonstrated that BDE-47 alters the activity of both mTOR complexes (mTORC1 and 2) in hepatocytes. The mTOR pathway integrates environmental information from different signaling pathways, and regulates key cellular functions such as lipid metabolism, innate immunity, and ribosome biogenesis. Thus, we hypothesized that the developmental effects of BDE-47 on liver lipid metabolism are mTOR-dependent. To assess this, we generated mice with liver-specific deletions of mTORC1 or mTORC2 and exposed these mice and their respective controls perinatally to
    [Show full text]
  • Edinburgh Research Explorer
    Edinburgh Research Explorer International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. LXXXVIII. G protein-coupled receptor list Citation for published version: Davenport, AP, Alexander, SPH, Sharman, JL, Pawson, AJ, Benson, HE, Monaghan, AE, Liew, WC, Mpamhanga, CP, Bonner, TI, Neubig, RR, Pin, JP, Spedding, M & Harmar, AJ 2013, 'International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. LXXXVIII. G protein-coupled receptor list: recommendations for new pairings with cognate ligands', Pharmacological reviews, vol. 65, no. 3, pp. 967-86. https://doi.org/10.1124/pr.112.007179 Digital Object Identifier (DOI): 10.1124/pr.112.007179 Link: Link to publication record in Edinburgh Research Explorer Document Version: Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Published In: Pharmacological reviews Publisher Rights Statement: U.S. Government work not protected by U.S. copyright General rights Copyright for the publications made accessible via the Edinburgh Research Explorer is retained by the author(s) and / or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing these publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Take down policy The University of Edinburgh has made every reasonable effort to ensure that Edinburgh Research Explorer content complies with UK legislation. If you believe that the public display of this file breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 02. Oct. 2021 1521-0081/65/3/967–986$25.00 http://dx.doi.org/10.1124/pr.112.007179 PHARMACOLOGICAL REVIEWS Pharmacol Rev 65:967–986, July 2013 U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Photosynthesis
    20 Photosynthesis Plants use sunlight (Photon), (H O) and (CO ) to convert light Energy into chemical Energy by 2 2 chlorophyll. This process is known as photosynthesis. Chemical equation : Sunlight 6CO + 12H O o C H O + 6O + 6H O 2 2 Chlorophyll 6 12 6 2 2 Necessary factors for photoynthesis : Light Chlorophyll Water (H O) 2 Carbon Dioxide (CO ) (0.03 % in the atmosphere) 2 Photosynthetic Organisms : Different types of algae (Blue green algae, Brown algae, Red algae, Green algae). Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms, Angiosperms. Some bacteria. (Note : Fungi is not able to perform photosynthesis due to lack of chlorophyll.) Advantages of Photosynthesis : Main products of photosynthesis are starch and sucrose. (O ) is byproduct which is used by organisms for respiration. 2 (1) What is produced as byproduct of photosynthesis ? (A) Oxygen (B) Nitrogen (C) Carbon dioxide (D) Sulphur dioxide (2) Which type of energy can be used by all organisms ? (A) Light energy (B) Chemical energy (C) Heat energy (D) Water potential (3) Which of the following type of reaction photosynthesis is ? (A) Anabolic, Endothermic, Reduction (B) Anabolic, Endothermic, Oxidation (C) Catabolic, Exothermic, Oxidation (D) Catabolic, Endothermic, Reduction Answers : (1-A), (2-B), (3-A) 382 History of Photosynthesis : No. Name of Scientist Contribution 1. Joseph Priestly Plants obtain CO from atmosphere and release O . 2 2 (1733-1804) 2. Ingenhouse In bright sunlight, small bubbles were formed around the (1730-1799) green parts of the plant. 3. Julius Von Sachs Green substance (chlorophyll) in plants is located in special (1854) bodies (chloroplast) of plant cell. This green substances produces glucose which is usually stored in the form of starch.
    [Show full text]
  • Lysophosphatidic Acid Signaling in the Nervous System
    Neuron Review Lysophosphatidic Acid Signaling in the Nervous System Yun C. Yung,1,3 Nicole C. Stoddard,1,2,3 Hope Mirendil,1 and Jerold Chun1,* 1Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Department, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA 2Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA 3Co-first author *Correspondence: [email protected] http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2015.01.009 The brain is composed of many lipids with varied forms that serve not only as structural components but also as essential signaling molecules. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is an important bioactive lipid species that is part of the lysophospholipid (LP) family. LPA is primarily derived from membrane phospholipids and signals through six cognate G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), LPA1-6. These receptors are expressed on most cell types within central and peripheral nervous tissues and have been functionally linked to many neural pro- cesses and pathways. This Review covers a current understanding of LPA signaling in the nervous system, with particular focus on the relevance of LPA to both physiological and diseased states. Introduction LPA synthesis/degradative enzymes (reviewed in Sigal et al., The human brain is composed of approximately 60%–70% lipids 2005; Brindley and Pilquil, 2009; Perrakis and Moolenaar, by dry weight (Svennerholm et al., 1994). These lipids can be 2014). In view of the broad neurobiological influences of LPA divided into two major pools, structural and signaling, which signaling, its dysregulation may lead to diverse neuropathologies include well-known families such as cholesterol, fatty acids, ei- (Bandoh et al., 2000; Houben and Moolenaar, 2011; Yung et al., cosanoids, endocannabinoids, and prostaglandins (Figure 1).
    [Show full text]
  • A Real-Time Retinomorphic Simulator Using a Conductance-Based Discrete Neuronal Network
    A Real-Time Retinomorphic Simulator Using a Conductance-Based Discrete Neuronal Network Seungbum Baek1;5, Jason K. Eshraghian2;5, Wesley Thio2, Yulia Sandamirskaya3, Herbert H.C. Iu 4 and Wei D. Lu2 1College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 362763, South Korea 2School of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA 3Institute of Neuroinformatics Neuroscience Center Zurich University and ETH Zurich, Switzerland 4School of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia 5These authors contributed equally to this manuscript. Abstract—We present an optimized conductance-based retina [2], and fabricating high-performance image sensors that are microcircuit simulator which transforms light stimuli into a on par with the specifications of the retina in terms of power series of graded and spiking action potentials through photo dissipation, dynamic range, and resolution [3]–[7]. At present, transduction. We use discrete retinal neuron blocks based on a collation of single-compartment models and morphologically most bio-inspired image processors trade-off the ability to pass realistic formulations, and successfully achieve a biologically low-frequency content and low spatial resolution, in favor of real-time simulator. This is done by optimizing the numerical practicality. methods employed to solve the system of over 270 nonlinear Beyond hardware, a similar distinction exists between bi-
    [Show full text]
  • Protease Effects on the Structure of Acetylcholine Receptor Membranes from Torpedo Californica
    PROTEASE EFFECTS ON THE STRUCTURE OF ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTOR MEMBRANES FROM TORPEDO CALIFORNICA MICHAEL W. KLYMKOWSKY, JOHN E . HEUSER, and ROBERT M. STROUD From the Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143 . Dr . Klymkowsky's present address is MRC Neuroimmunology Project, Department of Zoology, University College London, London WC IE, 6BT, England ABSTRACT Protease digestion of acetylcholine receptor-rich membranes derived from Torpedo californica electroplaques by homogenization and isopycnic centrifugation results in degradation of all receptor subunits without any significant effect on the appearance in electron micrographs, the toxin binding ability, or the sedimentation value of the receptor molecule . Such treatment does produce dramatic changes in the morphology of the normally 0.5- to 2-lm-diameter spherical vesicles when observed by either negative-stain or freeze-fracture electron microscopy . Removal of peripheral, apparently nonreceptor polypeptides by alkali stripping (Neubig et al ., 1979, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 76:690-694) results in increased sensitivity of the acetylcholine receptor membranes to the protease trypsin as indicated by SDS gel electrophoretic patterns and by the extent of morphologic change observed in vesicle structure . Trypsin digestion of alkali-stripped receptor membranes results in a limit degradation pattern of all four receptor subunits, whereupon all the vesicles undergo the morphological transformation to minivesicles
    [Show full text]