Neurotransmitter Receptors in the Retina

The retina, a light-detecting structure, occupies approximately 75% of the inner surface of the eye. on their exact structure, will absorb red, green, or blue light. Rod cells are highly sensitive photoreceptors and Retina Approximately 20-30 mm in diameter, the retina represents the only component of the central nervous are associated with scotopic (night) vision. Cone cells, which contain only one of the three possible Photopsin system that can be observed without intervention. In humans, the retina is 0.5 mm in depth and composed of molecules, are less sensitive to light and are responsible for color vision. An additional photopigment, known nine to ten definitive layers. These layers contain at least seven general cell types, including retinal pigment as Melanopsin or Opn4, has been detected in specialized ganglion cells. This photopigment detects light in the Cornea Vitreous humour epithelial cells, photoreceptors, bipolar cells, horizontal cells, ganglion cells, Müller (glia) cells, and amacrine blue spectrum and relays information to the non-image forming part of the visual system. Iris cells. Multiple subtypes also exist for each of these cell types. To date, there are at least 10 distinct bipolar Phototransduction begins when light falls on photoreceptors and activates the photopigment. This initiates Pupil cells, between 10 and 15 ganglion cells, and between 25 and 30 different amacrine cells. Additionally, two a signal transduction cascade in photoreceptors, which is then transmitted to horizontal cells and bipolar Lens types of photoreceptors, rod and cone cells, are found in the retina. Rod cells account for about 95% of Retinal blood vessels cells. Bipolar cells subsequently interact with ganglion cells and amacrine cells, and the resulting processed all photoreceptors and are concentrated at the outer edges of the retina while cone cells are concentrated Aqueous humour information leaves the retina via ganglion cell axons, which merge to form the optic nerve. This schematic Hyaloid canal near the center of the retina around an area called the macula. Rod and cone cells contain a light-sensitive depicts potential neuronal processes, their interactions, and associated neurotransmitter receptors in the Ciliary muscle pigment called Rhodopsin and Photopsin, respectivley. These photopigments are comprised of Opsin, a seven retina. R&D Systems currently offers antibodies to many of these molecules. transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor, covalently bound to a Vitamin A derivative termed Retinal, and Optic nerve absorb specific wavelengths of light. Rhodopsin is sensitive to blue-green light while Photopsins, depending Retinal pigment epithelium

P2Y1

α 7 nAChR RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM RHODOPSIN-CONTAINING PHOTOPSIN-CONTAINING SSTR2B MEMBRANE DISKS Epo R MEMBRANE DISKS

MITOCHONDRIA NPY1R NPY2R ACh+ ACh+

NUCLEUS ACh+ CONE CELL ROD CELL ROD CELL CONE CELL D4R

ADORA2A

Glutamate Vesicles Glutamate Vesicles

mGluR8a mGluR6 GluR6/GRIK2 GluR4 GluR4 mGluR8a Glutamate Vesicles

GluR5/GRIK1 mGluR6 KA2/GRIK5 Orexin Receptor 1 GluR2 GluR2 GluR1 HRH3 GluR6/GRIK2 GluR2 GluR4 To Outer Plexiform To Outer Plexiform Layer mGluR5a SSTR2A Layer

D1R mGluR1

P2X7 NPY1R

+ NK1R Orexin A Orexin B+ CHRM3 HRH1 HORIZONTAL CELLS

mGluR8a

NR1:NR2A OFF-CENTER BIPOLAR CELL

BIPOLAR CELL D1R SSTR2A

ON-CENTER BIPOLAR CELL P2Y4 BIPOLAR CELL Glycine Vesicles GluR5/GRIK1 α β 1 Gly R

NR1:NR2C AII AMACRINE CELL + PKC KA2/GRIK5 Glutamate Vesicles DAergic AMACRINE CELL GluR3 GABAergic (AI) GABA Vesicles GABA-A R ρ AMACRINE CELL TrkB NK1R STARBURST AMACRINE CELL Glutamate Vesicles D4R µ-Opioid R GluR2 GABA-A R ρ To Inner Plexiform HRH1 GABAergic (AI) KA1/GRIK4 To Inner Plexiform Layer + α β µ-Opioid R NR1:NR2A Orexin A 2 1 Gly R AMACRINE CELL To Inner Plexiform Layer Orexin B+ SSTR5 Layer Glutamate Vesicles Glycine Vesicles P2X3 mGluR8a NR1:NR2B α β β δ GABA-A R NR1: NR2A SSTR5 1 1 2 GABAergic (AI) GAP Junction Dopamine Vesicles NR1:NR2A AMACRINE CELL GluRδ2 GABA-A R ρ D1R δ-Opioid R α β Gly R Acetylcholine Vesicles CHRM1 Glutamate Vesicles NR1:NR2D Glutamate Vesicles 4 1 α β γ GABA-A R mGluR7 1 3 2 Glycine Vesicles GluR5/GRIK1 Acetylcholine Vesicles α β γ GABA-A R GluR2 mGluR1α α Gly R 2 3 2 α β Gly R α β Gly R 1 mGluR8a 1 2 1 GluR4 mGluR5a CHRM2 GABA-B R Glycine Vesicles NR1:NR2D Glutamate Vesicles GABA Vesicles Glutamate Vesicles Acetylcholine Vesicles NR1:NR3A β-Endorphin Vesicles GluR2 GABA Vesicles NR1:NR2B ρ GluR4 α β nAChR GABA-A R 3 2 µ-Opioid R GluR4 α α γ 1 3 2 GABA-A R AII AMACRINE CELL GluRδ1 GABA Vesicles Glycine Vesicles α β γ GABA-A R GANGLION CELL GABA Vesicles 2 3 2 α β TrkB 1 Gly R

CRLR MT2 D R OFF-CENTER GANGLION CELL 2 TrkC ON-CENTER GANGLION CELL Orexin Receptor 1

α β nAChR 7 2 ipRGC/MELANOPSIN+ GANGLION CELL α β 3 2 nAChR

PACAP+

To Optic Nerve

KEY:

Adenosine A2A Receptor (ADORA2A) GABA-B Receptor Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor (mGluR) Opioid Receptor

AMPA Receptor (GluR) Glutamate Receptor, delta (GluRδ) Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor (CHRM) Orexin Receptor 1

Calcitonin Receptor-like Receptor (CRLR) Glycine Receptor (Gly R) Neurokinin-1 Receptor (NK1R) Purinergic Receptor (P2X and P2Y)

Dopamine Receptor (DR) Histamine Receptor (HRH) Neuropeptide Y Receptor (NPY R) Somatostatin Receptor (SSTR)

Erythropoietin Receptor (Epo R) Kainate Receptor (GluR/GRIK and KA/GRIK) Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor (nAChR) Trk Receptor Kinase (Trk)

GABA-A Receptor Melatonin Receptor 1B (MT2) NMDA Receptor (NR)

NOTE: This poster conveys a general overview and should be considered neither comprehensive nor definitive. The details of the process are understood to be subject to interpretation. © R&D Systems, Inc. 2013 R&D Systems, Inc., 1-800-343-7475, RnDSystems.com