ABSTRACT CHRISTIAN LEADERSHIP AND THE CHALLENGE OF PEACEFUL COEXISTENCE AMONG CHRISTIANS AND MUSLIMS IN KAFANCHAN KADUNA STATE. By Madugu Markus Kafanchan has been the home for so many Nigerians from the North, South, East and even foreigners, especially Missionaries, but for about three decades peace has eluded the people due to continuous religious killings and conflicts between Hausa/Fulani−Muslim who are long time visitors to the area and the natives who are Christians. The purpose of the study is to investigate the causes and consequences of the crises between Christians and Muslims in Kafanchan, exploring the context of Christian leadership. For quite sometime the conflicts have been responsible for the loss of many lives, destruction of properties, businesses, worship centers and a major hindrance to socio-economic development of the area as well as the general well being of the people. The good relationship between these people groups that existed for quite some time has been erupted. The people today are living under an atmosphere of hate, intolerance, lack of trust, vengeance, acrimony, vendetta and are unforgiving. The research adopted interview method for data collection and a wide range of literature has been reviewed and consulted as secondary source. A total of thirty-five subject participants aged twenty-five to eighty years old were carefully selected. The participants are leaders in different hierarchies of the Church, indigenes of Kafanchan or had a long stay in the study area. The participants’ willingness to participate in the study was sought for through the signing of the consent letter and consent form. Nine questions were carefully crafted into a questionnaire in order to provide answers to i the research question. The questionnaires were administered one-on-one and the responses have been collated, analyzed and presented statistically. Conflict is normal in human society regardless of the history of peoples domicile in an area. Conflicts or crises may not be totally bad as it helps in understanding the cause/effects and how to effectively manage the crises and enhance relationship. Many factors were identified as the major causes of the Christian/Muslim religious conflicts in Kafanchan such as: Christians and Muslims who claimed that their religion is a religion of peace must move ahead from preaching peace to practicing the peace message in their daily life and conduct. The leaders must study hard to gain sound knowledge of the Bible and Quranic texts. We must by knowledge stop stigmatization of religion and describing members of certain religion as all evil and their religious books as satanic. Bad Government policies and programs are listed as some of the causes of religious killings and conflicts in Kafanchan, Nigeria and the world over. The increasing number of unemployment and poverty in youth has made the youth vulnerable and ready tools for political thuggery, drug addiction and criminal activities. Religious leaders must mobilize resources and form synergy with the Government toward establishing youth, women and orphans into small- scale entrepreneurship and skill acquisition. Deliberate efforts must be organized by the Church, Mosque, Government and all stake- holders to end the crises in Kafanchan. It’s only an atmosphere of peace that will allow things to happen. Since the crises, many religious programs have been disrupted or even hindered. For example, night vigils, Palm Sunday public procession, evening programs and even the Sunday ii service are always done under the watch of heavy security not to mention the continuous imposition of a twenty-four hour curfew, the disturbing noise of military sirens and helicopters flying by on surveillance. Whenever any crisis occurs in Kafanchan, the people respond by taking sides based on religion, ethnic or political affiliations. In such a situation, the solutions proffered after every peace and reconciliation committee set up by the Government are dotted as bias recommendations. There is the need for the victims and aggressors to be organized into a forum to dialogue or talk over the real issues in real terms and in a peaceful environment. This will help in reaching compromise so that the parties involved may be able to pronounce forgiveness and initiate a deep or inner healing. iii DISSERTATION APPROVAL This is to certify that the dissertation entitled CHRISTIAN LEADERSHIP AND THE CHALLENGE OF PEACEFUL COEXISTENCE AMONG CHRISTIANS AND MUSLIMS IN KAFANCHAN KADUNA STATE. Presented by Markus Madugu Dogo Has been accepted towards fulfillment of the requirements for the DOCTOR OF MINISTRY degree at Asbury Theological Seminary ____________________________________ ____________________ Dissertation Coach Date ____________________________________ ___________________ Representative, Doctor of Ministry Program Date ____________________________________ ___________________ Dean of the Beeson Center Date iv CHRISTIAN LEADERSHIP AND THE CHALLENGE OF PEACEFUL COEXISTENCE AMONG CHRISTIANS AND MUSLIMS IN KAFANCHAN KADUNA STATE. A Dissertation Presented to the faculty of Asbury Theological Seminary In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Ministry By Markus Madugu Dogo April 2017 v COPYRIGHT © 2017 MARKUS MADUGU DOGO ALL RIGHTS RESERVED TABLE OF CONTENTS vi pages LIST OF TABLES ………………………………………………...…………….. viii LIST OF FIGURES ……………………………………………………………......ix ACKNOWLEDGEMENT …………………………………………..…………….. x CHAPTER 1 NATURE OF THE PROJECT ……………………………..………..1 Overview of the chapter ………………………………………..…..1 Autobiographical introduction ……………………………...…….. 1 Statement of the Problem ………………………..…………………5 Purpose of the Project ……………………………………..……….6 Research question ……………………………………..……………6 Rationale for the project…………………………..………………...7 Definition of key terms …………………………………………......8 Delimitations ……………………………………………….……...10 Review of relevant literature ………………………………………11 Participants…………………………..………………………….….11 Type of Research……………………………………………….…...12 Data collection Method…………...………………………………..12 Data Analysis………………………………………………………..13 Generalization……………………………………………………….13 Overview of dissertation………………………………………… ...13 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW Overview of the chapter …………………………….………….… 15 Description of literature survey ………………………….…….…...15 Introduction …………………………………………………..….…15 Biblical foundation ………………………………………………...17 vii Old testament view of peace and conflict ……………………….....17 Crises began with the fall of man ……………………………….....19 The crisis between Cain and Abel …………………………….…...21 The family crises between Abraham and Lot ……..…….…………24 Crises between Israel and the gentile nation ……………….………25 New testament foundation of peace and conflict …………………..29 The theology of peace and conflict ………………………………...33 Conflict and resolution studies in Christianity ……………………..36 Peace,and conflict resolution in islam ……………………………...39 Crises between Christians and Muslims in Nigeria …………..…….49 The Mai Tatsine religious killing of 1980 ……………………….… 51 The Kafanchan religious killing of 1987 …………………………... 52 The Tafawa Balewa religious killings of 1991, 1994 and 2000……..53 The Zangon Kataf religious killing of 1992 ………………………...55 The Potiskum religious killings of 1994 ……………………........…55 The Kaduna killings of 2000 ………………………………………..56 The Jos killing of 1994, 2001 ……………………………………….57 The Kaduna 2002 Miss world contest religious killings ……………58 The Borno - Maiduguri religious killings of 1998 …………………. 59 The Boko Haram religious killing in Nigeria 2001 - 2016 ………….60 Christian Leadership …………………………………………...…....61 Gaps analysis in literature …………………………………………...65 Research design ……………………………………………..……….68 Review of the chapter ………………………………………………..68 viii Pages CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Introduction ………………………………………………… 70 Research question…………………………………………….71 Ministry Context …………………………………………… 72 Criteria for the selection of participants ……………………...74 Description of the participants ………………………………. 75 Ethical considerations ………………………………………. .75 Instrumentation ……………………………………………….76 Data Collection ……………………………………………….76 Data analysis ………………………………………………….78 Reliability validity of the project design ……………………...79 Review of the Chapter ……………………………………….. 80 CHAPTER 4 EVIDENCE FROM THE PROJECT Introduction ……………………………………………………83 Participant Demographic Summary…………………………….84 Research Question 1 ………………………………………….. 85 Research Question 2 …………………………………………...88 Research Question 3 …………………………………………...96 Research Question 4 …………………………………………...99 Research Question 5 ………………………………………….102 Research Question 6 ………………………………………….105 Research Question 7 ………………………………………….109 Research Question 8 …………………………………………112 ix Research Question 9 …………………………………………117 Summary of major findings ………………………………….120 Review of the chapter ………………………………………..122 CHAPTER 5 LEARNING REPORT FOR THE PROJECT Overview of the chapter …………………………………. …123 The emerging crisis in Kafanchan ………………………..…123 Religious intolerance and the breakdown of relationships…..126 Not all Muslims are wicked …………………………..……..127 Bad Government policies and programs …………………….130 Crisis is caused by poverty and underdevelopment …………134 Suggestion for possible peace and reconciliation ……………136 Ministry implication of findings ……………………………..141 Limitation of the study ……………………………………….146 Unexpected observation …………………………………… ..147 Future directions for the study ………………………………..147 Post script …………………………………………………….148 APPENDIXES A) Interview Questionnaire ……………….………….………...152 B) Ethical Consideration Worksheet……………………………154