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Al-Qaida Sanctions List Last Updated on 12 December 2014
Al-Qaida Sanctions List Last updated on 12 December 2014 The List established and maintained by the Al-Qaida Sanctions Committee with respect to individuals, groups, undertakings and other entities associated with Al-Qaida Last updated on: 12 December 2014 Composition of the List The list consists of the two sections specified below: A. Individuals associated with Al Qaida B. Entities and other groups and undertakings associated with Al Qaida Information about de-listing may be found on the Committee's website at: http://www.un.org/sc/committees/1267/delisting.shtml . A. Individuals associated with Al-Qaida QI.A.12.01. Name: 1: NASHWAN 2: ABD AL-RAZZAQ 3: ABD AL-BAQI 4: na وان د ارزاق د ا :(Name (original script Title: na Designation: na DOB: 1961 POB: Mosul, Iraq Good quality a.k.a.: a) Abdal Al-Hadi Al-Iraqi b) Abd Al-Hadi Al-Iraqi Low quality a.k.a.: Abu Abdallah Nationality: Iraqi Passport no.: na National identification no.: na Address: na Listed on: 6 Oct. 2001 (amended on 14 May 2007, 27 Jul. 2007) Other information: Al-Qaida senior official. In custody of the United States of America, as of July 2007. Review pursuant to Security Council resolution 1822 (2008) was concluded on 15 Jun. 2010. QI.A.157.04. Name: 1: ABD AL WAHAB 2: ABD AL HAFIZ 3: na 4: na د اوھب د اظ :(Name (original script Title: na Designation: na DOB: 7 Sep. 1967 POB: Algiers, Algeria Good quality a.k.a.: a) Ferdjani Mouloud b) Rabah Di Roma c) Abdel Wahab Abdelhafid, born 30 Oct. -
Consolidated UN Security Council Sanctions List Last Updated on 14 October 2015
The Consolidated UN Security Council Sanctions List Last updated on 14 October 2015 Consolidated United Nations Security Council Sanctions List Generated on: 14 October 2015 Composition of the List The list consists of the two sections specified below: A. Individuals B. Entities and other groups Information about de-listing may be found on the Committee's website at: http://www.un.org/sc/committees /dfp.shtml and http://www.un.org/sc/committees/1267/delisting.shtml . A. Individuals TAi.155 Name: 1: ABDUL AZIZ 2: ABBASIN 3: na 4: na 56 ا:Name (original script): 123456 879 Title: na Designation: na DOB: 1969 POB: Sheykhan Village, Pirkowti Area, Orgun District, Paktika Arovince, Afghanistan Good quality a.k.a.: Abdul ABiB Mahsud Low quality a.k.a.: na Nationality: na Passport no.: na National identification no.: na Address: na Listed on: 4 Oct. 2011 (amended on 22 Apr. 2013 ) Other information: Fey commander in the Haqqani Net ork (TAe.012) under SiraIuddin Jallaloudine Haqqani (TAi.144). Taliban Shadow Governor for Orgun District, Paktika Province as of early 2010. Operated a training camp for non-Afghan fighters in Paktika Province. Has been involved in the transport of weapons to Afghanistan. QDi.012 Name: 1: NASHWAN 2: A-. AL-RA//AM 3: A-. AL--AMI 4: na TUVاﻥ 56 ا:Rﺯاق 56 ا:Name (original script): NO45 Title: na Designation: na DOB: 1961 POB: Cosul, IraH Good quality a.k.a.: a) Abdal Al-Hadi Al-Iraqi b) Abd Al-Hadi Al-Iraqi Low quality a.k.a.: Abu Abdallah Nationality: Iraqi Passport no.: na National identification no.: na Address: na Listed on: 6 Oct. -
How Hydrocarbon Resources and Vladimir Putin's Acquaintances Are Linked to Russia's Foreign Policy Decisions
Union College Union | Digital Works Honors Theses Student Work 6-2020 How Hydrocarbon Resources and Vladimir Putin's Acquaintances are Linked to Russia's Foreign Policy Decisions Anttoni Asikainen Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalworks.union.edu/theses Part of the International Relations Commons Recommended Citation Asikainen, Anttoni, "How Hydrocarbon Resources and Vladimir Putin's Acquaintances are Linked to Russia's Foreign Policy Decisions" (2020). Honors Theses. 2380. https://digitalworks.union.edu/theses/2380 This Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Work at Union | Digital Works. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of Union | Digital Works. For more information, please contact [email protected]. How Hydrocarbon Resources and Vladimir Putin's Acquaintances are Linked to Russia's Foreign Policy Decisions By Anttoni Asikainen ********** Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Honors in the Department of Russian and East European Studies UNION COLLEGE June 2020 i ABSTRACT ASIKAINEN, ANTTONI How Hydrocarbon Resources and Vladimir Putin's Acquaintances are Linked to Russia's Foreign Policy Decisions. Departments of Political Science and Russian and East European Studies, June 2020 ADVISOR: Kristin Bidoshi & David Siegel This thesis examines how Russia uses its hydrocarbon resources as a foreign policy tool. As one of the most significant gas and oil producers in the world, Russia has gained enormous political power in many nations. In short, for many years, Russia has been building asymmetrical economic relationships with multiple countries, including countries in the European Union. Many of these countries have become partially or entirely dependent on Russian energy. -
Council Implementing Regulation (EU) No 86/2013 of 31 January 2013 Implementing Article 11(4)
Council Implementing Regulation (EU) No 86/2013 of 31 January 2013 implementing Article 11(4)... 1 ANNEX Document Generated: 2021-01-28 Changes to legislation: There are currently no known outstanding effects for the Council Implementing Regulation (EU) No 86/2013. (See end of Document for details) ANNEX I. The entry in the list set out in Annex I to Regulation (EU) No 753/2011 for the person below shall be replaced by the entry set out below. A. Individuals associated with the Taliban Badruddin Haqqani (alias Atiqullah). Address: Miram Shah, Pakistan. Date of birth: approximately 1975-1979. Place of birth: Miramshah, North Waziristan, Pakistan. Other information: (a) operational commander of the Haqqani Network and member of the Taliban shura in Miram Shah, (b) has helped lead attacks against targets in south-eastern Afghanistan, (c) son of Jalaluddin Haqqani, brother of Sirajuddin Jallaloudine Haqqani and Nasiruddin Haqqani, nephew of Khalil Ahmed Haqqani. (d) Reportedly deceased in late August 2012. Date of UN designation:11.5.2011. Additional information from the narrative summary of reasons for listing provided by the Sanctions Committee: Badruddin Haqqani is the operational commander for the Haqqani Network, a Taliban-affiliated group of militants that operates from North Waziristan Agency in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas of Pakistan. The Haqqani Network has been at the forefront of insurgent activity in Afghanistan, responsible for many high-profile attacks. The Haqqani Network’s leadership consists of the three eldest sons of its founder Jalaluddin Haqqani, who joined Mullah Mohammed Omar's Taliban regime in the mid-1990s. Badruddin is the son of Jalaluddin and brother to Nasiruddin Haqqani and Sirajuddin Haqqani, as well as nephew of Mohammad Ibrahim Omari and Khalil Ahmed Haqqani. -
Security Council ISIL (Da’Esh) and Al-Qaida Sanctions Committee Adds One Entry to Its Sanctions List
Security Council 1518 Sanctions Committee Removes One Entry from Its Sanctions List On 30 June 2021, the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1518 (2003) removed the following entry from its Sanctions List of individuals and entities: B. Entities and other groups IQe.116 Name: STATE CONTRACTING WATER AND SEWAGE PROJECTS COMPANY A.k.a.: a) STATE ORGANIZATION FOR WATER AND SEWAGE b) GENERAL ESTABLISHMENT FOR WATER AND SEWAGE PROJECTS c) GENERAL ESTABLISHMENT FOR IMPLEMENTING WATER AND SEWERAGE PROJECTS d) GENERAL ESTABLISHMENT FOR OPERATION WATER AND SEWERAGE PROJECTS F.k.a.: na Address: a) Street no. 52, Alwiya, Al-Nahtha, near P.O. Box 5738, Baghdad, Iraq b) P.O. Box 1011, Basil Square, Baghdad, Iraq c) P.O. Box 1011, Al Wathba Square, Baghdad, Iraq Listed on: 26 Apr. 2004 Other information: Press releases concerning changes to the Committee’s Sanctions List may be found in the “Press Releases” section on the Committee’s website at the following URL: www.un.org/securitycouncil/sanctions/1518/press-releases. The updated version of the Committee’s Sanctions List, available in HTML, PDF and XML format, may be found at the following URL: www.un.org/securitycouncil/sanctions/1518/materials. The United Nations Security Council Consolidated List is also updated following all changes made to the Committee’s Sanctions List and is accessible at the following URL: www.un.org/securitycouncil/content/un-sc-consolidated-list. Security Council ISIL (Da’esh) and Al-Qaida Sanctions Committee Adds One Entry to Its Sanctions List On 17 June 2021, the Security Council Committee pursuant to resolutions 1267 (1999), 1989 (2011) and 2253 (2015) concerning ISIL (Da’esh), Al-Qaida, and associated individuals, groups, undertakings and entities approved the addition of the entry specified below to its ISIL (Da’esh) and Al-Qaida Sanctions List of individuals and entities subject to the assets freeze, travel ban and arms embargo set out in paragraph 1 of Security Council resolution 2368 (2017), and adopted under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations. -
IMAGES of POWER: BUDDHIST ART and ARCHITECTURE (Buddhism on the Silk Road) BUDDHIST ART and ARCHITECTURE on the Silk Road
IMAGES OF POWER: BUDDHIST ART and ARCHITECTURE (Buddhism on the Silk Road) BUDDHIST ART and ARCHITECTURE on the Silk Road Online Links: Bamiyan Buddhas: Should they be rebuit? – BBC Afghanistan Taliban Muslims destroying Bamiyan Buddha Statues – YouTube Bamiyan Valley Cultural Remains – UNESCO Why the Taliban are destroying Buddhas - USA Today 1970s Visit to Bamiyan - Smithsonian Video Searching for Buddha in Afghanistan – Smithsonian Seated Buddha from Gandhara - BBC History of the World BUDDHIST ART and ARCHITECTURE of China Online Links: Longmen Caves - Wikipedia Longmen Grottoes – Unesco China The Longmen Caves – YouTube Longmen Grottoes – YouTube Lonely Planet's Best In China - Longmen China – YouTube Gandhara Buddha - NGV in Australia Meditating Buddha, from Gandhara , second century CE, gray schist The kingdom of Gandhara, located in the region of presentday northern Pakistan and Afghanistan, was part of the Kushan Empire. It was located near overland trade routes and links to the ports on the Arabian Sea and consequently its art incorporated Indian, Persian and Greco- Roman styles. The latter style, brought to Central Asia by Alexander the Great (327/26–325/24 BCE) during his conquest of the region, particularly influenced the art of Gandhara. This stylistic influence is evident in facial features, curly hair and classical style costumes seen in images of the Buddha and bodhisattvas that recall sculptures of Apollo, Athena and other GaecoRoman gods. A second-century CE statue carved in gray schist, a local stone, shows the Buddha, with halo, ushnisha, urna, dressed in a monk’s robe, seated in a cross-legged yogic posture similar to that of the male figure with horned headdress on the Indus seal. -
19 October 2020 "Generated on Refers to the Date on Which the User Accessed the List and Not the Last Date of Substantive Update to the List
Res. 1988 (2011) List The List established and maintained pursuant to Security Council res. 1988 (2011) Generated on: 19 October 2020 "Generated on refers to the date on which the user accessed the list and not the last date of substantive update to the list. Information on the substantive list updates are provided on the Council / Committee’s website." Composition of the List The list consists of the two sections specified below: A. Individuals B. Entities and other groups Information about de-listing may be found at: https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/ombudsperson (for res. 1267) https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/sanctions/delisting (for other Committees) https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/content/2231/list (for res. 2231) A. Individuals TAi.155 Name: 1: ABDUL AZIZ 2: ABBASIN 3: na 4: na ﻋﺒﺪ اﻟﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﻋﺒﺎﺳﯿﻦ :(Name (original script Title: na Designation: na DOB: 1969 POB: Sheykhan Village, Pirkowti Area, Orgun District, Paktika Province, Afghanistan Good quality a.k.a.: Abdul Aziz Mahsud Low quality a.k.a.: na Nationality: na Passport no: na National identification no: na Address: na Listed on: 4 Oct. 2011 (amended on 22 Apr. 2013) Other information: Key commander in the Haqqani Network (TAe.012) under Sirajuddin Jallaloudine Haqqani (TAi.144). Taliban Shadow Governor for Orgun District, Paktika Province as of early 2010. Operated a training camp for non- Afghan fighters in Paktika Province. Has been involved in the transport of weapons to Afghanistan. INTERPOL- UN Security Council Special Notice web link: https://www.interpol.int/en/How-we-work/Notices/View-UN-Notices- Individuals click here TAi.121 Name: 1: AZIZIRAHMAN 2: ABDUL AHAD 3: na 4: na ﻋﺰﯾﺰ اﻟﺮﺣﻤﺎن ﻋﺒﺪ اﻻﺣﺪ :(Name (original script Title: Mr Designation: Third Secretary, Taliban Embassy, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates DOB: 1972 POB: Shega District, Kandahar Province, Afghanistan Good quality a.k.a.: na Low quality a.k.a.: na Nationality: Afghanistan Passport no: na National identification no: Afghan national identification card (tazkira) number 44323 na Address: na Listed on: 25 Jan. -
Sovereignty and Territorial Integrity)
FINANCIAL REPORTING AUTHORITY (CAYFIN) Delivery Address: th Mailing Address: 133 Elgin Ave, 4 Floor P.O. Box 1054 Government Administrative Building Grand Cayman KY1-1102 Grand Cayman CAYMAN ISLANDS CAYMAN ISLANDS Direct Tel No. (345) 244-2394 Tel No. (345) 945-6267 Fax No. (345) 945-6268 Email: [email protected] Financial Sanctions Notice 02/10/2020 Ukraine (Sovereignty and Territorial Integrity) Introduction 1. Council Regulation (EU) 269/2014 (“the Regulation”) imposing financial sanctions against those undermining or threatening the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Ukraine has been amended so that an asset freeze now applies to the persons listed in the Annex to this Notice. Notice summary (Full details are provided in the Annex to this Notice) 2. The following entries have been added to the consolidated list and are now subject to an asset freeze. • Alexander Nikolaevich GANOV (Group ID: 13926) • Leonid Kronidovich RYZHENKIN (Group ID: 13927) • JOINT-STOCK COMPANY ‘LENPROMTRANSPROYEKT’ (Group ID: 13928) • JOINT-STOCK COMPANY ‘THE BERKAKIT-TOMMOT-YAKUTSK RAILWAY LINE’S CONSTRUCTION DIRECTORATE’ (Group ID: 13929) • FEDERAL STATE UNITARY ENTERPRISE ‘CRIMEA RAILWAY’ (Group ID: 13930) • FIRST CRIMEAN INSURANCE COMPANY (Group ID: 13931) What you must do 3. You must: i. check whether you maintain any accounts or hold any funds or economic resources for the persons set out in the Annex to this Notice; ii. freeze such accounts, and other funds or economic resources; iii. refrain from dealing with the funds or assets or making them available (directly or indirectly) to such persons unless licensed by the Governor; iv. report any findings to the FRA at [email protected], together with any additional information that would facilitate compliance with the Regulation; v. -
Annex to Financial Sanctions: Afghanistan 01.02.21
ANNEX TO NOTICE FINANCIAL SANCTIONS: AFGHANISTAN THE AFGHANISTAN (SANCTIONS) (EU EXIT) REGULATIONS 2020 (S.I. 2020/948) AMENDMENTS Deleted information appears in strikethrough. Additional information appears in italics and is underlined. Individuals 1. ABBASIN, Abdul Aziz DOB: --/--/1969. POB: Sheykhan village, Pirkowti Area, Orgun District, Paktika Province, Afghanistan a.k.a: MAHSUD, Abdul Aziz Other Information: (UK Sanctions List Ref): AFG0121 (UN Ref): TAi.155 (Further Identifying Information): Key commander in the Haqqani Network (TAe.012) under Sirajuddin Jallaloudine Haqqani (TAi.144). Taliban Shadow Governor for Orgun District, Paktika Province as of early 2010. Operated a training camp for nonAfghan fighters in Paktika Province. Has been involved in the transport of weapons to Afghanistan. INTERPOL-UN Security Council Special Notice web link: https://www.interpol.int/en/How-we-work/Notices/View-UN-Notices- Individuals click here. Listed On: 21/10/2011 Last Updated: 31/12/2020 01/02/2021 Group ID: 12156. 2. ABDUL AHAD, Azizirahman Title: Mr DOB: --/--/1972. POB: Shega District, Kandahar Province, Afghanistan Nationality: Afghan National Identification no: 44323 (Afghan) (tazkira) Position: Third Secretary, Taliban Embassy, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates Other Information: (UK Sanctions List Ref): AFG0094 (UN Ref): TAi.121 (Further Identifying Information): Belongs to Hotak tribe. Review pursuant to Security Council resolution 1822 (2008) was concluded on 29 Jul. 2010. INTERPOL-UN Security Council Special Notice web link: https://www.interpol.int/en/How-we-work/ Notices/View-UN-Notices- Individuals click here. Listed On: 23/02/2001 Last Updated: 31/12/2020 01/02/2021 Group ID: 7055. 3. ABDUL AHMAD TURK, Abdul Ghani Baradar Title: Mullah DOB: --/--/1968. -
Appendix 12 December 2018 CL13 2018 CV2018 04596
GOVERNMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO FINANCIAL INTELLIGENCE UNIT MINISTRY OF FINANCE APPENDIX LISTING OF COURT ORDERS ISSUED BY THE HIGH COURT OF JUSTICE OF THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO UNDER SECTION 22B (3) ANTI-TERRORISM ACT, CH. 12:07 CLAIM NO. CV 2018 - 04596: BETWEEN THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO Claimant AND 1. MOHAMMAD also known as HASSAN also known as AKHUND; 2. ABDUL KABIR also known as MOHAMMAD JAN also known as A. KABIR; 3. MOHAMMED also known as OMAR also known a GHULAM NABI; 4. MUHAMMAD also known as TAHER also known as ANWARI also known as MOHAMMAD TAHER ANWARI also known as MUHAMMAD TAHIR ANWARI also known as MOHAMMAD TAHRE ANWARI also known as HAJI MUDIR; 5. SAYYED MOHAMMED also known as HAQQANI also known as SAYYED MOHAMMAD HAQQANI; 6. ABDUL LATIF also known as MANSUR also known as ABDUL LATIF MANSOOR also known as WALI MOHAMMAD; 7. SHAMS aIso known as UR-RAHMAN also known as ABDUL ZAHIR also known as SHAMSURRAHMAN also known as SHAMS-U-RAHMAN also known as SHAMSURRAHMAN ABDURAHMAN also known as SHAMS URRAHMAN SHER ALAM; 8. ATTIQULLAH also known as AKHUND; 9. AKHTAR also known as MOHAMMAD also known as MANSOUR also known as SHAH MOHAMMED also known as SERAJUDDIN HAQANI also known as AKHTAR MOHAMMAD MANSOUR KHAN MUHAM also known as AKHTAR MUHAMMAD MANSOOR also known as AKHTAR MOHAMMAD MANSOOR also known as NAIB IMAM; 10. MOHAMMAD NAIM also known as BARICH also known as KHUDAIDAD also known as MULLAH NAEEM BARECH also known as MULLAH NAEEM BARAICH also known as MULLAH NAIMULLAH also known as MULLAH NAIM BARER also known as MOHAMMAD NAIM (previously listed as) also known as MULLAH NAIM BARICH also known as MULLAHNAIM BARECH also known as MULLAH NAIM BARECH AKHUND also known as MULLAH NAEEM BARIC also known as NAIM BARICH also known as HAJI GUL MOHAMMED NAIM BARICH also known as GUL MOHAMMAD also known as HAJI GHUL MOHAMMAD also known as GUL MOHAMMAD KAMRAN also known as MAWLAWI GUL MOHAMMAD also known as SPEN ZRAE; 11. -
September 2016
September 2016 SPECIAL ISSUE INNOTRANS 2016 Special issue September 2016 RAILWAY EQUIPMENT ОБЪЕДИНЕНИЕUNIoN of ПРОИЗВО INdustriesДИТЕЛ ofЕЙ UIREЧлены Members НП «ОПЖТ» • ABB LLC • EPK-Brenсo Bearing Company LLC • Academician N.A. Semikhatov Automatics Research & • EPK Holding Company JSC Production Corporation (NPOA) JSC • EVRAZ Holding LLC • All-Union research and development centre of transport • Faiveley Transport LLC technologies (VNICTT) • Faktoriya LS • Alstom Transport Rus LLC • Federal Freight JSC • Amsted Rail Company inc • FINEX Quality • Armavir Heavy Industries Plant JSC • Fink Electric LLC • ASI Engineering Center LLC • Flaig+Hommel LLC • Association of outsourcing agents NP • Freight One JSC • Association of railway braking equipment manufacturers • GEISMAR-Rus LLC and consumers (ASTO) • HARP Oskol Bearing plant JSC • AVP Technology LLC • Harting CJSC • Azovelectrostal PJSC • Helios RUS LLC • Azovobschemash PJSC • Infrastructure and Education Programs Foundation • Balakovo Carbon Production LLC of RUSNANO • Baltic Conditioners LLC • Institute of Natural Monopolies Research (IPEM) ANO • Barnaul Car Repair Plant JSC • INTERCITY Production & Commerce Company LLC • Barnaul plant of asbestos technical products JSC • Izhevskiy Radiozavod (IRZ) JSC • Belarusian Railways NU • Kaluga Plant “Remputmash” JSC • Bridge R&D Institute FSUE • Kalugaputmash JSC • Cable Alliance Holding LLC • Kav-Trans CJSC • Cable Technologies Scientific Investment Center CJSC • Kazakhstan temir zholy RSE • Car Repair Company LLC • Kirovsky Mashzavod 1 Maya JSC • Car Repair Company One JSC • Kremenchug Steel Foundry PJSC • Car Repair Company Two JSC • Kriukov Car Building Works JSC • Car Repair Company Three JSC • Knorr-Bremse Railway Transport Systems • Car & Wheel Workshop LLC Holding CIS LLC • Cars R&D Centre JSC • Kupino Car Repair Company LLC • Car Building R&D Centre JSC • LUGCENTROKUZ N.A.S. -
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada Page 1 of 7
Responses to Information Requests - Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada Page 1 of 7 Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada Home > Research Program > Responses to Information Requests Responses to Information Requests Responses to Information Requests (RIR) respond to focused Requests for Information that are submitted to the Research Directorate in the course of the refugee protection determination process. The database contains a seven-year archive of English and French RIRs. Earlier RIRs may be found on the UNHCR's Refworld website. 30 April 2013 AFG104294.E Afghanistan: Human rights abuses committed by the Afghanistan National Army and security forces (1989-2009) Research Directorate, Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, Ottawa 1. Political Situation (1989-2009) Political Handbook of the World 2012 (PHW) says that, from 1987 until April 1992, Mohammad Najibullah was the president of the Republic of Afghanistan (2012, 3). President-designate Sebghatullah Mojaheddi proclaimed "the formation of an Islamic republic" in April 1992 (PHW 2012, 3). According to the Human Security Report Project, an independent research centre in Vancouver (HSRP n.d.b.), the state was referred to as the Islamic State of Afghanistan (ISA) (HSRP n.d.a). Burhanuddin Rabbani took over as president of the ISA in June 1992 although "the new administration was never effectively implemented" (PHW 2012, 4). The Afghanistan Justice Project (AJP), an independent research and advocacy organization focusing on "war crimes and crimes against humanity" during the conflict in Afghanistan between 1978 and 2001 (AJP n.d.), reports similarly in its 2005 report entitled Casting Shadows: War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity: 1978-2001 that, following the proclamation of the ISA, the regime held limited power, while "rival factions" had established themselves in different parts of Kabul and its environs, and some other urban areas had a functioning administration (ibid.