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Home , Geniohyoid muscle, Hypoglossal canal, Lambda (anatomy), Mastoid antrum

Landmarks of the : LANDMARK DEFINITION Vertex Lambda Inion

Sutures of the skull: Fibrous joints that hold the skull together SUTURE DEFINITION Coronal suture Sagittal suture Lambdoid suture Squamosal suture Metopic suture

Fontanelles: Little fountains of CSF; present in kids to allow growth DEFINING FEATURES Anterolateral fontanelle Posterolateral fontanelle

Cranial fossae: CONTENTS

Cranial bones: CRANIAL DEFINING FEATURES Parietal bones

Facial bones: FACIAL BONE DEFINING FEATURES Nasal bone Lacrimal bones Palatine bones Vomer Inferior nasal concha Maxillae

Foramina: . Foramen of : olfactory bulb 1 . Optic : optic nerve and ophthalmic pass through this . : between the greater and lesser wing of sphenoid bone; oculomotor, trochlear, lacrimal, frontal and masociliary branches of ophthalmic, abducent and superior ophthalmic vein pass through this . : round shape; nerves 2 and 5 pass through this . : oval shaped; nerves 3 and 5 and accessory meningeal artery pass through this . : middle meningeal artery and vein and meningeal branch of mandibular nerve pass through this . Foramen lacerum: has little spikes; nothing passes through it; covered by a plug of cartilage . : internal caortid artery and internal carotid nerve plexus pass through this . Internal acoustic : nerves 7 and 8 and labyrinthine artery pass through this . : nerves 9, 10, and 11 and posterior meningeal artery passes through this . : nerve 12 pass through this . : medulla oblangata, vertebral and spinal roots of accessory nerves pass through this

Vertebrae: VERTEBRA DEFINING FEATURES Cervical vertebrae Thoracic vertebrae Lumbar vertebrae

Cranial meninges: MENINGES DEFINING FEATURES Dura mater Arachnoid mater Pia mater

Dural venous sinuses: eventually lead to the internal jugular vein DURAL VENOUS SINUS LOCATION Superior sagittal sinus Inferior sagittal sinus Straight sinus Confluence of sinuses Transverse sinus Sigmoid sinus Occipital sinus Superior petrosal sinus Inferior petrosal sinus Cavernous sinus

Meningeal spaces: SPACE DEFINING FEATURES Extradural or epidural space Subdural space Subarachnoid space

Cranial nerves: CRANIAL NERVE BRANCHES DEFINING FEATURES AND FUNCTION CN I Olfactory nerve CN II Optic nerve CN III Oculomotor nerve CN IV Trochlear nerve

CN VI Abducens nerve CN VII CN VIII Vestibulocochlear nerve CN IX Glossopharyngeal nerve CN X Vagus nerve CN XI Accessory nerve CN XII

Superficial arteries of the : ARTERY BRANCHES Facial artery Superficial temporal artery Supra- orbital and supra- trochlear arteries Mental arteries

Superficial veins of the face: VEIN DESCRIPTION Supra- trochlear and orbital veins Angular vein Facial vein Deep facial vein Superficial temporal vein Retromandibular vein

Vasculature of the scalp:

Scalp vasculature

Lymphatic Arteries Veins drainage

Supra-orbital and Superficial Posterior Deep cervical Jugular lymphatic External carotid Internal carotid supratrochlear Occipital veins temporal veins auricular veins lymph nodes trunk veins

Muscles of the soft palate: MUSCLE NAME SUPERIOR INFERIOR NERVE SUPPLY ACTION ATTACHMENT ATTACHMENT Tensor veli palatini

Levator veli palatini

Palatoglossus muscle

Palatopharyngeus muscle

Musculus uvulae

Extrinsic muscles of the : MUSCLE NAME ORIGIN INSERTION NERVE SUPPLY ACTION muscle Hypoglossus muscle

Styloglosus muscle

Muscles of the oral cavity floor: MUSCLE NAME ORIGIN INSERTION NERVE SUPPLY ACTION

Geniohyoid muscle

Stylohyoid muscle

Digastric muscle

The Ear: PART OF COMPONENTS CHARACTERISTICS SUPPLY FUNCTION EAR External ear Auricle Lobule Helix/ antihelix Tragus/ antitragus External acoustic meatus Malleus Incus Stapes Tympanic membrane (oval window) Stapedius Tensor tympani

Muscles

Mastoid antrum

Internal ear Cochlea

(labyrinth)

Vestibule

Pharyngotympanic tube

Triangles of the : TRIANGLE BORDER MUSCLES SUPPLY FUNCTION Submandibular Inferior border Suprahyoid: of mandible Anterior belly of Stylohyoid digastric Posterior belly Digastric of digastric Submental Mylohyoid

Anterior belly of Geniohyoid digastric Middle of the Anterior neck Muscular Hyoid bone Infrahyoid: Superior belly of Sternohyoid: omohyoid Origin: manubrium and medial end of Anterior border clavicle of SCM Insert: body of hyoid Midline of neck Omohyoid: Carotid Superior belly of Origin: superior border of scapula omohyoid Insert: inferior border of hyoid Stylohyoid Thyrohyoid: Posterior belly Origin: oblique line of thyroid cartilage of digastric Insert: inferior body and greater horn Anterior border of hyoid bone of SCM Sternohyoid: Origin: posterior surface of manubrium Insert: oblique line of thyroid cartilage Posterior border Trapezius: of SCM Origin: nuchal line, external occipital protuberance, nuchal ligament and Anterior border spinal process of C7-12 of trapezius Insert: lateral clavicle, acronium and spine of scapula Middle 1/3 of Posterior clavicle Contents: Splenius capitis muscle Levator scapula Occipital bone Posterior scalene attachment of Middle scalene SCM and Anterior scalene trapezius Inferior belly of omohyoid

Investing layer of cervical

Prevertebral layer of cervical fossa

Prevertebral muscles: MUSCLE NAME ORIGIN INSERTION SUPPLY FUNCTION Longus capitis Anterior muscle Rectus capitis anterior Rectus capitis lateralis Posterior Splenius capitis Levator scapulae Anterior scalene Middle scalene Posterior scalene

Root of the neck: ARTERIES VEINS NERVES Brachiocephalic trunk – divides into: External jugular vein Vagus nerve (jugular foramen) Right common carotid and right subclavian Anterior jugular vein Phrenic nerve Subclavian arteries: gives off vertebral Subclavian vein Sympathetic trunks arteries Vertebral arteries: between scalene and longus colli Internal thoracic artery Thyrocervical trunk Costocervical trunk

Deep muscles of the back: MUSCLE NAME ORIGIN INSERTION SUPPLY FUNCTION Splenius capitis (deep, superficial) Splenius cervices (deep, superficial) Iliocostalis (deep, intermediate) Longissimus (deep, intermediate) Spinalis (deep, intermediate) Semispinalis (deep, deep) Multifidus (deep, deep) Rotatores (deep, deep)

Craniovertebral joints:

Craniovertebral joints

Atlanto- Atlantoaxial occipital joint joint

Anterior Posterior Lateral Median atlanto-occipital atlanto-occipital atlantoaxial atlantoaxial membrane membrane joint joint

Joints of the vertebrae

Joints of the Joints of vertebral arches vertebral bodies (zygoapophysial joints)

Anterior longitudinal

Posterior longitudinal Vertebral column ligaments Ligamentum flavum

Nuchal ligament

Pharyngeal muscles

External Internal (circular) (longitudinal)

Superior Middle Inferior Palatopharyngeu Stylopharyngeus Salpingopharyngeus constrictor constrictor constrictor s

MUSCLE NAME ORIGIN INSERTION SUPPLY FUNCTION Superior constrictor Middle constrictor Inferior constrictor Palatopharyngeus Stylopharyngeus Salpingopharyngeus

Pharyngeal gaps: The gaps are due to the overlapping constrictor muscles GAPS CONTENTS Above the superior constrictor Between superior and middle constrictor Between the middle and inferior constrictor Below the inferior constrictor

Pharyngeal supply: ARTERIES VEINS NERVE Cartilages of the : CARTILAGES FEATURES FUNCTION Paired Arytenoid cartilage Corniculate cartilage Cuneiform cartilage Unpaired Thyroid cartilage Cricoid cartilage Epiglottis

Vasculature of the larynx: ARTERIAL SUPPLY VENOUS DRAINAGE NERVE SUPPLY LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE

Pharyngeal arches: Each arch contains pharyngeal arch artery, cartilaginous rod, muscular component and sensory and motor nerves PHARYNGEAL ARCH STRUCTURE CARTILAGES MUSCLES NERVES 1st 2nd 3rd 4th and 6th