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Landmarks of the Skull: LANDMARK DEFINITION Glabella Nasion Bregma Vertex Lambda Asterion Inion Pterion

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Landmarks of the Skull: LANDMARK DEFINITION Glabella Nasion Bregma Vertex Lambda Asterion Inion Pterion Landmarks of the skull: LANDMARK DEFINITION Glabella Nasion Bregma Vertex Lambda Asterion Inion Pterion Sutures of the skull: Fibrous joints that hold the skull bones together SUTURE DEFINITION Coronal suture Sagittal suture Lambdoid suture Squamosal suture Metopic suture Fontanelles: Little fountains of CSF; present in kids to allow growth FONTANELLE DEFINING FEATURES Anterior fontanelle Posterior fontanelle Anterolateral fontanelle Posterolateral fontanelle Cranial fossae: CRANIAL FOSSA CONTENTS Anterior cranial fossa Middle cranial fossa Posterior cranial fossa Cranial bones: CRANIAL BONE DEFINING FEATURES Frontal bone Parietal bones Occipital bone Temporal bone Sphenoid bone Ethmoid bone Facial bones: FACIAL BONE DEFINING FEATURES Nasal bone Lacrimal bones Palatine bones Vomer Inferior nasal concha Zygomatic bone Maxillae Mandible Foramina: . Foramen of cribriform plate: olfactory bulb nerve 1 . Optic canal: optic nerve and ophthalmic artery pass through this . Superior orbital fissure: between the greater and lesser wing of sphenoid bone; oculomotor, trochlear, lacrimal, frontal and masociliary branches of ophthalmic, abducent nerves and superior ophthalmic vein pass through this . Foramen rotundum: round shape; nerves 2 and 5 pass through this . Foramen ovale: oval shaped; nerves 3 and 5 and accessory meningeal artery pass through this . Foramen spinosum: middle meningeal artery and vein and meningeal branch of mandibular nerve pass through this . Foramen lacerum: has little spikes; nothing passes through it; covered by a plug of cartilage . Carotid canal: internal caortid artery and internal carotid nerve plexus pass through this . Internal acoustic meatus: nerves 7 and 8 and labyrinthine artery pass through this . Jugular foramen: nerves 9, 10, and 11 and posterior meningeal artery passes through this . Hypoglossal canal: nerve 12 pass through this . Foramen magnum: medulla oblangata, vertebral arteries and spinal roots of accessory nerves pass through this Vertebrae: VERTEBRA DEFINING FEATURES Cervical vertebrae Thoracic vertebrae Lumbar vertebrae Cranial meninges: MENINGES DEFINING FEATURES Dura mater Arachnoid mater Pia mater Dural venous sinuses: eventually lead to the internal jugular vein DURAL VENOUS SINUS LOCATION Superior sagittal sinus Inferior sagittal sinus Straight sinus Confluence of sinuses Transverse sinus Sigmoid sinus Occipital sinus Superior petrosal sinus Inferior petrosal sinus Cavernous sinus Meningeal spaces: SPACE DEFINING FEATURES Extradural or epidural space Subdural space Subarachnoid space Cranial nerves: CRANIAL NERVE BRANCHES DEFINING FEATURES AND FUNCTION CN I Olfactory nerve CN II Optic nerve CN III Oculomotor nerve CN IV Trochlear nerve CN VI Abducens nerve CN VII Facial nerve CN VIII Vestibulocochlear nerve CN IX Glossopharyngeal nerve CN X Vagus nerve CN XI Accessory nerve CN XII Hypoglossal nerve Superficial arteries of the face: ARTERY BRANCHES Facial artery Superficial temporal artery Supra- orbital and supra- trochlear arteries Mental arteries Superficial veins of the face: VEIN DESCRIPTION Supra- trochlear and orbital veins Angular vein Facial vein Deep facial vein Superficial temporal vein Retromandibular vein Vasculature of the scalp: Scalp vasculature Lymphatic Arteries Veins drainage Supra-orbital and Superficial Posterior Deep cervical Jugular lymphatic External carotid Internal carotid supratrochlear Occipital veins Emissary veins temporal veins auricular veins lymph nodes trunk veins Muscles of the soft palate: MUSCLE NAME SUPERIOR INFERIOR NERVE SUPPLY ACTION ATTACHMENT ATTACHMENT Tensor veli palatini Levator veli palatini Palatoglossus muscle Palatopharyngeus muscle Musculus uvulae Extrinsic muscles of the tongue: MUSCLE NAME ORIGIN INSERTION NERVE SUPPLY ACTION Genioglossus muscle Hypoglossus muscle Styloglosus muscle Muscles of the oral cavity floor: MUSCLE NAME ORIGIN INSERTION NERVE SUPPLY ACTION Mylohyoid muscle Geniohyoid muscle Stylohyoid muscle Digastric muscle The Ear: PART OF COMPONENTS CHARACTERISTICS SUPPLY FUNCTION EAR External ear Auricle Lobule Helix/ antihelix Tragus/ antitragus External acoustic meatus Middle ear Malleus Ossicles Incus Stapes Tympanic membrane (oval window) Stapedius Tensor tympani Muscles Epitympanic recess Mastoid antrum Internal ear Cochlea (labyrinth) Vestibule Pharyngotympanic tube Triangles of the neck: TRIANGLE BORDER MUSCLES SUPPLY FUNCTION Submandibular Inferior border Suprahyoid: of mandible Anterior belly of Stylohyoid digastric Posterior belly Digastric of digastric Submental Hyoid bone Mylohyoid Anterior belly of Geniohyoid digastric Middle of the Anterior neck Muscular Hyoid bone Infrahyoid: Superior belly of Sternohyoid: omohyoid Origin: manubrium and medial end of Anterior border clavicle of SCM Insert: body of hyoid Midline of neck Omohyoid: Carotid Superior belly of Origin: superior border of scapula omohyoid Insert: inferior border of hyoid Stylohyoid Thyrohyoid: Posterior belly Origin: oblique line of thyroid cartilage of digastric Insert: inferior body and greater horn Anterior border of hyoid bone of SCM Sternohyoid: Origin: posterior surface of manubrium Insert: oblique line of thyroid cartilage Posterior border Trapezius: of SCM Origin: nuchal line, external occipital protuberance, nuchal ligament and Anterior border spinal process of C7-12 of trapezius Insert: lateral clavicle, acronium and spine of scapula Middle 1/3 of Posterior clavicle Contents: Splenius capitis muscle Levator scapula Occipital bone Posterior scalene attachment of Middle scalene SCM and Anterior scalene trapezius Inferior belly of omohyoid Investing layer of cervical fascia Prevertebral layer of cervical fossa Prevertebral muscles: MUSCLE NAME ORIGIN INSERTION SUPPLY FUNCTION Longus colli muscle Longus capitis Anterior muscle Rectus capitis anterior Rectus capitis lateralis Posterior Splenius capitis Levator scapulae Anterior scalene Middle scalene Posterior scalene Root of the neck: ARTERIES VEINS NERVES Brachiocephalic trunk – divides into: External jugular vein Vagus nerve (jugular foramen) Right common carotid and right subclavian Anterior jugular vein Phrenic nerve Subclavian arteries: gives off vertebral Subclavian vein Sympathetic trunks arteries Vertebral arteries: between scalene and longus colli Internal thoracic artery Thyrocervical trunk Costocervical trunk Deep muscles of the back: MUSCLE NAME ORIGIN INSERTION SUPPLY FUNCTION Splenius capitis (deep, superficial) Splenius cervices (deep, superficial) Iliocostalis (deep, intermediate) Longissimus (deep, intermediate) Spinalis (deep, intermediate) Semispinalis (deep, deep) Multifidus (deep, deep) Rotatores (deep, deep) Craniovertebral joints: Craniovertebral joints Atlanto- Atlantoaxial occipital joint joint Anterior Posterior Lateral Median atlanto-occipital atlanto-occipital atlantoaxial atlantoaxial membrane membrane joint joint Joints of the vertebrae Joints of the Joints of vertebral arches vertebral bodies (zygoapophysial joints) Anterior longitudinal Posterior longitudinal Vertebral column ligaments Ligamentum flavum Nuchal ligament Pharyngeal muscles External Internal (circular) (longitudinal) Superior Middle Inferior Palatopharyngeu Stylopharyngeus Salpingopharyngeus constrictor constrictor constrictor s MUSCLE NAME ORIGIN INSERTION SUPPLY FUNCTION Superior constrictor Middle constrictor Inferior constrictor Palatopharyngeus Stylopharyngeus Salpingopharyngeus Pharyngeal gaps: The gaps are due to the overlapping constrictor muscles GAPS CONTENTS Above the superior constrictor Between superior and middle constrictor Between the middle and inferior constrictor Below the inferior constrictor Pharyngeal supply: ARTERIES VEINS NERVE Cartilages of the larynx: CARTILAGES FEATURES FUNCTION Paired Arytenoid cartilage Corniculate cartilage Cuneiform cartilage Unpaired Thyroid cartilage Cricoid cartilage Epiglottis Vasculature of the larynx: ARTERIAL SUPPLY VENOUS DRAINAGE NERVE SUPPLY LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE Pharyngeal arches: Each arch contains pharyngeal arch artery, cartilaginous rod, muscular component and sensory and motor nerves PHARYNGEAL ARCH STRUCTURE CARTILAGES MUSCLES NERVES 1st 2nd 3rd 4th and 6th .
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