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Introducing Applied Linguistics: Concepts and Skills / Susan Hunston and David Oakey

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Introducing Applied Linguistics: Concepts and Skills / Susan Hunston and David Oakey Introducing Applied Linguistics Introducing Applied Linguistics provides in-depth coverage of key areas in the subject, as well as introducing the essential study skills needed for academic success in the field. Introducing Applied Linguistics: • is organised into two sections: the first introducing key concepts in applied linguistics; and the second devoted to the study skills students need to succeed. • features specially commissioned chapters from key authorities who address core areas of applied lin- guistics, including both traditional and more cutting edge topics, such as: grammar, vocabulary, language in the media, forensic linguistics, and much more. • contains a study skills section offering guidance on a range of skills, such as: how to structure and organise an essay, the conventions of referencing, how to design research projects, plus many more. • is supported by a lively companion website, which includes interactive exercises, information about the contributors and why they’ve written the book, and annotated weblinks to help facilitate further independent learning. Ideal for advanced undergraduate and postgraduate students of applied linguistics and TEFL/TESOL, Introducing Applied Linguistics not only presents selected key concepts in depth, but also initiates the student into the discourse of applied linguistics. To explore a wealth of extra online learning material that accompanies this book, go to www.routledge.com/textbooks/9780415447676 Susan Hunston is Professor of English Language and Head of the School of English, Drama, and American & Canadian Studies, at the University of Birmingham, UK. David Oakey is an Assistant Professor in the Applied Linguistics Program at Iowa State University, USA. Contributing authors: Svenja Adolphs, Aileen Bloomer, Zoltán Dörnyei, Adrian Holliday, Alison Johnson, Chris Kennedy, Almut Koester, Ruby Macksoud, Kirsten Malmkjær, Kieran O’Halloran, David Oakey, Juup Stelma, Joan Swann, Geoff Thompson, Dave Willis, Jane Willis, and David Woolls. ‘This book does an excellent job of providing students new to applied linguistics or TESOL with a very accessible and stimulating introduction to the field. It offers an innovative design, core concepts are clearly defined and exemplified and the chapters draw insightfully on a wide range of current research. There is every possibility that this will become a standard text for students studying applied linguistics for the first time.’ Ken Hyland, Institute of Education, University of London ‘For those of us involved in teaching postgraduate students where resources are limited, this is an ideal book to have at hand. The topics are varied and presented in such a way as to stimulate discussion in a very thought-provoking way. I teach postgraduate courses in Thailand, Vietnam and China and this book will be “a must” on my reading list.’ Joseph Foley, Graduate School of English, Assumption University, Thailand Introducing Applied Linguistics Concepts and Skills Susan Hunston and David Oakey First published 2010 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 270 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2009. To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk. © 2010 selection and editorial matter, Susan Hunston and David Oakey; individual chapters, the contributors All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Hunston, Susan, 1953– Introducing applied linguistics: concepts and skills / Susan Hunston and David Oakey. p. cm. 1. Applied linguistics. I. Oakey, David. II. Title. P129.H86 2010 418–dc22 2009003472 ISBN 0-203-87572-9 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 10: 0-415-44768-2 (hbk) ISBN 10: 0-415-44767-4 (pbk) ISBN 10: 0-203-87572-9 (ebk) ISBN 13: 978-0-415-44768-3 (hbk) ISBN 13: 978-0-415-44767-6 (pbk) ISBN 13: 978-0-203-87572-8 (ebk) Contents List of figures and tables viii Notes on contributors ix Acknowledgements xi About this book xiii SECTION 1: KEY CONCEPTS IN APPLIED LINGUISTICS I DESCRIBING ENGLISH 1 Introduction to chapter 1 3 1 Three reasons why: Dave Willis 6 Introduction to chapter 2 12 2 English vocabulary and collocation: David Oakey 14 Introduction to chapter 3 24 3 Grammatical metaphor and success in academic writing: Geoff Thompson 27 Introduction to chapter 4 35 4 Conversation Analysis in the language classroom: Almut Koester 37 II TEACHING AND LEARNING A LANGUAGE 49 5 Introduction to chapter 5 51 What is communicative language teaching?: Juup Stelma 53 Introduction to chapter 6 60 6 Six propositions in search of a methodology: applying linguistics to task-based language teaching: Dave Willis and Jane Willis 63 Introduction to chapter 7 72 7 Researching motivation: from integrativeness to the ideal L2 self: Zoltán Dörnyei 74 Introduction to chapter 8 84 8 Learning English in a global context: Chris Kennedy 87 vi Contents III APPLIED LINGUISTICS IN A WIDER CONTEXT 95 Introduction to chapter 9 97 9 Investigating metaphor and ideology in hard news stories: Kieran O’Halloran 100 Introduction to chapter 10 108 10 Who wrote this? The linguist as detective: Alison Johnson and David Woolls 111 Introduction to chapter 11 119 11 The translator’s choice: Kirsten Malmkjær 121 Introduction to chapter 12 132 12 Interrogating the concept of stereotypes in intercultural communication: Adrian Holliday 134 SECTION 2: STUDY SKILLS FOR APPLIED LINGUISTICS STUDENTS IV DOING RESEARCH IN APPLIED LINGUISTICS 141 Introduction to chapter 13 143 13 Designing a questionnaire: Aileen Bloomer 145 Introduction to chapter 14 151 14 Using interview data in case studies: Ruby Macksoud 153 Introduction to chapter 15 160 15 Transcribing spoken interaction: Joan Swann 163 Introduction to chapter 16 177 16 Using a corpus to study spoken language: Svenja Adolphs 180 V SKILLS OF INTERPRETATION 189 Introduction to chapter 17 191 17 Understanding noun phrases: David Oakey 192 Introduction to chapter 18 199 18 Identifying and reporting other people’s point of view: David Oakey 201 VI SKILLS OF EXPRESSION 209 Introduction to chapter 19 211 19 Finding your voice: David Oakey 212 Contents vii Introduction to chapter 20 216 20 Organizing an essay: David Oakey 217 VII EDITING SKILLS 223 Introduction to chapter 21 225 21 Referencing: David Oakey 226 Introduction to chapter 22 232 22 Editing your own work: David Oakey 233 Answer key 237 Index 249 Figures and tables Figures 2.1 Ten concordance lines for purse in the Bank of English, left sorted 16 2.2 Left-hand verb collocates of the noun purse in the Bank of English 19 4.1 Beginning and ending a conversation 45 7.1 Schematic representation of the structural equation model 77 9.1 Collocates for erupted and their frequency 103 9.2 A random sample of 20 lines for erupted in the past tense 104 10.1 Adapting a source 116 13.1 Likert Scale 147 13.2 Multiple choice 147 13.3 Diamond ranking 149 15.1 Transcript of science talk using written conventions 164 15.2 Detailed transcription of science talk indicating some features of spoken interaction 164 15.3 Transcription of small group talk illustrating transcription conventions 165 15.4 A simple set of transcription conventions 166 15.5 Transcript illustrating alternation between English and Tamil 166 15.6 Representing crossing into ‘stylised Asian English’ 167 15.7 Transcription of a conversational narrative: standard layout 169 15.8 Transcription of a conversational narrative: poetic layout 169 15.9 Transcription of small group talk: column layout 170 15.10 Transcription of group talk: stave layout 171 15.11 Multimodal transcript including video stills 173 15.12 Representation of teacher’s gaze towards female and male students 174 15.13 Representation of speech and action in a science lesson 175 Tables 2.1 Collocational relationships of purse and its near-synonyms 15 3.1 Frequencies of nominalizations 29 3.2 Frequencies of different types of nominalizations 30 7.1 Correlations between the attitudinal/motivational scales and Language choice 76 7.2 Correlations between Integrativeness and the Ideal L2 Self 80 7.3 Correlations of Integrativeness and the Ideal L2 Self with Intended effort 81 7.4 Correlations between the Ideal L2 Self, Instrumentality and the Ought-To L2 Self 82 14.1 Sources teachers drew on when teaching ESAP 157 16.1 Top 10 frequent items in the BNC and CANCODE 182 16.2 Fifteen most frequent collocates of like in the CANCODE corpus 185 Notes on contributors Svenja Adolphs is Associate Professor in Applied Linguistics at the University of Nottingham. She specializes in the analysis of spoken corpora and multimodal corpora. Aileen Bloomer specializes in teaching EFL, TEFL and intercultural communication. She was formerly a lecturer at York St John University. Zoltán Dörnyei is Professor of Psycholinguistics at the University of Nottingham. He is well known for his research and publications in second language acquisition. Adrian Holliday is Professor of Applied Linguistics at Canterbury Christ Church University. He has published widely in the critical sociology of TESOL, qualitative research methodology and intercultural com- munication. Alison Johnson is Lecturer in Modern English Language at the . She specializes in forensic linguistics and institutional interaction. Chris Kennedy is Associate Professor and Director of the Centre for English Language Studies at the University of Birmingham. He also works extensively as a project advisor and consultant.
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