PARKS The International Journal of Protected Areas and Conservation Developing capacity for a protected planet Issue 21.1: March 2015 2 The designation of geographical entities in this journal, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IUCN concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of IUCN. IUCN does not take any responsibility for errors or omissions occurring in the translations in this document whose original version is in English. Published by: IUCN, Gland, Switzerland Copyright: © 2015 International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non-commercial purposes is authorized without prior written permission from the copyright holder provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of this publication for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior written permission of the copyright holder. Citation: IUCN WCPA (2015). PARKS. The International Journal of Protected Areas and Conservation, Volume 21.1, Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. ISSN: 0960-233X DOI 10.2305/IUCN.CH.2014.PARKS-21-1.en Cover photos: Delegates from the Marpa Islands, Australia at the Russian protected areas exhibition booth at the World Parks Congress © William Quilliam, IUCN World Parks Congress Editing and layout by: Sue Stolton and Nigel Dudley, www.equilibriumresearch.com Produced by: Sue Stolton and Nigel Dudley, www.equilibriumresearch.com Available from: IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Global Programme on Protected Areas Rue Mauverney 28 1196 Gland Switzerland Tel +41 22 999 0000 Fax +41 22 999 0002 www.iucn.org/publications parksjournal.com www.iucn.org/parks PARKS parksjournal.com 2015 Vol 21.1 3 PARKS: THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PROTECTED AREAS AND CONSERVATION Edited by Sue Stolton and Nigel Dudley, Equilibrium Research and IUCN WCPA [email protected], [email protected] Rock House, Derwenlas, Machynlleth, Powys, SY20 8TN, Wales The World Parks Congress 2014: Inspiring Solutions for Parks, People and Planet 7 Inger Andersen and Ernesto Enkerlin Hoeflich Oblique Aerial Photography: A Novel Tool for the Monitoring and Participatory 13 Management of Protected Areas Charlie J. Gardner, Xavier Vincke, Simon Rafanomezantsoa and Malika Virah-Sawmy Western Sydney Parklands: Australia’s Largest Urban Park 29 Linda Corkery and Noel Corkery Rapid Assessment of Management Effectiveness of the Zhangye National Wetland Park, 43 Gansu Province, People’s Republic Of China Mark R. Bezuijen Finding Space for Wildlife Beyond National Parks and Reducing Conflict through 51 Community-based Conservation: The Kenya Experience David Western, John Waithaka and John Kamanga Observations and Preliminary Testing of Jaguar Depredation Reduction Techniques in 63 and Between Core Jaguar Populations Howard Quigley, Rafael Hoogesteijn, Almira Hoogesteijn, Rebecca Foster, Esteban Payan, Daniel Corrales, Roberto Salom-Perez and Yahaira Urbina Mixing Waters: A Cross Cultural Approach to Developing Guidelines for Fishers and 74 Boaters in the Dhimurru Indigenous Protected Area, Australia Bas Verschuuren, Matthew Zylstra, Balupalu Yunupingu and Gerard Verschoor Terrestrial Protected Areas and Managed Reaches Conserve Threatened Freshwater Fish 89 in Uttarakhand, India Nishikant Gupta, K. Sivakumar, Vinod B. Mathur and Michael A. Chadwick 4 IUCN PROTECTED AREA DEFINITION, MANAGEMENT CATEGORIES AND GOVERNANCE TYPES IUCN DEFINES A PROTECTED AREA AS: A clearly defined geographical space, recognised, dedicated and managed, through legal or other effective means, to achieve the long-term conservation of nature with associated ecosystem services and cultural values. The definition is expanded by six management categories VI Protected areas with sustainable use of natural (one with a sub-division), summarized below. resources: Areas which conserve ecosystems, together Ia Strict nature reserve: Strictly protected for biodiversity and with associated cultural values and traditional natural also possibly geological/ geomorphological features, resource management systems. Generally large, mainly in where human visitation, use and impacts are controlled a natural condition, with a proportion under sustainable and limited to ensure protection of the conservation natural resource management and where low-level non- values. industrial natural resource use compatible with nature Ib Wilderness area: Usually large unmodified or slightly conservation is seen as one of the main aims. modified areas, retaining their natural character and influence, without permanent or significant human The category should be based around the primary habitation, protected and managed to preserve their management objective(s), which should apply to at least natural condition. three-quarters of the protected area – the 75 per cent rule. II National park: Large natural or near-natural areas protecting large-scale ecological processes with characteristic species and ecosystems, which also have The management categories are applied with a typology of environmentally and culturally compatible spiritual, governance types – a description of who holds authority and scientific, educational, recreational and visitor responsibility for the protected area. opportunities. III Natural monument or feature: Areas set aside to protect a specific natural monument, which can be a landform, sea IUCN defines four governance types. mount, marine cavern, geological feature such as a cave, Governance by government: Federal or national ministry/ or a living feature such as an ancient grove. agency in charge; sub-national ministry/agency in charge; IV Habitat/species management area: Areas to protect government-delegated management (e.g. to NGO) particular species or habitats, where management reflects Shared governance: Collaborative management (various this priority. Many will need regular, active interventions degrees of influence); joint management (pluralist to meet the needs of particular species or habitats, but management board; transboundary management (various this is not a requirement of the category. levels across international borders) V Protected landscape or seascape: Where the interaction of Private governance: By individual owner; by non-profit people and nature over time has produced a distinct organisations (NGOs, universities, cooperatives); by for- character with significant ecological, biological, cultural profit organsations (individuals or corporate) and scenic value: and where safeguarding the integrity of Governance by indigenous peoples and local communities: this interaction is vital to protecting and sustaining the Indigenous peoples’ conserved areas and territories; area and its associated nature conservation and other community conserved areas – declared and run by local values. communities For more information on the IUCN definition, categories and governance type see the 2008 Guidelines for applying protected area management categories which can be downloaded at: www.iucn.org/pa_categories IUCN WCPA’S BEST PRACTICE PROTECTED AREA GUIDELINES SERIES IUCN-WCPA’s Best Practice Protected Area Guidelines are the world’s authoritative resource for protected area managers. Involving collaboration among specialist practitioners dedicated to supporting better implementation in the field, they distil learning and advice drawn from across IUCN. Applied in the field, they are building institutional and individual capacity to manage protected area systems effectively, equitably and sustainably, and to cope with the myriad of challenges faced in practice. They also assist national governments, protected area agencies, nongovernmental organisations, communities and private sector partners to meet their commitments and goals, and especially the Convention on Biological Diversity’s Programme of Work on Protected Areas. A full set of guidelines is available at: www.iucn.org/pa_guidelines Complementary resources are available at: www.cbd.int/protected/tools/ PARKS parksjournal.com 2015 Vol 21.1 5 A NOTE FROM THE EDITORS: THE WORLD PARKS CONGRESS IN PARKS Sue Stolton and Nigel Dudley, Equilibrium Research and IUCN WCPA [email protected], [email protected] Rock House, Derwenlas, Machynlleth, Powys, SY20 8TN, Wales The World Parks Congress is a once-a-decade event; the largest meeting of protected area professionals on the planet. During the course of the Congress in Sydney last October, there were literally hundreds of pres- entations from all over the world, covering everything from hard ecological science to case studies of con- servation in practice. PARKS has been closely connected with the Congress, through the members of the editorial board, the fact that most of our reviewers were present in Sydney and by carrying editorials and papers outlining the aims of the Congress in the run up to the meeting. In this issue, we already have several papers drawing directly from material prepared for and presented at the Congress. The editorial also pre- sents the text of The Promise of Sydney, the major statement arising from the gathering, which forms the core of WCPA’s work for the coming decade. We hope to include more papers in the next several issues of PARKS that are inspired by or based on mate- rial prepared for the Congress,