DOCSLIB.ORG

The Upper Cretaceous Horseshoe Canyon Formation

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Upper Cretaceous Horseshoe Canyon Formation University of Calgary PRISM: University of Calgary's Digital Repository Graduate Studies Legacy Theses 2011 The Upper Cretaceous Horseshoe Canyon Formation: using paleosols to reconstruct ancient environments, climates, and record of sea level change in a dinosaur-dominated terrestrial ecosystem Quinney, Ann Quinney, A. (2011). The Upper Cretaceous Horseshoe Canyon Formation: using paleosols to reconstruct ancient environments, climates, and record of sea level change in a dinosaur-dominated terrestrial ecosystem (Unpublished master's thesis). University of Calgary, Calgary, AB. doi:10.11575/PRISM/13771 http://hdl.handle.net/1880/48899 master thesis University of Calgary graduate students retain copyright ownership and moral rights for their thesis. You may use this material in any way that is permitted by the Copyright Act or through licensing that has been assigned to the document. For uses that are not allowable under copyright legislation or licensing, you are required to seek permission. Downloaded from PRISM: https://prism.ucalgary.ca UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY The Upper Cretaceous Horseshoe Canyon Formation: using paleosols to reconstruct ancient environments, climates, and record of sea level change in a dinosaur-dominated terrestrial ecosystem by Ann Quinney A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATESTUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE INTERDISCIPLINARY DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE DEPARTMENT OF GEOSCIENCE CALGARY, ALBERTA AUGUST, 2011 © Ann Quinney 2011 The author of this thesis has granted the University of Calgary a non-exclusive license to reproduce and distribute copies of this thesis to users of the University of Calgary Archives. Copyright remains with the author. Theses and dissertations available in the University of Calgary Institutional Repository are solely for the purpose of private study and research. They may not be copied or reproduced, except as permitted by copyright laws, without written authority of the copyright owner. Any commercial use or re-publication is strictly prohibited. The original Partial Copyright License attesting to these terms and signed by the author of this thesis may be found in the original print version of the thesis, held by the University of Calgary Archives. Please contact the University of Calgary Archives for further information: E-mail: [email protected] Telephone: (403) 220-7271 Website: http://archives.ucalgary.ca Abstract Paleosols are investigated to reconstruct Late Cretaceous paleoenvironments and paleoclimates of the Horseshoe Canyon Formation. Based on hydrology, degree of development, and pedogenic features, paleosols record the transition from wetland environments to well-drained environments and back to poorly-drained environments through the formation. Paleoclimatic reconstructions indicate that the lower half of the formation was warm and humid, but a period of cooling and drying occurred in the middle of the formation. A complex relationship exists between paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic changes and a terrestrial vertebrate faunal turnover within the Horseshoe Canyon Formation. The distribution of paleosols was also compared to sequence stratigraphic interpretations of the HCFm to determine if paleosols recorded evidence of base level changes. Although HCFm paleosols do record some marine transgressive-regressive cycles, the ability to resolve these cycles depends on the distance to the shoreline and the magnitude of the sea- level change. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thank you to everyone who helped me with this thesis. Special thanks to my supervisors, Dr. François Therrien and Dr. Darla Zelenitsky for all the research support, feedback, and time you have invested into this project. Thank you to Dr. David Eberth for granting me access to your measured sections and for your endless insight into the Horseshoe Canyon Formation. I would also like to thank Dr. Dennis Braman for sharing his perspectives on the Horseshoe Canyon Formation and for supplying additional samples. Thank you to Amanda McGee, Kohei Tanaka, and Kate Zubin-Stathopolous for teaching my how to use the microscope and various software in the lab. To Jeff Quinney, Jan Quinney, Katie Quinney and Malcolm Williamson, thank you for your continuous support, suggestions, grammatical and technological savvy, and even more support! I would also like to extend my thanks to all the institutions and societies whose funding made this project possible. Geochemical analyses were funded by the Royal Tyrrell Museum Cooperating Society and funding for thin section preparation was granted by the Dinosaur Research Institute. Additional funding was supplied by an Alberta Graduate Scholarship, a Queen Elizabeth II Graduate Scholarship, and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC). iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Approval Page .......................................................................................................................... i Abstract ................................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgments ................................................................................................................. iii Table of Contents ................................................................................................................... iv List of Tables ......................................................................................................................... ix List of Figures ......................................................................................................................... x CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................... 1 1.1 Introductory Statement .................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Geologic Setting ............................................................................................................ 2 1.2.1 Unit 1 ..................................................................................................................... 4 1.2.2 Unit 2 .................................................................................................................... 5 1.2.3 Unit 3 .................................................................................................................... 5 1.2.4 Unit 4 .................................................................................................................... 5 1.2.5 Unit 5 .................................................................................................................... 6 1.3 Previous Paleoenvironmental Reconstructions of the Horseshoe Canyon Formation 6 1.3.1 Unit 1 ..................................................................................................................... 7 1.3.2 Unit 2 .................................................................................................................... 7 1.3.3 Unit 3 .................................................................................................................... 8 1.3.4 Unit 4 .................................................................................................................... 8 1.3.5 Unit 5 .................................................................................................................... 8 1.4 Paleoprecipitation and Paleotemperature Estimates for the Horseshoe Canyon Formation ................................................................................................................................ 8 1.5 Faunal Assemblage of the Horseshoe Canyon Formation ......................................... 10 1.6 Paleosols as Indicators of Sea Level Change ............................................................. 11 1.6 Objectives of this Study ............................................................................................. 14 1.7 Organization of this Thesis ........................................................................................ 14 Table Captions ................................................................................................................. 16 iv Figure Captions ................................................................................................................ 17 Tables ............................................................................................................................... 18 Figures ............................................................................................................................. 20 CHAPTER TWO: MATERIALS AND METHODS ........................................................... 24 2.1 Field Work ................................................................................................................. 24 2.2 Horizon Identification ................................................................................................ 25 2.3 Petrographic Analysis ................................................................................................ 25 2.4 Geochemical Analysis ............................................................................................... 26 2.5 Final Selection of Pedotypes ...................................................................................... 27 Table Captions ................................................................................................................. 29 Figure Captions ...............................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Juvenile Cf. Edmontosaurus Annectens (Ornithischia, Hadrosauridae) Femur Documents a Previously Unreported Intermediate Growth Stage for This Taxon Andrew A
    Vertebrate Anatomy Morphology Palaeontology 7:59–67 59 ISSN 2292-1389 A juvenile cf. Edmontosaurus annectens (Ornithischia, Hadrosauridae) femur documents a previously unreported intermediate growth stage for this taxon Andrew A. Farke1,2,3,* and Eunice Yip2 1Raymond M. Alf Museum of Paleontology, 1175 West Baseline Road, Claremont, CA, 91711, USA 2The Webb Schools, 1175 West Baseline Road, Claremont, CA, 91711, USA 3Dinosaur Institute, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 900 Exposition Blvd. Los Angeles, CA, 90007, USA; [email protected] Abstract: A nearly complete, but isolated, femur of a small hadrosaurid from the Hell Creek Formation of Montana is tentatively referred to Edmontosaurus annectens. At 28 cm long, the element can be classified as likely that from an ‘early juvenile’ individual, approximately 24% of the maximum known femur length for this species. Specimens from this size range and age class have not been described previously for E. annectens. Notable trends with increasing body size include increasingly distinct separation of the femoral head and greater trochanter, relative increase in the size of the cranial trochanter, a slight reduction in the relative breadth of the fourth trochanter, and a relative increase in the prominence of the cranial intercondylar groove. The gross profile of the femoral shaft is fairly consistent between the smallest and largest individuals. Although an ontogenetic change from relatively symmetrical to an asymmetrical shape in the fourth trochanter has been suggested previously, the new juvenile specimen shows an asymmetric fourth tro- chanter. Thus, there may not be a consistent ontogenetic pattern in trochanteric morphology. An isometric relationship between femoral circumference and femoral length is confirmed for Edmontosaurus.
    [Show full text]
  • The Fauna from the Tyrannosaurus Rex Excavation, Frenchman Formation (Late Maastrichtian), Saskatchewan
    The Fauna from the Tyrannosaurus rex Excavation, Frenchman Formation (Late Maastrichtian), Saskatchewan Tim T. Tokaryk 1 and Harold N. Bryant 2 Tokaryk, T.T. and Bryant, H.N. (2004): The fauna from the Tyrannosaurus rex excavation, Frenchman Formation (Late Maastrichtian), Saskatchewan; in Summary of Investigations 2004, Volume 1, Saskatchewan Geological Survey, Sask. Industry Resources, Misc. Rep. 2004-4.1, CD-ROM, Paper A-18, 12p. Abstract The quarry that contained the partial skeleton of the Tyrannosaurus rex, familiarly known as “Scotty,” has yielded a diverse faunal and floral assemblage. The site is located in the Frenchman River valley in southwestern Saskatchewan and dates from approximately 65 million years, at the end of the Cretaceous Period. The faunal assemblage from the quarry is reviewed and the floral assemblage is summarized. Together, these assemblages provide some insight into the biological community that lived in southwestern Saskatchewan during the latest Cretaceous. Keywords: Frenchman Formation, Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous, southwestern Saskatchewan, Tyrannosaurus rex. 1. Introduction a) Geological Setting The Frenchman Formation, of latest Maastrichtian age, is extensively exposed in southwestern Saskatchewan (Figure 1; Fraser et al., 1935; Furnival, 1950). The lithostratigraphic units in the formation consist largely of fluvial sandstones and greenish grey to green claystones. Outcrops of the Frenchman Formation are widely distributed in the Frenchman River valley, southeast of Eastend. Chambery Coulee, on the north side of the valley, includes Royal Saskatchewan Museum (RSM) locality 72F07-0022 (precise locality data on file with the RSM), the site that contained the disarticulated skeleton of a Tyrannosaurus rex. McIver (2002) subdivided the stratigraphic sequence at this locality into “lower” and “upper” beds.
    [Show full text]
  • Amia Cf. Pattersoni from the Paleocene Paskapoo Formation of Alberta
    31 Amia cf. pattersoni from the Paleocene Paskapoo Formation of Alberta Lance Grande, Li Guo-Qing, and Mark V. H. Wilson Abstract: A well-prepared anterior half of an amiid skull from the Late Paleocene Paskapoo Formation of south-central Alberta is described. The specimen is either very closely related to, or conspecific with, Amia pattersoni Grande and Bemis, 1998, from the Early Eocene Green River Formation of Wyoming. We leave the specimen as Amia cf. pattersoni until additional material is found to further clarify its relationships. Amia cf. pattersoni is the oldest known specimen clearly identifiable as belonging to the genus Amia (sensu Grande and Bemis, 1998), and the Paskapoo spe- cies extends the known geographic range of Amia both northward and westward. The fish assemblage of the Paskapoo Formation represents the most diverse freshwater Paleocene fish fauna known from North America. Based on compari- sons of sample size and relative taxonomic diversity to the better known Green River Formation localities of Wyoming, we predict that further collecting will substantially increase the known diversity of the Paskapoo fauna. The Paskapoo Formation, therefore, has great potential to continue adding to the meager knowledge of pre-Eocene freshwater teleost diversity in North America. Résumé : Ce document décrit une moitié antérieure bien préparée d'un crâne d'un aminoïde de la Formation de Paska- poo du Paléocene tardif. Le spécimen est soit relié très étroitement à Amia cf. pattersoni Grande et Bemis, 1998 de la Formation de Green River de l'Éocène précoce, au Wyoming, soit qu'il lui est congénère. Nous classons le spécimen en tant que Amia cf.
    [Show full text]
  • Postcranial Anatomy of Tanius Sinensis Wiman, 1929 (Dinosauria; Hadrosauroidea) Postkraniala Anatomin Hos Tanius Sinensis Wiman, 1929 (Dinosauria; Hadrosauroidea)
    Examensarbete vid Institutionen för geovetenskaper Degree Project at the Department of Earth Sciences ISSN 1650-6553 Nr 320 Postcranial Anatomy of Tanius Sinensis Wiman, 1929 (Dinosauria; Hadrosauroidea) Postkraniala anatomin hos Tanius sinensis Wiman, 1929 (Dinosauria; Hadrosauroidea) Niclas H. Borinder INSTITUTIONEN FÖR GEOVETENSKAPER DEPARTMENT OF EARTH SCIENCES Examensarbete vid Institutionen för geovetenskaper Degree Project at the Department of Earth Sciences ISSN 1650-6553 Nr 320 Postcranial Anatomy of Tanius Sinensis Wiman, 1929 (Dinosauria; Hadrosauroidea) Postkraniala anatomin hos Tanius sinensis Wiman, 1929 (Dinosauria; Hadrosauroidea) Niclas H. Borinder ISSN 1650-6553 Copyright © Niclas H. Borinder and the Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University Published at Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University (www.geo.uu.se), Uppsala, 2015 Abstract Postcranial Anatomy of Tanius Sinensis Wiman, 1929 (Dinosauria; Hadrosauroidea) Niclas H. Borinder Tanius sinensis Wiman, 1929 was one of the first hadrosauroid or “duck-billed” taxa erected from China, indeed one of the very first non-avian dinosaur taxa to be erected based on material from the country. Since the original description by Wiman in 1929, the anatomy of T. sinensis has received relatively little attention in the literature since then. This is unfortunate given the importance of T. sinensis as a possible non-hadrosaurid hadrosauroid i.e. a member of Hadrosauroidea outside the family of Hadrosauridae, living in the Late Cretaceous, at a time when most non-hadrosaurid hadro- sauroids had become replaced by the members of Hadrosauridae. To gain a better understanding of the anatomy of T. sinensis and its phylogenetic relationships, the postcranial anatomy of it is redescribed. T. sinensis is found to have a mosaic of basal traits like strongly opisthocoelous cervical vertebrae, the proximal end of scapula being dorsoventrally wider than the distal end, the ratio between the proximodistal length of the metatarsal III and the mediolateral width of this element being greater than 4.5.
    [Show full text]
  • Seismic Modelling and Monitoring of Carbon Storage in a Sandstone Aquifer
    Seismic monitoring of carbon storage Seismic modelling and monitoring of carbon storage in a sandstone aquifer Virginia C. Vera and Don C. Lawton ABSTRACT Carbon Management Canada in association with CREWES have invested in research projects that investigate the feasibility of injecting and monitoring relatively small amounts of CO2 in sandstone aquifers in Alberta. In this case the target is a “shallow” sandstone layer of the Paskapoo Formation, southwest of Calgary. In order to evaluate the monitoring viability, Gassmann fluid substitution and 3D seismic modeling were undertaken. Synthetic seismograms were generated to assess changes given the injection of CO2 in Lower Paskapoo sandstone. The resulting model attempts to represent the study site and its geology, therefore the seismic data acquired during 2010 field school was used as a guide. Using Norsar3D software, a pre-injection model and a post-injection scenario, which include the CO2 plume, were obtained. The plume was estimated for a 3000 tonnes of CO2, which is the expected injection amount after 3 years, and 50% CO2 saturation. The plume size and shape was calculated taking using volumetric principles and the assumption of radial dispersion. From the resulting seismic volumes it is possible to appreciate a difference in seismic amplitude and time delay of the reflectors in the injection zone and underneath it. The changes caused by the presence of CO2 are easily recognizable applying a subtraction of the post-injection model to the initial model. INTRODUCTION The main purpose of this study was to generate a 3D geological model and subsequent seismic model that calculates the seismic response before and after CO2 injection on the project land at the study site.
    [Show full text]
  • Integumentary Structure and Composition in an Exceptionally Well-Preserved Hadrosaur (Dinosauria: Ornithischia)
    Integumentary structure and composition in an exceptionally well-preserved hadrosaur (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) Mauricio Barbi1,*, Phil R. Bell2,*, Federico Fanti3,4, James J. Dynes5, Anezka Kolaceke1, Josef Buttigieg6, Ian M. Coulson7 and Philip J. Currie8 1 Department of Physics, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada 2 School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia 3 Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy 4 Museo Geologico Giovanni Capellini, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy 5 Canadian Light Source Inc., University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada 6 Department of Biology, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada 7 Department of Geology, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada 8 Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada * These authors contributed equally to this work. ABSTRACT Preserved labile tissues (e.g., skin, muscle) in the fossil record of terrestrial vertebrates are increasingly becoming recognized as an important source of biological and tapho- nomic information. Here, we combine a variety of synchrotron radiation techniques with scanning electron and optical microscopy to elucidate the structure of 72 million- year-old squamous (scaly) skin from a hadrosaurid dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada. Scanning electron and optical microscopy independently reveal that the three-dimensionally preserved scales are associated with a band of carbon-rich layers up to a total thickness of ∼75 microns, which is topographically and morphologically congruent with the stratum corneum in modern reptiles. Compositionally, this band deviates from that of the surrounding sedimentary matrix; Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and soft X-ray spectromicroscopy analyses indicate that carbon appears Submitted 27 April 2019 predominantly as carbonyl in the skin.
    [Show full text]
  • Competition Structured a Late Cretaceous Megaherbivorous Dinosaur Assemblage Jordan C
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Competition structured a Late Cretaceous megaherbivorous dinosaur assemblage Jordan C. Mallon 1,2 Modern megaherbivore community richness is limited by bottom-up controls, such as resource limitation and resultant dietary competition. However, the extent to which these same controls impacted the richness of fossil megaherbivore communities is poorly understood. The present study investigates the matter with reference to the megaherbivorous dinosaur assemblage from the middle to upper Campanian Dinosaur Park Formation of Alberta, Canada. Using a meta-analysis of 21 ecomorphological variables measured across 14 genera, contemporaneous taxa are demonstrably well-separated in ecomorphospace at the family/subfamily level. Moreover, this pattern is persistent through the approximately 1.5 Myr timespan of the formation, despite continual species turnover, indicative of underlying structural principles imposed by long-term ecological competition. After considering the implications of ecomorphology for megaherbivorous dinosaur diet, it is concluded that competition structured comparable megaherbivorous dinosaur communities throughout the Late Cretaceous of western North America. Te question of which mechanisms regulate species coexistence is fundamental to understanding the evolution of biodiversity1. Te standing diversity (richness) of extant megaherbivore (herbivores weighing ≥1,000 kg) com- munities appears to be mainly regulated by bottom-up controls2–4 as these animals are virtually invulnerable to top-down down processes (e.g., predation) when fully grown. Tus, while the young may occasionally succumb to predation, fully-grown African elephants (Loxodonta africana), rhinoceroses (Ceratotherium simum and Diceros bicornis), hippopotamuses (Hippopotamus amphibius), and girafes (Girafa camelopardalis) are rarely targeted by predators, and ofen show indiference to their presence in the wild5.
    [Show full text]
  • Morphological Variation in the Hadrosauroid Dentary Morfologisk Variation I Det Hadrosauroida Dentärbenet
    Examensarbete vid Institutionen för geovetenskaper Degree Project at the Department of Earth Sciences ISSN 1650-6553 Nr 398 Morphological Variation in the Hadrosauroid Dentary Morfologisk variation i det hadrosauroida dentärbenet D. Fredrik K. Söderblom INSTITUTIONEN FÖR GEOVETENSKAPER DEPARTMENT OF EARTH SCIENCES Examensarbete vid Institutionen för geovetenskaper Degree Project at the Department of Earth Sciences ISSN 1650-6553 Nr 398 Morphological Variation in the Hadrosauroid Dentary Morfologisk variation i det hadrosauroida dentärbenet D. Fredrik K. Söderblom ISSN 1650-6553 Copyright © D. Fredrik K. Söderblom Published at Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University (www.geo.uu.se), Uppsala, 2017 Abstract Morphological Variation in the Hadrosauroid Dentary D. Fredrik K. Söderblom The near global success reached by hadrosaurid dinosaurs during the Cretaceous has been attributed to their ability to masticate (chew). This behavior is more commonly recognized as a mammalian adaptation and, as a result, its occurrence in a non-mammalian lineage should be accompanied with several evolutionary modifications associated with food collection and processing. The current study investigates morphological variation in a specific cranial complex, the dentary, a major element of the hadrosauroid lower jaw. 89 dentaries were subjected to morphometric and statistical analyses to investigate the clade’s taxonomic-, ontogenetic-, and individual variation in dentary morphology. Results indicate that food collection and processing became more efficient in saurolophid hadrosaurids through a complex pattern of evolutionary and growth-related changes. The diastema (space separating the beak from the dental battery) grew longer relative to dentary length, specializing food collection anteriorly and food processing posteriorly. The diastema became ventrally directed, hinting at adaptations to low-level grazing, especially in younger individuals.
    [Show full text]
  • (Published March 2011) Richard C. Fox an Unusual Early Primate from the Paleocene Paskapoo Formation, Alberta, Canada
    Issue 1 (published March 2011) Richard C. Fox An unusual early primate from the Paleocene Paskapoo Formation, Alberta, Canada . 1–10 Wighart von Koenigswald, Luke T. Holbrook, and Kenneth D. Rose Diversity and evolution of Hunter−Schreger Band configuration in tooth enamel of perissodactyl mammals . 11–32 Carlo Meloro Morphological disparity in Plio−Pleistocene large carnivore guilds from Italian peninsula . 33–44 Pablo A. Gallina and Sebastián Apesteguía Cranial anatomy and phylogenetic position of the titanosaurian sauropod Bonitasaura salgadoi . 45–60 Michael D. D’Emic and Jeffrey A. Wilson New remains attributable to the holotype of the sauropod dinosaur Neuquensaurus australis, with implications for saltasaurine systematics . 61–73 Michael P. Taylor, Mathew J. Wedel, and Richard L. Cifelli A new sauropod dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous Cedar Mountain Formation, Utah, USA . 75–98 Ross A. Elgin, David W.E. Hone, and Eberhard Frey The extent of the pterosaur flight membrane . 99–111 Jörg Fröbisch, Rainer R. Schoch, Johannes Müller, Thomas Schindler, and Dieter Schweiss A new basal sphenacodontid synapsid from the Late Carboniferous of the Saar−Nahe Basin, Germany . 113–120 Michele Mazza, Manuel Rigo, and Alda Nicora A new Metapolygnathus platform conodont species and its implications for Upper Carnian global correlations . 121–131 Ana B. Villaseñor, Federico Olóriz, and Celestina González−Arreola Lower Tithonian microconchiate simoceratins from eastern Mexico: Taxonomy, biostratigraphy, and palaeobiogeography. 133–158 Kenneth De Baets, Christian Klug, and Dieter Korn Devonian pearls and ammonoid−endoparasite co−evolution . 159–180 Vladimir I. Davydov Taxonomy, nomenclature, and evolution of the early schubertellid fusulinids . 181–194 Benjamin Bomfleur, Michael Krings, Edith L.
    [Show full text]
  • Bedrock Geology of Alberta
    Alberta Geological Survey Map 600 Legend Bedrock Geology of Alberta Southwestern Plains Southeastern Plains Central Plains Northwestern Plains Northeastern Plains NEOGENE (± PALEOGENE) NEOGENE ND DEL BONITA GRAVELS: pebble gravel with some cobbles; minor thin beds and lenses NH HAND HILLS FORMATION: gravel and sand, locally cemented into conglomerate; gravel of sand; pebbles consist primarily of quartzite and argillite with minor amounts of sandstone, composed of mainly quartzite and sandstone with minor amounts of chert, arkose, and coal; fluvial amygdaloidal basalt, and diabase; age poorly constrained; fluvial PALEOGENE PALEOGENE PALEOGENE (± NEOGENE) PALEOGENE (± NEOGENE) UPLAND GRAVEL: gravel composed of mainly white quartzite cobbles and pebbles with lesser amounts of UPLAND GRAVEL: gravel capping the Clear Hills, Halverson Ridge, and Caribou Mountains; predominantly .C CYPRESS HILLS FORMATION: gravel and sand, locally cemented to conglomerate; mainly quartzite .G .G and sandstone clasts with minor chert and quartz component; fluvial black chert pebbles; sand matrix; minor thin beds and lenses of sand; includes gravel in the Swan Hills area; white quartzite cobbles and pebbles with lesser amounts of black chert pebbles; quartzite boulders occur in the age poorly constrained; fluvial Clear Hills and Halverson Ridge gravels; sand matrix; ages poorly constrained; extents poorly defined; fluvial .PH PORCUPINE HILLS FORMATION: olive-brown mudstone interbedded with fine- to coarse-grained, .R RAVENSCRAG FORMATION: grey to buff mudstone
    [Show full text]
  • Edmontosaurus Annectens (Ornithischia, Hadrosauridae) Femur Documents a Previously Unreported Intermediate Growth Stage for This Taxon Andrew A
    Vertebrate Anatomy Morphology Palaeontology 7:59–67 59 ISSN 2292-1389 A juvenile cf. Edmontosaurus annectens (Ornithischia, Hadrosauridae) femur documents a previously unreported intermediate growth stage for this taxon Andrew A. Farke1,2,3,* and Eunice Yip2 1Raymond M. Alf Museum of Paleontology, 1175 West Baseline Road, Claremont, CA, 91711, USA 2The Webb Schools, 1175 West Baseline Road, Claremont, CA, 91711, USA 3Dinosaur Institute, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 900 Exposition Blvd. Los Angeles, CA, 90007, USA; [email protected] Abstract: A nearly complete, but isolated, femur of a small hadrosaurid from the Hell Creek Formation of Montana is tentatively referred to Edmontosaurus annectens. At 28 cm long, the element can be classified as likely that from an ‘early juvenile’ individual, approximately 24% of the maximum known femur length for this species. Specimens from this size range and age class have not been described previously for E. annectens. Notable trends with increasing body size include increasingly distinct separation of the femoral head and greater trochanter, relative increase in the size of the cranial trochanter, a slight reduction in the relative breadth of the fourth trochanter, and a relative increase in the prominence of the cranial intercondylar groove. The gross profile of the femoral shaft is fairly consistent between the smallest and largest individuals. Although an ontogenetic change from relatively symmetrical to an asymmetrical shape in the fourth trochanter has been suggested previously, the new juvenile specimen shows an asymmetric fourth tro- chanter. Thus, there may not be a consistent ontogenetic pattern in trochanteric morphology. An isometric relationship between femoral circumference and femoral length is confirmed for Edmontosaurus.
    [Show full text]
  • Longrich-Sankey-Texacephale-10.Pdf
    This article appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The attached copy is furnished to the author for internal non-commercial research and education use, including for instruction at the authors institution and sharing with colleagues. Other uses, including reproduction and distribution, or selling or licensing copies, or posting to personal, institutional or third party websites are prohibited. In most cases authors are permitted to post their version of the article (e.g. in Word or Tex form) to their personal website or institutional repository. Authors requiring further information regarding Elsevier’s archiving and manuscript policies are encouraged to visit: http://www.elsevier.com/copyright Author's personal copy Cretaceous Research 31 (2010) 274–284 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Cretaceous Research journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/CretRes Texacephale langstoni, a new genus of pachycephalosaurid (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the upper Campanian Aguja Formation, southern Texas, USA Nicholas R. Longrich a,*, Julia Sankey b, Darren Tanke c a Department of Geology, Yale University, P.O. Box 208109, New Haven, CT 06520-8109, USA b Department of Physics and Geology, California State University, Stanislaus, One University Circle, Turlock, California 95382, USA c Royal Tyrrell Museum, P.O. Box 7500, Drumheller, Alberta T0J 0Y0, Canada article info abstract Article history: Recent work in the Campanian Aguja Formation of Big Bend, Texas, has resulted in the recovery of two Received 16 June 2009 frontoparietal domes from a new genus of pachycephalosaur. Texacephale langstoni gen. et sp. nov. is Accepted in revised form diagnosed by a tall, arched nasal boss, flange-like processes articulating the dome with the peripheral 14 December 2009 elements, and a low pedicel separating the cerebral fossa from the skull roof.
    [Show full text]