Epping Forest District Council

2020 Air Quality Annual Status Report (ASR)

In fulfilment of Part IV of the Environment Act 1995 Local Air Quality Management

Date: December 2020

LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 Epping Forest District Council

Local Authority Claire Jaggard Officer Department Public Health Team Civic Offices High Street Address Epping Essex CM16 9BZ Telephone 01992 564000

E-mail [email protected] Report Reference WK/202100740 number Date December 2020

LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 Epping Forest District Council

Executive Summary: Air Quality in Our Area Air Quality in Epping Forest District

Air pollution is associated with a number of adverse health impacts. It is recognised as a contributing factor in the onset of heart disease and cancer. Additionally, air pollution particularly affects the most vulnerable in society: children and older people, and those with heart and lung conditions. There is also often a strong correlation with equalities issues, because areas with poor air quality are also often the less affluent areas1,2.

The annual health cost to society of the impacts of particulate matter alone in the UK is estimated to be around £16 billion3.

The Council continues to monitor air quality across the district, using nitrogen dioxide as the key indicator. Air quality in the district is reasonably good with only small pockets of elevated concentrations of pollution related to vehicle emissions, which are limited to congested high street areas and busy junctions.

The results for 2019 indicate an overall improvement in nitrogen dioxide concentrations across the district. Only 2 locations showed an increase in concentration, with a further 4 locations reporting similar concentrations to the previous year. The 2 locations that measured an increase in the annual mean concentration were Roundhills, that increased by 1µg/m3, and Netherhall Road that increased by 2 µg/m3. Neither of these locations measured concentrations close to the annual mean objective.

The Council retains one small Air Quality Management Area (AQMA) near the B1393 / Theydon Road junction at Epping, Bell Common. Although the concentration measured here remains above the 40µg/m3 annual mean objective, it has reduced from 64µg/m3 in 2017, to 48µg/m3 in 2019. As this is below 60µg/m3 (the concentration used to determine if the hourly objective is likely to be exceeded) we will be able to consider a revocation of the AQMA in respect of the 1-hourly objective should we continue to measure concentrations at this level. Details of the Epping Bell Common AQMA (No.2) can be found at:

1 Environmental equity, air quality, socioeconomic status and respiratory health, 2010 2 Air quality and social deprivation in the UK: an environmental inequalities analysis, 2006 3 Defra. Abatement cost guidance for valuing changes in air quality, May 2013

LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 i Epping Forest District Council http://www.essexair.org.uk/AQInEssex/LA/EppingForest.aspx?View=aqma , alternatively a map showing its location can be found in Appendix D of this report.

At the start of 2019 additional nitrogen dioxide diffusion tube monitoring was set up at locations to provide additional monitoring where measured concentrations have been close to the objective. Additional locations were erected in the vicinity of Chigwell Hainault Road, on Epping High Street, in the vicinity of the AQMA at Bell Common Epping, and on Ongar High Street. In addition to this, we erected a monitoring location on the façade of Epping Underground Station as we became aware that a residential property may be exposed to elevated concentrations of nitrogen dioxide due to high volumes of traffic in the vicinity.

None of the additional monitoring locations revealed an exceedance of the annual mean objection concentration and therefore no new AQMAs are proposed. Two additional locations were identified where it was considered appropriate to commence monitoring. These were close to residential receptors in the vicinity of Rectory Lane Loughton, which experiences high volumes of traffic, and at Nazeing crossroads, where queuing traffic is commonplace. Monitoring started at these locations in January 2020 and the results will be reported in the next Annual Status Report.

The Council continues to work with our partners including Essex County Council and the Environment Agency on environmental protection and air quality matters.

Actions to Improve Air Quality

Because the single largest influence on air quality in the District is from motor vehicles, the Council is generally reliant on national strategies and vehicle emissions regulations for the improvement of air quality.

Whilst we consider the migration to electric vehicles as crucial to the reduction of nitrogen dioxide, we are also actively encouraging road users to turn their engines off rather than allow their engines to idle. We have produced a number of posters which are being rotated around various hotspots in the district to provide a visual reminder to drivers.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 ii Epping Forest District Council

The Council is currently reviewing its Air Quality Action Plan with a view to introducing a new range of measures aimed at reducing concentrations of nitrogen dioxide and particulates, both within the AQMA at Epping Bell Common, and across the district. Measures will be aimed at developing appropriate infrastructure to support the anticipated increased uptake in electric and plug-in hybrid vehicles, as well as promoting sustainable transport choices by both local businesses and residents. In addition, we are still exploring possibilities of taking steps that will directly improve the traffic flow at the Epping Bell Common AQMA however we have been unable to progress this at this time.

Conclusions and Priorities

The results from diffusion tube monitoring undertaken show that the annual mean concentration of nitrogen dioxide in the district has reduced or stayed the same during 2019 at all except two locations. One of these was in Waltham Abbey (where it increased by 1µg/m3), and the other was in Roydon (which showed a 2µg/m3 increase). Annual Mean concentrations at ‘3.Epping Bell Vue’ in the AQMA continue to be

LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 iii Epping Forest District Council elevated due to the amount of road traffic using the B1393, however they decreased for the second year running, where concentrations have reduced from 64µg/m3 (in 2017) to 48µg/m3 (in 2019). Should this result continue to be below 60µg/m3, we will be able to consider amending the AQMA to remove the designation in respect of the 1-hourly mean objective. The results do however continue to show that the annual mean objective concentration is exceeded. No exceedances were identified outside of the Air Quality Management Area where relevant receptors were present.

Particular challenges faced by Epping Forest Council include an ageing bus fleet which provides a rural transport service to the northern half of the district, where the London transport network ends. This also means that the motor car remains the first transport choice for many residents.

At present local priorities are aimed at the overall improvement of air quality via a range of methods. These include raising awareness of the impact of log burners, idling vehicles, facilitating the take up of electric vehicles by requiring the installation of charge points as part of the planning process, and changing habits especially with regards to the choice of transport methods. We are developing a new Action Plan in which we hope to introduce a more targeted focus on the AQMA.

Local Engagement and How to get Involved

Get involved – it’s easy! Ride your bike, walk or scoot to work, walk your children to school. Make it fun!

If you must use your car and you are waiting for others or find yourself stuck in traffic, turn your engine off! As well as wasting money and polluting the environment, idling is illegal.

Have you considered updating your vehicle to an electric or plug-in hybrid? There may be grants available to assist with the cost of doing so.

Do you have bonfires or use a log burner at home? Consider composting rather than having a bonfire and where it is available, use gas or electricity to heat your home. If you have no alternative to using a log burner, ensure wood is fully dry to improve combustion and reduce pollution.

The Essex Air Web site can provide you with useful information which may help you get out and about, see: http://www.essexair.org.uk/

LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 iv Epping Forest District Council Table of Contents

Executive Summary: Air Quality in Our Area ...... i Air Quality in Epping Forest District ...... i Actions to Improve Air Quality ...... ii Conclusions and Priorities ...... iii Local Engagement and How to get Involved ...... iv 1 Local Air Quality Management ...... 1 2 Actions to Improve Air Quality ...... 2 2.1 Air Quality Management Areas ...... 2 2.2 Progress and Impact of Measures to address Air Quality in Epping Forest District 4

2.3 PM2.5 – Local Authority Approach to Reducing Emissions and/or Concentrations...... 8 3 Air Quality Monitoring Data and Comparison with Air Quality Objectives and National Compliance ...... 10 3.1 Summary of Monitoring Undertaken ...... 10 The monitoring undertaken in 2019 was a continuation of that undertaken by Epping Forest District Council in 2018 with the following alterations: ...... 10 Additional nitrogen dioxide monitoring locations were set up at the start of 2019: ...... 10 3.1.1 Automatic Monitoring Sites ...... 12 3.1.2 Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites...... 12 3.2 Individual Pollutants ...... 12

3.2.1 Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)...... 12

3.2.2 Particulate Matter (PM10) ...... 14

3.2.3 Particulate Matter (PM2.5) ...... 14

3.2.4 Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) ...... 14 Appendix A: Monitoring Results ...... 15 Appendix B: Full Monthly Diffusion Tube Results for 2019 ...... 28 Appendix C: Supporting Technical Information / Air Quality Monitoring Data QA/QC ...... 39 Appendix D: Map(s) of Monitoring Locations and AQMAs ...... 41 Appendix E: Summary of Air Quality Objectives in England ...... 55 Glossary of Terms ...... 56 References ...... 57

LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 v Epping Forest District Council

List of Tables Table 2.1 – Declared Air Quality Management Areas ...... 3 Table 2.2 – Progress on Measures to Improve Air Quality ...... 7 Table A.1 - Details of Automatic Monitoring Sites ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table A.2 – Annual Mean NO2 Monitoring Results ...... 19

Table B.1 - NO2 Monthly Diffusion Tube Results - 2019 ...... 28 Table E.1 – Air Quality Objectives in England ...... 55

List of Figures

Figure A.1 – Trends in Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations at Bell Common AQMA .. 24 Figure A.2 – Trends in Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations in Epping ...... 25 Figure A.3 – Trends in Annual Mean NO2 Concentrationss in Loughton ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. Figure A.4 – Trends in Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations In Waltham Abbey... Error! Bookmark not defined.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 vi Epping Forest District Council

1 Local Air Quality Management

This report provides an overview of air quality in Epping Forest District during 2019. It fulfils the requirements of Local Air Quality Management (LAQM) as set out in Part IV of the Environment Act (1995) and the relevant Policy and Technical Guidance documents.

The LAQM process places an obligation on all local authorities to regularly review and assess air quality in their areas, and to determine whether or not the air quality objectives are likely to be achieved. Where an exceedance is considered likely the local authority must declare an Air Quality Management Area (AQMA) and prepare an Air Quality Action Plan (AQAP) setting out the measures it intends to put in place in pursuit of the objectives. This Annual Status Report (ASR) is an annual requirement showing the strategies employed by Epping Forest District to improve air quality and any progress that has been made.

The statutory air quality objectives applicable to LAQM in England can be found in Table E.1 in Appendix E.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 1 Epping Forest District Council

2 Actions to Improve Air Quality 2.1 Air Quality Management Areas

Air Quality Management Areas (AQMAs) are declared when there is an exceedance or likely exceedance of an air quality objective. After declaration, the authority must prepare an Air Quality Action Plan (AQAP) within 12-18 months setting out measures it intends to put in place in pursuit of compliance with the objectives.

A summary of AQMAs declared by Epping Forest District can be found in Table 2.1. Further information related to declared or revoked AQMAs, including maps of AQMA boundaries are available online at https://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/aqma/local- authorities?la_id=99. Alternatively, see Appendix D: Map(s) of Monitoring Locations and AQMAs, which provides a number of maps showing the locations of the Epping Bell Common AQMA (No.2) as well as a number of maps showing the locations of other monitoring sites throughout the district.

We do not propose to make any changes to the Epping Bell Common (No.2) AQMA, and no other declarations are required at this time.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 2 Epping Forest District Council

Table 2.1 – Declared Air Quality Management Areas

Is air Level of Exceedance quality in (maximum the AQMA monitored/modelled Action Plan Pollutants influenced concentration at a location AQMA Date of and Air City / One Line by roads of relevant exposure) Name Declaration Quality Town Description controlled Objectives by At Date of Now Name Link Highways Declaration Publication England? An area AQMA encompassing Nitrogen Epping 2 properties at Air See Declared dioxide: Bell Forest the junction of Quality comments 1st August Annual Common, NO 68 µg/m3 µg/m3 2012 District Epping High 48 Action below 2010 mean Epping Council Road and Plan table Objective No.2 Theydon Road. An area AQMA encompassing Nitrogen Epping 2 properties at Air See Declared dioxide: Bell Forest the junction of Quality comments 1st August 1-hour Common, NO 68 µg/m3 µg/m3 2012 District Epping High 48 Action below 2010 mean Epping Council Road and Plan table Objective No.2 Theydon Road.

☒ Epping Forest District confirm the information on UK-Air regarding their AQMA(s) is up to date

The Council is working on a comprehensive updated Action Plan. We have been unable to complete this to date due to unavoidable delays with the Local Plan which have prevented major stakeholders from engaging in discussions. We are currently working on a range of general measures to improve air quality across the district and will publish these in the updated Action Plan together with measures to specifically address the AQMA as soon as we are in a position to do so.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 3 Epping Forest District Council

2.2 Progress and Impact of Measures to address Air Quality in Epping Forest District

Defra have yet to undertake an appraisal of last year’s ASR as it was submitted recently. This report has been undertaken taking into consideration comments made from the appraisal of previously submitted reports.

Epping Forest District has taken forward a number of direct measures during the current reporting year of 2019 in pursuit of improving local air quality. Details of all measures completed, in progress or planned are set out in Table 2.2. These measures have been funded from existing resources.

Air quality has been a consideration in the Councils emerging Local Plan and greater liaison with regards to development and its impact on air quality takes place as a result.

Epping Forest District Council expects the following measures to be completed over the course of the next reporting year:

➢ Clean Air Day – undertake additional promotional work outside schools, focussing on known problem areas, speaking to parents in vehicles and also raising awareness with the children.

➢ Idling vehicles promotion campaign – Raise awareness of the impacts of idling vehicles and that idling is an offence that may lead to the issuing of an FPN. This is to include commercial vehicles.

➢ Targeted enforcement in respect of idling vehicles (subsequent to promotional campaign), especially of taxis and buses at train stations.

➢ Use of powers granted to nominated officers in respect of the issuing of fixed penalty notices (FPNs) for the idling of stationary vehicles.

➢ Liaising with Epping Forest Conservators and Essex County Council Highways Department in relation to options to improve air quality in the Air Quality Management Area, with the aim of making sufficient progress to continue updating the Air Quality Action Plan.

➢ Liaising with internal departments regarding the emerging Local Plan to ensure that policies facilitate mitigation to protect human health going forward.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 4 Epping Forest District Council

➢ Work with Development Control to update standard conditions placed on planning applications, to ensure that they address current and future issues as a result of development.

Epping Forest District Council’s priorities for the coming year are:

➢ Continue liaison with key partners including Essex County Council Highways Department with regards to workable options that will address air quality issues in the Epping Bell Common AQMA. Discussions will be informed by outputs from air quality modelling commissioned by the Council to support the emerging Local Plan. These review the potential for longer term improvements in air quality arising from interventions together with the application of policies proposed in the Plan. As soon as we are in a position to, we will publish a revised Air Quality Action Plan.

➢ Targeted enforcement of idling vehicles where complaints are received and following the promotional campaign

➢ Further enhance our programme of nitrogen dioxide monitoring to ensure that busy and congested roads are fully assessed, and appropriate action can therefore be taken in the event that elevated concentrations are identified.

The principal challenges and barriers to implementation that Epping Forest District Council anticipates facing are:

➢ Availability of land adjacent to the Epping Bell Common AQMA which would facilitate making adjustments to the road network and therefore improve traffic flow throughout the area

➢ Effective partnership working where interests and required outcomes differ.

➢ Financial costs of implementing preferred options for measures to reduce pollution concentrations

➢ Affects of the Covid-19 pandemic. Unknown effects on transport usage and choices made, as well as officers ability to work towards improvement via promotions and enforcement during this time. Will increased working from home lead to a reduction or increase in air pollution?

LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 5 Epping Forest District Council

Progress on the following measures has been slower than expected due to:

➢ Local Plan: The Local Plan was delayed following a legal challenge which prevented it from being submitted.

➢ Air Quality Action Plan update: there are very limited direct actions that will be effective in reducing concentrations of nitrogen dioxide in the Epping Bell Common AQMA. A knock on effect of the delay to the Local Plan is that it has not been possible to progress the possibility of implementing any of these at this time. However, as a result of further assessment of Air Quality in the vicinity due to the content of the Local Plan, it is hoped that this delay will enable better focus and effectiveness of measures.

Whilst the measures stated above and in Table 2.2 will help to contribute towards compliance, Epping Forest District Council anticipates that further additional measures not yet prescribed will be required in subsequent years to achieve compliance and enable the revocation of the Epping Bell Common AQMA No.2. These will be fully considered as part of the new Action Plan, which will be completed as soon as we are able to assess the impact of the emerging Local Plan.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 6 Epping Forest District Council

Table 2.2 – Progress on Measures to Improve Air Quality

Reduction in Estimated / Date Key Comments / EU Organisations Funding Pollutant / Actual Measure No. Measure EU Category Measure Performance Progress to Date Barriers to Classification involved Source Emission from Completion Introduced Indicator implementation Measure Date Introduction/increa se of environment Environmental Applicable to the whole Environmental charges through 100% of inspections 100% completed during Permitting ongoing EFDC N/A district not just the 100% to date Ongoing 1 Permits permit systems due completed 2019 Inspections AQMA and economic instruments Updates to Applicable to the whole Website updates Essex Air Public Information Via the Internet ongoing Essex Air N/A None district not just the Ongoing Ongoing 2 undertaken Website AQMA Company Vehicle Electric vehicles have Fleet Vehicle Procurement - Applicable to the whole Promoting Low replaced some corporate standards for Prioritising uptake 2017 EFDC N/A TBC district not just the Ongoing Ongoing 3 Emission Transport vehicles. Further work CO2 of low emission AQMA required. vehicles

New measures will be incorporated into this table following the completion of the Councils revised Air Quality Action Plan.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 7 Epping Forest District Council

2.3 PM2.5 – Local Authority Approach to Reducing Emissions and/or Concentrations

As detailed in Policy Guidance LAQM.PG16 (Chapter 7), local authorities are expected to work towards reducing emissions and/or concentrations of PM2.5 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5µm or less). There is clear evidence that PM2.5 has a significant impact on human health, including premature mortality, allergic reactions, and cardiovascular diseases.

Epping Forest District is taking the following measures to address PM2.5:

Existing / Ongoing Measures:

➢ Authorisation of officers to issue fixed penalty notices in respect of idling vehicles on the public highway (May 2018)

➢ Effective regulation of Part B and Part A2 regulated activities including solvent emission activities.

➢ Investigation of complaints regarding, and regular reviews to search for unpermitted industrial activities.

➢ Investigation of complaints and effective regulation in respect of industrial and domestic bonfires.

➢ Investigation of complaints, provision of information and effective regulation of smoke control areas (Loughton and Waltham Abbey).

➢ Participation in ‘Clean Air Day’ anti-idling promotion initiatives with a focus outside schools.

➢ Consideration of planning applications in respect of dust creation on building sites and appropriate mitigation strategies.

The above measures will link to the Public Health Outcomes Framework Indicator ‘D01 : Fraction of mortality attributable to particulate air pollution’ and help to bring about a reduction in particulate air pollution (PM2.5).

LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 8 Epping Forest District Council

The latest Public Health Outcomes Framework Indicator for Epping Forest shows that the district has a higher percentage of mortality attributed to particulate air pollution than both the East of England and England. The percentage has been tracking above the regional and national percentages by approximately 0.4% and 0.7% respectively in recent years. The percentages for 2018 are as follows:

Epping Forest District 5.9%

East of England 5.5%

England 5.2%

No information for 2019 is available at the time of writing this report.

Further information regarding this indicator can be found at: https://fingertips.phe.org.uk/public-health-outcomes- framework#page/4/gid/1000043/pat/6/par/E12000006/ati/301/are/E07000072/iid/301 01/age/230/sex/4/cid/4/tbm/1/page-options/ovw-do-0

As Epping Forest District Council do not currently undertake monitoring of particulate matter (either PM10 or PM2.5), we are unable to determine the effectiveness of measures in reducing concentrations of this pollutant. It is anticipated that the measures already being taken in respect of other pollutants will assist in the reduction of both primary PM2.5 and secondary PM2.5.

As the District comprises of a mainly urban south and mainly rural north, the approaches to reduce PM2.5 will differ according to the sources present in the local area. As much PM2.5 within the district will have originated outside of the district, we will continue to work with neighbouring authorities to achieve a consistent approach to air quality improvement.

The district has a number of historical Smoke Control Areas that cover much of the densely populated parts of Waltham Abbey and Loughton. Information and advice is targeted at the residents of these areas as well as encouraging others who enquire with regards to best practice. It is anticipated that the new Environment Bill will provide additional legislation to further improve particulate PM2.5 concentrations which will apply to all residents, not just those in Smoke Control Areas.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 9 Epping Forest District Council 3 Air Quality Monitoring Data and Comparison with Air Quality Objectives and National Compliance 3.1 Summary of Monitoring Undertaken

The monitoring undertaken in 2019 was a continuation of that undertaken by Epping Forest District Council in 2018 with the following alterations:

Additional nitrogen dioxide monitoring locations were set up at the start of 2019:

• 32. Epping : Underground Station • 33. Epping : Copped Hall, Bell Common • 34. Chigwell : 281 Fencepiece Road • 35. Chigwell : 414 Fencepiece Road • 36. Chigwell : 120 Manor Road • 37. Ongar : 107 High Street • 38. Ongar : 149 High Street • 39. Ongar : 204 High Street • 40. Epping : 224 High Street • 41. Epping : 154 High Street • 42. Epping : 259 High Street

The monitoring location at “32. Epping : Underground Station” was set up when we became aware that one of the buildings at this location was a residential property. We were not previously aware of any sensitive receptors here, and as a result of the close proximity to the car park and bus stops, there was a possibility that it would be subjected to elevated concentrations of nitrogen dioxide.

The additional monitoring location at “33. Epping : Copped Hall, Bell Common” was chosen in order to provide further information regarding the distribution of pollutants with distance from the traffic lights next to the AQMA.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 10 Epping Forest District Council

The additional monitoring locations in Chigwell were chosen in order to better assess concentrations of nitrogen dioxide at receptor locations around the junction of Fencepiece Road and Manor Road, near to the “1.Chigwell: Hainault Road” monitoring Location. We were asked to undertake this additional monitoring by Defra in feedback from the 2018 Annual Status Report.

The additional monitoring locations in Ongar were chosen in order to better assess concentrations of nitrogen dioxide along the High Street. The original monitoring location “27. Ongar : 131 High Street” was located at a pinch point in the road and had recorded an annual mean concentration within 10% of the objective in its first year of exposure. It was considered that additional monitoring locations along the busy section of the High Street were needed to enable it to be determine if the annual mean objective was likely to be exceeded.

The additional monitoring locations in Epping were chosen in order to better assess concentrations of nitrogen dioxide along the High Street. Parts of the High Street have recorded annual mean concentrations within 10% of the annual mean objective in recent years and we were asked to undertake further monitoring to ensure that we had greater confidence that our results were representative of the situation along this road.

We did not discontinue monitoring at any location at the end of 2018.

The majority of concentrations monitored in 2019 revealed a downward trend across the district. Four sites measured the same annual average concentration of nitrogen dioxide as 2018 (“1.Chigwell Hainault Road”, “2.Epping 15 High Street”, “4. Epping High Street (Ladbrokes)”, & “29.Ongar 3 Bowes Drive”) and two sites (“21. Waltham Abbey Roundhills” and “14. Roydon Netherhall Road”) showed an increase of 1µg/m3 and 2µg/m3 respectively.

No changes to declarations are proposed at this time however if the downward trend continues, this will be considered in the future.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 11 Epping Forest District Council

Following concerns raised by members of the public, additional monitoring locations were erected with effect from January 2020. These will provide monitoring of areas not previously included in the programme, where there is frequently heavy and queuing traffic. Two monitoring locations are to be set up near the crossroads in the centre of Nazeing, and a further 2 monitoring locations near sensitive receptors along Rectory Lane in Loughton.

3.1.1 Automatic Monitoring Sites

Epping Forest District did not undertake automatic (continuous) monitoring during 2019. National monitoring results are available at https://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/

3.1.2 Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites

Epping Forest District undertook non- automatic (passive) monitoring of NO2 at 42 sites during 2019. Table A. in Appendix A shows the details of the sites.

Maps showing the location of the monitoring sites are provided in Appendix D. Further details on Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC) for the diffusion tubes, including bias adjustments and any other adjustments applied (e.g. “annualisation” and bias adjustment), are included in Appendix C.

3.2 Individual Pollutants

The air quality monitoring results presented in this section are, where relevant, adjusted for bias4, “annualisation” (where the data capture falls below 75%), and distance correction5. Further details on adjustments are provided in Appendix C.

3.2.1 Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)

Table A.2 in Appendix A compares the ratified and adjusted monitored NO2 annual mean concentrations for the past 5 years with the air quality objective of 40µg/m3. Note that the concentration data presented in Table A.2 represents the concentration at the location of the monitoring site, following the application of bias adjustment and annualisation, as required (i.e. the values are exclusive of any consideration to fall-off with distance adjustment).

4 https://laqm.defra.gov.uk/bias-adjustment-factors/bias-adjustment.html 5 Fall-off with distance correction criteria is provided in paragraph 7.77, LAQM.TG(16)

LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 12 Epping Forest District Council

For diffusion tubes, the full 2019 dataset of monthly mean values is provided in Appendix B. Note that the concentration data presented in Table B.1 includes distance corrected values, only where relevant.

An exccedance of the annual mean objective was monitored at the following site:

➢ ‘3. Epping, Bell Vue’ (48µg/m3)

This monitoring location is representative of relevant exposure as it is located on the façade of a residential property. No distance calculation is therefore required for this site. As the concentration recorded is above 40µg/m3 the annual objective for nitrogen dioxide has been exceeded, however as it was below 60 µg/m3 it can be assumed that the hourly objective of 200 µg/m3 has not been exceeded more than 18 times during 2018. This monitoring location is located within the Epping Bell Common AQMA, which has been declared for both an exceedance of the hourly and annual mean objectives. Should the annual mean concentration for nitrogen dioxide continue to be below 60µg/m3, the Council will look to revoke the delcaration of the AQMA for the 1-hourly mean only, however at this time the Council will continue to monitor concentrations in order that a decision as to whether this is appropriate can be made in the future.

No other locations measured an annual mean concentration in excess of the objective, and no further designations are therefore required at this time.

The graph in Appendix A, Figure A.1 shows the trend of monitoring data at ‘3. Epping, Bell Vue’, located within the AQMA. This chart also reflects the recent results that were obtained from the alternative monitoring location during 2015 and 2016. Whilst the result from 2017 did not show an improvement in concentrations compared to 2013 and 2014, the 2018 and 2019 annual mean concentrations have improved signigficantly, being lower than all other results obtained since 2011. This decrease is welcomed and the Council will work towards continued improvement to reduce concentrations to below the annual mean objective.

The remaining graphs in Appendix A, Figures A.2, A.3, and A.4 show trends of monitoring data obtained from Epping, Loughton, and Waltham Abbey. Whilst concentrtions fluctuate over time, there is a continued overall trend in favour of a reduction in nitrogen dioxide concentrations at most sites during 2019.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 13 Epping Forest District Council

3.2.2 Particulate Matter (PM10)

Particulate Matter (PM10) monitorng is not undertaken in the district.

3.2.3 Particulate Matter (PM2.5)

Particulate Matter (PM2.5) monitoring is not undertaken in the district, and because

Particulate Matter (PM10) is not undertaken either, it is not possible to estimate PM2.5 from PM10.

3.2.4 Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)

Sulphur dioxide monitoring is not undertaken in the district.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 14 Epping Forest District Council Appendix A: Monitoring Results

Table A.1 – Details of Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites

Tube Distance to Distance X OS Grid Y OS Grid collocated Pollutants In Relevant to kerb of Height Site ID Site Name Site Type Ref Ref with a Monitored AQMA? Exposure nearest (m) (Easting) (Northing) Continuous (m) (1) road (m) (2) Analyser?

1 : Chigwell: Chigwell: Hainault Kerbside 544234 192236 NO2 NO 8.5 1 NO 2 Hainault Road Road 2 : Epping: 15 Epping: 15 High Urban 541320 200020 NO2 NO 0 13.7 NO 2 High Street Street Background 3 : Epping: Epping: Bell Vue Roadside 544928 201281 NO2 YES 0 1.8 NO 2 Bell Vue 4 : Epping: Epping: High High Street Street Roadside 546196 202355 NO2 NO 0 5.6 NO 2.5 (Ladbrokes) (Ladbrokes) 5 : Epping: Epping: High High Street Street Roadside 546058 202193 NO2 NO 0 4 NO 2.5 (Superdrug) (Superdrug) 6 : Hastingwood: Hastingwood: Urban A414 (Canes 547838 206819 NO2 NO 0 15.6 NO 2 A414 (Canes Background Cottages) Cottages) 7 : Loughton: Loughton: 1 Roadside 542505 196668 NO2 NO 0 4.2 NO 2 1 Church Hill Church Hill 8 : Loughton: Loughton: 72 Urban 542664 196868 NO2 NO 0 12.7 NO 2 72 Church Hill Church Hill Background 9 : Loughton: Loughton: 249 249 High High Road Roadside 542339 196360 NO2 NO 0 6.4 NO 2 Road (Timpson) (Timpson)

LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 15 Epping Forest District Council 10 : Loughton: Loughton: 252 252 High High Road Roadside 542373 196478 NO2 NO 0 5.7 NO 2 Road (Bojangles) (Bojangles) 11 : Loughton: Loughton: Roadside 543091 197316 NO2 NO 4.8 1 NO 2 Goldings Hill Goldings Hill 12 : North Weald: North Weald: Urban 549648 203671 NO2 NO 4.2 1 NO 2 Tempest Tempest Mead Background Mead 13 : Roydon: Roydon: High Roadside 540919 209956 NO2 NO 0.75 1.2 NO 2 High Street Street 14 : Roydon: Roydon: Urban Netherhall 539711 208662 NO2 NO 16 1.7 NO 2 Netherhall Road Background Road 15 : Sewardstone: Sewardstone: Sewardstone Sewardstone Roadside 537727 196187 NO2 NO 3.1 4.6 NO 2 Road (Albion Road (Albion Terrace) Terrace) 16 : Waltham Waltham Abbey: Urban Abbey: 13 541308 200037 NO2 NO 0 36.6 NO 2 13 The Elms Centre The Elms 17 : Waltham Waltham Abbey: Urban Abbey: 15 541320 200020 NO2 NO 0 55.8 NO 2 15 The Elms Background The Elms 18 : Waltham Waltham Abbey: Urban Abbey: 537808 200644 NO2 NO 6.1 1.5 NO 2 Abbeyview Background Abbeyview 19 : Waltham Waltham Abbey: Urban Abbey: 538386 199557 NO2 NO 0 12 NO 2 Hayden Road Background Hayden Road 20 : Waltham Waltham Abbey: Abbey: Lodge Roadside 538710 199860 NO2 NO 7.3 0.5 NO 2 Lodge Lane Lane 21 : Waltham Waltham Abbey: Urban Abbey: 538954 199973 NO2 NO 6.7 1 NO 2 Roundhills Background Roundhills

LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 16 Epping Forest District Council 22 : Buckhurst Buckhurst Hill: Hill: Underground Roadside 541719 193979 NO2 NO 7 1.6 NO 2 Underground Station Station 23 : Buckhurst Buckhurst Hill: Hill: High High Road (St Roadside 540902 194240 NO2 NO 11 2.5 NO 2 Road (St Johns School) Johns School) 24 : Sheering: Sheering: Sheering Roadside 548842 212102 NO2 NO 30 2 NO 2 Sheering Road Road 25 : Buckhurst Buckhurst Hill: Hill: Palmerston Roadside 541723 194041 NO2 NO 0 4 NO 2 Palmerston Road Road 26 : Buckhurst Buckhurst Hill: Roadside 541913 194020 NO2 NO 5 2 NO 2 Hill: Roding Roding Lane Lane 27 : Ongar: Ongar: High 131 High Roadside 555253 202921 NO2 NO 0 1 NO 2 Street Street 28 : Ongar: Queens Ongar: A414 Roadside 555125 203944 NO2 NO 0 7 NO 2 Terrace A414 29 : Ongar: 3 Ongar: 3 Bowes Other 555117 203531 NO2 NO 0 17 NO 2 Bowes Drive Drive 30 : Ongar: Ongar: 21 21 Bowes Other 555044 203530 NO2 NO 0 19 NO 2 Bowes Drive Drive 31 : Ongar: Ongar: 51 51 Bowes Other 554906 203550 NO2 NO 0 16 NO 2 Bowes Drive Drive 32 : Epping Epping: Epping Underground Underground Other 546196 201563 NO2 NO 0 1.5 NO 2 Station Station

LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 17 Epping Forest District Council 33 : Epping: Epping: Copped Copped Hall, Hall, Bell Roadside 544709 201139 NO2 NO 4 3 NO 2 Bell Common Common 34 : Chigwell: Chigwell: 281 281 Fencepiece Roadside 544238 192212 NO2 NO 0 10.5 NO 2 Fencepiece Road Road 35 : Chigwell: Chigwell: 414 414 Fencepiece Roadside 544268 192247 NO2 NO 0 12 NO 2 Fencepiece Road Road 36 : Chigwell: Chigwell: 120 120 Manor Roadside 544183 192231 NO2 NO 5.5 2 NO 2 Manor Road Road 37 : Ongar: Ongar: 107 High 107 High Roadside 555231 202875 NO2 NO 0 2 NO 2 Street Street 38 : Ongar: Ongar: 149 High 149 High Roadside 555253 202964 NO2 NO 0 5.5 NO 2 Street Street 39 : Ongar: Ongar: 204 High 204 High Roadside 555265 203108 NO2 NO 0 2.5 NO 2 Street Street 40 : Epping: Epping: 224 224 High Roadside 546107 202254 NO2 NO 0 4 NO 2 High Street Street 41 : Epping: Epping: 154 154 High Roadside 545991 202095 NO2 NO 0 5 NO 2 High Street Street 42 : Epping: Epping: 259 259 High Roadside 546075 202253 NO2 NO 0 10 NO 2 High Street Street

Notes: (1) 0m if the monitoring site is at a location of exposure (e.g. installed on the façade of a residential property).

(2) N/A if not applicable.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 18 Epping Forest District Council Table A.2 – Annual Mean NO2 Monitoring Results Valid Data Valid 3 (3) (4) Capture NO2 Annual Mean Concentration (µg/m ) X OS Grid Y OS Grid Data Monitoring for Site ID Ref Ref Site Type Capture Type Monitoring (Easting) (Northing) 2019 (%) Period (%) 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 (2) (1) 1 : Chigwell: Hainault 544234 192236 Kerbside Automatic 100 100 39 48 45 39 39 Road 2 : Epping: Urban Diffusion 15 High 541320 200020 100 100 25 28 28 24 24 Background Tube Street 3 : Epping: Diffusion 544928 201281 Roadside 100 100 63* 64* 64 55 48 Bell Vue Tube 4 : Epping: Diffusion High Street 546196 202355 Roadside 100 100 34 33 31 28 28 Tube (Ladbrokes) 5 : Epping: Diffusion High Street 546058 202193 Roadside 100 100 36 39 36 36 34 Tube (Superdrug) 6 : Hastingwood: Urban Diffusion 547838 206819 100 100 16 26 26 22 21 A414 (Canes Background Tube Cottages) 7 : Loughton: Diffusion 542505 196668 Roadside 100 100 28 33 27 25 22 1 Church Hill Tube 8 : Loughton: Urban Diffusion 72 Church 542664 196868 100 100 26 27 26 23 21 Background Tube Hill 9 : Loughton: 249 High Diffusion 542339 196360 Roadside 100 100 32 36 33 32 28 Road Tube (Timpson) 10 : Loughton: Diffusion 252 High 542373 196478 Roadside 100 100 34 39 38 32 28 Tube Road (Bojangles)

LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 19 Epping Forest District Council 11 : Diffusion Loughton: 543091 197316 Roadside 100 100 45 42 39 39 34 Tube Goldings Hill 12 : North Weald: Urban Diffusion 549648 203671 100 100 19 19 18 16 15 Tempest Background Tube Mead 13 : Roydon: Diffusion 540919 209956 Roadside 100 100 22 24 23 23 20 High Street Tube 14 : Roydon: Urban Diffusion Netherhall 539711 208662 100 100 21 21 18 17 19 Background Tube Road 15 : Sewardstone: Diffusion Sewardstone 537727 196187 Roadside 100 100 27 34 33 30 27 Tube Road (Albion Terrace) 16 : Waltham Urban Diffusion Abbey: 13 541308 200037 100 100 32 34 32 27 26 Centre Tube The Elms 17 : Waltham Urban Diffusion Abbey: 15 541320 200020 100 100 30 31 30 28 26 Background Tube The Elms 18 : Waltham Urban Diffusion Abbey: 537808 200644 100 100 23 29 28 25 24 Background Tube Abbeyview 19 : Waltham Abbey: Urban Diffusion 538386 199557 100 100 29 30 26 27 26 Hayden Background Tube Road 20 : Waltham Diffusion Abbey: 538710 199860 Roadside 100 100 28 35 33 31 30 Tube Lodge Lane 21 : Waltham Urban Diffusion Abbey: 538954 199973 100 100 24 30 30 27 28 Background Tube Roundhills 22 : Diffusion Buckhurst 541719 193979 Roadside 100 100 33 31 29 25 Tube Hill:

LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 20 Epping Forest District Council Underground Station 23 : Buckhurst Hill: High Diffusion 540902 194240 Roadside 100 100 34 32 29 26 Road (St Tube Johns School) 24 : Sheering: Diffusion 548842 212102 Roadside 100 100 33 29 27 23 Sheering Tube Road 25 : Buckhurst Diffusion Hill: 541723 194041 Roadside 100 100 - - 23 21 Tube Palmerston Road 26 : Buckhurst Diffusion 541913 194020 Roadside 100 100 - - 37 33 Hill: Roding Tube Lane 27 : Ongar: Diffusion 131 High 555253 202921 Roadside 100 100 - - 38 33 Tube Street 28 : Ongar: Diffusion Queens 555125 203944 Roadside 100 100 - - 27 24 Tube Terrace A414 29 : Ongar: 3 Diffusion 555117 203531 Other 100 100 - - 16 16 Bowes Drive Tube 30 : Ongar: Diffusion 21 Bowes 555044 203530 Other 100 100 - - 16 13 Tube Drive 31 : Ongar: Diffusion 51 Bowes 554906 203550 Other 100 100 - - 13 12 Tube Drive 32 : Epping Diffusion Underground 546196 201563 Other 100 75 - - - 38 Tube Station

LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 21 Epping Forest District Council 33 : Epping: Diffusion Copped Hall, 544709 201139 Roadside 100 75 - - - 31 Tube Bell Common 34 : Chigwell: 281 Diffusion 544238 192212 Roadside 100 75 - - - 30 Fencepiece Tube Road 35 : Chigwell: 414 Diffusion 544268 192247 Roadside 100 75 - - - 22 Fencepiece Tube Road 36 : Chigwell: Diffusion 120 Manor 544183 192231 Roadside 100 75 - - - 35 Tube Road 37 : Ongar: Diffusion 107 High 555231 202875 Roadside 100 58.3 - - - 34 Tube Street 38 : Ongar: Diffusion 149 High 555253 202964 Roadside 100 58.3 - - - 28 Tube Street 39 : Ongar: Diffusion 204 High 555265 203108 Roadside 100 58.3 - - - 30 Tube Street 40 : Epping: Diffusion 224 High 546107 202254 Roadside 100 58.3 - - - 35 Tube Street 41 : Epping: Diffusion 154 High 545991 202095 Roadside 100 58.3 - - - 33 Tube Street 42 : Epping: Diffusion 259 High 546075 202253 Roadside 100 58.3 - - - 35 Tube Street

☒ Diffusion tube data has been bias corrected ☒ Annualisation has been conducted where data capture is <75% ☒ Reported concentrations are those at the location of the monitoring site (bias adjusted and annualised, as required), i.e. prior to any fall-off with distance adjustment

LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 22 Epping Forest District Council Notes: 3 Exceedances of the NO2 annual mean objective of 40µg/m are shown in bold. 3 NO2 annual means exceeding 60µg/m , indicating a potential exceedance of the NO2 1-hour mean objective are shown in bold and underlined. (1) Data capture for the monitoring period, in cases where monitoring was only carried out for part of the year. (2) Data capture for the full calendar year (e.g. if monitoring was carried out for 6 months, the maximum data capture for the full calendar year is 50%). (3) Means for diffusion tubes have been corrected for bias. All means have been “annualised” as per Boxes 7.9 and 7.10 in LAQM.TG16 if valid data capture for the full calendar year is less than 75%. See Appendix C for details. (4) Concentrations are those at the location of monitoring and not those following any fall-off with distance adjustment. * Results with asterisk are assumed results - where an alternative monitoring location was used (in 2015 and 2016) it was assumed that there was a steady change in concentration between 2014 and 2017 which were measured at the same location. See Figure A.1 below.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 23 Epping Forest District Council Figure A.1 – Trends in Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations at Bell Common AQMA

70

60

50

40 3. Epping: Bell Vue Bell Common (alternative location) 30 Annual Objective

20

10

0 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

The annual mean concentration of nitrogen dioxide measured in the AQMA has decreased significantly in the last 2 years.

The annual mean objective continues to be exceeded.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 24 Epping Forest District Council Figure A.2 – Trends in Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations in Epping

2. Epping: 15 70 High Street

60 3. Epping: Bell Vue

3 50 Bell Common (alternative 40 location)

30 4. Epping: Ladbrokes

20 5. Epping: Superdrug 10

Mean annual concentratrion µg/m concentratrion annual Mean Annual 0 Objective 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Year

Whilst concentrations of nitrogen dioxide in the AQMA continue to exceed the annual mean objective, all other locations in Epping have measured below the objective since 2015. The concentrations are relatively stable at these locations.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 25 Epping Forest District Council Figure A.3 – Trends in Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations in Loughton

50

45

3 40

35

30 7. Loughton: 1 Church Hill 8. Loughton: 72 Church Hill 25 9. Loughton: 249 High Road 20 10. Loughton: 252 High Road 11. Loughton: Goldings Hill 15 Annual Objective

Mean annual concentrations µg/m concentrations annual Mean 10

5

0 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Year

All concentrations of nitrogen dioxide measured in Loughton have been below the annual mean objective since 2017. Since 2019 there has been a downward trend in concentrations, with all locations showing improved concentrations in 2019.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 26 Epping Forest District Council Figure A.4 – Trends in Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations in Waltham Abbey.

45

40

35 3

30 16. Waltham Abbey: 13 The Elms 17. Waltham Abbey: 15 The Elms 25 18. Waltham Abbey: Abbeyview 19. Waltham Abbey: Hayden Road 20 20. Waltham Abbey: Lodge Lane 21. Waltham Abbey: Roundhills

15 Annual Objective Meanannualconcentrations µg/m 10

5

0 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Year

All monitoring locations in Waltham Abbey continue to be significantly under the annual mean objective for nitrogen dioxide. There is a downward trend although “21. Waltham Abbey: Roundhills” recorded a slight increase on the previous year.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 27 Epping Forest District Council Appendix B: Full Monthly Diffusion Tube Results for 2019

Table B.1 - NO2 Monthly Diffusion Tube Results - 2019

3 NO2 Mean Concentrations (µg/m ) Annual Mean X OS Y OS Grid Bias Distance Site ID Grid Ref Ref Adjusted Corrected (Easting) (Northing) Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Raw (0.75) and to Nearest Data Annualised Exposure (1) (2)

1 : Chigwell: Hainault 544234 192236 64.4 62.1 50.4 49.4 49.4 49 44 43 45.8 49.3 59.2 51.45 38.6 Road A 1 : Chigwell: Hainault 544234 192236 61.6 64.6 59.4 43 52.5 45.7 44.1 42.3 49.2 51 58.2 51.96 39.0 Road B 1 : Chigwell: Hainault 544234 192236 60.8 64.8 57.4 50.8 50.1 48.2 40.8 42.9 45.3 54.4 59.7 52.29 39.2 Road C 2 : Epping: 15 High 541320 200020 32.7 49.1 33.5 26.8 25.5 26.8 24.1 27.8 23.7 34.4 43.7 44.8 32.74 24.6 Street A 2 : Epping: 15 High 541320 200020 40.3 39.8 29.2 26.5 23.9 22.6 23 30.2 26.4 33.4 41 39.6 31.33 23.5 Street B 2 : Epping: 15 High 541320 200020 37.7 36.1 29.7 27.2 25.5 26.4 24.3 25.9 24.4 38.2 40.1 42.7 31.52 23.6 Street C 3 : Epping: Bell Vue, Bell 544928 201281 59.4 81.2 80 57.6 59.1 56.4 67.2 75.3 57.8 69.8 20.6 60.3 62.06 46.5 46.5 Common A 3 : Epping: Bell Vue, Bell 544928 201281 74.4 83.7 83.3 53.4 55.5 64.7 65.6 70.3 64.9 71 31.2 67.3 65.44 49.1 49.1 Common B

LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 28 Epping Forest District Council 3 : Epping: Bell Vue, Bell 544928 201281 35.1 63.3 80.2 61.3 63 54.5 65.5 71.7 63.1 69.9 61.5 64.3 62.78 47.1 47.1 Common C 4 : Epping: High Street 546196 202355 42.9 53.2 31.2 30.5 31 28.7 35 31.6 35.8 35.5 50.1 36.86 27.6 (Ladbrokes) A 4 : Epping: High Street 546196 202355 36.1 48.4 41.9 27 30.6 33.6 29.8 37.4 30.5 39.5 39.8 50.7 37.11 27.8 (Ladbrokes) B 4 : Epping: High Street 546196 202355 45.1 54.4 43.1 29 30.2 32.4 30.4 37.6 33.4 39.9 41.6 49.4 38.88 29.2 (Ladbrokes) C 5 : Epping: High Street 546058 202193 50.4 58.8 43.5 51.5 38.4 41.7 37.4 41.7 36.7 48.8 42.4 51 45.19 33.9 (Superdrug) A 5 : Epping: High Street 546058 202193 45.7 40.6 45.1 45.8 40.8 43.6 38.3 41.8 32.8 45.9 44.8 48.5 42.81 32.1 (Superdrug) B 5 : Epping: High Street 546058 202193 47.4 55.8 43.1 54.7 38.3 43.6 39.1 42.5 37.5 49.2 50.3 50.3 45.98 34.5 (Superdrug) C 6 : Hastingwood: 547838 206819 59.9 38.2 27 24.1 27.5 24.2 22 22.6 24.7 30.8 19.1 35.1 29.60 22.2 A414 (Canes Cottages) A 6 : Hastingwood: 547838 206819 27.4 35.4 22.9 25 21.6 21.9 22.6 24.9 30.7 15.5 36.3 25.84 19.4 A414 (Canes Cottages) B 6: Hastingwood: 547838 206819 40.4 33.5 28.2 23.3 25.6 23 22.7 23.3 25 30.3 15.7 35.6 27.22 20.4 A414 (Canes Cottages) C

LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 29 Epping Forest District Council 7 : Loughton: 1 Church Hill 542505 196668 42.9 34.9 34.7 30.2 25.7 23.9 23.4 22.3 23.8 28.8 21.3 43.4 29.61 22.2 A 7 : Loughton: 1 Church Hill 542505 196668 42.8 44 33.1 30 25.7 22.4 22.9 21 32.1 22.8 34.3 30.10 22.6 B 8 : Loughton: 72 Church 542664 196868 39.1 40.9 31.8 23.6 25.5 21.9 21.3 22.8 24.2 30.9 20.6 37.5 28.34 21.3 Hill A 8 : Loughton: 72 Church 542664 196868 40 36.1 33.7 26.5 23.3 22.1 22 23.3 24.2 31.2 17 38.1 28.13 21.1 Hill B 9 : Loughton: 249 High 542339 196360 44 51.2 37.9 41.9 32.2 37.5 32.3 34.6 33 38.3 22.7 47.2 37.73 28.3 Road (Timpson) A 9 : Loughton: 249 High 542339 196360 47.6 37.3 42.5 32.2 37.5 31.2 33.7 30.3 40.3 24.9 48.1 36.87 27.7 Road (Timpson) B 9 : Loughton: 249 High 542339 196360 45.5 46.6 40.6 38.8 33 35.9 32.2 35.8 30.8 40.5 23.5 44.5 37.31 28.0 Road (Timpson) C 10 : Loughton: 252 High 542373 196478 46.8 47.3 45.9 28 33.5 31.4 32.7 37 35.7 41.5 23.5 47.9 37.60 28.2 Road (Bojangles) A 10 : Loughton: 252 High 542373 196478 52 51.4 46 30.3 33 31.2 34.9 36.5 34.5 37.3 22.9 47.7 38.14 28.6 Road (Bojangles) B 11 : Loughton: 543091 197316 57.7 58.1 41.1 55.6 43.5 46.9 39.7 34.1 43 50.2 29.1 54.5 46.13 34.6 Goldings Hill A 11 : 543091 197316 58.2 55.1 47.8 50.1 42.3 45.7 35.7 35.8 41.5 50.1 29.7 56.2 45.68 34.3 Loughton:

LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 30 Epping Forest District Council Goldings Hill B 12 : North Weald: 549648 203671 25.3 29.1 22.1 15.7 15.2 14.1 14.7 19.5 17.1 22.6 14.2 30.5 20.01 15.0 Tempest Mead A 12 : North Weald: 549648 203671 26.7 31.1 22.9 16.6 14.4 15.6 14.6 19.7 17.8 22.1 14.5 31.2 20.60 15.5 Tempest Mead B 12 : North Weald: 549648 203671 31.2 24.6 19.1 16.4 13.7 14.3 14.2 19.3 18.5 22.4 14.3 31.2 19.93 15.0 Tempest Mead C 13 : Roydon: 540919 209956 40.9 37.2 27.3 26.4 24.3 23.1 21.4 21.1 21.3 31.3 23.4 36.1 27.82 20.9 High Street A 13 : Roydon: 540919 209956 42.2 38.8 29.5 28.1 22.3 24.2 20.9 20.2 21.7 32.5 21.9 37 27.01 20.3 High Street B 13 : Roydon: 540919 209956 35.9 37.9 29.1 24.3 22.7 21.8 20.6 19.4 22.8 31.4 21.1 37.1 27.01 20.3 High Street C 14 : Roydon: Netherhall 539711 208662 34.6 31.4 23.9 17.6 16.2 16.8 16.3 15.9 17.2 24.3 14.1 30.4 21.56 16.2 Road A 14 : Roydon: Netherhall 539711 208662 21.6 32.3 25.8 17.5 17.9 16.1 15.8 14.9 16.7 24.4 16.2 32.3 20.96 15.7 Road B 14 : Roydon: Netherhall 539711 208662 29.7 28.5 23.9 17.1 17 16 14.5 16.2 16.6 22.9 15 30.9 20.69 15.5 Road C 15 : Sewardstone: Sewardstone 537727 196187 51.1 36.7 28.7 41.3 34.7 33.1 32.1 28.5 34.1 43 26.1 46.8 36.35 27.3 Road (Albion Terrace) A 15 : Sewardstone: Sewardstone 537727 196187 37.6 49.6 38.7 38.5 33.1 32.2 30.5 29.5 32.5 40.2 27 45.8 36.27 27.2 Road (Albion Terrace) B

LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 31 Epping Forest District Council 16 : Waltham Abbey: 13 541308 200037 46.3 38.8 42 33 32.3 29.6 29 26.3 29.6 35.2 44.3 38.1 35.38 26.5 The Elms A 16 : Waltham Abbey: 13 541308 200037 46.5 39.5 42.5 31.4 31.9 27.9 28.8 26.2 28 36.4 44.5 37.8 35.12 26.3 The Elms B 16 : Waltham Abbey: 13 541308 200037 41.6 37.5 40.4 33.2 32.9 27.8 28.2 23 30.6 35.9 36.4 37.4 33.74 25.3 The Elms C 17 : Waltham Abbey: 15 541320 200020 30.4 37 39.5 26.5 30.7 25.5 28.1 33.4 40.3 34.3 32.57 24.4 The Elms A 17 : Waltham Abbey: 15 541320 200020 47.2 38.7 39.8 28.8 31.6 28.8 25.2 29.4 32.2 41.7 38.2 34.69 26.0 The Elms B 17 : Waltham Abbey: 15 541320 200020 44.6 40.8 39.6 31.3 29.2 25.8 30.4 36 39.9 37.1 35.47 26.6 The Elms C 18 : Waltham Abbey: 537808 200644 25.1 40 34.1 23.2 23.7 25.6 23.2 27.7 27.1 38.5 39.5 47.6 31.28 23.5 Abbeyview A 18 : Waltham Abbey: 537808 200644 37.6 43.1 36.2 30 22.9 26.3 21.9 26.7 26.7 34.8 36.7 43.3 32.18 24.1 Abbeyview B 19 : Waltham Abbey: 538386 199557 42.3 34.5 37.4 40.4 32 27.1 26.8 24.3 31 36.1 43.7 38.9 34.54 25.9 Hayden Road A 19 : Waltham Abbey: 538386 199557 46.9 41 27.2 41.8 33 26.8 27.7 23.9 27.4 36.2 46.7 38.8 34.78 26.1 Hayden Road B 20 : Waltham Abbey: 538710 199860 55.8 40.4 44.2 42.1 33.5 32.4 28.8 28.9 37.6 43.8 49 42.7 39.93 30.0 Lodge Lane A 20 : Waltham Abbey: 538710 199860 54.2 47.9 46.7 39.6 36.3 33.6 29.1 33.5 35.1 42.5 47.5 42.6 40.72 30.5 Lodge Lane B

LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 32 Epping Forest District Council 20 : Waltham Abbey: 538710 199860 52.6 45.1 45.6 42.2 37.3 33.9 32.4 29.6 33.9 34.6 46.4 46.8 40.03 30.0 Lodge Lane C 21 : Waltham Abbey: 538954 199973 49.8 51.5 40.1 31.5 27.9 26.7 22.9 32.4 31.9 42.2 52.2 48.4 38.13 28.6 Roundhills A 21 : Waltham Abbey: 538954 199973 37.1 51.9 39.4 28.2 27.8 30.5 23.3 30.9 41.7 48.8 47.1 36.97 27.7 Roundhills B 22 : Buckhurst Hill: 541719 193979 45.9 41.1 39 36.4 28.3 23.3 25.9 25.2 30.2 34.9 23.3 44.7 33.18 24.9 Underground Station A 22 : Buckhurst Hill: 541719 193979 46.4 43.6 37.5 37.4 27.8 21.8 23 27.2 30 43.9 24.2 45.5 34.03 25.5 Underground Station B 23 : Buckhurst Hill: High 540902 194240 46.1 49.6 36 31 26.7 28.5 28.1 30.1 29.8 24.8 44.5 34.11 25.6 Road (St Johns School) A 23 : Buckhurst Hill: High 540902 194240 42.7 44.1 35.8 32.8 26.6 30.5 29.3 28.8 40.7 25.9 44.6 34.71 26.0 Road (St Johns School) B 23 : Buckhurst Hill: High 540902 194240 39.8 46 35.8 32.3 28.6 23.4 30.4 27.4 39.6 25.2 46.2 34.06 25.5 Road (St Johns School) C 24 : 548842 212102 48.4 43.9 38.7 30.8 27.1 26.4 24.2 24.4 23.6 30.7 20.8 42.2 31.77 23.8 Sheering:

LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 33 Epping Forest District Council Sheering Road A 24 : Sheering: 548842 212102 41.7 40.6 36.2 30.9 24 24.6 25 24.5 25.9 36.2 21.4 36.6 30.63 23.0 Sheering Road B 24 : Sheering: 548842 212102 43 44.8 34.5 31 25.7 15.7 24.3 22 27.4 33.1 21.2 40.3 30.25 22.7 Sheering Road C 25 : Buckhurst Hill: 541723 194041 37.9 43 33.4 22 23 20.9 21.1 30.4 28.96 21.45 Palmerston Road A 25 : Buckhurst Hill: 541723 194041 36.5 30.1 33.1 26.8 24 22 18.9 31.1 27.81 20.63 Palmerston Road B 25 : Buckhurst Hill: 541723 194041 34.9 42.8 32.6 26.9 21.6 22.1 21.7 30.1 29.09 21.60 Palmerston Road C 26 : Buckhurst 541913 194020 49.8 62.6 37.5 43.4 40.9 39 44 41.8 48.6 28.8 61.1 45.23 33.9 Hill: Roding Lane A 26 : Buckhurst 541913 194020 65 45.1 43.4 40.3 42.6 38.7 46 43.2 51.7 31.3 54.9 45.65 34.2 Hill: Roding Lane B 26 : Buckhurst 541913 194020 35.3 38.3 32.3 43.2 42.4 38.2 47 44.5 50.3 29.5 62.9 42.17 31.6 Hill: Roding Lane C 27 : Ongar: 131 High 555253 202921 57.4 57 52.7 41.7 47.9 40.4 41.7 40 43.5 43.1 29 38.8 44.43 33.3 Street A

LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 34 Epping Forest District Council 27 : Ongar: 131 High 555253 202921 53.6 58.3 51.2 43 48.1 40.4 44.3 40 41.5 49.9 27.2 36.2 44.48 33.4 Street B 27 : Ongar: 131 High 555253 202921 57.3 55.7 50.9 43 50.9 27.6 45.7 44.2 49.4 28.3 38.7 44.70 33.5 Street C 28 : Ongar: Queens 555125 203944 37.9 35.7 34.5 32.4 31.5 29 25.1 28.9 28.3 37.4 19.6 52.5 32.73 24.6 Terrace A414 A 28: Ongar: Queens 555125 203944 37.8 45.1 32.5 31.4 29.4 25.5 27.2 29.4 28.9 34.6 21.7 31.23 23.4 Terrace A414 B 28 : Ongar: Queens 555125 203944 39.4 42 33.6 32.7 28.4 29.5 28.6 29 28.5 35.3 23.7 44.4 32.93 24.7 Terrace A414 C 29 : Ongar: 3 Bowes Drive 555117 203531 31.6 35 24.4 18.9 17.7 13.5 12.2 16.6 16.1 24.3 16.1 32.8 21.60 16.2 A 29 : Ongar: 3 Bowes Drive 555117 203531 31.7 32.4 24 19.1 15.2 14.4 12.8 15.1 16.7 23.3 15.2 34.8 21.23 15.9 B 30 : Ongar: 21 Bowes 555044 203530 25.1 15.9 13.6 15.7 13 13.2 15.6 13.6 22.1 13.9 28.7 17.31 13.0 Drive A 30 : Ongar: 21 Bowes 555044 203530 26.4 18.2 13.9 14.6 13.7 13.7 11.7 16.5 16.2 21.7 12.1 27.5 17.18 12.9 Drive B 31 : Ongar: 51 Bowes 554906 203550 25.8 19.9 16.5 15.6 12.6 11.8 11.3 14.8 13.6 16.7 24.3 16.63 12.5 Drive A 31 : Ongar: 51 Bowes 554906 203550 25.5 24.3 18.3 12.9 12.5 10.8 11.2 14.8 11.6 16.9 12.3 25.7 16.40 12.3 Drive B 32 : Epping: Underground 546196 201563 52.5 51.9 54.4 45.7 46.5 39 52 49.8 56.3 49.79 37.3 Station,A

LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 35 Epping Forest District Council 32 : Epping: Underground 546196 201563 56 50.5 49.7 47.5 46.9 41.9 56.6 55.3 59.1 51.50 38.6 Station,B 32 : Epping: Underground 546196 201563 55.3 47.3 55.7 44.3 47 40.6 57.5 52.2 53.3 50.36 37.8 Station,C 33 : Epping: Copped Hall, 544709 201139 36 29.8 34.9 32.4 43 37.6 45.1 55.5 54 40.92 30.7 Bell Common A 33 : Epping: Copped Hall, 544709 201139 34.4 31.3 30.1 33.4 43.6 37.2 45.5 41.5 54.2 39.02 29.3 Bell Common B 33 : Epping: Copped Hall, 544709 201139 35.3 30.4 33.5 29.7 45 37.9 46.7 55.8 60 41.59 31.2 Bell Common C 34 : Chigwell: 281 544238 192212 35.8 37.4 31.8 39.3 36.1 37.3 44.9 48.4 54.4 40.60 30.5 Fencepiece Road A 34 : Chigwell: 281 544238 192212 34.8 31.8 37.7 34.5 38.1 36.8 47.4 49.4 49.5 40.00 30.0 Fencepiece Road B 34 : Chigwell: 281 544238 192212 34.6 40.1 35.6 37.6 38.1 37.1 36.6 52.2 52 40.43 30.3 Fencepiece Road C 35 : Chigwell: 414 544268 192247 26.6 23 22.8 24.3 23.7 26.1 32.3 35.2 41.2 28.36 21.3 Fencepiece Road A 35 : Chigwell: 414 544268 192247 25.5 23.7 23.7 25.2 26.2 26 31.3 40.7 39 29.03 21.8 Fencepiece Road B 35 : Chigwell: 544268 192247 25.5 24.1 22.7 23.9 26.3 26.3 34.3 38.8 39.2 29.01 21.8 414

LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 36 Epping Forest District Council Fencepiece Road C 36 : Chigwell: 120 Manor 544183 192231 33.9 39.8 40.3 39.3 43.2 40 58.7 42.17 37.3 Road A 36 : Chigwell: 120 Manor 544183 192231 33.2 32.2 36.6 40.8 51.8 53.4 56.4 43.49 33.8 Road B 36 : Chigwell: 120 Manor 544183 192231 37.5 35.3 39.5 40 55.6 41.58 33.6 Road C 37 : Ongar: 107 High 555231 202875 36.4 37.7 33.7 39.4 46.1 48.2 47.9 41.34 33.5 Street A 37 : Ongar: 107 High 555231 202875 36.4 34.9 34.2 38.2 42.3 47.3 38.88 35.2 Street B 37 : Ongar: 107 High 555231 202875 35.5 35.6 36.1 40.5 42.7 49.1 50.8 41.47 33.5 Street C 38 : Ongar: 149 High 555253 202964 29.7 36.1 33.3 31.5 36.9 39.8 39.4 35.24 28.5 Street A 38 : Ongar: 149 High 555253 202964 31.6 33.2 32.9 34.5 34.4 38.7 39.7 35.00 28.3 Street B 38 : Ongar: 149 High 555253 202964 35.9 29.2 34.5 38.3 44.4 38.5 36.80 28.4 Street C 39: Ongar: 204 High 555265 203108 28.8 30.6 31.6 36.1 41.1 48.4 36.10 31.0 Street A 39 : Ongar: 204 High 555265 203108 31.4 27.9 29.9 31.8 37.5 44.8 51.5 36.40 29.4 Street B 39 : Ongar: 204 High 555265 203108 33.5 34.7 29.2 32 37.5 41.8 48.5 36.74 29.7 Street C

LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 37 Epping Forest District Council 40 : Epping: 224 High 546107 202254 43.2 36.7 42.5 37.4 47.4 47.2 49.8 43.46 35.1 Street A 40 : Epping: 224 High 546107 202254 40.2 36.9 42.9 36.9 45.5 49 49.3 42.96 34.7 Street B 40 : Epping: 224 High 546107 202254 42.2 37.5 42.3 36.5 46.9 46.1 51.2 43.24 35.0 Street C 41 : Epping: 154 High 545991 202095 38.2 35.3 38.5 35.3 41.9 48.1 39.55 34.0 Street A 41 : Epping:154 545991 202095 38.7 35.8 36.6 34.7 44.1 47.6 45.6 40.44 32.7 High Street B 41 : Epping:154 545991 202095 36.9 34.7 35 32.8 42.5 43.4 37.55 32.3 High Street C 42 : Epping: 259 High 546075 202253 39.2 38 41.7 39.6 48.5 51.3 52.2 44.36 35.9 Street A 42 : Epping: 259 High 546075 202253 38.2 38.2 40.3 39.3 48.3 46 49 42.76 34.6 Street B 42 : Epping: 259 High 546075 202253 34.2 39.5 41.2 39 40.6 49.2 52.8 42.36 34.2 Street C

☒ National bias adjustment factor used ☒ Annualisation has been conducted where data capture is <75% ☒ Where applicable, data has been distance corrected for relevant exposure in the final column

Notes: 3 Exceedances of the NO2 annual mean objective of 40µg/m are shown in bold. 3 NO2 annual means exceeding 60µg/m , indicating a potential exceedance of the NO2 1-hour mean objective are shown in bold and underlined. (1) See Appendix C for details on bias adjustment and annualisation. (2) Distance corrected to nearest relevant public exposure.

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Appendix C: Supporting Technical Information / Air Quality Monitoring Data QA/QC

Laboratory QA/QC

Socotec Didcot participates in the AIR NO2 PT laboratory performance scheme. Rounds AR030, AR031, AR033, AR034 of the testing scheme cover the monitoring period contained in this air quality status report. Socotec prescribed to 2 sets of tests (2 v 4 test samples on each round). All results were satisfactory, with 87.5% in AR030, and 100% performance in rounds AR031. AR033 and AR034. Full details can be found at https://laqm.defra.gov.uk/assets/laqmno2performancedatauptonovember2019v1.pdf

Bias Adjustment

A bias adjustment factor of 0.75 was calculated based on the co-location studies that fed in the national bias adjustment calculation undertaken by the national Physics Laboratory for tubes produced by Socotec Didcot using a 50% TEA in Acetone preparation. The version of the spreadsheet used was 3/20. Epping Forest District Council does not have a local co-location study.

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Annualisation of Data

Where capture was less than 75%, an annualisation calculation was undertaken using data from AURN (Automatic Urban and Rural Network) monitoring stations, results obtained from local monitoring and the Bureau Veritas annualisation tool. The stations that were selected for this comparison were chosen as they were background sites with good data collection in the south and east of England. A summary of the outputs of the annualisation tool is provided:

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Appendix D: Map(s) of Monitoring Locations and AQMAs

Air Quality Management Area:

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Overview of all Nitrogen Dioxide Monitoring Locations:

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Epping:

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Buckhurst Hill:

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Chigwell

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Hastingwood:

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Loughton:

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North Weald:

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Ongar:

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Roydon

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Sewardstone:

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Sheering:

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The Elms. Waltham Abbey:

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Waltham Abbey

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Appendix E: Summary of Air Quality Objectives in England

Table E.1 – Air Quality Objectives in England Air Quality Objective6 Pollutant Concentration Measured as 200 µg/m3 not to be exceeded more Nitrogen Dioxide 1-hour mean than 18 times a year (NO2) 40 µg/m3 Annual mean 50 µg/m3, not to be exceeded more Particulate Matter 24-hour mean than 35 times a year (PM10) 40 µg/m3 Annual mean 350 µg/m3, not to be exceeded more 1-hour mean than 24 times a year Sulphur Dioxide 125 µg/m3, not to be exceeded more 24-hour mean (SO2) than 3 times a year 266 µg/m3, not to be exceeded more 15-minute mean than 35 times a year

6 The units are in microgrammes of pollutant per cubic metre of air (µg/m3).

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Glossary of Terms

Abbreviation Description

AQAP Air Quality Action Plan - A detailed description of measures, outcomes, achievement dates and implementation methods, showing how the local authority intends to achieve air quality limit values’

AQMA Air Quality Management Area – An area where air pollutant concentrations exceed / are likely to exceed the relevant air quality objectives. AQMAs are declared for specific pollutants and objectives

ASR Air quality Annual Status Report

Defra Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs

DMRB Design Manual for Roads and Bridges – Air quality screening tool produced by Highways England

EU European Union

FDMS Filter Dynamics Measurement System

LAQM Local Air Quality Management

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

NOx Nitrogen Oxides

PM10 Airborne particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 10µm (micrometres or microns) or less

PM2.5 Airborne particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5µm or less

QA/QC Quality Assurance and Quality Control

SO2 Sulphur Dioxide

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References

Nitrogen Dioxide Bias Adjustment Factor Spreadsheet: https://laqm.defra.gov.uk/bias-adjustment-factors/national-bias.html

Distance from Road Calculation: https://laqm.defra.gov.uk/tools-monitoring-data/no2-falloff.html

Local Air Quality Management Technical Guidance LAQM:TG(16) https://laqm.defra.gov.uk/documents/LAQM-TG16-February-18-v1.pdf

Summary of Laboratory Performance in Workplace Analysis Scheme for Proficiency (AIR-PT) https://laqm.defra.gov.uk/diffusion-tubes/qa-qc-framework.html

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