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BAY-FRIENDLY LANDSCAPE GUIDELINES

Sustainable Practices for the Landscape Professional BAY-FRIENDLY LANDSCAPE GUIDELINES

Sustainable Practices for the Landscape Professional

“A thing is right when it tends to preserve the integrity, stability and beauty of the biotic .”

Source: Aldo Leopold, A Sand County Almanac he Bay-Friendly Landscape Guidelines are written for the professional landscape industry. The Guidelines provide an integrated approach Disclaimer: to healthy, environmentally sound , construction and The information in these T management. Guidelines is provided for The Guidelines are organized around seven principles for protecting the environment. consideration by landscape By viewing the landscape through the lens of these seven principles, we can see more professionals in the course of clearly how the choices we make for a specific landscape project can have a ripple designing, constructing and effect on the broader community and . selection, for example, maintaining landscapes. The has an impact on how much waste winds up in , how much water is consumed practices in these Guidelines for , and how much food and is available for pollinators and wildlife. are strictly for use on a voluntary basis. They are not Within the framework of the seven Bay-Friendly Landscape principles, the Guidelines a substitute for the exercise of present more than 50 environmentally sound landscape practices. Some practices are sound judgment in particular repeated under multiple principles because they protect the environment in more than circumstances and are not one way. Using , for example, reduces waste, nurtures the soil, conserves water, intended as recommendations and creates wildlife habitat. for particular products or services. The Bay-Friendly principles, practices, and specific applications included in these Guidelines were selected with guidance from landscape architects, designers, contractors and maintenance professionals; researchers; government agency staff; and other professionals.

Bay-Friendly Landscape Guidelines were originally developed under the direction of StopWaste.Org, a public agency whose mission is to reduce waste in Alameda County. The Guidelines are now managed and published by the Bay- Friendly & Coalition, a California nonprofit organization that promotes sustainable landscaping and gardening practices in the San Francisco Bay Area. For more information about the Bay-Friendly Coalition’s programs, publications and other resources, visit www.bayfriendlycoalition.org.

Acknowledgements Special thanks go to the following organizations and individuals for contributing to the initial development or subsequent editions of the Bay-Friendly Landscape Guidelines:

Alameda Countywide Clean Water Program: East Bay Municipal Utility District: Sentient Landscape, Inc.: Jim Scanlon Christine Finch, Susan Handjian, David Langridge Geoff Hall

Aquatic Outreach Institute/The Watershed Project: Four Dimensions Landscape Co.: StopWaste.Org: Sharon Farrell, Tamara Shulman Michael Thilgen Teresa Eade, Cynthia Havstad, Kelly Schoonmaker

Baefsky & Associates: Glen Schneider Landscape: UC Cooperative Extension, Alameda County: Michael Baefsky Glen Schneider Shauna Cozad, Karen Wikler

Bio-Integral Center: Jensen Corporation Landscape Contractors: UC Berkeley: Tanya Drlik Jake Cacciato Greg Harrington

Cagwin & Dorward: Katrine Benninger Landscape Design: Wildheart : Manual Gonzales Katrine Benninger Chris Shein

cover photos: top LEFT and center right: California Invasive Plant Council: New Growth Landscape: MICHAEL THILGEN, FOUR DIMENSIONs LANDSCAPE CO. Doug Johnson Nate Silin top right: susan reynolds photography. Bottom right: jane huber. Cal Poly, Pomona: Office of Cheryl Barton: Printed on 100% recycled-content paper, 50% post-, by New , Bob Perry, Professor Emeritus Burt Tanoue Reincarnation Matte.

April, 2013 (5th edition) City of Berkeley: Pacheco Brothers Gardening: Jerry Koch George Pacheco

David Gilmore Graphic Design: Presidio Trust: David Gilmore Michael Boland

Design Works: Rebecca Coffman Table of Contents

Chapter 1 Introduction to Bay-Friendly Landscaping 2 Chapter 2 Bay-Friendly Landscaping Menu of Best Practices 9 Chapter 3 Bay-Friendly Landscaping Principles and Practices 12 1 Landscape Locally...... 13 2 Landscape for Less to the ...... 20 3 Nurture the Soil...... 27 4 Conserve Water...... 34 5 Conserve Energy...... 38 6 Protect Water & Air Quality...... 41 7 Create & Protect Wildlife Habitat...... 49 Chapter 4

Bay-Friendly Landscape Scorecard 52 Chapter 5 How to Start Landscaping in a Bay-Friendly Way 60

Table of Tips Survey Says... • Soil Texture by Feel...... 14 • Fire-Resistant ...... 15 The results of a phone survey of • Using Salvaged Materials in the Landscape...... 26 Alameda County residents are quoted • Indicators of Quality ...... 30 • ...... 31 throughout the Bay-Friendly Landscape • Compost Tea...... 32 Guidelines. • OMRI...... 33 • Rebates for Irrigation Upgrades...... 37 Evans McDonough Company, Inc. • Shade Effectiveness in Parking Lots...... 39 randomly selected more than 500 • Attracting Beneficial Insects ...... 44 • Pervious Concrete...... 47 single-family residents with questions • Using Dry Wells to Capture Water about their use of, and interest in, from Downspouts ...... 48 Bay-Friendly landscaping practices. • Sources of California Natives...... 50 • Flowering Periods of Plants that Attract Beneficial Insects...... 51 Conclusions about their opinions and • Guide Your Clients through a Transition Period...... 62 practices are presented wherever you • Bringing Bay-Friendly Landscaping to see the heading: Survey Says… Public Sector Projects...... 65 INTRODUCTION

Introduction to Bay-Friendly Landscaping

1BASIC PRINCIPLES OF NATURAL SYSTEMS* 1 Natural systems are inherently beautiful.

2 Nothing goes to waste.

3 Inputs are limited and are primarily defined by the natural resources on site.

4 The more diverse they are, the more stable they are.

Adapted from: David McDonald, Design with Nature: Landscape design as though the environment mattered, Seattle PubLic Utilities.

s ollin R rd a ich R hoto: P 1 Introduction

Bay-Friendly Landscaping is. . .

whole systems approach to the design, construction and maintenance of the landscape in order to support the integrity of one of California’s most magnificent , the San A Francisco Bay watershed. The Bay-Friendly landscape professional can create and maintain healthy, beautiful and vibrant landscapes by:

4 Landscaping in harmony with the natural conditions of the San Francisco Bay watershed 4 Reducing waste and recycling materials 4 Nurturing healthy soils while reducing fertilizer use 4 Conserving water, energy and topsoil 4 Using integrated pest management to minimize chemical use 4 Reducing runoff and air 4 Protecting and enhancing wildlife habitat and diversity

For public spaces, Bay-Friendly landscapes s ollin embody community values for health and R rd safety, wildlife and the environment. For a ich R private property, Bay-Friendly landscaping hoto: addresses issues that your clients care about, P such as lowering water or bills, and protecting the environment. A well-designed and maintained Bay-Friendly landscape can cost less to maintain in the long run, as well as lead to increased customer satisfaction and referrals to new clients.

As a landscape professional you can be proactive. You can be part of the environmental solution rather than waiting for more severe and pollution controls that are increasingly likely with our growing population.

3 4 1Introduction Four Dimensions Landscape Company, Oakland Company, Landscape Dimensions Four Contractor, and Architect Landscape Thilgen, Michael — warming. global and Bay the of pollution , runoff, stormwater greater as well as irrigation, and fertilizers on dependency increased an is result the Often, health. soil degrades and nutrients of soils local our mines It organisms. soil beneficial and insects birds, for habitat and food removes It practice. damaging especially an of example one is site the from debris plant all Removing debris. plant of removal and trimming blowing, mowing, significant requires frequently It . and fertilizers of use heavy and irrigation, abundant plants, non-native , large on relies often landscaping Conventional space. landfill burdening and water, and air soil, the of pollution to contributing fuels, fossil consuming environment, the to damage cause can landscaping hand, other the On values. property to add and runoff stormwater reduce gases, absorb consumption, energy reduce and shade provide can example, for Trees, effects. environmental positive their and offer, they recreation the beauty, their through community the and owner the benefit can landscapes residential and public Commercial, Landscaping Conventional degradation and depletion.” and degradation environmental of cause major a really Professor Emeritus Cal Poly, Pomona Poly, Cal Emeritus Professor Architect, Landscape Perry, Bob — urban “Our “To continue working continue “To friendly techniques if we wish to thrive in the long term.” long the in thrive to wish we if techniques friendly ecologically adopt to but choice no have do.We to learn must we things are output waste and consumption resource Reducing earth. the to continue landscapes are landscapes

commonly practiced. practiced. commonly are than landscapes our in debris plant reuse to opportunities more are there site, on debris plant all keep to possible be not may it While n n n n n n n n n n can: on-site debris plant Keeping with standard landscape practices is to is practices landscape standard with

Restore the soil’s ability to absorb and filter and absorb to ability soil’s the Restore by caused emissions gas greenhouse Reduce of emission the and pollution air Reduce space landfill Conserve and fertilizers irrigation, for need the Reduce plants healthier Create topsoil restore and Retain compaction reduce and structure soil Improve soil the in matter organic the Increase soils living Foster San Francisco Bay Francisco San the and creeks local into runoff stormwater reducing and quality water improving water, landfills in oxygen without decomposing debris plant landfilled or processed be to distances long debris plant transporting from gases greenhouse pesticides

water in the bay.” the in water the on impact an have can products and “ statement: the with agree strongly or agree households single-family of 90% Almost

Survey Says... 1

Why is Bay-Friendly Landscaping Introduction Important? Over the last two decades, there has been a significant reduction in plant debris landfilled in the San Francisco Bay “Landscape waste Area, due in large part to residential recycling programs and is an unused resource, a because tens of thousands of households practice backyard misapplied nutrient.” composting. This positive trend reflects the interest of — Geoff Hall, Co-Founder, residents in recycling plant debris and reducing waste. Sentient Landscape, Inc., Sebastapol But more needs to be done, as tons of plant debris are still thrown away each year. Twenty-three states have banned or limited the disposal of plant debris in their landfills; however California has not and statewide, 2.7 million tons of plant Plant Debris Disposal debris are landfilled each year. and clippings alone are sixth out of the ten most prevalent material types in California’s overall disposal waste system. In Alameda County Single-Family 15% alone 110,000 tons of plant debris are still landfilled each year, much of which passes through the hands of a professional landscaper. Multi-Family 9% Other types of waste, including plastics and hazardous wastes, are also generated by conventional landscaping practices. The horticultural industry in the US throws away almost a half-billion pounds of greenhouse film, plastic pots and plastic Commercial 13% groundcover each year. Annual disposal of leftover pesticides used by residents costs tens of thousands of dollars for each Bay Area County — and only a fraction of the pesticides are Self-Haul 53% Roll-Off 10% disposed of properly. Bay-Friendly landscaping minimizes the use of plastics and Source: Alameda County, Year 2000 pesticides, and diverts plant debris from the landfill by 109,393 tons preventing waste in the first place through careful plant selection, watering and fertilizing or reusing plant material through grasscycling, mulch and compost. Because generating plant debris is linked to a wide range of landscaping practices — such as watering and fertilizing — this integrated solution is essential.

“For the landscaping industry to perpetuate itself, we have to answer some nagging questions. The number one question is, what are we going to do with all this waste we generate?” — Manual L. Gonzales, Director of Training, Cagwin & Dorward, Novato

5 6 1Introduction 3. 2. 1. because... function cleansing this provide longer no landscapes conventional part, most the For watershed. or aquifer the reaches water the before out filtering also while water the of much retain and absorb soils Living organisms. with alive and matter organic in rich is that soil through percolates irrigation or rain from water landscapes, healthy In space. landfill conserving and watershed our protecting between link the is debris, plant of form the in soil, the to matter organic Returning Watersheds... and Wastesheds Between Link The

landfill. common a into hauled and collected is waste which from region a in land the all is wasteshed A Wasteshed? a is What

water. the of out pollutants filter to or water much absorb to ability their lost have they — naturally function to able longer no and lifeless often are chemicals with treated and eroded, compacted, matter, organic of mined been have that soils On soil. the reaching ever from water the of much prevent hand, one the on surfaces, impervious other Rooftops, into gutters and stormdrains. and gutters into lots parking and roads gardens, lawns, from contaminants other and oil motor spilled metals, heavy waste, pet debris, plant fertilizers, pesticides, washes then rainfall Water the other hand, urban hand, other the from irrigation and irrigation from asphalt, cement, and cement, asphalt, 6. 5. 4.

And, From And humans. in illness cause can and wildlife other and harms again water contaminated the where Bay, Francisco San the and the to flow watershed ecosystems. natural Area Bay of array complex and diverse the supporting for resources important themselves are which rivers, and creeks into directly flows runoff treated! not is water the once in the stormdrain, the in once all creeks and rivers in our in rivers and creeks all stormdrains, the polluted the stormdrains, river, lake or bay. or lake river, creek, common a into drains and collects water which from region a in land the all is watershed A Watershed? a is What the diazinon. pesticide the to due impaired as Area Bay Francisco San the in creeks all P Source: has EPA The ollution B Pesticides, Problem P revention Agencie revention a y Are y s , 2001. , a

Wa ter listed

photo: E rin A m weg 1

The Link between Bay-Friendly Landscaping and Global Warming Introduction We are experiencing global warming and there is n Planting and hardiness zones that are changing now “unprecedented certainty” that this is due to n Plants that are leafing out and blooming earlier greenhouse gases that are emitted into the atmosphere n Birds and butterflies that are breeding and migrating when we burn fossil fuels.1 Average temperatures are earlier increasing, rain patterns are changing and extreme n weather events, including heavy downpours and floods, Wildlife species that are shifting their ranges heat waves and drought, are becoming more frequent. Studies indicate, for example, that increasing If you professionally design, install and manage temperatures could make aphids capable of producing landscapes, the climate changes due to global warming more than 1 million offspring in 2 months — up will create new challenges to the way you do business, from the 300,000 that they can currently produce. and the expertise your clients will need from you. Drought-stressed plants are more attractive to aphids Conventional landscaping practices that contribute and susceptible to disease. Tough, invasive pest plants to global warming, by relying on coal, oil and natural are expected to be able to exploit new conditions gas for powering equipment, transporting landscape and expand their spread. Plant species native to the materials and waste over long distances, manufacturing San Francisco Bay Area may find the conditions to pesticides and fertilizers, pumping and using water in which they have adapted changing dramatically. It may the landscape may become increasingly subject to local, become more difficult to help your clients provide state and federal regulations, and less attractive to your habitat and food for wildlife, as butterfly caterpillars clients. emerge before the leaves of their host plants, or bees arrive too early or late to feed on the flowers that Additionally, the consequences of global warming will provide them with food. clearly impact the landscaping expertise needed to differentiate your business in the marketplace. You may be required to deal with the problems associated with: Put on your garden gloves and fight global warming You can distinguish yourself in the marketplace by preparing to deal with landscape problems associated with global warming and by becoming part How Bay-Friendly of the solution. The practices detailed in these Bay-Friendly Landscape Landscaping Reduces Guidelines are effective steps toward a solution to the problem of global Greenhouse Gases warming. Direct and immediate ways to reduce the impact of the landscapes you design, install or maintain, include: Less organic matter transported n Keeping yard waste out of landfills where it decomposes anaerobically, = less CO2 releasing methane Less organic debris in the landfill n Decreasing the burning of fossil fuels by: = less CH4 • Keeping plant debris on site by grasscycling, mulching and composting Reduced mowing & trimming • Using hand-powered tools or equipment powered by biofuels • Carpooling and careful p lanning of routes = less CO2 • Irrigating efficiently Fewer fertilizers & pesticides • Reducing lawn size = less N20 & CO2 • Selecting low maintenance and drought- tolerant California native Reduced water consumption plants n Nurturing the soil to maintain its ability to store carbon, by: = less CO2 • Efficiently using natural fertilizers as a source of nitrogen Increased soil organic matter • Building the organic matter content of the soil = less CO2 • Minimizing site and soil • Protecting the soil from compaction n Planting and protecting trees 1 INTergovernmental Panel on

7 Returning organic matter to the soil… …is again key to protecting our environment. Just as managing plant debris as if it is a resource and not a waste product can be the link between protecting our watersheds and conserving our resources, so too is this

Introduction approach critical to reducing the emission of greenhouse gases that contribute to global warming. Consider the practices listed on the previous page that are related to the management of landscape trimmings and grass 1 clippings. You can provide your clients with the most advanced, comprehensive approach to fighting global warming by using sound, effective soil-building strategies.

Soil Strategies for Reducing Greenhouse Soil stores approximately Gas Emissions twice as much carbon as that in the atmosphere. This pool of Carbon Dioxide organic carbon can help offset n Minimize soil erosion the impact on global warming • Maintain cover and minimize disturbance n Build soil organic matter of carbon dioxide releases • Add compost and maintain vegetation from other sources. n Minimize soil grading and FROM: LAL, R, SOIL CARBON SEQUESTRATION IMPACTS ON GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE AND , SCIENCE, 2004 IN SUSTAINABLE SITES INITIATIVE, PRELIMINARY Methane REPORT ON THE STANDARDS & GUIDELINES, NOV. 2007. n Maintain aerobic conditions • Limit compaction Emissions Reductions Per Acre • Maintain subsurface drainage of Bay-Friendly Landscaping • Build organic matter with compost and healthy vegetation Tons Measure Nitrous Oxide eCO2 n Verify need for nitrogen fertilizers by testing soils Waste kept on site 2.5 n Use nitrogen fertilizers efficiently • Apply during times of active uptake Avoided transportation 1.1 • Don’t leave fertilizer at the soil surface Reduced shearing & mowing .2 • Apply nitrogen during cool weather Reduced water needs .2 • Do not apply nitrogen to saturated soil or if rain is expected Total 4.0

You can be the first line of defense. Whether a site is next to a creek or miles away, your landscaping activities impact the quality of the San Francisco Bay watershed and the global climate. The landscape you design, construct or maintain can conserve valuable resources, prevent waste and pollution, protect wildlife habitat, and reconnect your clients and the public to the beauty and value of the San Francisco Bay .

8 Chapter TWO

Bay-Friendly 2 Menu of Best Practices

9 Bay-Friendly Menu of Best Practices

1 Landscape Locally

o 1. Select and evaluate the site carefully o 2. Assess the soil and test drainage o 3. Survey and protect flora and fauna o 4. Consider the potential for fire o 5. Use local, natural plant communities as models

2 Landscape for Less to the Landfill Menu

o 1. Select appropriate plants: o A. Choose plants to match the microclimate and soil conditions

2 o B. Choose plants that can grow to their natural size in the space allotted them o C. Replace sheared with plants that can grow to their natural shape and size o D. Do not plant o 2. Keep plant debris on- site: o A. Grasscycle o B. Produce mulch from plant debris o C. Compost plant debris o 3. Prune selectively and properly o 4. Water and fertilize judiciously o 5. Use goats for controlling and creating firebreaks o 6. Use salvaged items and recycled content materials o 7. Reduce and recycle waste o 8. Separate plant debris for clean green discounts

3 Nurture the Soil

o 1. Remove and store topsoil before grading o 2. Protect soil from compaction o 3. Defend against erosion o 4. Amend the soil with compost before planting o 5. Grasscycle o 6. Mulch regularly o 7. Aerate compacted soils o 8. Feed soils naturally o 9. Avoid synthetic, quick release fertilizers o 10. Minimize the use of chemical pesticides

10 4 Conserve Water o 1. Create drought resistant soils with compost and mulch o 2. Grow drought tolerant California native or Mediterranean plants o 3. Minimize the lawn o 4. Implement hydrozoning — group plants by water needs o 5. Design for on-site rainwater collection, recycled water and/or graywater use o 6. Design and install high efficiency irrigation systems

o 7. Install a dedicated meter to monitor landscape water use 2 o 8. Manage irrigation according to need o 9. Maintain the irrigation system so every drop counts

o 10. Request an irrigation audit Menu 5 Conserve Energy

o 1. Shade buildings to moderate temperatures o 2. Reduce the heat island effect o 3. Shade air conditioners o 4. Design lighting carefully o 5. Choose and maintain equipment for fuel conservation o 6. Specify low embodied energy materials

6 Protect Water and Air Quality

o 1. Use Integrated Pest Management: o A. Prevent pest problems o B. Train your staff to identify and monitor pest and beneficial populations o C. Educate your clients o D. Control pest problems with physical and mechanical methods o E. Control pest problems with biological controls o F. Control pest problems with the least toxic pesticide as a last resort o 2. Eliminate high input decorative lawns o 3. Minimize site disturbance o 4. Choose and maintain your materials, equipment and vehicles carefully o 5. Keep soil and organic matter where it belongs o 6. Minimize impervious surfaces o 7. Plant and protect trees o 8. Maintain and manage the irrigation system carefully o 9. Design a system to capture and treat water

7 Create and Protect Wildlife Habitat

o 1. Diversify o 2. Choose California natives first o 3. Provide water and shelter o 4. Use organic pest management o 5. Conserve or restore natural areas and wildlife corridors 11 Chapter THREE

Bay-Friendly Landscaping Principles and Practices

15 3 16 14

17 12 13

11 2 9 Principles & Practices 1 3 8

3 4

10

7

5

6

Bay-Friendly Landscape Features:

1 on driveway and 6 All plants given the space to grow 12 Drip irrigation for vegetable beds, shrubs, walkway to front door to their natural size trees and elsewhere where feasible 2 Water from roof channeled to cistern 7 Plants selected to match the microclimates 13 Raised beds are constructed from plastic 3 Water for wildlife habitat 8 Irrigation controller waters hydrozones or composite lumber 4 Pavers with spaces and low water use according to plant needs, soil moisture and 14 Compost bin recycles plant and kitchen plants between weather debris 5 Front lawn replaced by diverse plantings 9 Deciduous trees placed to the west 15 Evergreen windbreak blocks north winter with many California native groundcovers, & southwest of the house & patio for winds shrubs and trees, but no invasive species summer cooling 16 Trees not topped but pruned properly 10 Repository for leaves to collect under 17 Small lawn in backyard where family will trees as mulch use it 11 Mulched paths keep soil covered

12 1. Landscape Locally

ay-Friendly landscaping recognizes that our landscapes, whether they are commercial, institutional, residential or open space, are part of the larger ecosystem of the San Francisco Bay Area. It does not B mean that the landscape must be wild and uncontrolled, but rather on the whole, it respects the natural attributes of our region and contributes to the health, diversity and of the San Francisco Bay ecosystem. In return, many of the natural processes of a well functioning ecosystem, like nutrient cycling, can then benefit the landscape you design, construct or maintain. In addition, your clients are re-connected to nature through their landscapes, in one of the world’s most renowned environments.

1. Select and evaluate the site carefully “Many wild areas of

Description Yosemite are more beautiful than Careful selection and evaluation will any garden, and they don’t need reveal both the opportunities and the limits of the site. Consider the unique regular maintenance. The other features of smaller zones within the 3 site, which could mean the difference between life and for some plants. extreme is formal hedges, roses and lawns that

Applications require lots of attention and resources to maintain. Practices & Principles n Determine if the site is an urban growth boundary, a brownfield or near We need to find a middle ground in design and a sensitive ecosystem n Visit the site and among other features, identify on a site map the: maintenance of the urban landscape.” • Sunny, shady and partly shady areas — Nate Silin, Owner, New Growth Landscape, Oakland • Hot spots along south facing walls and fences • Wet or dry spots • Windy or exposed areas and the direction of prevailing winds • Slopes • Frost pockets • Shape & size of planting areas • Zones with difficult access • Water flow n Visit www.bayfriendlycoalition.org for a copy of the Site Analysis template. Benefits aphy This knowledge is critical to all other r Bay-Friendly landscaping practices — photog

particularly being able to select plant s materials that match the site. It places the landscape in the context of the San

Francisco Bay Area. In the long run, it an Reynold s allows you to collaborate with nature, saving you time and money. photo: Su

13 2. Assess the soil and test drainage

Description n Check for compaction zones with ict r pe

probes, augers or shovels. Test t a vings

Know the soil: its organic matter, fertility, s i sc D Sa

drainage in several spots. d

texture, and structure. Identify problems r n n er such as compaction layers, poor drainage, Sample the soil from different zones La in the landscape - and remember Wat

or contamination with heavy metals, or f

that different plants have different ounty, t or toxic compounds. This knowledge will C h.

nutrient requirements. Send soil unicipal Wate As help you determine the soil quality, the M ange

samples for an analysis of the soil pH, gemen a om Or T types of plants it can best support and organic matter, nutrients and potential n hoto: Ma by any need for supplements. contaminants. P of Applications n Identify soil characteristics on a site Benefits map. n Locate the landscape site on a soil Understanding the soil is also critical to n Do an initial soil analysis, and then survey map (available from the local landscaping in an annually during the transition to a library or the USDA Natural Resource manner. Plants are more likely to be Bay-Friendly landscape, and also: Conservation Service at placed appropriately and fertilizers used When planning a renovation www.baysavers.org). • only as needed. n Review site grading specifications. • When experiencing ongoing n Visit the site and take handfuls of the problems n soil to determine the texture by feel. Watch the weeds. Clover, in turf, for 3. Survey and protect example suggests a need for nitrogen. flora & fauna

Description Existing flora and fauna provide insight into the ecosystem health and the landscape possibilities. Native vegetation, wildlife habitat & sensitive areas such as wetlands may need protection. Invasive Tips for Success species will need active control.

Principles & Practices Soil Texture by Feel Applications Take a 1or 2-tablespoon sample of soil into your hand. Slowly add water and n Identify plant species and communities, knead the sample until moist. Try to form the sample into a ball. Squeeze it to especially California natives, invasive or 3 see if you can make a cast (an impression of your fingers). Gently stretch the soil and wetlands. out between your thumb and forefinger and try and make a ribbon. Note the feel n Learn what wildlife inhabit or move of the soil as you are working it and use the table below to determine its texture: through the site or have historically Characteristics of Soil Sample Soil Texture inhabited the site. Consider what they used for food and shelter. Plan for restoration. Soil will not stay in a ball. Loose and single-grained with a Sand n Ask your clients to identify plants that gritty feeling when moistened. are of value to them.

n Become familiar with local tree A cast will form but it can’t be handled without breaking Loamy sand ordinances and or endangered and will not form into a ribbon. Soil feels slightly gritty. species regulations. n Develop a plan for preserving existing Loam A short ribbon can be formed but breaks when about 1/2 trees and shrubs or engage the inch long services of a certified arborist to help you create the plan. A ribbon can be formed. The ribbon is moderately Clay loam strong until it breaks at about 3/4 inch length. Soil feels Benefits slightly sticky. Conserving or restoring local flora, fauna and habitat provides your clients Clay The soil can easily be formed into a ribbon 1 inch or with a sense of place. Native plants can longer. Soil feels very sticky. make the job easier for the landscape

Adapted from: S.J. Thein, A Flow Diagram for Teaching Texture by Feel Analysis, Journal of professional. Agron. Edu.

14 4. Consider the potential for fire Description • Avoid plants with high oil content or that tend to accumulate excessive After the Oakland Hills fire of 1991, dead wood or debris (pyrophites). there is no doubt that the potential Assure that trees are well-spaced for fire in our region can be great and • and pruned to 6 feet minimum that landscaping is a critical factor. above ground, and that dense shrub Understanding the topography, fuel and plantings are separate from trees, to local weather are critical to designing and minimize fuel ladders. maintaining a landscape that reduces the • Plant trees and tall shrubs where potential for loss to fire. Plant selection limbs and branches will not is also very important to reducing the reach the building or grow under Results of the 1991 Oakland Hills fire. fuel load and avoiding fire ladders. Some overhangs as they mature. species — “pyrophites” - ignite readily • Avoid finely shredded bark mulch. and burn intensely. Dense vegetation • Face and construct decks out of fire- in hedges, screens or espaliers can be a resistant materials. “I think of each garden fire hazard because the for n Contact the local fire department limited water, nutrients and space results for assistance in understanding the as an organism. That means in a large amount of dry twiggy material. fire risk at a particular site and for reducing inputs and not exporting additional guidance in reducing that Applications risk, particularly for sites at the urban- things, keeping as much of the n For sites adjacent to fire-sensitive wildland interface. slopes, open space or wildland: resources — like water, energy, 3 Benefits Create a Fire Mitigation Plan that plants, food — on-site as possible. identifies adjacent fire-sensitive Landscapes can be designed to reduce wildland or open space or — Christopher Shein, Owner, the fire hazard, with a clearer under­ Practices & Principles developments, exposure to prevailing standing of the risks, proper design and Wildheart Gardens, Oakland winds during the dry season, steep choice of plants. slopes (especially south and west facing that can increase wind speed and convey heat), and vegetation type (particularly species that burn readily). Specify mitigations to these fire vectors, including the establishment of a “defensible zone” immediately surrounding the structure, that use one or more strategies for firescaping, such as: • Emphasize plants with low fuel volume and/or high moisture content in planting plans.

Tips for Success Fire-Resistant Plants n Most are broadleaf deciduous trees but some thick-leaf evergreens are also fire-resistant. n Leaves tend to be supple, moist and easily crushed. n Trees tend to be clean, not bushy, and have little deadwood. n Shrubs are low-growing (2’) with minimal dead material. n Tall shrubs are clean, not bushy. n Sap is water-like and typically does not have a strong odor.

Source: R. Moritz and P. Svihra, Pyrophytic vs Fire Resistant Plants, UCCE.

15 5. Use local, natural plant San Francisco Bay Area Natural Plant Communities communities as models Many local are excellent Ecologists classify these groups of Description landscape plants. You can imitate natural plants with terms like “biotic province,” A plant community is a relatively distinct processes by using the plant community “vegetation type,” “plant community,” pattern of vegetation that is found in concept to organize plantings. Blending “plant association,” and “series.” The different regions of the Bay Area. Six the science of with the practice natural distribution of plants is very of these local plant communities are of , you can create landscape complex, with much overlapping of briefly described in next section of projects that assume some of the species, and experts disagree about the these guidelines. It is important to also beautiful natural qualities of our area. fine points of grouping and nomenclature. consider that species of plants within these communities overlap and that they If you choose plants Here we use the term change over time. in response to the site “plant community” to conditions, the new describe a group of Applications planting will probably plants that recurs with n Learn about local plant communities. become established relative consistency, n Train yourself and your staff to easily. There will be no often dominated by a recognize local plant communities and to evaluate the conditions under which need for the special single species. The Bay the plants are succeeding. fertilizing, , Area consists of many n Use these communities to guide your and heavy irrigation different places, from choice in plant selection. that have been so common in the past. the cool, moist saltwater marshes close n Plant of annuals to fill in with The plants grow easily because they’re to the water to the hot and dry eastern color and greenery while slower adapted to this place - they’ve lived here ridges and slopes. These places support growing perennials get established. for thousands of years! If you visit our a series of distinctive plant communities Benefits Bay Area wildlands, you will notice that — Saltwater Marsh, , Using the local, natural plant communities a particular species might be abundant in Riparian Woodland, Coastal Strand, as a model allows you to work with a given area, only occasionally present in Coastal Prairie, Northern Coastal Scrub, nature to create spectacular landscapes an adjacent space, and completely absent Chaparral, Valley and Foothill Woodland, that can help replace what’s so often elsewhere. You may also recognize, as Valley , and Redwood Forest, to Principles & Practices been degraded or lost. you move from south facing to north name a few. facing slopes or from exposed ridges Following is a short list of representative to wooded canyons that certain groups species and a brief description of the 3 of plants tend to grow together. This most common plant communities of the is because native plants have adapted Bay Area. over many generations to specific environmental conditions e r photo: david gilmo

16 Common Plant Communities of the SF Bay Area Coastal Prairie Herbaceous Perennials (White Yarrow) Valley and Foothill Woodland Calamagrostis nutkaensis (Reed Grass) Calochortus luteus (Golden Mariposa) Trees tumulicola (Dwarf Sedge) Aesculus californica (California Buckeye) Danthonia californica (Wild Oat Grass) Arbutus menziesii (Madrone) Deschampsia caespitosa holciformis (Hair Grass) Quercus agrifolia (Coast Live Oak) Festuca idahoensis (Fescue Bunchgrass) Quercus chrysolepis (Canyon Live Oak) Iris douglasiana (Douglas Iris) Quercus kellogii (Black Oak ) Pteridium aquilinum pubescens (Bracken Fern) Quercus lobata (Valley Oak ) Sisyrinchium bellum (Blue-eyed Grass) Quercus wislizenii (Interior Live Oak) Umbellularia californica (California Bay) Northern Coastal Scrub Shrubs Shrubs Garrya elliptica (Coast Silktassle) Holodiscus discolor Arctostaphylos uva-ursi ‘Pt. Reyes’ (Manzanita) (Ocean Spray) Myrica californica Artemisia californica (Coast Sagebrush) (Pacific Wax Myrtle) Physocarpus capitatus Baccharis pilularis ssp. pilularis (Dwarf Coyote Brush) (Ninebark) Rhamnus californica Baccharis pilularis var. consanguinea (Coyote Brush) (Coffeeberry) Ribes sanguineum glutinosum Ceanothus cuneatus (Buckbrush) (Pink Current) Rosa californica Ceanothus gloriosus (Ceanothus) (California Rose) Sambucus mexicana Cercocarpus betuloides (Mountain Mahogany) (Blue Elderberry Symphoricarpos albus Diplacus aurantiacus (Monkey Flower) (Snowberry) Heteromeles arbutifolia (Toyon)

Lupinus albifrons (Bush Lupine) Herbaceous Perennials 3 Mimulus aurantiacus (Sticky Monkeyflower) Artemisia douglasiana (Mugwort) Rhamnus californica (Coffee Berry) Dryopteris arguta (Woodfern) Salvia melifera (Black Sage) Festuca californica (California Fescue) Fragaria californica (California Strawberry) & Practices & Principles Herbaceous Perennials Heracleum lanatum (Cow Parsnip) Juncus patens Chlorogolum pomeridianum (Soap Plant) (Common Rush) Polypodium vulgare Epilobium canum (California Fuchsia) (Polypody Fern) Rubus parviflorus Heracleum lanatum (Cow Parsnip) (Thimbleberry) Rubus vitifolius Scrophularia californica (Bee Plant) (Calif. Blackberry) Satureja douglasii Wyethia angustifolia (Mule’s Ears) (Yerba Buena) Stachys ajugoides ( Nettle) Valley Grassland Tellima grandiflora (Fringe Cups) Vines Herbaceous Perennials Lonicera hispidula (California Honeysuckle) Calochortus luteus (Golden Mariposa) Dichelostemma capitatum (Bluedicks) Eschscholzia californica (California Poppy) Riparian Woodland Nasella lepida (Needlegrass) Nasella pulchra (Purple Needlegrass) Trees Sidalcea malviflora (Checkerbloom) Acer macrophyllum (Bigleaf Maple) Sisyrinchium bellum (Blue-eyed Grass) Alnus rhombifolia (White Alder) Solidago californica (California Goldenrod) Platanus racemosa (Western Sycamore) Triteleia laxa (Ithuriel’s Spear) Wyethia angustifolia (Mule’s Ears) Shrubs Cornus species (Creek Dogwood) Redwood Forest Rosa californica (California Rose) Salix species (Red Willow) Trees Herbaceous Perennials Sequoia sempervirens (Redwood) Athyrium filix-femina(Lady Fern) Shrubs Carex species (Dwarf Sedge) species (Horsetail) Ceanothus thyrsiflorus (Blue Blossom) Juncus effusis bruneus (Green Rush) Corylus cornuta var. californica (Western Hazelnut) Mimulus cardenalis (Scarlet Monkeyflower)­ Vaccinium ovatum (Huckleberry) Mimulus guttatus (Monkeyflower) Herbaceous Perennials Oenanthe sarmentosa (Creek Parsley) Sisyrinchium californicum (Yellow-eyed Grass) Adiantum jordanii (Five-finger Fern) Asarum caudatum (Wild Ginger) Vines Athyrium filix-femina (Lady Fern) Aristolochia californica (Dutchman’s pipe) Oxalis oregana (Redwood Sorrel) Clematis ligusticifolia (Clematis) Polystichum munitum (Western Sword Fern) Vitis californica (California Grape) Rubus ursinus (California Blackberry) Smilacina racemosa (False Solomon Seal) Tiarella cordifolia (Foam Flower) Woodwardia fimbriata (Giant Chain Fern) 17 Common Plant Communities of the SF Bay Area

Coastal Prairie Occupying slopes close to the Bay, this community is dominated by grasses and low herbs. Once consisting primarily of native perennial bunchgrasses and annual wildflowers, it now includes many weedy annual species brought here by successive waves of European immigration. Large portions of

r the Oakland and Berkeley hills were once Coastal Prairie, but have been converted to woodland in the course of . ane hube j photo:

Valley Grassland Once common in interior valleys, Valley Grassland has suffered from agricultural development, introduction of invasive Principles & Practices weeds, and urbanization. It now s survives only in scattered remnants. d Rollin r 3 Richa photo:

Valley and ict r t

Foothill Woodland s k di Covering a large area of East Bay open space r from near the coast to far inland, this community includes open Oak Savannah with grassy egional pa understory, dense Oak groves crowded with r

shrubs and herbs, and shady Bay Laurel woods. t bay s

Valley and Foothill Woodland is particularly rich ea in ecological diversity. photo:

18 Common Plant Communities of the SF Bay Area

Riparian Woodland Occurring as narrow bands in the steep ict r

t mountainous ravines, broadly meandering s in the flatter lands, these wet stream k di r corridors stand in strong contrast to the surrounding summer dry hills and ridges.

egional pa A specially adapted set of water loving r plants lines our local creeks and rivers. t bay s photo: ea

ict Redwood Forest r t 3 s Considered by most ecologists k di r as a subset of the North Coastal Forest, Redwood Forest exists in a shallow Practices & Principles egional pa r band across the Oakland and

t bay Berkeley hills. Redwoods are s adapted to snag moisture from the summer with photo: ea their leaves, which adds to precipitation and soil moisture. A distinctive group of understory species is adapted to the deep shade of the redwood groves.

Northern Coastal Scrub (also known as “Soft Chaparral”) Often found close to Coastal Prairie on west facing slopes of thin soil. Northern Coastal Scrub is also influenced by marine exposure, but is dominated by low shrubs. r ane hube j photo:

F or more information on California plant communities see: Ornduff, 1974, Introduction to California Plant Life; Sawyer and Keeler-Wolfe, 1995, A Manual of California Vegetation; Beidleman and Kozloff, 2003, Plants of the San Francisco Bay Region.

19 2. Landscape for Less to the Landfill

educing waste starts with not generating it in the first place. Selecting the right plants for the right place, as well as watering and fertilizing judiciously are important ways to reduce the tons of plant debris that end R up in the landfills in the Bay Area. Reusing plant trimmings as mulch, grasscycling, and using compost improves soils, creates healthier landscapes and in addition, keeps materials out of local landfills. Material use is an important factor in the landscape. Using recycled content, salvaged, durable or local materials conserves resources and can reduce the amount of embodied energy that is consumed by the landscape. Landscaping for less to the landfill will help you create a beautiful, relatively trouble free landscape that yields years of benefits for you, your client and the San Francisco Bay.

1. Select appropriate o. plants C cape s

A. Choose plants to match and L

the microclimate & soil s ion conditions s imen D

Description r ou F Selecting the right plants is linked to understanding the site-specific conditions hiligen, of the landscape. Plant selection is the T foundation of environmentally sound ichael

landscaping and thus an important M Principles & Practices practice for meeting many of the other

principles of Bay-Friendly landscaping. photo: Applications 3 Benefits n Select flora that is compatible with the exposure, temperature, moisture, and Plants are more likely to thrive, which soil in microsites within each particular reduces their susceptibility to disease and landscape site. other pests and their need for fertilizers n Consider appropriate plant and pesticides. Water can be conserved. communities and how one community Callbacks and plant replacement­ are may succeed another with time. often reduced. Debris is not generated in the first place.

“We are trying to recycle more of our on Survey Says... our sites. One major benefit is that we don’t have to haul it off site 75% of single-family households always or almost always recycle to a dump. Second, it helps to cut down on worker’s compensation their plant waste. Recycling plant claims from back injuries due to heavy tarps of material being debris is important to your current customers — and potential new picked up for disposal.” clients. — Manuel L. Gonzales, Director of Training, Cagwin & Dorward, Novato

20 1. Select appropriate plants B. Choose plants that can C. Replace sheared hedges D. Do not plant invasive grow to their natural size with plants that can grow species in the space allotted them to their natural shape & size Description Description Selecting a plant or plants to grow Description Invasive plants used in landscaping often in too small a space starts a lifelong Shearing is a horticulturally unsound escape into our natural areas, where battle with the plant’s genetics, thereby practice that is labor intensive and that they can spread rapidly and out-compete inviting disease and insects, generating encourages excessive new growth natives, degrade wildlife habitat and unnecessary waste or increasing the fuel that can lead to unhealthy plants and increase the fuel load. load. increased waste. What’s more, sheared Applications hedges and screens have lots of Applications deadwood under the dense green crown Familiarize yourself with locally important n Consider the mature size and shape of because of the lack of light reaching into invasive species, some of which are listed the plants you choose and place them the hedge. This dieback in the center of on the following page, and eliminate in areas that will allow them to assume the plant increases its flammability. them from the site. Sheet mulch can their natural form. be very effective for control. Do n Avoid over-planting for instant effect. Applications not plant invasive species. For more n Select trees with a mature height of n If hedges are desired, select dense information contact www.cal-ipc.org.

less than 20 feet for planting near species that will be able to grow to 3 power lines. their natural shapes and sizes. Benefits n Benefits Reduce the number of plants in The cost of later pulling these species out the existing hedges and allow the

of the landscape, neighboring sites and Practices & Principles Labor, fuel and waste are likely to be remaining plants to grow into their wild lands is avoided. Waste is reduced reduced, cutting your costs. Plant health natural form, if their size is appropriate and is protected. and resistance to disease is fostered. to the space. n Or recommend to your customers that sheared hedges be removed and replaced with plants that can grow to their natural form. Benefits Your cost for the labor to regularly shear the hedges is lowered and at the same “People time, fuel load can be decreased, waste will likely be reduced and your disposal are bills lowered. focused in the right spot will on how the landscape looks right “Using the right plant minimize the level of maintenance required to have a good after planting. This means that looking landscape. This means taking into consideration shrubs are planted so tightly the growth habits, maximum height and breadth, pests, that they can’t reach maturity ideal soil conditions, and water requirements associated or flower and this leads to higher with the plant. maintenance costs.” — Gary Imazumi, Interim Associate Director, Grounds, Recycling and — George Pacheco, Owner/President, Refuse, and Pest Management Services, Physical Plant — Campus Services, Pacheco Brothers Gardening, Hayward University of California, Berkeley

21 Avoid Invasive Garden Plants of the Greater San Francisco Bay Area Invasive Plants Non-Invasive Plants Latin Name Common Instead Try Name Carpobrotus edulis Iceplant or Hottentot Fig Delosperma cooperi (Hardy Iceplant) or Osteospermum fruticsum and hybrids (Freeway Daisy) or Drosanthemum floribundum (Showy Dewflower)

Cortaderia selloana Pampasgrass Chondropetalum tectorum (Cape Thatching Reed) or Muhlenbergia lindheimeri (Lindheimer’s Muhly Grass) or Carex spissa (San Diego Sedge) or Nolina bigelovii (Bigelow’s Bear Grass)

Cotoneaster lacteus, Cotoneaster Heteromeles arbutifolia and cultivars (Toyon) or Feijoa C. pannosus sellowiana (Pineapple Guava) or Arbutus unedo (Strawberry Tree) or Viburnum suspensum (Sandankwa Viburnum) or Cistrus mitis or x Citrofortunella microcarpa (Calamondin )

Cytisus scoparius, Scotch, Portuguese, Jasminum nudiflorum (Winter Jasmine) or Cornus mas (Cornelian-cherry C. striatus, Spanish or French Broom Dogwood) or Kerria japonica (Japanese Kerria) or Ribes aureum (Golden Currant) or Phlomis fructicosa (Jerusalem Sage) or Spartium junceum, Hypericum rowallane (Shrub Hypericum) Genista monspessulana

Hedera helix, English Ivy, Algerian Ivy, Campanula poscharskyana (Serbian Bellflower) or Trachelospermum H. canariensis, Periwinkle asiasticum (Ivory Star Jasmine) or or Rubus pentalobus (Taiwan Raspberry) or Heuchera maxima and Vinca major hybrids (Giant Alumroot) or Asarum caudatum (Wild Ginger) Helleborus foetidus Bergenia cordifolia

Principles & Practices or (Bear’s Foot Hellebore) or and hybrids (Winter Saxifrage)

Helichrysum petiolare Licorice Plant Salvia leucophylia (Coast Purple Sage) or Teucrium fructicans 3 and cultivars (Bush Germander) or Phlomis fructicosa (Jerusalem Sage) or Artemisia ‘Powis Castle’ or Eriogonum giganteum (St. Catherine’s Lace)

Sesbania punicea Scarlet Wisteria Calliandra tweedii (Brazilian Bush) or Lagerstroemia species (Crape Myrtle) or Cassia leptophylla (Gold Medallion Tree) or Galvezi speciosa (Showy Island Snapdragon)

Adapted from: Don’t plant a pest! Give them an inch and they’ll take an acre...., California Invasive Pest Council Suggested alternatives in bold are California native species.

Invasive Instead Try Cal-IPC also recommends that we don’t plant the following trees in the San Francisco Bay Area. n Crataegus monogyna (Single hawthorn) n Elaeagnus angustifolia (Russian olive) n Eucalyptus glubulus (Blue gum eucalyptus) n Myoporum laetum (Myoporum) n Robinia pseudoacacia (Black locust) n Sapium sebiferum (Chinese tallow tree) n Schinus terebinthifolius (Brazilian peppertree) n Sesbania punicea (Scarlet wisteria) Cortaderia selloana Muhlenbergia lindheimeri n (Pampasgrass) (Lindheimer’s Muhly Grass) species (Saltcedar) photo: Brianna Richardson, 2003 photo: Bluestem Nursery, For suggested alternatives, visit www.cal-ipc.org. www.bluestem.com 22 2. Keep plant debris on site A. Grasscycle B. Produce mulch from C. Compost plant debris plant debris Description: Description Grasscycling means leaving the clippings Description Composting is the controlled on the lawn after mowing, so they Plant debris left on the soil or chipped of organic material. It decompose and release their nutrients and then spread evenly over the surface turns plant debris into a beneficial soil into the soil. of the soil nurtures soil organisms, and amendment. recycles organic matter and nutrients. Applications Applications n Mow often and when the grass is dry n Enroll yourself or your staff in a ton

for the best results. r composting training program offered a n B by many local governments.

Look for more details on how to yl A Bay-Friendly Landscaping r n

grasscycle in he Encourage your residential clients to Guide to Grasscycling. Go to C purchase a compost bin and offer to www.bayfriendlycoalition.org to manage it for them.

download a copy. ffice of n O Design a site for composting client he Benefits T plant material. n Go to www.StopWaste.Org to order

Leaving the clippings on the lawn after photo: a copy of the composting brochure or mowing saves time — one study showed

Hewlett Foundation site supports an Oak video. 3 that grasscycling reduced mowing time Savanna landscape. The leaf provides by 38%. It also saves money and reduces an interesting landscape element and a Benefits greenhouse gases that result from hauling natural mulch layer. Composting on-site returns valuable the grass clippings to the landfill. nutrients and organic matter to the soil Practices & Principles Applications & reduces pollution associated with n Avoid removing leaves as they drop transporting waste, as well as disposal from the tree — designate areas under costs. the tree & shrub , and away from hard surfaces and stormdrains as a natural leaf repository. Leaves should be picked up if they carry disease that can infect other plants, preventing low growing plants from receiving light, or if they are where they can clog stormdrains. n Regularly chip plant debris and spread evenly over all exposed soil surfaces. “We’ve n Refer to the section Nurture the Soil had great or visit www.bayfriendlycoalition.org to download a copy of A Bay-Friendly success with Landscaping Guide to Mulch and A Case Study: Mulch mulching at . Survey Says... Benefits Cal. We’re using it as weed Thousands of local residents are Nutrients are recycled, habitat is created, considering composting. When control, and we have evidence waste is reduced, and the beneficial soil a sample of those interested in that it’s saving us money, plus life that feeds on the organic matter jumpstarts other natural processes. trying it were asked why they we’re able to cut down on using have not started composting yet, pesticides.” more than half said they are too busy… Why not offer on-site — Greg Harrington, , University of California, Berkeley composting as one of the services you offer your clients?

23 3. Prune selectively and 4. Water and fertilize properly “Water use is judiciously

Description an issue here Description should complement the natural in California. Watering and fertilizing wisely prevents form and strengthen the structural Plus, when you use a lot of rampant plant growth that weakens the integrity of the plant. It should not be plants and generates plant debris. used to dominate plants. The labor for water and fertilizer, that Applications this type of pruning is not a cost well translates into green growth, spent; it never ends, weakens the plant There are many applications. Refer to and generates unnecessary plant debris. more clippings, and more waste. Nurture the Soil and Conserve Water for more info. Applications If you can tell customers, ‘Let’s n Benefits Use the standards from the American just fertilize once a year,’ National Standards Institute for proper Plants are not pushed into growth tree pruning, including pruning at the it reduces waste.” over- drive. Water damage to fences appropriate time of year. Do not top and hardscapes is minimized. Waste trees but rather remove branches — Glen Schneider, Proprietor, Glen is prevented and disposal bills are at their point of origin or shorten Schneider Gardening, Berkeley decreased. Less maintenance translates branches back to a lateral. into lower labor and fuel costs. n Prune when the plant is not under stress or dormant. n Ask your client to consider replacing a tree or shrub that requires frequent pruning because it has grown too large for its space with a species that will require little or no pruning. Benefits Trees and shrubs are stronger and more likely to resist pests. Waste is minimized. Principles & Practices

Damage to fencing from sprinkler irrigation. 3 photo: the Municipal Water District of Orange County, Landscape Management for Water Savings by Tom Ash

Sample Contract Specifications for Pruning: 1. Trees and shrubs shall be pruned selectively only as necessary to enhance their natural shape. Topping of trees is prohibited except for safety or liability issues. 2. Hedges a. Shearing new hedges into formal shapes is prohibited. Plants shall instead be selectively pruned by cutting individual branches or stems to interior lateral branches at appropriate locations, on an as needed basis. b. Existing hedges that have been maintained by shearing in the past and that do not have adequate space to grow to mature plant size, can continue to be maintained by shearing, until replacement is possible. 3. Trimmings generated by pruning shall either be chipped and used as mulch on the site, or separated for plant debris recycling. Prune selectively and avoid lopping. Adapted from FROM BAY-FRIENDLY LANDSCAPING MODEL MAINTENANCE SPECIFICATIONS, illustration by Craig Farnsworth in Sustainable Landscape WWW.BAYFRIENDLY.ORG. Construction.

24 5. Use goats for controlling 6. Use salvaged items & recycled content materials weeds and creating firebreaks Description Benefits Salvaged materials are not Lower maintenance costs can recover Description remanufactured between uses. Finding the added cost of plastic or composite Goats will eat many weeds that are and using them takes time and ingenuity lumber within a year. Compost provides otherwise very difficult to control — like but in the long run, salvaging conserves superior erosion control to silt fencing poison oak, for example. Goats can resources, can save money and adds and doesn’t require disposal. Waste can work in areas that are too steep for interesting elements to the design. be reduced, natural resources conserved, human crews. They don’t start fires with Recycled content materials such as plastic and markets for recycled products sparks, nor require fossil fuels to get the or composite lumber make very durable strengthened. job done, and goats can reduce the fuel decks or raised garden beds that do not load in a short period of time. The costs rot, crack or splinter. of renting a herd may be lower than Applications the costs of the labor for weeding and disposing of the plant debris. n Get creative and specify that hardscapes and other landscape Applications structures be constructed with n Consider renting a herd of goats. Ask salvaged items. For example, use for references of local landscapers who broken concrete for very attractive have used goats for controlling weeds retaining walls and ground glass cullet or creating firebreaks in our area. (The for beautiful walkways. 3 East Bay Regional Park District, City of n Find materials for reuse by contacting Oakland and others employ goats for the CalMax website at www.ciwmb. vegetation control.) ca.gov/CalMax or by visiting n Use them with care as they eat www.StopWaste.Org. Practices & Principles desirable vegetation along with n Specify the use of recycled content weeds: identify California natives and materials or those made from rapidly other vegetation that will need to renewable resources. be protected from the goats with n Substitute compost blankets, berms temporary fences. Remove them from and filter socks for plastic silt fencing. the area before they have a chance to n Purchase biodiesel or biobased overgraze. lubricants for your equipment. Benefits n Use sustainably harvested wood (FSC Certified) if plastic or composite Garden made with salvaged lumber As the goats graze they reduce the fuel lumber is not appropriate. Use treated from deconstructed warehouses at Oakland load, return nutrients to the soil and wood that does not contain chromium Army Base. eliminate the need to haul off plant or for any application that debris. specifies treated lumber. n Specify recycled aggregate (crushed concrete and asphalt) for backfill, road base or other uses. e r photo: david gilmo Reused concrete makes attractive benches, retaining walls, and raised planting beds.

25 7. Reduce and recycle waste 8. Separate plant debris for clean green discounts Description unused materials to reach a goal of reducing waste by at least 50%. Description Bay-Friendly landscapes offer many n Select suppliers that allow returns of opportunities to reduce and recycle Most local landfills and transfer stations unused items. waste, both in the short term offer a discount for disposing of plant n Select the nursery(s) that accept used construction of the landscape and in debris if it is kept separate from other containers. the long term, by designing spaces for types of waste. n Visit www.StopWaste.Org for collection and storing recyclable materials. additional information on materials Applications reuse facilities and construction site Applications If reusing and recycling on site is not cleanup contractors. n Dedicate an easily accessible area to feasible, take the time to separate yard n Offer incentives to contractors or the collection & storage of materials trimmings from other waste. At larger employees who reduce waste. for recycling. sites, dedicate a bin to plant trimmings n n List the types and estimated quantities Return wooden pallets to suppliers or only and ask the hauler for a reduction in take apart non-returnable wood pallets of materials that will be generated at the collection fee. the job site. to chip for mulch. n Contact local recycling facilities n Donate healthy plants to local Benefits nonprofits or school gardens. and haulers to identify terms and Your disposal costs are trimmed, and in conditions required for recycling Benefits most cases, the material is processed into materials. mulch or compost. n Develop and implement a plan to Recycling and donating unused items reduce including reduces pressure on landfills, saves plastic plant containers, land money by reducing tipping fees and clearing waste and other landscape provides raw materials for future projects. construction materials. Donations may be tax deductible. n Specify the recycling or donating of Principles & Practices

3 Tips for Success Using Salvaged Materials in the Landscape

1. Let the materials inspire the design. 2. Locate materials early in the design process to avoid major design revisions when materials are found. Each year, the 3. Maintain flexibility in the design until materials are found. horticultural 4. Use materials with interesting “stories” or cultural significance to the project. industry dispos- 5. At the start of a project, evaluate project sites and old buildings for materials es of: to reuse. n 130 million pounds of 6. Hire demo contractors with experience in deconstruction and salvage. greenhouse film n 7. Require contractors to provide a plan for construction and demolition 140 million pounds of plastic salvage and recycling. pots n 8. Use materials for the highest use — avoid “down-cycling.” 170 million pounds of plastic ground cover 9. Include appearance and environmental performance standards in the specifications. From: Texas A&M 10. Get the contractor on board with using salvage early in the process.

Source: Meg Calkins, Closing the Loop: Part II, , December 2002.

26 3. Nurture the Soil

oil is a complex, dynamic combination of minerals, air, water and organic matter. And although organic matter is a small fraction of the soil, it is a vital component. S It includes plant and animal debris in various stages of decay as well as many living organisms — one teaspoon of a healthy soil can contain billions of beneficial bacteria and fungi. A cornerstone of Bay-Friendly landscaping is creating and protecting conditions for a diversity of beneficial soil organisms. It is based on the principle of feeding the soil, not the plant, to encourage a thriving community — a foodweb — of , worms and other beneficial creatures. Healthy soil is alive!

Why Does Soil Life Matter? Living soil is teeming with bacteria, fungi, protozoa, beneficial nematodes, worms and other beneficial organisms — amazing workhorses that will carry out the following valuable processes: 3 4 Creating soil structure 4 Storing and cycling nutrients Survey Says... Practices & Principles 4 Protecting plants from pests 80% of single-family households 4 Improving water infiltration and storage agree with the statement that using compost in the yard is 4 Filtering out urban pollutants good for the environment.

Functions of a Healthy Living Soil

Store water and nutrients Neutralization Resists pests Much like a giant sponge, of pollutants healthy soil acts as a Water flow and Living soil has an incredible Healthy soil is the site of storehouse for water and regulation array of organisms, most of intensive physical, chemical nutrients. The slow release which are beneficial. The and biological activity, thus helps plants absorb the beneficial organisms protect it can prevent water and correct amount. As a storage plants from disease through . Soil rich in reservoir for both water and , parasitization, organic matter contains nutrients, healthy soil has competition and . microorganisms that can a greater holding capacity Bacteria, for example, immobilize or degrade than soils that lack sufficient cover leaf surfaces and pollutants. organisms, organic matter block infection. Beneficial and pore spaces. nematodes prey on harmful nematodes.

Adapted from: The Relationship Between Soil and Water, King County Department of Natural Resources.

27 1. Remove and store topsoil 2. Protect soil from before grading compaction Why Use Compost Description Description for Erosion Control? Topsoil is a valuable resource, yet it is Heavy equipment can compact soil as n typically removed or mixed with subsoil deep as two feet below the surface of Compost blankets and compost during construction, beginning a cycle of the soil. Compacted soils do not have filter berms are less expensive high water and chemical dependency. adequate space for air or water. when construction, maintenance, removal and disposal costs are Applications Application considered. When grading the soil is unavoidable: n Before construction begins, specify n Compost blankets and filter berms n Identify areas that are to be paved a limited construction area. Install provide chemical, biological and as a place to store topsoil during temporary fences to restrict heavy construction. equipment, including cars. Areas that physical filtration. will be paved or built over are good n Remove the topsoil (at least the top n They work better than standard sites for parking equipment. 6 inches if the topsoil is deep) before n BMP’s like silt fences or straw bales. other grading and store for future use. Don’t assume you need the biggest, heaviest equipment. n Berms offer more actual filtration n Do not store in piles larger than 6 feet n than coir rolls, silt fences or straw high. If using heavy equipment, select those with flotation tires or wide tracks to bales. n Protect from erosion. distribute the load. n Send samples for analysis. n Compost is annually renewable. n On a longer-term basis, limit foot n Amend with 20-35% compost, traffic, especially during the wet n Compost is 100% recycled. depending on soil type and analysis, season. n Compost is all organic and natural. compost quality and plant selection. n Do not work soil when it is too wet n n It strengthens the market for Re-spread after grading and or too dry. Till as little as possible, construction. and only with a clearly identified goal, compost. Benefits such as incorporating organic matter. n Aquatic wildlife can negotiate berms Loosen the soil with a fork instead of but not silt fences. Conserving topsoil can reduce the turning it over whenever possible. likelihood of many problems over the n It avoids the use of petroleum Benefits

Principles & Practices long run, including stormwater runoff. based products like silt fences. It can minimize fertilizer and irrigation Soil structure and the soil’s ability to n Construction equipment can run requirements and topsoil replacement support the microbes that cycle nutrients over it and it still works — and it is costs. and filter pollutants are protected. The 3 easy to fix. soil is easier to work. n The materials can be re-used in landscaping or seeding after their use for erosion control. n Look for specifications from the California Integrated Board in: Compost Use for Landscape and Environmental Enhancement Manual.

SOURCE: rod Tyler, Wake up and Smell the Compost! Presented at Innovations in Erosion Control, WA.

Topsoil has been removed and stockpiled before building construction for later re-use in the landscape.

28 3. Defend against erosion 4. Amend the soil with compost before planting

Description Description n Mixing compost into the backfill of a A sediment and erosion control plan Compost is thriving with microorganisms planting hole for trees and shrubs may that conforms to local sedimentation — one teaspoon can have more than not yield significant benefits. Some and erosion standards or the best one billion beneficial microbes. Adding research indicates that young plants management practices in the California good quality compost before planting benefit more than mature plants. Some specialists also believe that Stormwater Quality Association Handbook turf, annuals, perennials, trees and shrubs amending backfill can create such a (whichever is more stringent) should brings life to the soil and feeds existing difference between the soil in the have the following objectives: soil organisms. Compost is effective in hole and the surrounding soil that a. Prevent loss of soil during improving problem soils — in particular the don’t grow outwards — it construction by stormwater runoff those that are compacted, heavy clay is as if they are growing in a pot. To and/or wind erosion, including or sandy, poor in nutrients, or lead prevent this problem, amend the protecting topsoil by stockpiling for contaminated. It is one of the most entire bed or create planting holes reuse. important practices for a healthy, thriving, that are no deeper than the ball b. Also prevent longer term Bay-Friendly landscape. and a minimum of 3 times size of the sedimentation of streams, transplant’s root ball. Rough up the stormwater drains and/or air Applications sides of the hole. Mix soil from the pollution with dust and particulate It is important to first assess the soil for hole with compost at a rate of 1 part matter. physical and chemical problems. Refer compost to 3-5 parts soil (by volume) to the section Landscape Locally in these and backfill. Make the hole shallower Applications and create a mound in heavy clay soils. n guidelines. Do not remove valuable trees and n And, consider the conditions under 3 n If topsoil has been removed and shrubs, especially near waterways. which the plant grows naturally. stored during building construction, Protect them with fencing. Some California natives require less mix one cubic yard of compost into n Schedule grading for the dry season. fertile soils and compost may not be 3-5 cubic yards of soil before re- Practices & Principles n necessary. Use compost berms, blankets, or spreading. socks. The EPA specifies that, n Finally, quality compost is important. n If the topsoil has not been removed depending on the length and height of Use compost made from local green then sheet mulching is an efficient a particular slope, a 1/2-inch to 4-inch and food waste to maximum feasible. means of adding compost & other layer of mature, screened compost, Specify compost from a producer organic matter while controlling placed directly on top of the soil, that is enrolled in the US Composting weeds. Refer to the tip on sheet- controls erosion by enhancing planted Council’s Standard Testing Assurance mulching on page 25 for more or volunteer vegetation growth. (STA) program. information. n Construct earth dikes or install silt n For turf or groundcover installations: fencing, sediment traps, and sediment Benefits Incorporate 1-2 inches (3 1/3 – 6 2/3 basins. Compost fosters a diverse, fertile, and cubic yards) of compost into 1000 n disease suppressive soil. You and your Terrace steep slopes. square feet. Mix it with the top 5-7 n clients may see both long and short- Hydroseed or otherwise plant to inches of soil. term benefits, including faster plant reduce bare soil, but do not over- n For preparing planting beds: Spread establishment, decreased fertilizer & plant for instant color. Annuals and 2- 4 inches of compost over the short-lived perennials can be used to surface of the soil and incorporate pesticide use and lower water usage. fill in areas while larger trees & shrubs it into the top 12-24 inches of the become established. Cover planting bed. provide excellent short-term cover that also adds nitrogen and/or organic matter when it is later tilled into the soil. n Mulch regularly. n Minimize the use of blowers. Benefits Mulch is placed on miles of freeway The likelihood of erosion is lessened, hillsides by thereby conserving topsoil and protecting Caltrans. aquatic habitat. Photo: the Municipal Water District of Orange County, Landscape Management for Water Savings by Tom Ash.

29 5. Grasscycle 6. Mulch regularly

Description Description n Designate less visible areas, away from Grass clippings have about 4% nitrogen Mulch is any material spread evenly over stormdrains, for leaves to remain as in them. When they are left on the the surface of the soil. Organic materials, mulch after they fall. lawn, they can meet some of the lawn’s including chipped landscape debris, n Look for more detailed how- nitrogen needs, as well as supply an array are preferable over inorganic materials to information in A Bay-Friendly of other nutrients. because they supply nutrients over time. Landscaping Guide to Mulch. Go to Nitrogen ‘drag’ is usually not a problem, www.bayfriendlycoalition.org to Applications even when woody materials are used. download a copy. n Leave the clippings on the lawn after Benefits mowing, except during the limited Applications Mulch conserves water, enhances the time of the year when the grass is too n Keep 2-4 inches of an organic mulch growth of plants and the appearance wet or too long. over the surface of the soil at all times, of the landscape. It can also simplify n Look for more detailed information or at least until plants grow to cover your operations — thereby lowering in A Bay-Friendly Landscaping Guide the soil. Typically, larger size to Grasscycling. Go to are better for weed your costs — by suppressing annual www.bayfriendlycoalition.org to control. weed growth and reducing the need for download a copy. trimming around trees and poles. Benefits Nutrients in the grass clippings are made available to plants. Fertilizer requirements can be reduced by as much as 50%, thereby lowering your costs and protecting . e r Principles & Practices 3 photo: david gilmo Grasscycling — leaving the clippings on the lawn after mowing — recycles nutrients and saves time & money.

Tips for Success We’ll tolerate a Indicators of Quality Compost little leaf debris in the beds, n Dark brown color n Sweet, earthy smell as long as it isn’t impeding n Small, fairly uniform particle size plant health. Resource- n No weed sprouts n Feedstock is no longer recognizable efficient landscaping is healthy n The producer can tell you the peak temperatures (and how long landscaping.” the compost stayed at those temperatures) n A nutrient analysis is available from the producer upon request — Nate Silin, Owner, New Growth Landscape, Oakland n Compost is certified by the US Composting Council’s Seal of Testing Assurance (STA) Program.

30 Tips for Success Sheet Mulching is...... a layered mulch system. It is a simple and underutilized technique for optimizing the benefits of mulch. Sheet mulching can be used either in establishing a landscape, or to enrich existing plantings. In both cases, mulch is applied to bare soil or on top of cut or flattened weeds. Trees, shrubs, herbaceous perennials and annuals are planted through the mulch, or a small area is left open to accommodate established plants. Sheet mulch can: n Suppress weed growth and reduce maintenance costs n Eliminate the need to cut and dispose of , or apply pesticides when eliminating turf n Improve nutrient and water retention in the soil n Encourage favorable soil microbial activity and worms nc. n Enhance soil structure I n

Improve plant vigor and health, often leading to improved resistance to pests cape, and diseases s and L Step 1: Prepare the site. Knock down or mow existing vegetation so that it lies flat. Remove only woody or bulky plant material. The organic matter left will decay and add nutrients to the soil. Add fertizilers and amendments to this layer 3 if a soil analysis indicates the need. Optional: “jump start” the decay of weeds and Recycled cardboard is a good weed barrier. ennett, Sentient grass by adding compost or manure at the rate of about 50 lbs/100 square feet. B

Soak with water to start the natural process of decomposition. It is much easier Practices & Principles amala to soak the ground now, before the remaining layers of mulch are applied. K Step 2: Plant 5 gallon and larger plants. all and Step 3: Add a weed barrier. The next layer is an organic weed barrier that H

breaks down with time. It is essential that the barrier is permeable to water eoff G : and air. Do not use plastic. Recycled cardboard, a thick layer of newspaper, s burlap bags or old carpets of natural fiber work well. Many paper companies offer recycled cardboard or paper in rolls of varying widths. Two or three layers photo Sheet mulched site is ready for planting. may be required to achieve an adequate thickness. But, if the weed barrier is applied too thickly, the soil can become anaerobic. Overlap pieces 6-8 inches to completely cover the ground without any breaks, except where there are established plants you want to save. Leave a generous opening for air circulation around the root crown. Wet down the cardboard or paper barrier to keep it in place. Step 4: Layer compost and mulch. The top layer mimics the newly fallen organic matter of the forest. Good materials for this layer include chipped plant debris, tree , leaves or straw. They must be free of weed seeds. Well decomposed, weed- free compost is also a good material but it should be spread directly over the weed barrier and covered with bulkier materials such as chipped tree prunings, to optimize . In total, the compost/mulch layer should be 2-5 inches deep. Many materials suitable for the top layer often have an attractive appearance, making sheet mulch a versatile practice. Step 5: Plant. Punch a hole in the cardboard and place plants in the soil under the sheet mulch. Smaller plants can often be planted right into the mulch/compost layer. Add a small amount of compost around the rootball if compost has not been included in the top layer. In most cases, the benefits of sheet mulching outweigh the costs. However, take care to prevent these potential problems: n As with any mulch, do not pile materials up against the trunks or stems of plants to prevent disease. n Especially during the dry season, small seedlings will need protection from snails and slugs that will seek cover under the mulch. n Protect young trees from rodents with physical guards.

ADAPTED FROM: C.R. ELEVITCH AND K.M. WILKINSON, SHEET MULCHING: GREATER PLANT AND SOIL HEALTH FOR LESS WORK, PERMANENT RESOURCES AND GEOFF HALL, SHEET MULCH, SENTIENT LANDSCAPE, INC.

31 7. Aerate compacted soils 8. Feed soils naturally

Description n Deep tap-rooted plants can be seeded Description to break up compacted soils in non- It is not always possible to remove There are important benefits to regularly turf areas. Mow before plants have topsoil or otherwise protect it during gone to seed, leaving organic matter adding a thin layer of good compost construction. Additionally, soils under on the soil surface as mulch. to the surface of the soil under turf, turf subject to heavy use become perennials, shrubs or trees, or drenching n Mechanically aerate soil under turf at compacted, which can increase the lawn’s the soil with compost tea. least once a year: the number of times susceptibility to weeds, drought, disease will depend on use and type. Aerating Applications and insect damage. in the spring is best. Avoid doing so in n Feed turf, especially after aeration, the summer. Topdress with compost Applications by topdressing with finely screened following aeration. n Specify that soil be mechanically compost: one-fourth of an inch applied aerated before amending and planting. n Use power augers or water jets to 2-4 times per year will show good create holes in compacted soil around n Reduce subsoil compaction by ripping results. trees and shrubs. Fill with compost. or trenching. n Apply compost once or twice each Benefits year to the base of the plant or under the dripline. Be sure the compost is Root growth is stimulated and plants free of weed seeds and the plant is are more easily established. Water and also mulched at an optimum thickness. fertilizer requirements may be lessened, You can scatter the compost over the while disease is resisted. mulch and it will settle to the surface of the soil. n As an alternative, feed the soil around trees and shrubs with compost tea. Tips for Success Refer to the tip on Compost Tea. Compost Tea is... Benefits A strong soil foodweb, which makes ...a water extract of mature compost. Nutrients, including a wide variety of macro nutrients available to the plants and and micronutrients, and beneficial microorganisms diffuse into the extract from protects water quality, is nurtured.

Principles & Practices the compost during the ‘brewing’ process. Topdressing turf with compost can Using compost tea can help re-establish a healthy soil foodweb that: decrease fertilizer use by as much as 50%. n Suppresses disease n 3 Cycles and retains nutrients “Part of our organic n Improves soil structure maintenance n Decreases the need for pesticide & fertilizer use package Starting with a quality, fully mature, microbially diverse compost is important. includes using Brewing includes aeration to keep the medium flushed with oxygen and the aerobic organisms alive and reproducing. Often times molasses, kelp, rock dust or compost tea, a other ingredients are added to enhance microbial growth. Different recipes can liquid extract be effective in encouraging bacterial growth for use of the tea on vegetable crops, of high-grade compost. Foliar or fungal growth for use on fruit trees. But a diversity of organisms in the tea application replaces . optimizes overall disease suppression, nutrient retention and cycling. The high beneficial microbe Compost tea is best used soon — within hours and no later than 1 day - after it is produced. It can be sprayed onto lawns, the foliage of trees and ornamentals or content excludes disease. We to the soil under them. Thorough coverage of leaf surfaces is important and the also apply it to soil for plant best time of day for applying to foliage is in the evening. fertility. We are currently using For more information: compost tea on our residential

www.composttea.org; www.attra.org; www.soilfoodweb.com construction and maintenance Equipment for Brewing Compost Tea: contracts.” EPM, Inc., www.composttea.com; Growing Solutions, www.growingsolutions.com; SoilSoup, www.soilsoup.com; Lyngso Garden Materials, www.lyngsogarden.com — Jake Cacciato, Superintendent, Jensen Corporation Landscape Contractors, Cupertino

32 9. Avoid synthetic, quick 10. Minimize the use of chemical pesticides release fertilizers Description the least toxic alternative. Refer to Description Many pesticides are toxic to microbes the description of Integrated Pest Synthetic, quick release fertilizers and other soil dwelling creatures such as Management in the section Protecting frequently wash through the soil before earthworms. These toxins can reduce Water and Air Quality and visit the they are even taken up by the plants. the diversity of soil life, select for resistant websites: www.ipm.ucdavis.edu or They can also damage soil microbial organisms or even increase soil pathogen www.birc.org or populations or cause a flush of tender density. www.ourwaterourworld.org. new plant growth that is very attractive Benefits to sucking insects. Furthermore, many Applications well-chosen California native plants thrive Learn and offer integrated pest Minimizing pesticides reduces water without fertilizers. Most other plants do management to your clients. If pesticides pollution and helps support soil life, which not need the quick release fertilizers that are absolutely necessary — choose cycles nutrients and promotes resistance are often applied on a scheduled basis. to plant disease. Your costs may then be Plant nutrient requirements can be met reduced in the long run. with compost, naturally derived fertilizers or slow-release synthetic fertilizers as a last resort. Tips for Success Applications n Kick the chemical habit: base feedings The Organic Materials Review Institute (OMRI) is... a great on a soil analysis or other clear resource for finding environmentally-friendly materials and products. OMRI is 3 indications of need, not on a calendar. a national, nonprofit organization that identifies generic materials that are al- n Use compost to establish beneficial lowed or prohibited for use in organic production, including soil amend-

soil organisms and release nutrients Practices & Principles ments (such as compost), fertilizers and other materials, such as , over the long term. for drip irrigation. Many of these generic materials are relevant to n Sow nitrogen fixing or deep rooted cover crops, then till them in before landscapes. OMRI also maintains a second list of products, which is a 3rd they go to seed. party rating of specific brand name products that meet the National Organic n Use blood and bone meal, fishmeal Standards or those that can be used with restrictions. You can purchase the or kelp, examples of naturally derived general materials or products listings, or download the product catalog, or sub- fertilizers that release nutrients in a scribe to OMRI, at www.omri.org. 1- 4 month time frame. n Use synthetic fertilizers as a last resort and select fertilizers that contain 30% or more of the nitrogen in slow Sample Contract Specifications for Nurturing Soil Health: release form. n Do not use weed and feed 1. Initial soil analysis shall be performed to determine drainage and nutrient status formulations. and shall be repeated annually during the transition to Bay-Friendly landscape, when planning a renovation, or when experiencing ongoing problems. n Do not fertilize within 25 feet of the water’s edge. 2. A soil probe shall be used at every visit to assess water content. Benefits 3. Leaf drop shall become part of the mulch layer in the tree, shrub or groundcover areas, in an attractive manner and away from high traffic areas. Slow release fertilizers make nutrients Leaf drop shall not be allowed to enter the stormdrain. available to the plants when they are needed, and are therefore often a better 4. Mulch shall be maintained under all trees and shrubs and on bare soil with value. Flushes of growth that result in a minimum 3-inch layer of organic material. To the greatest extent practical, pest infestations or plant waste are [company name] shall procure mulch products that are produced on-site or from regionally generated plant debris, avoiding mulch that originates from less likely. Avoiding synthetic fertilizers forest products. can also reduce the likelihood of soil compaction, acidification and thatch 5. Fertilizing shall be done on an as needed basis, as indicated by a soil analysis or build-up in lawns. other clear indications of need, not on a calendar basis. Naturally derived and/ or slow release fertilizers are preferred.

Adapted from: landscape maintenance practice for water and green waste efficiency, municipal water district of orange county.

33 4. Conserve Water

alifornia’s climate includes long dry summers and the periodic failure of winter rains — water is a precious and often scarce resource. With projected population growth, it is estimated that by 2020 the state will C face annual water shortages, even during years of regular rainfall. Yet one-third of all urban water is applied to landscapes. What’s more, much of this water is used in excess or at the wrong time of year: residential properties are regularly over-watered by 30-40%. Water-wise landscaping is, however, more than efficient irrigation and xeriscapes. It also means augmenting the water holding capacity of the soil to create drought resistant soils. Water-wise landscaping makes use of alternatives to potable water such as recycled water, graywater, or captured rain. And, it relies on the latest in irrigation controller technology for the most efficient application of water possible. The landscape professional can offer the following critical expertise in conserving water:

1. Create drought resistant 2. Grow drought tolerant CA native or Mediterranean soils with compost & mulch plants

Description Description n Or select plants from Mediterranean A robust, living soil, with sufficient organic California native plants have evolved climates that also thrive with little irrigation. content, is the foundation of a water with local ecosystems and adapted to n conserving landscape: 1 cubic foot of soil our soils, wildlife and climate — including Plant in fall so the plants can establish holds roughly 1.5 quarts of water for each no rain for 6 months of the year. Many their root system during the rainy season and require less water their 1% of organic matter. The amount of natives, as well as many Mediterranean first dry season. irrigation water required for a landscape species, tolerate dry summers without n thus varies significantly with soil quality. watering once they are established. Water drought tolerant species for their first one or two summers, until Applications Applications they are established. n Know the soil texture. n Keep in mind that California’s climate n Minimize high water use ornamentals. n Incorporate 2-4 inches of compost and soil can vary significantly, as can

Principles & Practices Benefits into the top 6-12 inches of soil to native plant species. Not every native Salix reach a target soil organic matter of is drought tolerant: some, like Appropriately sited native or Populus fremontii 3.5% under turf and 5% in planting spp. (Willows) and Mediterranean type plants often require (Cottonwood), need moist soil. Select

3 beds. less soil preparation, watering, mowing, the native species that match the site n fertilizing and spraying, which can reduce Topdress with compost around shrubs soil and microclimate and if possible, your operating costs. CA native species and trees, and on turf. choose local . n Regularly apply mulch to all exposed are relatively easy and inexpensive to surfaces to encourage living soils and implement on a trial basis. Using local reduce evaporation. natives reduces the risk of spreading non- local plant species. n For additional practices see Nurture the Soil in these guidelines. n Finally, consider applying high quality mycorrhizal innoculants, available as root dips, mixes, tablets and solutions. Benefits Compost can increase permeability and

water-holding capacity, thereby reducing s the need for irrigation and lowering water bills. d Rollin r : Richa PHOTO Landscaping with natives and Mediterranean plants require little or no irrigation once established and provide a sense of the seasons.

34 3. Minimize the lawn 4. Implement hydrozoning 5. Design for on-site — group plants by water rainwater collection, Description needs recycled water and/or Lawns are useful for recreation or places graywater use where family members and employees Description can relax. But turf requires frequent Different plants have different water Description watering to stay green during our long requirements. Dividing the landscape into Rainwater can be channeled through dry season. low, medium and high water use zones gutters and downspouts to a storage unit. prevents over-watering. During a 1-inch rain, 625 gallons or more Applications of water can be collected from 1,000 n Applications Recommend to your clients that square feet of roof. Stored water can n they replace decorative lawns with Group plants by water and light needs then be used for irrigation. water conserving California native (dry shade, dry sun, wet sun, wet groundcovers or perennial grasses, shade). Recycled water is wastewater that has been tertiary treated at a wastewater shrubs and trees. n Place thirstier plants in relatively small, treatment plant to a high quality, n If lawns are desired, limit turf to no highly visible areas and if possible, in more than 25% of total irrigated areas. spots that naturally collect water. suitable for landscape irrigation and other approved uses, but not for human For residential clients, suggest the n Plant a large perimeter area with consumption. Recycled water has been lawn be limited to a small part of the drought adapted species. backyard where it is more likely to be used for over 40 years in California and n used for play and relaxation. Plan to discontinue irrigating those provides a drought-proof supply of water. California natives that do not tolerate n Do not plant turf in strips or medians water in the summer after they are Graywater is wastewater from bathroom less than 8 feet wide, irregular shaped established — and be sure to separate sinks, showers, bathtubs and washing 3 areas or on slopes greater than 10%. them from plants that will need machines that is not contaminated with n Specify a turf alternative such as Carex ongoing irrigation. human waste and is reused on site. Not pansa in bioswales. n Create and identify irrigation zones suitable for drinking, it is a resource that Practices & Principles Benefits on plans, based on the plants’ water can be used for subsurface irrigation of requirements, exposure, and soil water the roots of trees and shrubs. Water and energy can be conserved. For holding capacity. Include a summary example, reducing the size of a 1,000 table of the square footage of each Applications square foot lawn that gets 1 inch of water hydrozone in construction documents. n Promote groundwater recharge and per week to 500 square feet can save n Separate valves and circuits for conserve water by channeling rainfall approximately 10,000 gallons of water individual hydrozones. In particular, put from the roof to specially designed per dry season. Your clients’ water bills turf on its own valve. planters, swales and other landscaped and your labor for mowing may also be areas. reduced. Chemical use may be decreased Benefits n Design, install and operate dual and water quality protected. Water use can be more easily matched distribution systems to allow for the to the plant requirements. This fosters current and future use of recycled resistance to pests as well as conserves water. water. Plant mortality is reduced, saving n Check with local building code for time and money. applicable permits and backflow protection for rainwater and graywater systems.

t n Encourage the building architect, to ict of gemen pre-plumb for graywater to irrigate r a t n s i

h landscape areas. D Ma

As r n pe Use graywater for subsurface irrigation a om T

sc only. Educate your clients to use d n biodegradable soaps. La nicipal Wate nicipal u vings by

M Benefits Sa ounty, er C

: The use of potable water to irrigate

Wat lawns and gardens can be reduced. ange or f PHOTOs Or the Groundwater is recharged and Landscape before and after an upgrade that reduced lawn size, increased diversity, , produced from improved property values, cut water bills by 50% and reduced maintenance costs by 20%. pumping water, can be minimized.

35 6. Design and install high Benefits 8. Manage irrigation efficiency irrigation systems High efficiency systems not only limit according to need Description evaporation and runoff, but also prevent Description disease and minimize weed growth. Drip and bubbler irrigation technologies Watering requirements will vary with Water bills can be lower and water apply water accurately, to the plant root soil, plant, climate, exposure and season. quality protected. zones, at the rate that it can infiltrate. If the irrigation system is not timed by a Low flow sprinkler heads apply water weather based controller, management of uniformly and slowly and improve the irrigation requires particular attention the efficiency of turf and groundcover and expertise. irrigation. Both minimize overspray and Applications evaporation and reduce runoff. Drip is n Become familiar with CA Irrigation on

often more appropriate than overhead s in areas that are narrow, odd shaped, Management Information System (CIMIS). densely planted, or in parking lots and n medians. Base irrigation on: • The watering needs of the plant Applications photo: cindy nel material, in inches per week. n Be pro-active, not reactive with • How fast the water is being applied. customers. Provide them with 7. Install a dedicated meter Sprinklers apply water in inches per recommendations to improve their to monitor landscape water hour, drip in gallons per hour irrigation efficiency to achieve 70% or use greater distribution uniformity in turf • The soil types and slope. Apply areas and 80% in all other landscaped Description water slowly or intermittently on areas. slopes or clay soils, so that it can Separate irrigation meters, although soak into the soil. n Install a weather based, self-adjusting they can be expensive, allow for the n If the system does not include a soil irrigation controller that has certified monitoring and evaluation of water use in by the Irrigation Association moisture sensing device, use a soil the landscape. EBMUD is requiring them probe to check soil moisture before (www.ia.org), and has, at a minimum, a on all new water service for landscapes soil moisture or rain sensor shutoff. irrigating and watch the plants for signs greater than 5000 square feet, with n that they need water. For large commercial or municipal single-family residences being the only Principles & Practices n Avoid watering during the warmest sites, select controllers that can detect exception. and respond to problems like a broken and windiest times of the day. sprinkler head. Applications n Water deeply enough to soak the root

3 n Rediscover drip. Several types of drip n Specify the addition of a separate zone. systems exist: select the right system water meter for landscapes larger than n If you have installed an irrigation for the specific job. Using ‘in-line 5000 sq. ft. system but will not be managing it, emitters’ or ‘subsurface’ drip improves n Combine with a ‘smart’ or automatic, provide the property owner with efficiency. self adjusting irrigation controller(s) for precipitation rate for each valve n Irrigate turf areas with subsurface a sophisticated understanding of water zone, maximum runtimes for July 3, irrigation or equipment that has a use. location of irrigation supply shut off, maintenance checklist, distribution precipitation rate of 1 inch or less per n Read the irrigation meter to check for uniformity and internet address for hour as specified by the manufacturer leaks and maintain a water budget. and use stream rotator heads instead watering index information. n Provide detailed feedback to your of standard spray heads. customers about their water use or Benefits n Use matched precipitation rate nozzles conservation achievements. Appropriate watering moderates plant within each control valve and circuit. n If a dedicated water meter is not growth, promotes plant health and n Design a system based on a water possible, install a submeter to track the reduces replacement costs, as well as the use budget of no more than 70% of irrigation portion of a mixed use water need for pesticides and pruning. Your reference ET and have this budget and meter. costs and your clients’ water bills can be your irrigation plans reviewed by a reduced. representative of your water supplier Benefits or a trained irrigation specialist. Monitoring the landscape water use more n Check with your local water supplier precisely can demonstrate and support for rebates. water conservation. A separate meter can also reduce your client’s bill since it is based on water use in buildings.

36 9. Maintain the irrigation 10. Request an irrigation system so every drop audit “We ask to see our counts Description clients’ water bills, Description FREE water use surveys for landscapes, and show them what we can do Every drop of water that is supplied to offered by many local water districts to save them money.” the landscape by irrigation should be provide your commercial or home­owners protected from loss due to evaporation, association customers with practical — George Pacheco, Owner/President, overspraying or runoff. Irrigation systems information for improving landscape Pacheco Brothers Gardening, Hayward that do not leak, overspray or gush water quality and reducing water costs. Utility are critical to conserving water. company staff will demonstrate how to use irrigation equipment efficiently. Applications n Applications Mulch to reduce evaporation. EBMUD n Keep the rain shut off device in Your local water district is often a idge, working condition. good source for information on water r n For overhead spray systems, check and conservation. Many offer free irrigation adjust the system regularly for: audits of existing landscapes. An audit • Matched precipitation rate (MPR) includes landscape area measurements and an analysis of distribution uniformity, nozzles photo: dave lang irrigation scheduling, and overall system • Low, buried sprinklers Irrigation water running into the street performance. contributes to excessive water bills and 3 • Incorrect nozzles damage to pavement. • Overspray Benefits • Head to head coverage Additional practices for conserving water

may be identified. You can then demon­ Practices & Principles Improper pressure • strate to the clients how your skills can • Leaks near unusually tall, green save them money on their water bills. vegetation, muddy or eroding spots Customer satisfaction will be increased. n Repair leaks and broken sprinklers immediately. Use originally specified urban landscape water materials or materials of superior “I believe we can reduce quality and efficiency. use by 50%. Irvine has seen water use decline from 4.4 n Keep in mind that it may take more acre-feet per acre in 1990 to 1.9 acre-feet per acre in 2003.” diligence with drip systems to source: tom ash, landscape water use: what to know & what to do now, notice leaks and troubleshoot other Eco-landscaping: Profiting from a green future, 2004. problems. n Become IA certified. Contact the Irrigation Association at www.irrigation.org. Benefits Tips for Success Properly maintained irrigation systems not only save water but can also avoid Rebates for Irrigation Upgrades unnecessary plant, fencing and asphalt Many water districts offer free commercial landscape irrigation audits and replacement costs and increase property irrigation upgrade programs. Rebates may also cover practices like replacing values. They can also decrease the use a lawn with sheet mulching and drought tolerant plants. For a links to rebates of energy for pumping and moving water, offered by water agencies throughout the Bay Area, visit www.loseyourlawn.org. which in turn reduces greenhouse gas See Conserve Water in the Resources section of this book for a listing of water emissions. districts in the Bay Area. It is estimated that overwatering causes 85% of all landscape problems.

Source: A Consumer’s Guide to Water Conservation, American Water Works Association

37 5. Conserve Energy

he need to conserve energy is as important to Bay-Friendly landscaping as the need to conserve water. Both are increasing concerns in California as energy shortfalls and droughts continue to occur throughout the West. Energy and water are related — it takes a lot of energy to supply water to our T landscapes. Conventional landscapes also directly consume large amounts of fossil fuels. Nationally, forty million lawnmowers consume 200 million gallons of gasoline per year, representing a huge investment of energy for this one landscape maintenance task. What’s more, the US EPA estimates that the few ounces spilled during each refueling of lawn and other garden equipment — during the summer only — totals 17 million gallons of gasoline nationwide. And energy use means releasing greenhouse gases that are contributing to global warming. Landscape designers, installers and professional maintenance staff can play an important role in conserving energy. Include these Bay-Friendly, energy conserving practices in your design or service program:

1. Shade buildings to moderate temperatures

Description Benefits Trees conserve energy by shading, When properly placed, mature trees cooling the air through evapo- can reduce the interior temperature of transpiration and reducing the velocity a building by as much as 20 degrees, of wind. Selecting and placing trees to reducing summer cooling costs by shade adjacent buildings in the summer 25-40%, and reducing greenhouse gas or protect them from the prevailing emissions. winter winds can moderate building temperatures.

Principles & Practices Applications n

Plant trees to the west of a building hoto for maximum shading benefits. P

3 Avoid planting trees that block solar ompany

collectors or in front of south facing C ic

windows that allow the low winter sun r

to warm a building, especially in cooler Staff r lect regions of the Bay Area. E ente C n and

Large deciduous trees will be of s a gy G greater value for summer cooling and r ne winter solar gain. E acific n Select evergreen trees for windbreaks. P acific P n Select trees that are appropriate for

the soil type, water use and exposure. ighted by r

If possible, select trees that have low ovided by opy r water requirements. C p n Plant larger trees at least 20 feet This model demonstrates from the foundation. Plant smaller the shading effects of design, trees a minimum of 10 feet from the landscape, and orientation foundation. during three seasons of the n For more info go to the following year. To schedule use of the websites: http://cufr.ucdavis.edu and heliodon contact www.pge.com. www.pge.com/pec/heliodon.

38 2. Reduce the heat island 3. Shade air conditioners effect What Large Trees Mean: Description = Description More shade More energy Limiting the sun that shines directly on savings. Parking lots and streets are significant an air conditioner will keep it cooler and Cleaner air = Better health and sources of heat and pollutants (parked running more efficiently. fewere hospital cars emit hydrocarbons that contribute visits. Applications More stormwater = Lower costs to the formation of ground level ), n management for stormwater as well as often being unattractive. Trees Choose a shrub or tree that will match the soil and microclimate. controls. reduce the amount of heat stored in, or More shaded = Longer time reflected from, paved surfaces which can n Or build a freestanding arbor with streets between contribute to increased building and car deciduous vines to provide shade. resurfacing. n Do not obstruct airflow around the temperatures. SOURCE: Center for urban forest unit. research, davis, ca, 2003

ton Benefits r a B The air conditioner runs more efficiently, yl r which will reduce your client’s utility bill. he C ffice of O he T 3 hoto:

P “Compared to a small-stature tree, a Light colored, stabilized, compacted soil, strategically located large stature tree has a bigger impact in lieu of asphalt was used to surface this Practices & Principles parking lot, reducing heat island gradients on conserving energy, mitigating an by 30%. and cooling a parking lot.”

— James Geiger, Center for Urban Forest Research, Davis

Applications n Check with your local municipality for minimum tree requirements in parking lots: then specify more. n Select and plant trees that are appropriate for the site in terms of soil type, water use and exposure. n Choose as large a tree as possible Tips for Success but be sure it will be allowed to grow to its natural shape and size in the Shade Effectiveness in Parking Lots allotted space. Parking lots are thermal hot spots. Many cities in California have ordinances n Use open grid paving. that require shading of paved area by trees. Implement the suggestions below to n Also, select light colored, reflective ensure that you maximize shading: paving materials. n n Become familiar with local ordinances and their recommended tree lists. And consider shading paved areas with n photovoltaic arrays. Include only trees that are on the local ordinance’s recommended tree list. n Be sure crown diameters on parking lot plans are not overstated. Benefits n Do not allow smaller-size substitutions after the plans have been approved. Patios & cars can be much more n Follow-up to ensure trees are actually planted, as well as not removed after comfortable in the summer. Air quality planting, especially at sites near store fronts where trees could obstruct signs. can be improved. Costs of cooling Adapted from: Fact Sheet #3: Making Parking Lots More Tree Friendly, Center for Urban adjacent buildings may be lowered. Forest Resarch, Pacific Southwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Davis, CA, 2002.

39 4. Design lighting carefully 5. Choose and maintain 6. Specify low embodied equipment for fuel energy materials Description conservation Outdoor lighting consumes a large Description fraction of the electricity used in the Description Embodied energy is the energy United States. Site lighting can be Equipment is most often selected for its consumed by all the processes associated designed to use less energy and minimize speed, cost and ease of use. However, with the production of an item, from the and trespass. reducing fossil fuel consumption is one acquistion of natural resources to the of the most important practices the delivery of the final product. The single Applications landscape professional can do to protect most important factor in reducing the n Identify lighting goals and determine the environment, while lowering the cost impact of embodied energy is to design lowest acceptable levels. of operating the equipment. long lived and adaptable landscapes. n Use only fluorescent, high-intensity Transporting items the least distance Applications discharge (HID), light emitting diode reduces fuel consumption and air n (LED), or low pressure sodium lamps. Use hand powered equipment when pollution and supports local economies. n Specify Energy Star, photovoltaic or possible and take pride in the quality 12-volt for 100% of outdoor building of the work. Applications and site fixtures. n Minimize the use of gas-powered n Consider the source and embodied n For security, use lights with a photocell blowers. energy of all materials in the landscape, or motion sensor lights instead of all n When using machinery, choose the including stone, gravel, plants, lumber, night illumination. smallest, most fuel efficient, lowest furniture, etc. Use local stone, for example, rather than limestone n emission machinery required to get Specify that all exterior luminaries emit shipped from the Midwest. no light above horizontal OR are Dark the job done. n Sky certified. Visit www.darksky.org n As you upgrade your equipment & Select smaller container stock to for a list of fixtures approved by the vehicles, select for fuel economy and increase the number of plants per International Dark Sky Association. low emissions. Select vehicles that delivery. Smaller plants also transplant better. n Prevent light trespass by selecting and operate on biodiesel — or convert n placing fixtures that will not spill light existing vehicles. Use recycled and less highly processed onto neighboring properties. n Keep every piece of equipment and materials, and avoid petroleum-based vehicle tuned. products, including synthetic fertilizers. Benefits n Principles & Practices Recycle plant debris on site to Benefits Power and energy use can be decreased. minimize fuel consumption for hauling. Lower operating costs can often recover Buying locally produced and low n Require employee carpooling to sites higher initial purchase costs of newer embodied energy products often reduces and plan maintenance routes carefully. 3 more efficient lamps. the cost of an item, as well as the hidden n Track the gallons of gas your business environmental costs of transporting consumes and set goals to reduce that materials, such as pollution. consumption. Benefits Manual labor may make the most economic sense for many landscape operations. You can cut the cost of fuel while protecting the health of your staff, and local air and water quality.

“We use so much fossil fuel that the energy that is used consumes more oxygen from the atmosphere than the landscapes actually provide.” — Bob Perry, Landscape Architect, Professor Emeritus, Cal Poly, Pomona

40 6. Protect Water and Air Quality

Bay-Friendly landscaping can help protect our water from pollution by: 4 Increasing on-site infiltration and reducing runoff 4 Reducing contaminants in runoff 4 Increasing the soil’s ability to remove pollutants from runoff In an undisturbed landscape, only 15% of the rainwater leaves the system through surface water runoff. More than one-third moves into the soil where living, biologically diverse organisms break down and naturally filter out pollutants, before it reaches groundwater or Heathy, Undisturbed Soils. A healthy vibrant soil our waterways. structure teeming with micro and macro organisms. The presence of abundant organic material allows the soil to As land is developed into residential or commercial hold and retain water, and bind and degrade pollutants. landscapes, roads and parking lots, major changes occur. n More water runs off the surfaces — as much 3 as 70% of all rain and irrigation water runs into waterways without moving through soil. n

The soil supports less microbial life and is less able Practices & Principles to filter harmful chemicals out of the little water that infiltrates and moves through soil. What happens next? Flash floods scour creek banks. Erosion of channels is greatly accelerated. As little as 10% impervious surface causes significant degradation of streams. Unhealthy, Disturbed and Paved Soils. A soil structure load also increases. An acre of parking lot impacted by human activity with limited organic life. collects as much as 4 gallons of oil, gasoline and diesel Erosion and surface water run-off are high. fuel each year. When it rains and water runs off the SOURCE:The Relationship Between Soil and Water, King County parking lot, these toxic compounds are discharged Department of Natural Resources. into local creeks where they may eventually enter the Bay. Other pollutants include trace metals, pesticides, Bay-Friendly landscaping can help nutrients from fertilizers and pet waste, trash and protect our air from pollution by: suspended soil particles from poorly vegetated ground.

Stormwater runoff, from both residential and 4 Reducing fossil fuel consumption commercial sites, thus becomes a large source of 4 Recycling plant debris on site pollution. 4 Planting trees to remove CO2 and absorb At the same time air pollution from power equipment air pollutants used in conventional landscaping takes an enormous toll on our environment. Gas powered garden tools emit Make the connection between 5 percent of the nation’s air pollution. Plant debris is Bay-Friendly and reducing the emissions hauled to the landfill in vehicles that pollute the air, and that cause global warming — and once there, the materials decompose without oxygen and in the process emit greenhouse gases. distinguish yourself in the marketplace.

41 Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is a holistic approach to controlling insects, plant diseases, weeds, and other pests. IPM programs integrate the use of many environmentally-sound strategies for managing, but not necessarily eliminating, pests. First and foremost, IPM seeks to prevent pests by fostering a healthy environment in which plants have the strength to resist disease and insect infestations and to out-com- pete weeds. An IPM approach requires an understanding of the life cycles of pests and beneficial organisms and regular monitoring of their populations. If a pest problem is identified, IPM then considers all viable solutions and uses a variety of techniques to control pests, rather than turning only to pesticides. The least toxic pesticides are used as a last resort only. IPM offers a great opportunity to market your skills to your clients by providing the fol- lowing services: 1. Use Integrated Pest Management

A. Prevent pest problems n Cleaning equipment after use. Benefits n Inspecting and removing invasive plant A healthy, diverse landscape that Description parts or seeds from your clothing, prevents pests in the first place is critical Applying the best landscape design, tools and vehicle before leaving an to eliminating the need for pesticides, construction and management practices infested site. thereby reducing pollution and protecting to prevent pests is always preferable to n Cleaning up wood, fruit and other the health of the San Francisco Bay. trying to control them after they become plant material that is infected with established. disease — compost the debris only if you have the experience to get the Applications compost pile to temperatures over o Design to prevent pests by: 135 F for an extended period. n Choosing a diversity of species that are well suited to the site. n Selecting resistant varieties and local IPM for Weed Control native species, including species that Prevent weeds first: attract beneficial insects. n Purchase only weed free plants and compost n

Principles & Practices Placing plants at proper distances n Use drip irrigation to apply water only to desired plants from buildings, giving them space for n adequate air circulation and room to Use mulch to suppress weeds. Sheet mulching is an effective strategy that reach their natural size and shape. layers cardboard, compost and then coarse mulch (see page 31). 3 n Avoiding over-planting for instant Monitor weeds: color. n Create a map that locates the species and density of weeds n Including compost in the soil Try cultural, mechanical & physical controls before specifications reaching Prevent pests during landscape for the : construction and maintenance by: n Flame weeders use a targeted flame to kill weeds and are very effective for n Selecting plant material that is free controlling weeds in sidewalks and other hardscapes. from disease and insects. n Boiling water, hot foam and high pressure steam both work to kill weeds and n Planting at the right depth. are a better option in areas where an open flame may be hazardous. n Watering thoroughly but not over- watering. Select herbicides as a last resort & use the least toxic: n Sheetmulch, see page 31. n Corn gluten meal is a pre-emergent that also acts as a fertilizer. n Keeping mulch on the surface of the The timing of the application is important, if it is used after weeds have started soil at all times. growing, they will actually benefit from its fertilizing properties. n Using slow release fertilizers if soil tests n Horticultural , or acetic acid, is also effective at killing certain weeds. Use indicate their need, and not over- with caution since acetic acid greater than 5% can cause skin irritation or eye fertilizing. damage. n Pruning judiciously — severe pruning n Herbicidal soaps are highly refined soaps that can penetrate the waxy coating stimulates new growth, stresses plants on plant leaves, causing them to dry out. Some of these products also contain and encourages pests and disease. essential oils that enhance their herbicidal properties. n Eliminating noxious weeds before they go to seed or spread uncontrollably.

42 1. Use Integrated Pest Management B. Train your staff to iden- C. Educate your clients D. Control pest problems tify and monitor pest & with physical & mechanical beneficial populations Description controls Many clients have unrealistic standards Description of absolute pest control and will require Description A critical part of an integrated pest education. Landscapes can tolerate When pests are identified as the source management program is “watchful certain levels of pests without causing of unacceptable levels of damage, physical waiting”-- observing the site at regular significant or even noticeable damage. barriers or mechanical techniques for intervals in order to understand whether Small populations of pest organisms are excluding or removing pests should be populations are increasing or decreasing necessary to establish healthy populations implemented as a first line of control. and what harm pests are doing. It of predators. Applications is likely that most organisms in the Applications n landscape are actually beneficial. Living Learn about and specify sheet n Educate your clients about the role soils, for example, can support billions mulching to prepare the soil and of beneficial organisms and ask them control weeds. of beneficial organisms, which suppress to consider some damage as a sign n the fewer disease causing organisms. Weeds can also be controlled by using of a balanced, thriving ecosystem. drip irrigation and a minimum 2-inch Many insects naturally feed on other pest Encourage them to raise their layer of coarse mulch. insects — some even feed on weeds. threshold of acceptable damage. n Flame seedlings. Insects provide food for birds, reptiles n Ask yourself and your clients if n Hoe or pull established weeds. and amphibians. Raptors and snakes eat treatment is even necessary before 3 n rodents. Immediately pulling out the big developing a strategy for managing a Spray aphids with a strong jet of water. guns in the form of pesticides will kill the pest problem. n Use sticky traps around tree trunks to beneficial organisms along with the pests, n Fact sheets on alternative pest control keep ants and other insects away. & Practices & Principles which can lead to more problems as the strategies are available at n Hand-pick large adult insect pests and balance between the two is disrupted. www.ourwaterourworld.org or from larvae as they appear. the UC Statewide IPM Program at n Remove dead or diseased plants Applications www.ipm.ucdavis.edu or the Seattle or plant parts — hot composting n Provide your staff with the time and Green Gardening program at the debris will kill disease-causing resources to learn to identify both pest www.ci.seattle.wa.us/util/proipm/ organisms. and beneficial organisms. default.htm. Benefits n Check plants often for vigor and signs n In the case of ongoing pests, advise of pests. your clients that removing a particular Pests can be kept at acceptable levels n Train your residential clients to problem plant may be the best thereby reducing the need for pesticides. monitor and record pest populations. solution. Pollutants are kept out of stormwater in n the first place. Clarify which problems are the result Benefits of pests and not other factors, such as overwatering. Insects and other pests can be accepted as an integral component n Evaluate the results of any treatments. of any ecosystem, in which case they n Check regularly with the University of are not controlled until they cause an California (www.ipm.ucdavis.edu) or subscribe to the IPM Monitor from the unacceptable level of damage. The Bio-Integral Resources Center need for pesticides may be reduced or (www.birc.org) for up to date eliminated. resources and information. Benefits Your staff enjoys greater job satisfaction In a study conducted for the Bay Area Stormwater as they learn additional, valuable skills. Beneficial organisms are given the Management Agencies Association in California, 75% of people opportunity to control pests. If a problem surveyed indicated a willingness to try less toxic alternatives to does develop, you can catch it just as it is reaching a level that needs control. manage household pests if they were available. They ARE!

43 E. Control pest problems with biological controls Description “I grew up in the nursery business. Biological control is the use of living The older generation had a lot of health issues, a organisms to control pests. Knowing the lot of . For ourselves and our own health and life cycles of the pest and its enemies is safety, we should try to eliminate toxics. Why should important to maximizing the efficiency of any biological control. a beautiful landscape be purchased with the health of the people who work on it?” Applications n Encourage beneficial insects by — Glen Schneider, Proprietor, Glen Schneider Gardening, Berkeley planting a wide variety of plants that flower throughout the year. n Introduce natural predators, parasites and beneficial microbes. Parasitic nematodes are effective for control of pests. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Tips for Success is a bacterium that kills caterpillars, including those of non-pest moths Attracting Beneficial Insects and butterflies. (Do not use Bt in a butterfly garden.) Compost tea introduces large and diverse Attract these populations of microbes that can beneficial insects By planting these species suppress some leaf and root diseases. Bigeyed bug Native grasses n Buy all biological controls from a Polygonum reputable source. spp. (Silver Lace Vine) n Do not use pesticides, especially Hoverflies Achillea spp. (Yarrow) broad spectrum pesticides, when using Asclepias fascicularis (Narrowleaf Milkweed) beneficial organisms. Baccharis spp. (Coyote brush, Mulefat) n Goats, used with care, can be an Ceanothus spp. (California Lilac) Principles & Practices excellent means of controlling poison Eriogonom spp. (Buckwheat) oak, blackberries and other vegetation Prunis ilicifolia (Hollyleaf Cherry) and in the process, returning nutrients Lacewings Ceanothus spp. (California Lilac)

3 to the soil. Prunus Ilicifolia (Hollyleaf Cherry) Benefits Lady Achillea spp. (Yarrow) Beneficial organisms feed on or parasitize Asclepias fascicularis (Narrowleaf Milkweed) pests, potentially reducing the cost of Atriplex spp. (Quailbush, Saltbush) purchasing and applying pesticides. Your Ceanothus spp. (California Lilac) staff will not be applying dangerous Native grasses pesticides, which may reduce your Rhamnus californica (Coffeeberry) liability. Salix spp. (Willow) Minute pirate bug Achillea spp. (Yarrow) Pesticides to Avoid: Baccharis spp. (Coyote brush, Mulefat) Eriogonum n Metaldehyde n Pyrethroids spp. (Buckwheat) n Disulfoton • Bifenthrin Parasitic & Predatory Wasps Achillea spp. (Yarrow) n Carbaryl • Cypermethrin Aesclepias fascicularis (Narrowleaf Milkweed) n Malathion • Cyfluthrin Eriogonum spp. (Buckwheat) • Permethrin Myoporum spp. (Boobialla) Use with Caution: Tachnid flies Achillea spp. (Yarrow) n Pyrethrins Eriogonum spp. (Buckwheat) n Imidacloprid Heteromeles arbutifolia (Toyon) n Fipronil Myoporum spp. (Boobialla)

Source: Kelly Moran & Mary Louise Flint, Rhamnus californica (Coffeeberry)

Adapted from CORNFLOWER FARMS WILDLAND/AGRICULTURE CATALOG, 2006 44 F. Control pest problems 2. Eliminate high input with the least toxic decorative lawns “Grasses are pesticide as a last resort really a huge, Description Description Installing large turf areas solely for their flexible family. The least toxic and least persistent looks is resource inefficient. One study Native and non- pesticide is used only when monitoring estimated that over a 20 year period, the native grasses can be planted to indicates that preventative and non- cumulative cost of maintaining a prairie or chemical methods are not keeping pests a wetland totals $3,000 per acre versus match site condi­tions in ways that below acceptable levels. The goal is $20,000 per acre for non-native turf mimic natural and don’t to reduce the population of the pest grasses. organisms with the least toxic pesticide use a lot of resources. Applications that will control the pest but not harm n You don’t have to mow them. the organisms or the environment. Plant groundcovers, shrubs, or trees, instead of turf. They can become meadows. Applications n Replace lawns, especially those on — Michael Baefsky, n Do not use pesticides on a steep slopes, in shady areas or near Consultant, Baefsky & Associates, Orinda prescheduled basis. creeks and wetlands with native plant n Learn the life cycle of the pest to meadows or grassy swales that treat maximize pesticide efficiency. stormwater and resemble native grasslands. n Consider naturally occurring pesticides before synthetic. For example, soaps Benefits 3 and oils can be used for control of The need for irrigation, synthetic aphids and other insect species. Sulfur fertilizers and pesticides can be reduced controls fungal diseases. Corn gluten or eliminated, thus protecting water is available as a pre-emergent weed quality. Practices & Principles control. Acetic acid based sprays are becoming available for use on weed seedlings. n If synthetic pesticides are identified as the last resort: choose the least toxic and the least persistent. n Do not assume a high percentage of inert ingredients means the product is not hazardous. n Do not use broad-spectrum, synthetic chemical pesticides. n Spot spray weeds or use an ultra low volume sprayer to apply the absolute minimum amount. Shulman a n Keep pesticides out of gutters, r ma a

stormdrains, and off sidewalks, T driveways and other hard surfaces, and

dispose of leftover product properly. photo: Benefits Using the least amount of the least toxic pesticide helps to protect water quality and demonstrates your commitment to the health of your clients and staff, the community and the Bay.

45 3. Minimize site disturbance 4. Choose and maintain 5. Keep soil & organic your materials, equipment matter where it belongs Description & vehicles carefully In general, soil should have 100% plant Description or mulch cover, since exposed soil Description Organic matter, added to the landscape surfaces are highly susceptible to runoff Lawn mowers, chain saws and leaf in the form of mulch or compost, and erosion, especially along slopes and blowers emit significant amounts of supports soil microbial life, which filter waterways. Often, natural hydrological pollutants. According to the US EPA, a out pollutants. But it can become a features are destroyed by grading and gas-powered lawn mower emits 11 times pollutant when it enters the stormdrain. with the exception of a few large trees, the air pollution of a new car, per hour Applications native vegetation is typically removed of use. In addition, operators are typically from a site before building or landscaping. positioned where exposure to toxic Amend soil with compost as described Doing so exposes the soil to erosion, and emissions is greatest. in the section Nurture the Soil. But be the resulting loss of topsoil depletes the sure to keep organic matter from being Applications soil of its organic, living component and washed or blown into the gutter or n clogs waterways. It turns nature on its Upgrade to low emission equipment. stormdrain where it could become a head by turning a valuable resource into n Inspect and maintain all equipment to pollutant by: a pollutant. keep it performing optimally. Repair oil n Using compost filter socks around leaks immediately. stockpiled organic matter. Applications n Don’t repair equipment on site. n Storing it away from creeks and n Design and implement a plan to n Dispose of spent oil properly stormdrains. defend against erosion, as described in n Nurture the Soil. n Refuel carefully. Do not refuel near a Sweeping every day during creek or drainage area. construction. n Retain natural topographic features n that slow and store storm flows and/ n Consider your routes and always Minimizing the use of blowers and or do not increase steep continuous carpool to sites. using them carefully so you are not removing topsoil. slopes. n Specify low or zero VOC paints, n n Limit overall cut and fill through sealants, solvents and adhesives. Switching to gravel or cobblestone mulch in areas of high surface water efficient road design and lot layout. n Use sustainably harvested wood (FSC flow. n Limit clearing to road, utility building Certified) if plastic or composite lumber is not appropriate. Use treated n Keeping fallen leaves, grassclippings,

Principles & Practices pad, landscape areas and the minimum area needed to maneuver. wood that does not contain chromium and other plant materials away from or arsenic for any application that storm drains, creek banks, and the n Use mulch regularly. Place it in a way specifies treated lumber. shoreline. that keeps it out of stormwater. 3 Benefits Benefits Benefits Fuel consumption is minimized. Air, water Organic matter does not become a Vegetation, topography and hydrology and can often be reduced. pollutant but rather, increases the soil’s is undisturbed and erosion is prevented. Worker and community health will be ability to remove pollutants, thereby Sediment does not clog waterways. protected. protecting our watershed. It also increases the soil’s pool of sequestered carbon dioxide.

Why calendar-based spraying doesn’t work: n Over 2/3 of plant problems are not caused by any living pathogen. More often than not, the problem is from improper soil conditions, watering or fertilizing practices and other cultural problems. n If a pathogen or other pest is present, it must be treated at the correct point in its life cycle. Pest organisms do not grow on a regular calendar basis. It is likely the timing of spraying based on the calendar would be too early or too late to be effective. n Timed sprays endanger the beneficial organisms. Healthy landscapes with a diversity of birds, insects, microbes and other organisms can often keep pest populations under threshold levels, making chemical treatment unnecessary.

Adapted From: ProIPM Fact Sheet, Green Gardening Program, Seattle, WA.

46 6. Minimize impervious 7. Plant and protect trees surfaces Description Benefits Description Trees clean, cool the air and intercept Appropriately planting more trees Watershed quality decreases rapidly significant amounts of rainfall each year decreases runoff and protects water when the total impervious area exceeds and thus help control stormwater runoff. quality. Trees also absorb air pollutants, 10%. Yet typical single-family housing The Center for Urban Forest Research thus protecting air quality. Dollar for projects have 25-50% impervious estimates that the the continuous tree dollar, larger trees deliver 8 times the surfaces. Asphalt and concrete for canopy in Oakland intercepts 4 inches benefits of smaller trees. parking lots and driveways can be of rain over one acre in a typical year — formulated to be porous. Crushed rock about 108,000 gallons. Their root growth and mulch add a striking element to the also increases the ability of soil to take in design while allowing water infiltration. rainfall. Pervious pavers which can include low Applications growing groundcovers or gravel also n “In the City of facilitate water infiltration into the soil. Select trees that match the microclimate and soil characteristics. Berkeley’s Parks, Recreation Applications n Select California natives or other low and Waterfront Department n Keep impervious surfaces to a water use species. we do not use any pesticides. minimum: Use porous surfaces, n Specify large stature trees in as many As an Arborist, I mainly deal including permeable paving, and appropriate places as possible. maximize landscaped area to with tree issues, and with most n encourage infiltration. Plant in groves and hydrozones. insect problems I face, the insect 3 n Avoid contiguous impervious surfaces. n Provide adequate soil volume, is gone in a week or so. It’s like Do not directly connect impervious amended as per a soil analysis. having a cold. It passes.” areas to the stormdrain. n Inspect tree health regularly. Practices & Principles n — Jerry Koch, Arborist, Parks Recreation Decrease parking lot sizes by n Maintain and prune appropriately. narrowing the aisles between rows & Waterfront Department, City of n and increasing the ratio of compact to Design the landscape to protect Berkeley full size spaces. For more information 80% or more of existing, mature, contact the Center for Watershed healthy trees and include penalties for Protection at www.cwp.org. destruction of protected trees in the construction contract. n Remove all unnecessary impervious paving. Go to www.StopWaste.Org or check with your local hauler for more information on where to recycle asphalt & concrete. Benefits

Increasing porous surfaces decreases Tips for Success runoff, protects the biology of the San Pervious Concrete Francisco watershed and contributes to the restoration of our local streams, Pervious concrete is a high cement content mix manufactured with a creeks and wetlands. low water-cement ratio and without fine aggregate that: n Meets NPDES regulations n Provides for groundwater recharge n Has the same structural integrity as conventional concrete When compared to a conventional asphalt parking lot requiring stormwater system tie-in and first flush pollution measures, pervious concrete parking lots are by far the lower initial cost solution.

SOURCE: PERVIOUS CONCRETE, CONCRETE PROMOTION COUNCIL OF NORTHERN

e CALIFORNIA, www.cpCnc.org. r hoto: david gilmo P

47 8. Manage and maintain the 9. Design a system to capture and treat water irrigation system carefully Description n Design bioswales with flat bottoms of Description Catching, slowing and retaining water at least 18 inches across, and/or rock A poorly maintained irrigation system will promote infiltration and removal cobble at points of concentrated flow. wastes water, adds to , and of pollutants, as well as minimize n Specify turf alternatives for bioswales. damages property. stormwater runoff. It can also add beauty n Plant a 24 inch buffer zone between and value to the landscape. Studies areas receiving spray irrigation and Applications indicate that home values and leases of impervious surfaces to keep overspray­ n Match watering schedule to plant commercial buildings are higher if the and runoff out of stormdrains. needs, soil type, slope and season. building overlooks, or the home is within n Benefits Eliminate leaks and spraying onto 300 feet of a water element. sidewalks immediately. Stormwater runoff is reduced while water Applications n Install rain shut-off devices. recycled on site fosters the removal of n Limit grading to protect existing pollutants and encourages . n Upgrade to new technology irrigation patterns of drainage and retain natural controllers that adjust watering Downstream engineering costs are topographic features that slow and schedules to reflect weather decreased. Property values can be store storm flows. conditions or soil moisture and include increased. a rain shut-off device. n Incorporate design measures and treatment controls, such as landscape n Refer to applications in the section Conserve Water. beds, detention basins, , stormwater wetlands and/or vegetated Benefits swales, that are sized to treat at least 85% of average annual runoff. Water will be conserved, runoff reduced n and your customer may save money Divert rain water from all down spouts on water bills, while protecting the San to planters, swales or landscaped areas. Capture and filter runoff from Francisco Bay watershed. parking lots into islands or planter strips or other treatment controls. s Principles & Practices ollin r s ad r ollin r 3 ad r Rain is directed into landscape beds. Rock cobble around stormdrains photo: Rich prevents mulch from entering the Site water flows to a bioswale, enhancing photo: Rich drain. on-site infiltration and reducing contaminants.

Tips for Success Using Dry Wells to Capture Water from Downspouts Directing roof runoff to dry wells is a good way to reduce the amount of potable water used for landscape irrigation. Use of dry wells can improve stormwater quality, increase groundwater recharge, decrease runoff volume and peak flows, and decrease flooding potential. The captured water can be reused for watering gardens, lawns and trees. To construct a dry well, dig a hole in the ground — sized according to the amount of rooftop runoff received (typically 4 to 5 feet square and 2 to 3 feet deep, with a minimum of 1 foot soil on top) — and fill with an open graded aggregate. The roof downspout is directed to the dry well which allows the water to infiltrate after a storm. Dry wells must be located at least 10 feet from any building to protect the foundation. Dry wells are less effective in soils with poor drainage. For more information, see “Roof Runoff Controls, SD-11,” from the 2003 California Stormwater BMP Handbook: New Development and Redevelopment, www.cabmphandbooks.com.

48 7. Create & Protect Wildlife Habitat

lant and animal diversity is one of the many factors that make the San Francisco Bay Watershed unique and beautiful. More than 1,500 local plant species bloom throughout the year, supporting hundreds of P native pollinators, beneficial insects and other organisms that can reduce the need for pesticides. Birds & butterflies are attracted, bringing with them beauty, song and interest to a landscape. Biodiversity is crucial to the health and resiliency of the local landscape, the Bay area ecosystem and its inhabitants. Yet the loss of habitat is threatening local biodiversity. The population of the Bay Area is growing and expected to continue to do so. With increased populations comes development, which is too often done without regard for wildlife habitat. And although we tend to rely on parks and open space for preserving wildlife habitat, both residential and commercial landscapes can also play an important role. Developed landscapes can provide food, water, shelter and nesting sites for birds, butterflies, beneficial insects and other creatures, thus helping to conserve valuable wildlife resources and restore damaged ecosystems. Small spaces or corridors, patched together over the entire Bay Area, add up to a great opportunity for encouraging and protecting wildlife. Offer your skill and expertise to your customers through the following practices for creating wildlife habitat:

1. Diversify 3 Description A diverse landscape includes annuals, biennials and perennials of many different & Practices & Principles sizes, shapes, colors and textures. It includes evergreens and deciduous plants, species that bloom at different times of the year and those that bear fruit or berries. And it includes plants that occupy different canopy levels and root zones. Applications n Educate your customers and encourage them to embrace diversity. n Start with a trial zone, then plan for ai lam

increasing diversity throughout the w : k

landscape over time. s n Recommend to your clients that they convert a lawn that no one uses, or photo that they replace part of it with a diverse border. Benefits n Select a rich array of plant species Biodiversity is fostered. A diverse that includes many, if not all, California landscape may resist disease and insect natives. pests better than those with little variety, while providing a higher habitat value. A n Specify layers of groundcovers, shrubs and trees that provide a variety of single insect or disease infestation is less nesting sites or flower and bear fruit likely to be devastating. at different times of the year. Refer to Survey Says... the Tips for Success: Flowering Periods of More than 1/2 of single-family Beneficial Insects Plantsin this section. households with yards or gardens n Do not plant invasive species as they often damage or destroy habitat. are interested in creating habitat for birds and pollinators in their yard.

49 2. Choose California natives first Tips for Success Description California native plant species are critical Sources of California Natives to creating wildlife habitat because local Although there are more than 1,500 plants native to the Bay Area, they are fauna are adapted to them. Research only recently becoming popular in the nursery industry. Look for them, or other indicates, for example, that indigenous California natives at the following nurseries: bees prefer native plants over exotic species. The best natives for Bay Area Albright Seed Company Greenlee Nursery landscapes are local and they are Carpinteria, (805) 684-0436 Chino, (909) 342-6201 www.albrightseed.com www.greenleenursery.com especially important to consider for sites that interface with wild lands. Other Bay Natives Las Pilitas Nursery California native plants that match the San Francisco, (415) 285-2240 Santa Margarita, (805) 438-5992 microclimate can also be good choices. www.baynatives.com www.laspilitas.com Applications California Flora Nursery Matilja Nursery Fulton, (707) 528-8813 Moorpark, (805) 523-8604 n Select a variety of appropriate www.calfloranursery.com www.matiljanursery.com California native species that match the microsites of the landscape. Canfield Native Nursery Mostly Natives Nursery Sebastopol, (707) 823-3776 Tomales, (707) 878-2009 n Group flowering species in dense www.mostlynatives.com stands of at least 16 square feet, rather Capitol Wholesale Nursery than plant in isolated single plants, to San Jose, CA (408) 239-0589 Native Revival Nursery attract native pollinators. www.capitolwholesalenursery.com Aptos, (831) 684-1811 www.nativerevival.com n Let some plants go to seed for food Central Coast Wilds for wildlife — don’t immediately Santa Cruz, (831) 459-0655 North Coast Native Nursery deadhead everything in the garden. www.centralcoastwilds.com Petaluma, (707) 769-1213 www.northcoastnativenursery.com n Consider grouping native plants in Clyde Robin Seed Company communities (refer to pages 17-19). Castro Valley, (510) 785-0425 O’Donnell’s Fairfax Nursery www.clyderobin.com Fairfax, (415) 453-0372 Benefits

Principles & Practices Cornflower Farms Pacific Coast Seed Many natives flourish in the San Francisco Elk Grove, (916) 689-1015 Livermore, (925) 373-4417 Bay Area, often with less water, fertilizers www.cornflowerfarms.com www.pcseed.com and maintenance. Local wildlife is Elkhorn Native Plant Nursery Rana Creek Wholesale Nursery 3 fostered. Moss Landing, (831) 763-1207 Carmel Valley, (831) 659-2830 www.elkhornnursery.com www.ranacreeknursery.com

Seedhunt Freedom www.seedhunt.com

Sierra Azul Nursery & Gardens Watsonville, (831) 763-0939

. www.sierraazul.com INC , Suncrest Nurseries, Inc.

CAPE Watsonville, (831) 728-2595 S www.suncrestnurseries.com LAND

The Watershed Nursery Richmond, (510)234-2222 ENTIENT www.TheWatershedNursery.com , S

Yerba Buena Nursery BENNETT

Woodside, (650) 851-1668 www.yerbabuenanursery.com KAMALA

: Also ask your current nursery — they’ll supply more local CA natives if they know of the interest. PHOTO Logs and large stones provide shelter for beneficial soil organisms and small reptiles while adding an interesting element to the landscape.

50 3. Provide water & shelter 4. Use organic pest 5. Conserve or restore management natural areas & wildlife Description corridors Providing nesting sites, shelter and Description clean, is also essential for Pesticides do not kill only the target Description encouraging wildlife. But care must be pest species. Birds, bees, butterflies and Careful site planning, especially for new taken not to create breeding sites for other creatures are also vulnerable — in development along the urban-wild mosquitoes. many cases they are more sensitive to interface is important for protecting Applications the toxins than the pests. Eliminating or biodiversity. Natural areas and corridors at least using them only as a last resort is increase habitat and range, supporting a n Place a birdbath in the garden. one of the most important practices for diversity of organisms and allowing them Remind your customers to change the water every few days to keep nurturing wildlife. to travel safely between sites. mosquitoes from breeding. Applications Applications n Learn an organic approach to n Refer to the integrated pest n Become familiar with local open space landscape maintenance from the management practices in the section: requirements. Standards for Organic Land Care: Protect Water & Air Quality. Practices for Design and Maintenance n Limit earthwork and clearing of n Use only products allowed by OMRI of Ecological Landscapes, from vegetation. (see page 33). the Northeast n Place impervious surfaces outside of Association, www.nofamass.org. n Read the label on every pesticide tree drip lines. (including naturally derived pesticides) n Select groundcovers, shrubs, and trees n Specify, in the construction contract, that you use for to non-target

that provide a variety of nesting sites. penalties for destruction of protected 3 organisms. n Specify rockwalls and boulders as soil, trees and other vegetation. design elements that also provide Benefits n On previously developed sites, habitat. restore open space by planting native

Beneficial organisms, which can keep Practices & Principles n Install bird and bat houses in locations pests under control, are not harmed. vegetation. that are secure and away from a lot of The soil’s ability to filter out pollutants n Build in wildlife corridors adjacent to activity. and suppress disease is fostered. open spaces, wild lands, and creeks. n Snags are dead trees left in place. n Consider corridors when designing Consider leaving wood materials or roads and fencing. downed trees if they don’t threaten n Contact the Wildlife Habitat Council for Protect or create a diverse buffer of structures or parking areas or create a dense low maintenance vegetation fire hazard. information on how both private and corporate landscapes can be managed for along , creeks and the bay. Benefits wildlife habitat at www.wildlifehc.org. Water and shelter support wildlife Benefits and add interesting elements to the The San Francisco Bay Area’s open space, landscape. plant and animal diversity is protected. Runoff is slowed, streams are cooled and bank erosion is prevented. Tips for Success Flowering Periods of Plants that Attract Beneficial Insects Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Salix spp. (Willow) Ceanothus spp. Baccharis viminea (Mule Fat) Achillea spp. (Yarrow) Rhamnus californica (Coffeeberry) Prunus ilicifolia (Holly-Leaf Cherry) Eriogonum spp. (Buckwheat) Sambucus spp. (Elderberry) Heteromeles arbutifolia (Toyon) Myoporum parvifolium (Creeping Boobialla) Asclepias fascicularis (Narrowleaf Milkweed) Baccharis pilularis (Coyote Brush)

ADAPTED FROM CORNFLOWER FARMS WILDLAND/AGRICULTURE CATALOG 51 Chapter FOUR

4Bay-Friendly Landscape Scorecard

“Conscientious landscape professionals are seeking ways to balance environmentally sound practices with business demands. Many successful companies have adopted win-win sustainable landscaping strategies for the benefit of their business, their employees and the environment.

Source: San Francisco Bay Chapter of the California Landscape Contracor’s Association, From: Introduction to, “Preserving the environment and growing your business” seminar, 2002. Bay-Friendly Scorecard for Commercial & Civic Landscapes 2008 Version This scorecard tracks Bay-Friendly features incorporated into the design and constructon of new landscapes. The minimum requirements for a Bay-Friendly Water and Landscape are: earn a total of 60 points or more; and complete the 9 required Air Quality Less to Landfill Conserve Water Nurture the Soil Conserve Energy Landscape Locally

practices indicated by the “R” in the columns labeled “Possible Points.” Create Wildlife Habitat

A. Site Planning P o s s i b l e P o i n t s 1. Select and evaluate the site carefully a. Submit the completed Bay-Friendly Site Analysis before 100% design development 5 documents b. The site is located within an urban growth boundary and avoids environmentally sensitive 3 sites c. The site development results in the clean up of a contaminated site (i.e. brownfield) or is in 3 a designated redevelopment area 2. Consider the potential for fire a. For sites adjacent to fire sensitive open space or wildlands only: Submit a Fire Mitigation 5 Plan 3. Keep plant debris on site a. Produce mulch from plant debris i. Design documents specify areas under tree & shrub canopies and at least 10 feet away from 1 hard surfaces and storm drains, to be used as a leaf repository for mulch ii. Construction documents specify that of the trees identified for removal, some are chipped 1 for use as mulch onsite b. Produce compost from plant debris i. A site for composting is included in landscape plans. Systems for composting up to and 1 including 3 cubic yards at one time ii. Systems for composting more than 3 and up to 10 yards at one time (total 2 points) 1 iii. Systems 10 cubic yards or larger (total 3 points) 1 4. Reduce and recycle waste 4 a. An easily accessible area is dedicated to the collection and storage of materials for recycling 2

5. Minimize site disturbance

a. On greenfield sites, limit site disturbance to protect topography, vegetation and hydrology Scorecard 1 1 1 (total 3 points) b. On previously developed sites, restore vegetation and hydrology (total 3 points) 1 1 1

6. Provide water and/or shelter for wildlife such as birdhouse, bathouses, boulders, logs, wood piles, large native shrubs or trees 1

7. Conserve or restore natural areas & wildlife corridors a. The landscape is designed to preserve 80% of existing mature healthy trees and penalties 2 for destruction of protected trees are included in construction contract b. The landscape is designed to increase open space compared to its previous use and/or to 2 connect it to other open space or wildlife corridors c. Create or protect a diverse plant buffer of low maintenance vegetation along creeks, 2 shorelines or monocultured landscaped areas

Site Planning Subtotal, out of possible 33 points:

53 Water and Air Quality Less to Landfill Conserve Water Nurture the Soil Conserve Energy Landscape Locally Create Wildlife Habitat

B. Stormwater and Site Drainage P o s s i b l e P o i n t s 1. Minimize impervious surfaces a. Permeable paving, gravel or other porous surfaces are installed for i. 25% OR 1 ii. 33% (total 3 ponts) OR 2 iii. 50% of the paved area (total 5 points) 2 b. No impervious surfaces directly connect to the storm drain 2 2. Design a system to capture and filter storm water a. Capture and filter runoff from parking lots into landscape beds, vegetated swales or other 2 landscape stormwater bmps b. Incorporate landscape measures,including vegetated swales, infiltration planters, detention basins and/or stormwater wetlands, that are designed to capture and filter 85% of average 2 annual stormwater runoff OR c. Designed to capture and filter 100% of average annual runoff (total 4 points) 2 d. Bioswales specify flat bottoms of at least 18 inches across and/or rock cobble at points of 1 concentrated flow e. Turf is not specified in bioswales 1 f. Direct rain water from all down spouts to planters, swales or landscaped areas 1 Stormwater and Site Drainage Subtotal, out of possible 16 points: C. Earthwork and Soil Health 1. Assess the soil and test drainage a. Submit laboratory soil analysis results and recommendations for compost and natural 2 1 fertilizers (total 3 points) 2. Remove and store topsoil before grading a. The removal, temporary storage, and re-spreading of topsoil is specified in the landscape design documents AND specifications include a maximum topsoil pile height of 6 feet, as 2 well as measures to protect the stored topsoil from erosion 3. Protect soil from compaction a. Grading specifications and construction plans call for the installation and maintenance of 2 fencing to prohibit parking or materials staging in areas identified for protection b. Design documents specify that soil is not worked when wet 1 4. Aerate compacted soils a. Design documents include specification to alleviate compacted soils to a depth of at

Scorecard least 8 inches, before planting, for all landscaped areas that can not be protected during 1 construction b. Design documents include specification to alleviate compacted soils to a depth of at least 12 inches, before planting, for all landscaped areas that can not be protected during 1

4 construction (total 2 points) 5. Feed soils naturally & avoid synthetic fertilizers a. Fertilizers or soil amendment materials prohibited by Organic Materials Research Institute in 1 its generic materials list are prohibited in construction of the project 6. Mulch Required: a. Planting specifications and plans indicate that after construction, all soil on site is R protected with a minimum of 3 inches of recycled mulch

54 Water and Air Quality Less to Landfill Conserve Water Nurture the Soil Conserve Energy Landscape Locally Create Wildlife Habitat Ps o s i b l e P o i n t s 7. Amend the soil with compost before planting a. Quality compost is specified as the soil amendment, at the rates indicated by a soil analysis, to bring the soil organic matter content to a minimum of: i. Required: 3.5% by dry weight OR 1 inch of quality compost OR R ii. 5% by dry weight OR (total 2 points) 1 1 iii. Specify the use of compost from processors that participate in the US Composting 1 Council’s Standard Testing Assurance program 8. Use IPM design and construction practices to prevent pest problems a. Sheet mulch is specified for weed control (total 3 points) 1 2 b. Synthetic chemical pre-emergents are prohibited 2 9. Keep soil & organic matter where it belongs a. Compost berms or blankets or socks are specified for controlling erosion (total 2 points) 1 1 Earthwork and Soil Health Subtotal, out of possible 21 points: D. Materials 1. Use salvaged items & recycled content materials a. Non-plant landscape materials are salvaged or made from recycled content materials or FSC certified wood: i. Decking (100% of non structural materials) 1 ii. Fencing (100% of non structural materials) 2 iii. Outdoor furniture such as bike racks, benches, tables and chairs (50% minimum) 2 iv. Planters or retaining walls (100% of either or both) 1 v. Parking stops or lighting/sign posts (100% of either or both) 1 vi. Play structures or surfaces (100% of either or both) 2 vii. Edging or decorative glass mulch (100% of either or both) 1 4 b. A minimum 25% of recycled aggregate (crushed concrete) is specified for walkway, 2 driveway, roadway base and other uses c. Replace Portland cement in concrete with flyash or slag

i. 20% 1 Scorecard ii. 25% (total 2 points) 1 d. Purchased compost and/or mulch is recycled from local, organic materials such as plant or wood waste i. 100% of compost OR 100% of mulch 1 ii. 100% of both (total 2 points) 1 2. Reduce and recycle landscape construction waste a. Required: Divert 50% of landscape construction and demolition waste. R b. Divert 100% of asphalt and concrete and 65% of remaining materials OR 2 c. Divert 100% of asphalt and concrete and 80% of remaining materials (total 4 points) 2 d. Donate unused materials 1 3. Reduce the heat island effect with cool site techniques a. at least 50% of the paved site area includes cool site techniques 2

55 Water and Air Quality Less to Landfill Conserve Water Nurture the Soil Conserve Energy Landscape Locally Create Wildlife Habitat

Ps o s i b l e P o i n t s 4. Design lighting carefully a. Low energy fixtures are specified for all site lighting 2 b. Photovoltaic is specified for site lighting i. all path lighting is solar powered 1 ii. 50% of all other site lighting is solar powered 2 iii. 100% of all other site lighting is solar powered (total 4 points) 2 c. Reduce light pollution and trespass: exterior luminaries emit no light above horizontal or 1 are Dark Sky certified d. The site and exterior building lighting does not cast direct beam illumination onto adjacent 1 properties or right of ways 5. Choose and maintain equipment for fuel conservation a. Specify solar powered pump(s) for water features 1 6. Specify low embodied energy products a. 100% of any stone and non-concrete hardscapes materials are produced within 500 miles 2 of the project site 7. Use integrated pest management a. Design documents include construction specifications that require integrated pest 2 management 8. Use organic pest management a. Design documents include construction specifications that prohibit the use of pesticides that are not allowed by Organic Materials Research Institute in its generic materials 2 (total 4 points) Materials Subtotal, out of possible 39 points:

E. Planting 1. Select appropriate plants: choose & locate plants to grow to natural size and avoid shearing a. Required: No species will require shearing R b. Plants specified can grow to mature size within space allotted them 1 2. Select appropriate plants: do not plant invasive species Required: a. None of the species listed by Cal-IPC as invasive in the San Francisco Bay Area are R included in the planting plan 3. Grow drought tolerant CA native, Mediterranean or climate adapted plants Required: a. Specify California native, Mediterranean or other climate adapted plants that require R occasional, little or no summer water for 75% of all non-turf plants Scorecard b. Specify California native or Mediterranean or other climate adapted plants that require 2 occasional, little or no summer water for 100% of all non-turf plants c. 100% of the non-turf plant palette need no irrigation once established (total 5 points) 3 4 4. Minimize the lawn a. Turf is not specified in areas less than 8 feet wide or in medians, unless irrigated with 2 subsurface or low volume irrigation b. Turf shall not be installed on slopes exceeding 10% 2 Required: c. A maximum of 25% of total irrigated area is specified as turf, ithw sports or multiple R use fields exempted d. A maximum of 15% of total landscaped area is specified as turf, with sports or multiple use 2 fields exempted e. No turf is specified (total 5 points) 3

56 Water and Air Quality Less to Landfill Conserve Water Nurture the Soil Conserve Energy Landscape Locally Create Wildlife Habitat Ps o s i b l e P o i n t s 5. Implement hydrozoning a. Group plants by water requirements and sun exposure and select plant species that are appropriate for the water use within each zone and identify hydrozones on the irrigation 2 plan (with separate irrigation valves for differing water needs, if irrigation is required) 6. Provide shade to moderate building temperatures a. Protect existing trees and/or specify new trees such that 50% or more of west facing glazing and walls will be shaded (at 4 pm in September) by the trees at their mature size AND 2 trees must be deciduous 7. Plant trees a. At least 50% of the paved site area is shaded by trees or other vegetation 2 b. At least one tree species is a large stature species (total 2 points) 1 1 8. Diversify a. Landscapes less than 20,000 square feet shall have a minimum of: ii. 20 distinct species OR 1 iii. 30 distinct plant species (total 3 points) 2 c. Landscapes with 20,000 to 43,560 square feet (1 acre) shall include a minimum of: i. 30 distinct plant species OR 1 ii. 40 distinct species OR (total 2 points) 1 iii. 50 distinct plant species (total 4 points) 2

d. Landscapes of greater than 1 acre shall include a minimum of 40 distinct plant species AND

i. one additional species per acre over 1 acre OR 2 ii. two additional species per acre over 1 acre (total 4 points) 2 9. Choose California natives first a. CA natives are specified for 50% of non-turf plants 2 Planting Subtotal, out of possible 36 points: 4

F. Irrigation 1. Design for on-site rainwater collection, recycled water and/or graywater use Scorecard a. Irrigation systems and/or all ornamental uses of water (ponds, fountains, etc) are plumbed 3 for recycled water where it is available from a municipal source b. Design a system that can store and use rainwater and/or graywater to satisfy a percentage of the landscape irrigation requirements: i. 10% OR 3 ii. 50% OR (total 4 points) 1 iii. 100% of dry season landscape water requirements satisfied with harvested rainwater 1 (total 5 points)

57 Water and Air Quality Less to Landfill Conserve Water Nurture the Soil Conserve Energy Landscape Locally Create Wildlife Habitat Ps o s i b l e P o i n t s 2. Design and install high efficiency irrigation systems Required: a. Specify weather based (automatic, self adjusting) irrigation controller(s) that includes R a moisture and/or rain sensor shutoff b. Required: Sprinkler and spray heads are not specified for areas less than 8 feet wide R c. For 75% or greater of non-turf irrigated areas: Specify and install irrigation equipment with 2 an operational distribution uniformity of 80% or greater, such as drip or bubblers d. For 100% of non-turf irrigated areas: Specify and install irrigation equipment with an operational 3 distribution uniformity of 80% or greater, such as drip or bubblers (total 5 points) e. For all turf areas: Specifiy and install equipment with a precipitation rate of 1 inch or less per 2 hour and an operational distribution uniformity of 70% or greater f. Design and install irrigation system that will be operated at 70% of reference ET 3 3 Install a dedicated meter for landscape water use or install a submeter a. A dedicated irrigation meter or submeter is specified to track irrigation water 2 Irrigation Subtotal, out of possible 20 points: G. Maintenance 1. Keep plant debris on site a. Grasscycle i. Maintenance specifications and/or task list includes grasscycling (grass clippings left on the lawn after mowing) for all lawns from April through October, or longer. Sports 2 turf may be excluded “in season” when clippings will interfere with play b. Produce mulch from plant debris i. Maintenance specifications and/or task list requires that leaves and/or seed free vegetative debris less than 4 inches (including cut or chipped woody prunings) be re-incorporated into 2 the mulch layer of landscaped areas away from storm drain c. Produce compost from plant debris i. Composting plant debris on site is included in maintenance specifications or task list 3 2. Separate plant debris for clean green discounts a. Maintenance specifications and/or task list require all exported plant debris be separated from 3 other refuse and taken to a facility where it will be used to produce compost or mulch 3. Protect soil from compaction a. maintenance task list specifies that soil is not worked when wet, generally between October 1 and April 4. Feed soils naturally & avoid synthetic fertilizers

Scorecard a. Maintenance manual include specifications to topdress turf with finely screened quality 1 compost after aeration and/or 1-4 times per year b. Plant and soil amendments for maintenance are specified as compost, compost tea or other 1 naturally occuring, non-synthetic fertilizers for all landscape areas 4 c. Fertilizers prohibited by Organic Materials Research Institute are prohibited in the project 1 5. Mulch Regularly a. Regular reapplication of organic mulch, to a minimum depth of 3 inches is included in the 1 1 maintenance specifications or task list (total 2 points)

58 Water and Air Quality Less to Landfill Conserve Water Nurture the Soil Conserve Energy Landscape Locally Create Wildlife Habitat Ps o s i b l e P o i n t s 6. Manage and maintain irrigation system so every drop counts a. Maintenance task list includes a schedule for reading the dedicated meter or submeter and 1 reporting water use b. At completion of the installation, the contractor shall provide the property owner with 1. precipitation rate for each valve zone, 2. area calculations for each irrigation zone and the 2 irrigation plans which include the location of irrigation supply shut off, 3. internet address for watering index information c. Maintenance task list includes regular checking of irrigation equipment, and/or checking soil moisture content before watering AND/OR immediate replacement of broken equipment 1 with equal or superior materials 7. Use IPM as part of maintenance practices a. Maintenance task list includes integrated pest management specifications 2 b. At least one landscaping staff member or contractor is trained in the use of IPM or is a Bay- 2 Friendly Qualified Professional 8. Choose and maintain your materials, equipment & vehicles carefully a. Maintenance task list specifies that all oil leaks are repaired immediately and that repairs are 1 not done at the landscape site b. Equipment that uses biobased lubricants and/or alternative fuels is specified in the 2 maintenance task list 9. Use organic pest management a. Maintenance task list prohibits the use of pesticides that are not allowed by Organic Materials 2 Research Institute in its generic materials list Maintenance Subtotal, out of possible 29 points: H. Innovation

1. Bay-Friendly Landscape Guidelines and Principles are defined and referenced in the construction bid documents 3

2. Design & install educational signage 4 a. Provide instructional signs and other educational materials to describe the landscapes Bay- 4 Friendly design, construction and maintenance practices 3. Create a Bay-Friendly Maintenance task list Scorecard a. Provide a detailed Bay-Friendly maintenance task list and/or use the BF Maintenance Specification Guidelines as an official reference docoument in the the landscape maintenance 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 contract and/or with on site landscape staff (total 7 points) 4. Employ a holistic approach a. Site analysis is submitted AND 65% of landscape construction waste is diverted AND planting plan includes a diverse pallette AND 50% of non-turf plants are California native species AND none of the landscape area is in turf AND compost is specified for amending 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 the soil during installation AND natural fertilizers are specified as the exclusive source of nutrients AND integrated OR organic pest management is specified (total 7 points) 5. Innovation: Design your own Bay-Friendly innovation a. Enter the description of the innovation here, and enter up to 4 points to the right. Points will be evaluated by the Bay-Friendly rater 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Innovation Subtotal, out of possible 25 points: Summary Total Possible Points: 25 41 18 45 22 36 28 Total Points Achieved: 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

59 60 Chapter FIVE Chapter KAMALA BENNETT, DESIGNS How to Start landscape Conventional

5 5 How to Start Landscaping... Start to How Lawn sheet mulched in place in mulched sheet Lawn in a Bay-Friendly Way Bay-Friendly a in landscape. Bay-Friendly a to transitioned is landscape conventional A One year later year One

5How to Start 61

n o nels y ind c o: t pho “Once clients see you’re doing a good job,

— Katrine Benninger, Katrine Benninger Landscape Design, Oakland you can educate them about landscaping to have a low impact on the environment.” You may even want Landscape professionals learn how to sheet-mulch. Include the practices and their benefits Include the practices and their benefits in your contracts. to request that your clients sign an agreement on the goals of their Bay- Friendly Landscape program. and explain the benefits to your clients. and explain the Integrate Bay-Friendly into Green Building Integrate Bay-Friendly into Library Start your Bay-Friendly Reference Start with the Bay-Friendly practices that you already do… Bay-Friendly practices that Start with the practices more Bay-Friendly landscaping Plan to offer Landscaping Packages” Market “Bay-Friendly

an Francisco Bay Area residents, business owners and policy makers are already thinking about the about thinking are already makers and policy owners business Area residents, Bay an Francisco to make a difference. and they want and the environment between their landscapes connection your expertise and expertise. Communicate require skill landscaping practices Yet Bay-Friendly more expand to include loyalty, then your existing customer clients and strengthen to earn new a Bay-Friendly landscaper. marketing yourself as practices, start

STEP 5: STEP 3: STEP 4: STEP 1: STEP 2: S Feel free to share the

Then: train yourself and your staff on the Then: train yourself and your staff on the benefits. Learn how these practices can protect your client’s health or that of the environment, save landfill space, provide wildlife habitat or increase the value of their property. Communicate your skills and the benefits of Bay-Friendly landscaping to your customers or potential new customers. information in these guidelines with them. Let them know you can help them landscape in an environmentally friendly manner with these Bay-Friendly services. Emphasize that many of these services can save them money. Detail your skill in providing these benefits in periodic quality control reports mailed to your clients. Be sure to include the benefits to your customer such as lower water bills and increased property value. by identifying those practices that you already do. The best strategy for offering Bay-Friendly The best strategy for offering Bay-Friendly landscaping to your clients is to STEP 1: Start with the Bay-Friendly practices that you already do…and explain the benefitsto your clients. How to Start Landscaping... 62 5How to Start n n n n Consider howtoadoptmoreofthepracticesovertime: n n n Sit downwithyourstaffandaskyourselves: evolve towardsthatgoalratherthaninstantlyswitchover. our community.Itismorelikely,though,thatyouwillneedto benefits toyourclients,business,theenvironmentand guide. Itisaholistic,integratedapproachthatyieldsthemost maintained withmost,ifnotall,thepracticeslistedinthis The idealBay-Friendlylandscapeisdesigned,constructedand practices landscaping Bay-Friendly more offer to Plan 2: STEP

www.BayFriendlyCoalition.org/QPdirectory.php qualified professionalsat: Maintenance Professionalsonstaff.Youcanfindthese Guidelines byfirmswithBay-FriendlyQualifiedLandscape maintained inaccordancewiththe Design professionals:askthatthelandscapesyoudesignbe services? What trainingdoyouneedtooffermoreBay-Friendly or thenext2years? What additionalpracticescanyouofferinthenextfiscalyear, all ormostofthepractices? strong, (suchas Under theprinciple(s)atwhichyourcompanyisalready about andimplementinthenearfuture? What additionalpracticeswouldberelativelyeasytolearn Practices (pages10-11)mightourclientsalsovalue? What otherBay-Friendlypracticesfromthe Why? others? Do wecurrentlyoffermorepracticesfromoneprinciplethan

practices. uses environmentally-friendly pay moreforaservicethat professional landscaperwould households thatemploya Almost 50%ofsingle-family Conserve Water

Survey Says... ) whatwouldittaketooffer Bay-Friendly Landscape Menu ofBest Four Dimensions Landscape Company, Oakland Company, Landscape Dimensions Four Contractor, and Architect Landscape Thilgen, Michael — de “An ecologically-based maintenance presenceisneeded.” ance needstochangeovertime.Atrained sign isinherentlycomplex.Themainten n n n greater skillandtimetotransition. pesticides, over-wateredandover-fertilizedwillrequire Landscapes thathavebeenintensivelytreatedwith program canbearelativelysimpleandshortprocess. amendments to a Bay-Friendly landscaping maintenance few chemicalinputsandsomeadditionsoforganic Transitioning alandscapethathasbeenmanagedwith Transition Period GuideyourClientsthrougha

Start byassessing thesoilandtestingdrainage. your contract. Agree uponanacceptableperiod andincludethisin period. and thattheirexpensescould begreaterduringthat frequent monitoringandincreased communication, or moretomakethechange,thatitwillrequireskill, Let yourcustomersknowthatitmaytake2years Tips for Success for Tips planting ­

pho t o: r ich a r d ro llins 5 How to Start 63 has

Ecological design Survey Says... Survey “ a lot to do with how we present it to the client. It’s in our hands. We need to describe our work in language that appeals to people, that

More than 50% of single-family households with yards or gardens are interested in creating habitat for birds and pollinators.

Assessing the soil and testing drainage Assessing the soil and topsoil during construction Removing and storing compaction and erosion Protecting soil from compost Amending the soil with Mulching regularly with compost or compost tea Feeding soils naturally Avoiding synthetic fertilizers with a goal of eliminating them Minimizing chemicals altogether

they can relate to and sign on to.” — Rebecca Coffman, Landscape Architect, Berkeley Bay-Friendly Bay-Friendly Soil Health Care Program Offer the beautiful landscape. foundation of a healthy, Soil is the following practices: n n n n n n n n Use of compost tea for disease management and nutrient Use of compost tea for disease management cycling Use of natural herbicides Use of beneficial nematodes Hand pulling weeds

Diversify and include many California native plant species Provide water and shelter Eliminate the use of pesticides Learn about local, natural plant communities and use them as models Conserve or restore natural areas Survey flora and fauna State of the art irrigation management to prevent over State of the art irrigation management to watering Integrated pest management that includes: Integrated pest management that includes: Phasing out the scheduled application of synthetic fertilizers Phasing out the scheduled application of and pesticides or slow release Feeding with compost or other natural need fertilizers after analysis or demonstrated Grasscycling Aerating, then topdressing with compost • • • •

n n n n n n Specializing in designing, constructing or maintaining wildlife gardens is another opportunity for your business to grow and flourish. Develop expertise in the following practices and offer them to new and existing clients: Bay-Friendly Wildlife Gardening n n n n n n Lawns continue to be a part of our culture. But maybe it is time a part of our culture. But maybe it is Lawns continue to be mean by a lawn. Bay-Friendly landscaping to rethink what we their for solely included not are lawns input high that emphasizes and play for used are that those — functionallawns Small looks. environmental impacts relaxation - can be managed to minimize by including: and provide your clients with a safer lawn Bay-Friendly Lawn Care Program Another important question to ask yourself as you expand ask yourself as you question to Another important to your to market them services is how your Bay-Friendly Landscaping for Bay-Friendly are some suggestions clients. Here be developed to both respond to and Packages that could demand: encourage customer STEP STEP 3: Market Bay-Friendly Landscaping Packages 64 5How to Start and A n n n n n n n clients benefitfrom: Compost paysforitselfoverthelongtermasyouandyour points: ing sell- easiest your of one be may compost with soil the Amending and da

families. Protecting theenvironmentandhealthoftheir Paying backthecostofamendingsoilin5-7years Increasing waterholdingcapacity Reducing plantloss Faster plantinginamendedsoils Healthier plantswithanimprovedappearance Bringing lifetothesoil p

– – – – – – – – – – S S ted environments.” public andpolicytoimproveour We needtomovetheindustry, the industrywillsuffereconomically. s to become “Landscapes need Eco- now, do oils 2000. treams, o Decreased stormwaterrunoff Reduced waterbillsforcustomer Irrigation costsarecutbyasmuch50% Improved profits Fewer callbacks Increased customersatisfaction Degrades pollutants Reduces needforpesticides Improves plantresistancetodisease Reduces theneedforfertilizers u fro rc f or e m : t : S o Field almon: m

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Environmental Design(LEED multifamily andcivicbuildings.TheLeadershipinEnergy rating systemthatspecifies‘green’standardsforcommercial, Nationally, theUSGreenBuildingCouncilhasdevelopeda For moreinformation,visit www.builditgreen.org. Bay-Friendly LandscapingforuseintheSanFranciscoBayArea. program forsingleandmultifamilyhomes,willbeintegratedwith expected tobecompletedbytheendof2007andlike GreenPoint Ratedforremodelingandexistinghomesis and lateradoptedbylocalgovernmentsthroughoutCalifornia. Building Guidelines, performance. GreenPointRatedisbasedonthe guide homebuilderstoachieveincreasinglyhigherlevelsof credible yetaccessibleentrypointintogreenbuildingandto administered byBuildItGreenanddesignedtoprovidea and multifamilynewconstructionprojectsinCalifornia.Itis GreenPoint Ratedisaresidentialratingprogramforsingle Building Green into Bay-Friendly Integrate 4: STEP Visit www.sustainablesites.org forupdateson theirprogress. standards forsustainablelanddevelopmentandmanagement. is theSustainableSitesInitiativetodevelopnational,voluntary Building CouncilandtheLadybirdJohnsonWildflowerCenter the AmericanSocietyofLandscapeArchitects,USGreen Also underdevelopment,throughapartnershipbetween www.usgbc.org formoreinformation. levels, basedonthenumberofpointsearned.Goto existing buildingprojects.Certificationisawardedatdifferent the environmentalimpactsandsustainabilityofbothnew originallydevelopedinAlamedaCounty TM ) isavoluntaryprogramforrating Build ItGreen

pho t o: r ich a r d ro llins 5 How to Start 65

University

nvasive Plants Taylor California Native A Guide to Plants of the San Plants of the Natural Enemies The Landscaping The California Landscape Plants and Landscapes for Plants and Landscapes University of California Press, 2000. University of California Growing California Native Plants, Gardening With a Wild Heart: Restoring University of California Press, 2003. of California Press, University Pests of Landscape Trees & Shrubs, University California Landscaping, A Guide to Green Building Outdoors, Island Press, www.owue.water.ca.gov/docs/wucols00.pdf, 2000. www.owue.water.ca.gov/docs/wucols00.pdf, of California Press, 1980. Thompson, J. William and Kim Sorvig, Sustainable Landscape Construction: 2000. University of California Cooperative Extension, Estimating Irrigation Water Needs of Landscape Plantings in California, Wasowski, Andy and Sally Wasowski, Revolution: Garden with Mother Nature, Not Against Her, Contemporary Books, 2000. STEP STEP 5: Start your Bay-Friendly Reference Library with these titles: N. Kozloff, Linda and Eugene Beidleman, Region, Francisco Bay 1999. Gilmer, Maureen, Publishing Company, 1994. Lowry, Judith Larner, California’s Native Landscapes at Home, University of California Press, 1999. Schmidt, Marjorie G., Bornstein, Carol, David Fross and Bart O’Brien, Bornstein, Carol, David Cachuma Press, 2005. Plants for the Garden, Randall and Marc Hoshovsky, I Bossard, Carla, John of California Wildlands, District, East Bay Municipal Utility of the San Francisco Bay Region, Summer Dry Climates May 2004. www.ebmud.com, Flint, Mary Louise, due in January 2004). of California Press, 1994 (Revised edition Flint, Mary Louise and Steve Dreistadt, Pest Control, Handbook: The Illustrated Guide to Biological University of California Press, 1998. Francis, Mark and Andreas Reimann, of California Press, Garden: Ecology, Culture and Design, University no later than the Bay-Friendly Scorecard. as a reference document to Bay-Friendly Scorecard for Bay-Friendly Landscaping Model Bay-Friendly Scorecard. Tips for Success Provide educational signage describing the Bay- Friendly features of the landscape and their benefit to the public. Create a Bay-Friendly landscape maintenance task list, or use the Maintenance Specifications Include language in the RFP & RFQ that clearly states Include language in the RFP & RFQ that that the landscape will be designed to Bay-Friendly landscape standards as per the documents Include language in the construction bid that clearly states that the landscape will be built as per the final the maintenance contract. Have the key people, again including maintenance Have the key people, again including maintenance staff, complete an initial Commercial and Civic Landscapes the Bay- design and development phase, to define Friendly landscape goals for the project. Identify the key people, again involved in the project, Identify the key people, again involved in a Bay- initially and for the long term — and organize city planner, Friendly landscape team that includes the landscape arborist, landscape architect or designer, staff. contractor, and the landscape maintenance

n n n n n n There are some important differences in the way public in the way some important differences There are constructed, and maintained. landscapes are designed, successfully implementing Bay- A good first step for in public projects is starting with Friendly landscaping of city planners, landscape the coordinated involvement contractors, and landscape architects, landscape If there is a building also maintenance professionals. a team together to discuss Bay- being planned, bring conceptual design phase for the Friendly goals at the the professionals responsible for building — including both designing and maintaining the landscape. the transition Here are some additional tips for making more to Bay-Friendly in public landscaping projects successful: Bringing Bay-Friendly Landscaping Landscaping Bay-Friendly Bringing Sector Projects to Public 66 5How to Start n n n n n Landfill the to Less for Landscape n n n n Locally Landscape n n Introduction Resources

• • • • • • • Salvaged Materials, in theBay-FriendlyLandscapingGuide toRecycledContentand To purchasesalvagedmaterials contactthebusinesseslisted Materials Exchangeat www.marinmax.org. at http://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/CalMAX/ orMarinMax To findoroffersalvagedmaterials,visitCalRecycle’swebsite or www.thegoatworks.net orwww.goatgrazers.com and creatingfirebreaks,contact: www.goatsrus.com For moreinformationonusinggoatsforcontrollingweeds purchased fromwww.ansi.org ANSI A300-(Part1)-2001: http://tncweeds.ucdavis.edu and www.invasivespecies.org Invasive plantspecieswebsites: www.cal-ipc.org and www.oaklandpw.com/creeks/docs/fire.doc Sensitive FireAbatementat The CityofOaklandoffersRecommendationsforEcologically http://ceres.ca.gov/foreststeward/html/fuelsoption.html found attheCaliforniaForestStewardshipwebsite: Fire Prevention:OptionsforManagingFuelLoadcanbe Contact soilandcomposttestinglaboratories: Service. Lookforcontactinformationat www.baysavers.org contacting theUSDANaturalResourceConservation Soil surveyscanbefoundatyourlocallibraryorby Learn moreat www.lowimpactdevelopment.org techniques tohelpprotecttheirwatersandnaturalresources. stormwater runoff.ManyjurisdictionsareincorporatingLID sensitive approachtodevelopinglandandmanaging Low ImpactDevelopment(LID)isamoreenvironmentally- www.epa.gov/epaoswer/non-hw/green GreenScapes Allianceat: more aboutGreenScapes,orbecomeaparticipantinthe and recyclingofwastematerialsinlargelandscapes.Learn industry intoapowerfulforceforthereduction,reuse, The EPAGreenScapesAlliance,unitesgovernmentand

Soil &PlantLabat www.soilandplantlaboratory.com Soil Foodwebat www.soilfoodweb.com Soil ControlLabat www.controllabs.com Peaceful ValleyFarmSupply: www.groworganic.com www.harmonyfarm.com Harmony FarmSupply&Nurseryat www.al-labs-west.com A&L WesternAgriculturalLabsat ABC Organicsat www.abcorganics.com www.bayfriendlycoalition.org/ Tree CareOperations,canbe

n n n n n n n Soil the Nurture n n n n n n n Water Conserve

• • • • • • www.composttea.org orwww.soilfoodweb.com EPM, Inc., www.composttea.com, GrowingSolutions, For information and equipment to brew compost tea contact: Info oncompostteaisavailablefrom: www.attra.org or (510) 835-4670 mulching fromwww.northbaypaper.com orMonahanPaper, Rolls ofrecycledcardboardcanbepurchasedforsheet www.compostingcouncil.org Assurance programforensuringqualitycompostat The USCompostingCouncildescribesitsStandardTesting Enhancement to download Go tohttp://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/organics/ CalRecycle alsoprovidesspecificationsforusingcompost. CalRecycle website: www.calrecycle.ca.gov/organic For listingsofcompostandmulchproducersvisitthe www.puyallup.wsu.edu Plan canbedownloadedfromWesternWashingtonat Guidelines oncreatingandimplementingaSoilManagement websites forsomeSFBayAreawaterdistricts: training. Contactyourwatersupplierorcheckthefollowing conservation orlandscapeauditsaudit/waterbudget Local waterdistrictsoftenofferinformationon Information System(CIMIS)isat www.cimis.water.ca.gov Information ontheCaliforniaIrrigationManagement www.itrc.org Auditor andLandscapeWaterBudgetclasses.Informationat Polytechnic StateUniversity,SanLuisObispooffersIrrigation The IrrigationTraining&ResearchCenteratCalifornia at www.owue.water.ca.gov/docs/graywater_guide_book.pdf Graywater Guide:UsinginYourHomeLandscape and technicalresourcesat www.cuwcc.org variety ofservicesandinformation,includingproductnews The CaliforniaUrbanWaterConservationCounciloffersa conservation, includingcostsat www.cuwa.org California UrbanWaterAgenciesofferinformationonwater www.waterplan.water.ca.gov information onwatersupplyanddemand,at The CaliforniaDepartmentofWaterResourceshas or www.soilfoodweb.com www.growingsolutions.com, orSoilSoup,www.soilsoup.com

Dublin-San Ramon Waterdistrict: www.dsrd.com Contra CostaCountyWater District: www.ccwater.com Coastside CountyWaterDistrict: www.coastsidewater.org Cal WaterService: www.calwater.com www.baswca.org Bay AreaWaterSupplyandConservation Agency: Alameda CountyWaterDistrict: www.acwd.org Compost UseforLandscapeandEnvironmental

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Standards for Organic Land Care: Practices Standards for Organic Land Care: Practices For landscape maintenance professionals Enroll in the 7-week Bay-Friendly Landscape Maintenance Training and Qualification Program. For landscape design and construction professionals For both the public and private sectors, the Bay-Friendly Coalition offers at 24-hour Bay-Friendly Design Training and Qualification program.

California native plants are described at native plants are described California www.calflora.org is a good (www.ebcnps.org) Plant Society East Bay Native native plant species information on local resource for plant nurseries is at An updated list of native www.cnps.org/links/native_plant_nurseries.htm Oaks is available from the California Information on California www.californiaoaks.org Oak Foundation at is an Association (www.cnga.org) California Native Grasslands landscaping with native grasses excellent resource for provides (www.wildlifehc.org) Wildlife Habitat Council for pest control visit To foster wildlife habitat www.californiabats.com and www.hungryowl.com control in Learn about an organic approach to pest landscapes from the for Design and Maintenance of Ecological Landscapes, for Design and Maintenance of Ecological www.nofamass.org Northeast Organic Farming Association, information on how landscapes can provide habitat information on how Upon the successful completion of each class and its final exam, participants will be able to market their expertise and services as Qualified Landscape Professionals. Go to www.BayFriendlyCoalition.org/QPdirectory.php for more information. Bay-Friendly Landscape Professional Training Opportunities aware Residents and local municipalities are becoming and the need of the benefits of Bay-Friendly landscaping landscape for trained and experienced Bay-Friendly professionals. expert in Gain a competitive edge by becoming an Bay-Friendly landscaping. n n

Create & Protect Wildlife Habitat Habitat & Protect Wildlife Create n n n n n n n n Porous Pavement fact sheet is at www.coastsidewater.org Zone 7 Water Agency: www.zone7water.com Zone 7 Water Agency: Santa Clara Valley Water District: www.valleywater.org District: Santa Clara Valley Water Marin Municipal Water District: www.marinwater.org Water District: Marin Municipal www.nccwd.com County Water District: North Coast or www.midpeninsulawaste.org County: San Mateo EBMUD: www.ebmud.com

A Information on the hazards of lawn chemicals are at www.beyondpesticides.org/pesticidefreelawns Lawn Fact Sheet for least toxic approaches to lawn care visit www.ourwaterourworld.org/factsheets.cfm To look up impacts of active ingredients in pesticides visit www.pesticideinfo.org For information on pesticides, water quality, and less toxic www.ourwaterourworld.org alternatives, visit Seattle Green Gardening program offers free Pro IPM Fact www.ci.seattle.wa.us/util/proipm/default.htm Sheets at Environmentally-friendly pest management solutions for Environmentally-friendly pest management plants, including hundreds of pests of garden and landscape available from the an interactive guide for healthy lawns, is www.ipm.ucdavis.edu UC Statewide IPM Program, Bio-Integral Resource Center (BIRC) offers the IPM Bio-Integral Resource Center (BIRC) offers Quarterly. Practitioner and Common Sense Pest Control Visit www.birc.org You can learn more about the EPA Pesticide Environmental You can learn more about the EPA Pesticide www.pesp.org Program by visiting: Alameda Countywide Clean Water Program provides Alameda Countywide Clean Water Program landscaping tips and resources for preventing their website: runoffstormwater runoff and pollution. Visit www.cleanwaterprogram.com The International Dark Sky Association has a list of approved The International Dark Sky Association www.darksky.org light fixtures at The Center for Urban Forest Research of the USDA Forest Forest Research of the USDA Forest The Center for Urban sheets on maximizing the benefits of Service offers free fact on their costs and the urban forest, as well as many reports http://cufr.ucdavis.edu benefits. Visit PG&E website, which includes information on planting trees includes information on planting trees PG&E website, which www.pge.com to reduce : www.epa.gov/owmitnet/mtb/porouspa.pdf; information is also www.epa.gov/owmitnet/mtb/porouspa.pdf; available from the Concrete Promotion Council of Northern www.cpcnc.org California at • • • • • •

n n n n n n n n n n Protect Water & Air Quality n n Conserve Energy n Resources 68 5How to Start n n n n n n GardenersHome PublicationsPrograms& for gardens. beautiful, healthyandenvironmentallysoundlandscapes and localgovernmentswiththeinspirationskillstocreate resources providehomegardeners,landscapeprofessionals and gardens.TheCoalition’sprograms,publicationsother conserves naturalresourcesandcreatesvibrantlandscapes through awatershedapproachthatreduceswasteandpollution, Area. TheBay-FriendlyCoalitionencouragesbehaviorchange landscaping andgardeningpracticesintheSanFranciscoBay California nonprofitorganizationthatpromotessustainable The Bay-FriendlyLandscaping&GardeningCoalition Coalition Bay-Friendly the About

And more the Bay-FriendlyWay Videos andfactsheetsonhowto Online directoryofBay-FriendlyQualifiedProfessionals Bay-Friendly nurserytalks Annual gardentour Bay-Friendly GardeningGuide Visit our website:our Visit Lose YourLawn content and salvaged materials in landscape projects, and projects, landscape in materials salvaged and content Comprehensive guides for using mulch, using recycled using mulch, using for guides Comprehensive recycling grass clippings are available at at available are clippings grass recycling www.bayfriendlycoalition.org. www.bayfriendlycoalition.org isa n n n n n n n Governments Local and Professionals Landscape for Publications & Programs

And more content andsalvagedmaterials Guides tograsscycling,usingmulch,andrecycled- Plant listsandmodelspecifications Online directoryofBay-FriendlyQualifiedProfessionals Bay-Friendly RatedLandscapes,avoluntaryratingsystem design andlandscapemaintenance Bay-Friendly Training&Qualificationprogramsforlandscape Bay-Friendly GuidelinesforLandscapeProfessionals L BA AN Y -FRIENDL DS CAPIN G Y

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