DOCSLIB.ORG

Economic and Commercial Diplomacy in Micro-States: a Case Study of the Maldives and Mauritius

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Economic and Commercial Diplomacy in Micro-States: a Case Study of the Maldives and Mauritius Economic and Commercial Diplomacy in Micro-states: A case study of the Maldives and Mauritius Ibrahim Naeem A dissertation presented to the Faculty of Arts in the University of Malta for the degree of Master in Contemporary Diplomacy July 2008 Declaration I hereby declare that this dissertation is my own original work. Ibrahim Naeem 31 July 2008, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Table of Contents Introduction.............................................................................................................................................................. 6 1. Chapter 1 - Economic and Commercial Diplomacy from the perspective of Micro-states ................... 8 1.1. Definitions and Key Concepts ................................................................................................................... 9 1.2. Micro-states and Economic and Commercial Diplomacy ....................................................................... 13 1.2.1. Characteristics of Microstates ............................................................................................................. 13 1.2.2. Foreign Policy in Micro-states ............................................................................................................ 14 1.2.3. Some preconditions for Economic Diplomacy - how well are microstates prepared? ........................ 16 1.2.4. Micro-states: initiatives in economic diplomacy ................................................................................ 17 1.2.5. WTO and Microstates ......................................................................................................................... 19 1.2.6. Microstates and Other Trade Related Arrangements .......................................................................... 22 1.2.7. Foreign Direct Investment: What are the opportunities for Microstates? ........................................... 24 1.2.7.1. What attracts FDI? ......................................................................................................................... 24 1.2.7.2. Promotional Techniques – are they beyond the reach of Microstates? .......................................... 25 1.2.8. Services Sector: A success story for a number of small states ............................................................ 27 1.2.9. Economic Vulnerability - Oil and Food CRISIS ................................................................................ 29 2. Chapter 2 - Maldives: A Case Study of Economic and Commercial Diplomacy .................................. 32 2.1. The Developmental Context .................................................................................................................... 33 2.2. Structure and Institutional setup of Economic and Commercial Diplomacy ........................................... 36 2.3. Structure and Nature of Economic and Commercial Diplomacy ............................................................ 41 2.3.1. Maldives Foreign Policy ..................................................................................................................... 41 2.3.2. Engagement in Bilateral Trade Initiatives .......................................................................................... 42 2.3.3. Engagement in Multilateral Trade Organizations and Initiatives ....................................................... 43 2.3.4. Foreign Investment Policy .................................................................................................................. 47 2.4. Key Issues in Economic and Commercial Diplomacy ............................................................................ 49 2.4.1. Development of the Tourism Industry ................................................................................................ 49 2.4.2. Trade Diplomacy ................................................................................................................................ 53 2.4.3. LDC Graduation ................................................................................................................................. 56 2.4.4. Tsunami Recovery, reducing vulnerability to economic shocks and natural hazards ......................... 60 2.4.5. Foreign Aid ......................................................................................................................................... 61 2.4.6. Oil and Food Price Crisis .................................................................................................................... 64 3. Chapter 3 - Mauritius: A Case Study of Economic and Commercial Diplomacy ............................... 67 3.1. The Developmental Context .................................................................................................................... 68 3.2. Structure and Institutional setup of Economic and Commercial Diplomacy ........................................... 72 3.3. Structure and Nature of Economic and Commercial Diplomacy ............................................................ 76 3.3.1. Foreign Policy and Economic Diplomacy .......................................................................................... 76 3.3.2. Engagement in Bilateral Trade Initiatives .......................................................................................... 77 3.3.3. Engagement in Multilateral Trade Organizations and Initiatives ....................................................... 78 3.3.4. GATT to WTO: Issues and Engagements........................................................................................... 80 3.3.5. Foreign Direct Investment and Economic Partnerships: Policies, and Approach ............................... 83 3.3.5.1. Foreign Investment Policy ............................................................................................................. 84 3.3.5.2. Trade, Investment and Economic Partnership Agreements ........................................................... 85 3.3.5.3. Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA) ...................................................................................... 86 3.3.5.4. Cross-border Trade and Business Development Missions ............................................................. 87 3.4. Key Issues in Economic and Commercial Diplomacy: Bilateral Agreements, Multilateral Treaties and their effects on Key Economic Sectors .................................................................................................................. 88 3.4.1. Indo-Mauritius Double Taxation Avoidance Treaty ........................................................................... 88 3.4.2. The Sugar Sector: Windfall gains from the Sugar protocol ................................................................ 89 3.4.3. Textile and Clothing Industry ............................................................................................................. 91 3.4.4. Tourism and Brand Mauritius ............................................................................................................. 94 3.4.5. Fisheries Sector ................................................................................................................................... 96 3.4.6. Free Port ............................................................................................................................................. 98 4. Chapter 4 - Concluding observations ...................................................................................................... 99 Acronyms and Abbreviations ACP African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States ADB Asian Development Bank AOSIS Alliance of Small Island States AP-COIL Asia-Pacific Compensatory Oil Finance Facility AGOA Africa Growth and Opportunity Act BPoA Barbados Programme of Action BIT Bilateral Investment Treaties BOI Board of Investment CARICOM Caribbean Community CRNM Caribbean Regional Negotiating Machinery CBI Caribbean Basin Initiative CBERA Caribbean Basin Economic Recovery Act COMESA Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa CSA Commonwealth Sugar Agreement CECA Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreements CCAMLR Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources CBTPA U.S.-Caribbean Basin Trade Partnership Act DER Department of External Resources DTAT Double Taxation Avoidance Treary EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone EU European Union EC European Commission FTA Free Trade Agreement GSP Generalized Preference Schemes GATT General Agreement on Trade and Tariff GDP Gross Domestic Product HDI Human Development Index IPR Intellectual Property Rights IOR-ARC Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Co-operation IOTC Indian Ocean Tuna Commission IRS Integrated Resort Schemes ODA Official development assistance FISB Foreign Investment Services Bureau FDI Foreign Direct Investment IMF International Monetary Fund IPPA Investment Promotion and Protection Agreement LDC Least Developed Country LLDC Landlocked Developing Country MTPB Maldives Tourism Promotion Board MNCCI Maldives National Chamber of Commerce and Industry MATI Maldives Association of Tourism Industry MTPA Mauritius Tourism Promotion Authority MFN Most Favoured Nation MGD Millenium Development Goals MEDT Ministry of Economic Development and Trade MOFT Ministry of Finance and Treasury MFA Ministry of Foreign Affairs MTCA Ministry of Tourism and Civil Aviation MIS Mauritius Strategy for the Further Implementation of the Programme of Action for the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States NAMA Non-Agricultural Market Access NEPAD New
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Economic Diplomacy in Africa: the Impact of Regional Integration Versus Bilateral Diplomacy On
    MWP 2016/18 Max Weber Programme Economic Diplomacy in Africa: The Impact of Regional Integration versus Bilateral Diplomacy on Bilateral Trade Author Sylvanus Author Kwaku and Afesorgbor Author Author European University Institute Max Weber Programme Economic Diplomacy in Africa: The Impact of Regional Integration versus Bilateral Diplomacy on Bilateral Trade Sylvanus Kwaku Afesorgbor EUI Working Paper MWP 2016/18 This text may be downloaded for personal research purposes only. Any additional reproduction for other purposes, whether in hard copy or electronically, requires the consent of the author(s), editor(s). If cited or quoted, reference should be made to the full name of the author(s), editor(s), the title, the working paper or other series, the year, and the publisher. ISSN 1830-7728 © Sylvanus Kwaku Afesorgbor, 2016 Printed in Italy European University Institute Badia Fiesolana I – 50014 San Domenico di Fiesole (FI) Italy www.eui.eu cadmus.eui.eu Abstract The paper examines the impact of two main instruments of economic diplomacy regional integration and commercial diplomacy on export flows among African states. We test whether there is any evidence of a trade-off or complementary interaction between these two instruments in trade facilitation. We compare the effects of these two instruments of economic diplomacy on bilateral trade by employing a gravity model for 45 African states over the period 1980-2005. The results show that bilateral diplomatic exchange is a relatively more significant determinant of bilateral exports among African states compared to regional integration. We also find a nuanced interaction between these two instruments of economic diplomacy: the trade-stimulating effect of diplomatic exchange is less pronounced among African countries that shared membership of the same regional bloc.
    [Show full text]
  • Changing Climates, Fading Cultures: a Study of Place Annihilation As a Result of Climate Change Brooks A
    Seattle aP cific nivU ersity Digital Commons @ SPU Honors Projects University Scholars Spring June 10th, 2015 Changing Climates, Fading Cultures: A Study of Place Annihilation as a Result of Climate Change Brooks A. Bolsinger Seattle Pacific nU iversity Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.spu.edu/honorsprojects Part of the Other Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Commons, and the Social and Cultural Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Bolsinger, Brooks A., "Changing Climates, Fading Cultures: A Study of Place Annihilation as a Result of Climate Change" (2015). Honors Projects. 34. https://digitalcommons.spu.edu/honorsprojects/34 This Honors Project is brought to you for free and open access by the University Scholars at Digital Commons @ SPU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Projects by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ SPU. Running Head: CHANGING CLIMATES, DYING CULTURES 1 CHANGING CLIMATES, DYING CULTURES: A STUDY OF PLACE ANNIHILATION AS A RESULT OF CLIMATE CHANGE by BROOKS BOLSINGER FACULTY ADVISOR: DR. ERIC LONG SECOND READER: DR. KATHLEEN BRADEN A project submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the University Scholars Program Seattle Pacific University 2015 Approved _________________________ Date ______________________________ CHANGING CLIMATES, DYING CULTURES 2 Contents Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………...3 Introduction………………………………………………………………………….......4 Place Annihilation……………………………………………………………….4 Dam Construction: a Precedent for Cultural Annihilation………………………….8
    [Show full text]
  • Differentiation Between Developing Countries in the WTO
    Differentiation between Developing Countries in the WTO Report 2004:14 E Foto: Mats Pettersson Differentiation between Developing Countries in the WTO Swedish Board of Agriculture International Affairs Division June 2004 Authors: Jonas Kasteng Arne Karlsson Carina Lindberg Contents PROLOGUE.......................................................................................................................................................... 3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY................................................................................................................................... 5 1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................... 9 1.1 Purpose of the study............................................................................................................................. 9 1.2 Limitations of the study ....................................................................................................................... 9 1.3 Background to the discussion on differentiation................................................................................ 10 1.4 Present differentiation between developing countries in the WTO.................................................... 12 1.5 Relevance of present differentiation between developing countries in the WTO .............................. 13 1.6 Outline of the new differentiation initiative......................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 4 Agricultural Policy Reforms in Asia
    Chapter 4 Agricultural policy reforms in Asia: an overview of trends, issues and challenges21 by Sisira Jayasuriya22 I. Introduction The thirtieth anniversary of the beginning of Chinese agricultural policy reforms occurs at a time when the world economy is facing the daunting challenges of what may prove to be the greatest economic downturn since the Great Depression. These developments are calling into question the globalization processes and policy reforms that in recent times facilitated the embrace of globalization and enabled rapid growth in China and other Asian economies (e.g. India and Viet Nam). In particular, there is a strong upsurge of protectionism, just when an open international trading environment and global economic cooperation have become essential to avoid a contraction of trade that could aggravate the downturn and hamper recovery. It is imperative that we look at the past to draw lessons that can help prepare for the policy challenges ahead. This paper reviews the agricultural policy reform process in the Asian region, focusing on major themes that have characterized policy reforms during the past three decades. It places the agricultural reforms in the broader setting of a strong shift towards pro-market and outward-oriented policy liberalization. Given the enormous diversity within Asia, any broad generalizations are hazardous and likely to mask pronounced intraregional differences. Nevertheless, some common elements and broad themes can be seen when looking at the region as a whole, though not all countries conform to any single generalization. This paper’s primary focus is on Asian policy developments outside of China because the Chinese experience is covered in depth in other papers.
    [Show full text]
  • Trade Negotiations and Discussions in 2020 44 Agriculture
    Trade 4negotiations and discussions Changes to the rules of trade require the agreement of WTO members, who must reach a decision through negotiations. A meeting of the Trade Negotiations Committee in early March 2020. 40 Trade negotiations and discussions in 2020 44 Agriculture 48 Market access for non- agricultural products 48 Services 50 Trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights (TRIPS) 51 Trade and development 52 Trade and environment 53 Rules negotiations: Fisheries subsidies, other WTO rules 56 Dispute Settlement Understanding 57 Joint initiatives 64 Informal Working Group on Trade and Gender TRADE NEGOTIATIONS AND DISCUSSIONS Trade negotiations and discussions in 2020 The COVID-19 pandemic forced COVID-19 pandemic WTO negotiating bodies to adopt a variety of formats for work, including In mid-March 2020, in line with the Swiss virtual meetings. Government’s recommendations, the then Director-General and Chair of the Trade WTO members advanced negotiations on Negotiations Committee (TNC), Roberto WTO members fisheries subsidies, although progress Azevêdo, suspended all meetings at the expressed concerns was insufficient to secure a deal in 2020. WTO, in coordination with the General about export A high degree of engagement was seen Council Chair, until the end of April because restrictions on in the agriculture negotiations. of the COVID-19 pandemic. In the months medical supplies that followed, the WTO continued its and food. The joint initiatives continued to draw meetings through a variety of formats – interest from an increasing number in-person (with limited numbers of of members in 2020. Their processes delegations), fully virtual or hybrid. remained transparent and inclusive.
    [Show full text]
  • Repaving the Ancient Silk Routes
    PwC Growth Markets Centre – Realising opportunities along the Belt and Road June 2017 Repaving the ancient Silk Routes In this report 1 Foreword 2 Chapter 1: Belt and Road – A global game changer 8 Chapter 2: China’s goals for the Belt and Road 14 Chapter 3: Key sectors and economic corridors 28 Chapter 4: Opportunities for foreign companies 34 Chapter 5: Unique Belt and Road considerations 44 Chapter 6: Strategies to evaluate and select projects 56 Chapter 7: Positioning for success 66 Chapter 8: Leveraging international platforms 72 Conclusion Foreword Belt and Road – a unique trans-national opportunity Not your typical infrastructure projects Few people could have envisaged what the Belt and Road However, despite the vast range and number of B&R (B&R) entailed when President Xi of China first announced opportunities, many of these are developed in complex the concept back in 2013. However, four years later, the B&R conditions, not least because they are located in growth initiative has amassed a huge amount of economic markets where institutional voids can prove to be hard to momentum.The B&R initiative refers to the Silk Road navigate. Inconsistencies in regulatory regimes and Economic Belt and the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road underdeveloped credit markets, together with weak existing initiatives. The network connects Asia, Europe and Africa, infrastructure and a maturing talent market all combine to and passes through more than 65 countries and regions with add further complexity for companies trying to deliver and a population of about 4.4 billion and a third of the global manage these projects.
    [Show full text]
  • Developing Countries in the Doha Round
    Reforming the World Trade Organization Developing Countries in the Doha Round & Reforming the World Trade Organization Developing Countries in the Doha Round Published by D-217, Bhaskar Marg, Bani Park Chemin du Point-du-Jour 6 bis Jaipur 302 016, India 1202, Geneva, Switzerland Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Website: www.cuts-international.org Website: www.fes-geneva.org Researched and written by Faizel Ismail Head of the South African Delegation to the World Trade Organization Citation Reforming the World Trade Organization Developing Countries in the Doha Round Printed by Jaipur Printers P. Ltd., Jaipur 302 001 ISBN 978-81-8257-126-6 © Faizel Ismail, 2009 The views expressed here are those of the author in his personal capacity and therefore, in no way be taken to reflect those of CUTS, FES and the South African Government. #0911, Rs.200/US$20 Contents Foreword by Supachai Panitchpakdi.......................................................................... i Foreword by Rob Davies........................................................................................... iii Preface and Acknowledgements................................................................................. v Abbreviation and Acronyms ...................................................................................... ix Chapter 1: Introduction: Developing countries in the GATT and the WTO .... 1 1.1 Introduction ................................................................................... 1 1.2 Rediscovering the Role of Developing
    [Show full text]
  • Environmental Impacts of Tourism and Management in Maldives
    International Journal of Environmental Sciences Kundur and Murthy Vol. 2 No.1 ISSN: 2277-1948 International Journal of Environmental Sciences Vol. 2 No. 1. 2013. Pp. 44-50 ©Copyright by CRDEEP. All Rights Reserved. Short Communication Environmental Impacts of Tourism and Management in Maldives Suresh Kumar Kundur1*and Dr. Krishna Murthy2 1-Research Scholar, Department of Studies in Geography, University of Mysore, Mysore 2- Professor, Department of Studies in Geography, University of Mysore, Mysore *Corresponding Author: Suresh Kumar Kundur Introduction The Maldivian archipelago located 500 km from southern tips of both India and Sri Lanka. Is a beautiful string of 1,190 low-laying coral islands scattered across the equator in the vast expanse of the Indian Ocean, giving us a rare glimpse of what is aptly described as tropical paradise. Just consider this sparkling white sun- kissed beached, crystal-clear lagoons studded with profusely colored corals; azure warm seas with an undisturbed exotic marine life palm-fringed island the providing serenity all of it summarized by the famous Moroccan traveler Ibn Battuta on describing Maldives as “one of wonders of the world” The sun, the sand and the sea, these are just three simple realities beckoning tourist from far and wide to these little islets, giving as a result, a glorious sense of happiness and proving to be a heavenly getaway from the word and its worries. The Maldives teaches the visitors the pleasurable art of doing nothing, simply lazing around and enjoying some the most spectacular and colorful vistas offered by nature. No wonder than that tourists flock in large numbers to the 80-odd self-contained island resorts provided with all the comforts and warmth exuded by traditional Maldivian hospitality.
    [Show full text]
  • Tourism in the Maldives : Experiencing the Difference from the Maldives Bénédicte Auvray
    Tourism in the Maldives : experiencing the difference from the Maldives Bénédicte Auvray To cite this version: Bénédicte Auvray. Tourism in the Maldives : experiencing the difference from the Maldives. Tourism & Seductions of Difference, Sep 2010, Lisbonne, Portugal. halshs-00536400 HAL Id: halshs-00536400 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00536400 Submitted on 16 Nov 2010 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Tourism in the Maldives: experiencing the difference from the Maldives Ms. Bénédicte AUVRAY PhD candidate Geography [email protected] University of Le Havre (Cirtai/UMR IDEES) +33 2 32 74 41 35 25, rue Philippe LEBON 76086 LE HAVRE Cedex France Abstract According to the official website of the Maldives Tourism Promotion Board, the country looks like a white and blue world for honeymooners, divers and budding Robinson Crusoe. Indeed it is the international representation of the Maldives. The reason for this touristic development is segregation: vacationers are allowed (and waited) to spend time in luxury resorts whereas Maldivian inhabitants are contained on local islands. In view of this phenomenon of social and spatial separation, the term “visit” is inappropriate. “Experience” would be more suitable: Maldivian island-hotel is a model of enclosure, repeated at different scales and concerning different people.
    [Show full text]
  • Maldives Fact Sheet & Investment Projects
    Maldives Fact Sheet & Investment Projects The Republic of Maldives has approximately 1,192 inhabited and uninhabited islands, an area of 90,000 square kilometers in the Indian Ocean. Famous for its natural beauty with white sand beaches and crystal-clear waters, the Maldives is ranked as one of the best diving destinations in the world. High-end tourism has propelled the economy's substantial expansion over recent decades and enabled the Maldives to gain middle-income status. According to World Travel & Tourism Council, the direct and total contribution of Travel and Tourism to the Maldives Gross Domestic Product (GDP) was 52.4% and 96.5% of the total GDP in last five years, respectively; thus, making tourism the critical industry for the economy. The Ministry of Tourism plays a vital role in shaping the tourism landscape in the Maldives. Boosting tourism arrival, the government has planned to expand the country's main gateway airport in Malé and to build new airport around the islands. His Excellency Ibrahim Mohamed Solih is the 7th President of the Republic of Maldives The Republic of the Maldives is a sovereign archipelagic nation positioned in the Indian Ocean. Notably, the South Asian Island nation has no counterpart in the entire world in terms of its unique geography and topography. Maldives, the sunny side of life is blessed with magical and breathtaking displays of sunshine for the better part of a year. Similar to tropical countries, the Maldives enjoys a dry and wet season. Conveniently, the hot and humid weather is complemented with cooling sea breezes and periodic rain.
    [Show full text]
  • Tourism in Maldives ‐ Impact of Coast and Challenges
    Tourism in Maldives ‐ Impact of Coast and challenges. Ms. Aminath Nuzla Hameed Ministry of Tourism Introduction ∗ Maldives is a small island nation, having 90 percent of its territory covered in water. The country comprises of 1192 low‐lying islands which make up less than 2 percent of the total area. Its population of 338, 442 (2012) inhabits 192 of its 1,192 islands. ∗ Maldives atolls encompass a territory spread over roughly 90,000 square kilometres, making the country one of the world's most geographically dispersed. ∗ The Maldives is the smallest Asian country in both pppopulation and land area. With an average ground level elevation of 1.5 metres (4 ft 11 in) above sea level, it is the planet's lowest country. It is also the country with the lowest natural highest point in the world, at 242.4 metres (7 ft 10 in). ∗ Tourism, fishing and shipping are the most vital sectors of the economy. Tourism accounts for more than 30 percent of GDP and over 60 percent of foreign currency earnings. Tourism in the Maldives ∗ In the late 1960s a team of experts from the United Nations Development Programme went to Maldives and concluded their report on the prospects for tourism in the country by mentioning that tourism prospects in the Maldives were non‐existent (as there was no bank or an airport or electricity on the islands. And the only way to get around was by sailing, very slowly, in a traditional dhoni). However, tourism has flourished since the opening of the first resort in 1972.
    [Show full text]
  • Plurilateral Agreements and Developing Countries
    RIETI-JETRO Symposium Global Governance in Trade and Investment Regime - For Protecting Free Trade - Handout OSHIKAWA Maika Head, Asia and Pacific Desk, Institute for Training and Technical Co-operation, World Trade Organization (WTO) June 7, 2012 Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry (RIETI) http://www.rieti.go.jp/en/index.html PLURILATERAL AGREEMENTS AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES INSEARCHOFTHE90% CRITICAL MASS IN G-90? Maika Oshikawa World Trade Organization PRESENTATION OUTLINE Options for Plurilateral Agreements Developing country positions BRICS and G-90 Reactions at MC8 GPA, ITA, ISA, ACTA Moving forward MULTILATERAL VS. PLURILATERAL AGREEMENTS? GATT characterised by legal fragmentation WTO Agreement is a single treaty instrument which was accepted by WTO Members as a single undertaking But, WTO rules leave room for subsets of Members to conclude WTO-related plurilateral agreements – 5 options As long as such a plurilateral agreement does not add to the obligations, or diminish the rights of other Members without their consent. FIVE OPTIONS FOR PLURILATERAL AGREEMENTS 1. Agreement added to Annex 4 by consensus GPA, Civil Aircraft 2. Agreement with WTO waiver by consensus Lóme (WTO plus), Kimberly scheme (WTO minus) 3. Side agreement, without consensus, but extending benefits to all WTO Members ITA, Services Protocols 4. Regional Trade Agreement TPP, EU, NAFTA 5. Agreement outside scope of WTO Competition, migration, investment Annex 4 Plurilateral Plurilateral agreement Other trade-related Plurilateral agreement RTA Trade Agreement covered by waiver plurilateral agreement outside scope of WTO Agreement integrated into the WTO Agreement? Yes Yes No (Protocol or modification of No No schedules) Legal coverage under the WTO Agreement? Waiver decision under GATT Art.
    [Show full text]