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Prace Komisji Geografii Przemysłu Polskiego Towarzystwa Geograficznego Studies of the Industrial Geography Commission of the Polish Geographical Society 32 (2) · 2018 ISSN 2080-1653 DOI 10.24917/20801653.322.24 OleksandrYuriy Fedkovych Korol Chernivtsi National University, Chernivtsi, Ukraine TetianaYuriy FedkovychSkutar Chernivtsi National University, Chernivtsi, Ukraine Comparative Analysis of International (Inbound) Tourism Development within Ukraine and Poland Abstract: According to UNWTO standards, tourism takes the forms of domestic and international tourism. International tourism is subdivided into inbound and outbound tourism. The statistics of inbound tourism comprises two basic sections: statistics of tourist arrivals and statistics of tourism receipts. The inbound tourism in Poland and Ukraine is researched in this article. It is interesting to analyze the inbound tourism in the neighbouring countries, i.e. Poland and Ukraine, taking into account the “split in time” similarities in the development of the tourism market in these countries, their place in the world tourist flows, as well as attempts of Ukraine to repeat Poland’s experience in its integration into the EU. The aim of this paper is to conduct a comparative analysis of inbound tourist flows in Ukraine and Poland, as well as to reveal the factors influencing tourist arrivals, receipts and profitability as the ratio of the last two. The number and structure of tourist arrivals to Poland and Ukraine in 2000–2016 are analyzed. It was assumed that tourists’ exchange between neighbouring countries probably depends on the length of common land border. To test this assumption, the criterion χ² was used, which is also called the criterion of independence, consistency and homogeneity. The receipts from inbound tourism in above-mentioned countries during the same period of time are estimated. By applying the Consumer Price Index (CPI), the tourism receipts are recalculated for the prices of 2000. The profitability of inbound tourism in Poland and Ukraine in 2013 and 2016 is calculated. TheKeywords: factors influencing tourism receipts and profitability of inbound tourism are described. inbound tourism; international tourism; profitability of inbound tourism; tourism receipts; touristReceived: arrivals Accepted: 15 January 2018 Suggested 15citation: May 2018 Prace Komisji Geografii Przemysłu Polskiego Towarzystwa Geograficznego Studies Korol, O., Skutar, T. (2018). Comparative Analysis of International (Inbound) Tourism Development with- of the Industrial Geography Commission of the Polish Geographical Society 32 in Ukraine and Poland, [ ], (2), 338–355. https://doi. org/10.24917/20801653.322.24 Comparative Analysis of International (Inbound) Tourism Development… 339 Introduction Tourism is understood as one of the form of population migration that is not connected with place of residence or work changes. The necessity for defining the term “tour- ism” arouse in the first half of the 20th century, caused by a growth of tourists’ flow, tourism economic significance increase and, as a result, efforts to statistically count the travellers. The Committee of Experts in Statistics at the Nations’ League was the first to offer definition of the term “tourist” (1937). The term gained international acknowledge- ment and preserved its form till nowadays, with some further amendments. As of our days, a definition, worked out at International Conference for Travels and Tourism Statistics (Ottawa, 1991), is widely used in international practice. The World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) and the UN Committee for Tourism Statistics approved the definition. According to it, a tourist is a visiting person, i.e. a person who travels and stays in places outside his/her usual environment for not more than one consecutive year with any purpose excluding activities, paid from the sources in the places of visit (UNWTO). The definition allowed for more clear outlining of the part of travellers who can be the object of statistical research in tourism. The summarizing documents of the Ottawa Conference and the UNWTO technical recommendations refer tourist as a visitor. This definition is recommended to be used in tourism statistics as a basic one. Alongside with tourists (overnight visitors), the term is also extended to same-day visitors. Proba- bly, the latter is the reason of absence in definition of the minimal stay outside the usual environment (24 hours), set in national tourism legislation in many countries. Analysis of the latest studies and publications Considering the geographical nature of tourism as a form of migration of population which is connected with the peculiarities of the distant territories (water areas), that is, with the differences “from place to place”, significant contribution in this sphere belongs particularly to the geographers, which is reflected in the writings of V. Preobrazhensky, Yu. Vedenin, I. Zorin, M. Ananiev, N. Zachinyayev, N. Falkovich, Ye. Kotlyarov and oth- er researchers of the Soviet era, and in Ukraine – in the publications of M. Krachylo, O. Liubitseva, O. Beidyk. Among the recent important works devoted to internation- al tourism, we would like to accentuate upon the writings of A. Aleksandrova (2002), O. Liubitseva (2003), etc. The authors describe the main concepts of international tour- ism, analyze the geography of tourist demand in regions of the world, reveal the latest trends and processes of globalization in the tourism sphere. Among foreign works it is worth mentioning the publication of Boniface B. & Cooper C. (2009), which is devoted to the geography of tourism, in particular the analysis of destinations by regions of the world. The latest statistical information can be found in the annual analytical electronic edition “UNWTO Tourism Highlights” (UNWTO, 2001–2017). However, some aspects of international tourism still remain insufficiently studied, in particular, the structure of inbound tourism in various countries. 340 Oleksandr Korol, Tetiana Skutar Aim of the paper Tourism takes the forms of domestic and international tourism. International tour- ism presupposes travels outside the country of residence. It covers visitors who are non-residents in the country of destination. Depending upon whether a person is trav- elling to or from a certain country, international tourism is subdivided into inbound and outbound tourism. The statistics of international inbound tourism comprises two basic sections: statistics of tourist arrivals and statistics of tourist receipts. It is interesting to analyze inbound tourism in the neighbouring countries of Po- land and Ukraine, taking into account the “split in time” similarities in the develop- ment of the tourism market in these countries, their place in the world tourist flows, as well as attempts of Ukraine to repeat Poland’s experience in its integration into the EU. The aim of this paper is to conduct a comparative analysis of inbound tourist flows in Ukraine and Poland, as well as to reveal the factors influencing tourist arrivals, receipts and profitability as the ratio of the last two. International tourist arrivals to Ukraine and Poland The quantity of arrivals presupposes the number of registered visitors of a certain coun- try who are non-residents of this country, per certain period of time (usually, a year). Visitors can be divided into same-day visitors, and tourists (overnight visitors). Meas- urements are conducted according to the following parameters, following the scheme (UNWTOTab. 1. data): Units of measure to quantify the volume of inbound tourism Object Parameter Place Comments Visitors Arrivals At frontiers At frontiers Tourists (overnight Arrivals At hotels and similar establishments – excludes tourism in private visitors) accommodation At collective tourism establishments – arrivals are counted in every (e.g. hotels and other) new accommodation visited Source: UNWTO According to Table 1, all arrival measurements in international tourism are di- vided into the following categories: TF – International tourist arrivals at frontiers (excluding same-day visitors); VF – International tourist arrivals at frontiers (including tourists and same-day visitors); TCE – International tourist arrivals at collective tourism establishments; THS – International tourist arrivals at hotels and similar establishments. When measuring, preference in international tourism is given to arrivals at fron- tier. However, it should be borne in mind that not every country has these data at its disposal. Hence, other ways for measuring can be used. Comparative Analysis of International (Inbound) Tourism Development… 341 Since a tourist may conduct several trips per year, or he/she may visit several countries within a single trip, the actual number of tourists is less than the number of arrivals. According to UNWTO data, the number of arrivals to Ukraine and Poland is as Tab.follows 2. (see Tab. 2): International tourist arrivals (million) Arrivals to (TF) Year Ukraine Poland million сhange (%) million сhange (%) 2000 6.431 – 17.400 – 2001 9.174 +43 15.000 –14 2002 10.517 +15 13.980 –7 2003 12.514 +19 13.720 –2 2004 15.629 +25 14.290 +4 2005 17.631 +13 15.200 +6 2006 18.936 +7 15.670 +3 2007 23.122 +22 14.975 –4 2008 25.449 +10 12.960 –13 2009 20.798 –18 11.890 –8 2010 21.203 +2 12.470 +5 2011 21.415 +1 13.350 +7 2012 23.013 +7 14.840 +11 2013 24.671 +7 15.800 +6 2014 12.712* –48 16.000 +1 2015 12.428* –2 16.722 +5 2016 13.333* +7 17.471 +4 * Excluding the temporarily occupied territories of the Autonomous
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