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Oil Spill Response Field Manual Metric Conversion Factors Volume Flow Rate 3 1 cm = 1 ml = .001 L 1 L/min = 0.0167 L/sec 3 3 1 L = 1 dm = .001 m = 60 L/hr = 1440 L/day 3 1 L = 0.264 Gallon Liquid US 1 L/min = 0.06 m /hr 3 1 m = 6.29 API bbl 1 L/min = 0.265 gpm (US) 1 L/min = 9.05 API bbl/day Length Velocity –3 2 3 6 –2 1 m = 10 km = 10 cm = 10 mm = 10 µ 1 cm/sec = 10 m/sec = 36 m/hr 1 cm = 0.3937 in = 0.036 km/hr 1 m = 3.2808 ft = 39.37 in 1 m/sec = 1.94 knots (US) 1 m = 0.5468 fathom 1 km/hr = 0.54 knots (US) 1 km = 0.62 mile = 3273 ft 1 km/hr = 0.621 mph (US) 1 km = 0.54 nautical mile (NM) Area Mass/Weight 2 2 –3 3 1 hectare = 10,000 m = 0.01 km 1g = 10 kg = 10 mg 2 2 2 1 m = 10.76 ft = 1.196 yd 1 metric tonne = 1000 kg 1 hectare = 2.471 acres = 0.00386 sq mile 1 kg = 2.21 lbs = 0.0685 slug Surface Tension Force 5 1 kg-f/m = 9.807 N/m = 9807 dyne/cm 1 newton (N) = 10 dyne 1 kg-f/m = 0.672 lbs/ft = 5.61 lb/in 1 newton = 0.102 kg-f 1 N/m = 0.0685 lb/ft 1 newton = 0.2248 lb 1 N/mm = 5.64 lb/in 1 newton = 7.233 pdl Pressure Application Rates 2 2 2 1 N/m = 0.102 kg-f/m = 1 pascal (Pa) 1 L/m = thickness in mm 6 2 3 2 1 bar = 10 dyne/cm = 0.1MPa 1 L/hectare = 0.1 m /km 1 mm Hg = 133 Pa 1 L/hectare = 0.1068 gal/acre –4 1 Pa = 1.450 x 10 psi 1 tonne/hectare = 2.5 bbl/acre 2 2 1 kg-f/m = 0.0206 lb/ft 1 MPa = 9.869 atm Miscellaneous 3 1 tonne of oil = 1000 L = 1 m = 264.2 gal 3 3 storage volume for boom, volume/length: ft /ft x 0.093 = m /m –2 6 mg/L = parts per million (ppm) = % x 10 x 10 = ppm 3 3 ice density = 0.8 g/cm = 800 kg/m viscosity in centipoise (cp) = viscosity in centistokes (cSt) x density temperature centigrade = (temperature Fahrenheit – 32) x 0.555 Oil Spill Response Field Manual Revised 2014 Copyright © 2014, ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company, All Rights Reserved, Printed in USA. In grateful recognition of years of service to the petroleum industry through tireless efforts to improve response technology and minimize environmental impacts, this Edition of the ExxonMobil Oil Spill Response Field Manual is dedicated to all the ExxonMobil employees, consultants, and government officials, who have contributed to this document over the past 30 years. Acknowledgements Acknowledgements ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ExxonMobil acknowledges the services of employees, peers and government officials, and contractors who helped make this Field Manual a success. Those who have contributed to the preparation of this edition are noted below. Current Edition (2014, English) Thomas Coolbaugh/EMRE – Dispersants Will Darbonne/EMIT – communications Erik DeMicco/EMRE – technical input, project manager Paul Foley/OSRL – communications Rusty Freeman/EMIT – communications Anita George-Ares/EMBSI, now retired – Oiled Wildlife Russ Hayward/ExxonMobil Corporation – industrial hygiene Brian Higgins/USCG – communications John Hoban/EMES – Waste Management Daniel Kagan/EMIT – communications Wolfgang Konkel/EMBSI – technical input esp. Introduction and Surveillance and Tracking Alex Leonard/OSRL – communications Luke Morgan/EMIT – communications Tim Nedwed/URC – review of Dispersants, In Situ Burning Andy Nicoll/OSRL – Waste Management David Palandro/URC – review of Surveillance/Tracking Robert Pond/USCG – Waste Management Walter Putman/Marine Pollution Control – Waste Management Jennifer Sheffer/EM – Industrial Hygiene Alexis Steen/EMRE – technical input, ISB, and project manager Dave Sweeten/BP – Waste Management Robert Williams/EM Aviation – input on Aviation Richard Woods/EMBSI – review of Oiled Wildlife Johnnie Young/EMIT – communications Michael Ziccardi/UCDavis – technical input on Oiled Wildlife HBP – printing and reproduction Acknowledgements Previous Editions Contributors to Previous Editions (1984, 1992, 2000, 2002, 2005, and 2008) Vitaly Aizenberg/EMBSI Alan Allen/Spiltec Christine Borgfeldt/EPR Steven Bower/EMBSI Jean Bruney/EPR Andrie Chen/EPR Jim Clark/EMRE Tom Cook/EPR Joe Czarnecki/EMRE Bill Dahl/EMRE Rob Dragnich/Alaska Interest Bob Fiocco/EMRE Stuart Gair/OSRL Linda Garner/EM Anita George-Ares/EMBSI Ronald Goodman/Imperial Oil Bob Goodrich/EMRE Dave Goodridge/Esso Petroleum Mark Gregory/USCG Russ Hayward/Exxon Mobil Corporation Peter Jensen/L&S Mike Jolly/USCG Wolfgang Konkel/EBSI Bill Lerch/R&S Dick Lessard/EMRE Tommy Mahon/EM Baton Rouge Refinery Robert Major/EPR Tosh Moller/ITOPF Rebecca Moore/EPR Ken Motolenich-Salas/EMRE Jessica Nacheman/EMRE Tim Nedwed/URC Acknowledgements Jere Noerager/EPR Doug O’Donovan/MSRC Charlene Owens/URC Ed Owens/OCC Skip Przelomski/Clean Caribbean & Americas David Salt/OSRL Robert Schulze/consultant Joe Smith/EPR Laurence Solsberg/Counterspil Research Inc. Nina Springer/EPR Bob Steele/EPR Alexis Steen/EMRE Elliott Taylor/POLARIS Evan Thayer/EMBSI David Tilden/Environment Canada Tommy Tomblin/EM Baytown Refinery Mark West/Counterspil Research Inc. Bob Williams/EPR Don Wood/EPR Contributor’s organization pertained to the time when support was provided. RESTRICTION TO USE Material may be copied in whole or in part without the express authorization of ExxonMobil provided that: (1) the user includes ExxonMobil’s copyright notice on all copies, (2) the materials are in no way modified or used in any misleading or inappropriate manner, and (3) the materials are not sold or in any way exploited. Table of Contents 1. Introduction 1-1 1.1 Introduction 1-2 1.2 Organization of Manual 1-2 1.3 Response Priorities 1-4 1.4 Three-Tiered Response Consideration 1-5 1.5 Personnel Requirements 1-7 1.6 Critical Spill/Environmental Information 1-10 1.7 Oil Spill Volume 1-15 1.8 Oil Characteristics and Behavior 1-16 1.9 Limiting Access 1-18 1.10 Net Environmental Benefit Analysis 1-19 2. Safety and Health 2-1 2.1 Introduction 2-2 2.1.1 Basic Safety Rules 2-2 2.1.2 The Buddy System 2-3 2.1.3 Hand or Whole Body Communication Signals 2-3 2.2 Risks 2-4 2.2.1 Fire and Explosions 2-4 2.2.2 Hazardous Atmospheres/Hazardous Chemicals 2-6 2.2.2.1 Benzene 2-10 2.2.2.2 2-Butoxyethanol 2-10 2.2.2.3 Carbon Monoxide 2-10 2.2.2.4 Gasoline 2-11 2.2.2.5 Heavy Hydrocarbon Products 2-11 2.2.2.6 Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) 2-12 2.2.2.7 Middle Distillate Products 2-12 2.2.2.8 Oxygen 2-13 2.2.2.9 Overall Guidance 2-13 2.2.3 Heat and Cold 2-14 2.2.3.1 Heat Stress (Hyperthermia) 2-14 2.2.3.2 Cold Stress (Hypothermia) 2-14 2.2.4 Site Conditions 2-17 2.2.5 Miscellaneous Hazards 2-17 2.2.5.1 Noise 2-17 2.2.5.2 Other Hazards 2-17 Table of Contents i 2.3 Protective Equipment 2-18 2.3.1 Protective Clothing 2-18 2.3.1.1 Splash Potential Only 2-18 2.3.1.2 Hydrocarbon Immersion Potential 2-18 2.3.2 Respiratory Protection 2-19 2.3.3 Confined Space Entry 2-20 2.4 Personal Health 2-20 2.5 Transportation Safety 2-21 2.5.1 Small Boat Safety Rules 2-21 2.5.2 Aircraft Safety Rules 2-22 2.6 Decontamination 2-22 3. Logistics and Communications 3-1 3.1 Introduction 3-2 3.2 Logistics 3-2 3.2.1 Resources 3-3 3.2.1.1 Contracts 3-3 3.2.1.2 Procurement 3-4 3.2.1.3 Shipping/Receiving 3-4 3.2.1.4 Warehouse/Staging 3-4 3.2.1.5 Inventory Management 3-4 3.2.1.6 Equipment Tracking 3-4 3.2.2 Support 3-5 3.2.2.1 Transportation 3-5 3.2.2.2 Provisioning 3-5 3.2.2.3 Permits 3-6 3.2.2.4 Waste Management 3-6 3.2.2.5 Assembly, Fabrication, and Maintenance 3-6 3.2.2.6 Demobilization 3-6 3.2.2.7 Decontamination 3-7 3.2.3 Services 3-7 3.2.3.1 Security 3-7 3.2.3.2 Facilities 3-8 3.2.3.3 Administration 3-8 3.3 Communications 3-8 3.3.1 Common Operating Picture (COP) 3-11 4. Surveillance and Tracking 4-1 4.1 Introduction 4-2 4.2 Oil Properties and Fate 4-4 4.2.1 API Gravity 4-4 4.2.2 Flash Point 4-4 ii Table of Contents 4.2.3 Lower Explosion Limit 4-4 4.2.4 Viscosity 4-5 4.2.5 Wax Content 4-5 4.2.6 Pour Point 4-5 4.2.7 Solubility 4-5 4.2.8 Specific Gravity (Liquid) 4-5 4.2.9 Specific Gravity (Vapor) 4-5 4.3 Forecasting Slick Drift 4-6 4.4 Estimating Slick Volumes 4-7 4.5 Visual Observation and Photography 4-7 4.6 Tracking Buoys 4-8 4.7 Remote Sensing 4-8 4.7.1 Infrared Sensors 4-8 4.7.2 Ultraviolet Sensors 4-9 4.7.3 Laser Fluorosensors 4-9 4.7.4 Radar 4-9 4.7.5 Satellite Remote Sensing 4-10 4.7.6 Surveillance and Tracking of Subsea Oil 4-10 4.7.7 Surveillance and Tracking of Oil under Ice and Snow 4-10 4.8 Material Take Off (MTO) List 4-11 5.
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