Ecologia Territorial E Urbana

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Urban and Territorial Ecology Ecologia Territorial e Urbana

Doutoramento em Urbanismo

Joana Mourão (Arch. PhD)

Territorial and Urban Ecology – All Contents:

Módulo 0 – Introduction/Introdução Conceitos e Enquadramento Módulo 1 – Ecological Buildings and Territories/ Edificação e Territórios Ecológicos Edifícios, Bairros e Territórios

Módulo 2 – Low Carbon Urban Planning/ Planeamento Urbano Baixo Carbono Freguesias, Cidades e Municípios

Módulo 3 – Urban Environmental Asessment/ Avaliação de Impactes da Urbanização Bairros e grandes urbanizações

Módulo 4 – Urban Metabolism Evolution/ Evolução do Metabolismo Urbano Regiões e Áreas metropolitanas

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Territorial and Urban Ecology – M4 Contents:

Módulo 4 – Urban Metabolism Evolution/ Evolução do Metabolismo Urbano • Urban Metabolism Concept • Urban Metabolism Interrelations • Sustainability and closed Metabolism • MEMO Research Project (Lisbon Region) – An exemple of interdisciplinar research – Main Goal and Objectives – Study area definition – Sources and Methodology – Identification of water elements and territorial units under analysis – GIS analysis - Water and Urban Form in Settlements and Royal Farms – The specific case of Lisbon City – Adittional Sources and Methods

M4. Urban Metabolism Evolution

Research Question/Questão de investigação

− How has been the urban metabolism evolution in Lisbon Region? Como evoluiu o metabolismo Urbano na região de Lisboa desde o século XIX?

Methodology/Metodologia

− Comparation of cartography and historical statistic/ Elaboração de uma análise comparativa com base em cartografia e estatística histórica

Results/Resultados

− Scientific articles about Water History and Enviornmental Change and Atlas/ Publicação de artigos e de um Atlas

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Urban Metabolism Concept

FUELS DRINK WATER

ELECTRICITY RESOURCES RAIN WATER ORGANIC M. RENEWABLES WATER GLASS, CERAMICS. FOOD ENERGY

BIOMASS STEEL, CEMENT

LAND MATERIALS

URBAN METABOLISM

WASTE ORG WASTE DEMOLITIONS P, N, K, C REUSING METHAN EMISSIONS EFLUENTS HEAVY METALS COMPOST P, N, K, C

CLIMATE METHAN CHANGE CONTAMINATION RECYCLING

Measuring contamination will allow a better control of the impacts of the social metabolism 5

Urban Metabolism – Water Flow Interrelations

Research questions: Water (H2O) • Which flows to select? Que fluxos selecionar?

• How to inter connect the flows? Nitrogen Como interligar ciclos naturais? (N,P,K)

• Which sources to use? Que fontes consultar? Biomass • Which results to look for? (C) Que resultados procurar?

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Sustainability and closed Metabolism

Research purposes:

• Traditional vs. Industrial resource management models

• Search solutions for ecological sustainability

- Resource security for future generations - Natural capital conservation - Contamination restrictions - Restitution from waste to resources

• Linear metabolism vs. closed metabolism

• Knowing the past to create a better future

MEMO Research Project

1. Framework and Objectives

2. Research Challenges - Study area 3. Sources and Methodology 4. Identification of water and crops elements and territorial units 5. GIS analysis – Water, Agriculture and Urban Form 6. The specific case of Lisbon City

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MEMO Framework

Evolution of the Lisbon Metropolitan Area Metabolism. Lessons towards a Sustainable Urban Future Main goal Evaluate the relationship between urban form and access to water and to food Objectives - To visualize the metabolic behaviour of Lisbon Region, in 1900 - To develop a comparative analysis of the metabolic behaviour of Lisbon - To discuss the role of urban metabolism in urban and land use planning. https://memoproject.wordpress.com/ http://arcst.tagus.ist.utl.pt/umsc/memo/

MEMO Framework

Access to water has always been of strategic importance for urban areas, agricultural purposes and other economic activities.

Rapid population growth and urbanization and the subsequent increase in the demand for water have made access to water an important environmental and social issue.

Currently, water management is dependent on industrial technological models related to energy consumption and competition for management, therefore the analysis of how former water systems were organized is relevant.

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MEMO Framework

Cartographic sources and surveys on water quality and water availability showed:

(1) the complexity of the identified traditional water system in the Lisbon region in 1900

(2) the diversity of the water elements of the identified water system

(3) the relative reliability of such water system

(4) the value of using historical data to enhance our understanding of the connections

between the human and physical world, within specific temporal and spatial settings.

A high number of traditional water elements were identified and geo-referenced, enriching our knowledge of the history of water and allow us to tackle sustainability issues.

MEMO Research Project

1. Framework and Objectives 2. Research Challenges - Study area 3. Sources and Methodology 4. Identification of water and crops elements and territorial units 5. GIS analysis – Water, Agriculture and Urban Form 6. The specific case of Lisbon City

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Study Area

Geographic Units: Natural River Basins

Which is the research scale/unit?

• Region/Muncipality/City • Natural (river basin) unit? • Political-Administrative unit? • Socio-Economic unit?

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The territory under Land Uses Chart AML (2002) – CARTUS AML’90 analysis agrees with present LMA administrative limits, which did not exist yet in 1900. Thus, this project has designated such territory in 1900 as Lisbon Study Area

Lisbon Metropolitan Area in 2010 Source – Atlas AML (2010)

MEMO Research Project

1. Framework and Objectives 2. Research Challenges - Study area 3. Sources and Methodology 4. Identification of water and crops elements and territorial units 5. GIS analysis - Water Agriculture and Urban Form 6. The specific case of Lisbon City

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Sources and Methodology

SOURCES 1. Cartography • Carta dos Arredores de Lisboa(CEM, 1893-1932) Scale 1:20 000. • Carta Militar de Portugal (SGE,1937-1951) Scale 1:25 000. • Casa da Fazenda Real (CFR) (1905) Noticia acerca das aguas que abastecem os almoxarifados das reaes propriedades, quer proprias quer nacionaes no usufructo da coroa: 1904 (Typographia da "A Editora", Lisboa).

2. Water Surveys • 1903 survey on the hygienic conditions of the most important Settlements of Portugal (CMSMOPCI, 1903) • 1935 survey on the water provision of Portugal Municipalities (CEMOPC, 1935-1936)

3. Agriculture Surveys

1893 -1932 1936 -1949 2002 - 2015

1900 1940 Carta dos Arredores de Carta Militar de Portugal Lisboa (CEM,1893-1932) (SGE,1937-1951)

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GIS analysis

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Historical Data Analysis Surveys Agriculture, water and sewers – Examples:

METHODOLOGY 1. Crossing data information Selected data and information for the period under analysis, aimed to identify and characterize water elements, water volumes, population and urban form

2. Defining scales/units for analysis From the analyzed sources and cartography it was possible to identify three territorial scales, according to the availability of data: • Municipality • Settlement • Farm

3. Tools and databases • Geo-referencing a mosaic map in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) • Database of water supply and crops typologies

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MEMO Research Project

1. Framework and Objectives 2. Research Challenges - Study area 3. Used sources and applied methodology 4. Identification of water and crops elements and territorial units 5. GIS analysis – Water, Agriculture and Urban Form 6. The specific case of Lisbon City

Identification of water and crops elements and territorial units under analysis

Water Elements: Aqueducts, Fountains, Springs, Tanks, Tide-mills, Water Mills, Water Mines, Water Reservoirs, Wells Crops: Vineyards, Olive Groves, Ploughed Lands, Pine Woods, Vegetable gardens, Trees, Rice Fields, Salt Basins, Aquariums

Municipalities and Settlements: Alcochete, Almada, Barreiro, Cascais, Lisboa, Loures, Mafra, Moita, Montijo, Oeiras, Palmela, Seixal, Setúbal, Sesimbra, Sintra and Vila Franca de Xira Royals Farms: Ajuda, Alfeite, Belém, Caxias, Mafra, Necessidades, Pena, Queluz, Sintra and Tapada da Ajuda

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Cartography Analysis Water elements:

• Wells (1604)

• Aqueducts (84)

• Underground Aqueducts (70)

• Fountains (428)

• Springs (31)

• Tanks (344)

• Water mines (552)

• Water / Tide mills (154)

Cartography Analysis Water elements:

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Cartography Analysis Agriculture:

• Vineyards • Olive trees • Pine trees • Rice Fields • Ploughed Land • Vegetable Gardens

Identification of water and crops elements and territorial units under analysis

Water Elements: Aqueducts, fountains, springs, tanks, tide-mills, water mills, water mines, water reservoirs, and wells Crops: Vineyards, Olive Groves, Ploughed Lands, Pine Woods, Vegetable gardens, Trees, Rice Fields, Salt Basins, Aquariums

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Identification of territorial units

Municipalities (1900)

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Identification of territorial units

Settlement

Rural Territory Farms Water

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MEMO Research Project

http://arcst.tagus.ist.utl.pt/umsc/memo/

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1893 -1932 1936 -1949

1900 1940 Carta dos Arredores de Carta Militar de Portugal Lisboa (CEM,1893-1932) (SGE,1937-1951)

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In the Lisbon region, in 1900, the water elements were used for different purposes (drinking, irrigation and washing) according to the traditional technological model that prevailed.

In some settlements, a water network that supplied dwellings was emerging

The co-existence of the two identified technological models (traditional and industrial) that served water supply in Lisbon region in 1900 was confirmed.

The geographical location of all water elements obtained from GIS with historical sources allows further research to verify if these identified water elements have persisted over time and what are their current uses.

The results of this study call for the value of Portugal’s rural heritage, to which the study of water history is compulsory - Research provides new knowledge and promote the preservation of traditional water technologies (urban and rural)

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Break!

MEMO Research Project

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The specific case of Lisbon City

– Historical account of specific Lisbon’s statistical and cartographical information,

produced for Lisbon between 1898 and 1911.

– Outlook over the territorial shapes that assured urban agricultural and

water provision at the period of time under analysis.

– Lisbon municipality had urban agriculture in the beginning of twentieth century

but food was also supplied by other territories.

Finding a legend for 1900 charts...

Sources

1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930

Atlas da Carta Topográfica de Lisboa Carta dos Arredores de Lisboa Levantamento da Planta de Lisboa 1856-1858 1893-1932 1904-1911

Filipe Folque Corpo do Estado-Maior Júlio António Vieira da Silva Pinto Alberto Sá Correia

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Análise comparativa de fontes cartográficas

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Aquedutos Fontes Chafarizes

Aqueducts Fountains 2 Fountains 1

Water Aquedutos Subterrâneos Tanques Poços

Elements Underground Aqueducts Tanks Wells Mães de água Nascentes

Water Reservoirs Springs

Olival Árvores Árvores Olive groves Trees Vinhas Crops Terras Lavradas Hortas Vineyards Vegetable Ploughed Lands Gardens

Aquedutos Fontes Chafarizes

Aqueducts Fountains 2 Fountains 1

Water Aquedutos Subterrâneos Tanques Poços

Elements Underground Aqueducts Tanks Wells Mães de água Nascentes

Water Reservoirs Springs

Olival Árvores Olive groves Trees Vinhas Crops Terras Lavradas Hortas Vineyards Terras Lavradas Vegetable Ploughed Lands Gardens

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Aquedutos Fontes Chafarizes

Aqueducts Fountains 2 Fountains 1

Water Aquedutos Subterrâneos Tanques Poços

Elements Underground Aqueducts Tanks Wells Mães de água Nascentes

Water Reservoirs Springs

Olival Árvores Olive groves Trees Vinhas Crops Vinhas Terras Lavradas Hortas Vineyards Vegetable Ploughed Lands Gardens

Aquedutos Fontes Chafarizes

Aqueducts Fountains 2 Fountains 1

Water Aquedutos Subterrâneos Tanques Poços

Elements Underground Aqueducts Tanks Wells Mães de água Nascentes

Water Reservoirs Springs

Olival Árvores Olivais Olive groves Trees Vinhas Crops Terras Lavradas Hortas Vineyards Vegetable Ploughed Lands Gardens

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Aquedutos Fontes Chafarizes

Aqueducts Fountains 2 Fountains 1

Water Aquedutos Subterrâneos Tanques Poços

Elements Underground Aqueducts Tanks Wells Mães de água Nascentes

Water Reservoirs Springs

Olival Árvores Olive groves Trees Vinhas Crops Terras Lavradas Hortas Vineyards Hortas Vegetable Ploughed Lands Gardens

1 Árvores

2 Terras Lavradas

3 Olivais

4 Vinhas

5 Hortas

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• In Lisbon city, in 1900 water elements and land uses were detaily represented by Silva Pinto, offering an importat source of knowledge • However, the water network that supplied dwellings which was emerging is not represented in none of these charts • The geographical location of all water elements obtained from GIS with historical sources allows further research to compare cartographic sourcesCo-existence of the two identified technological models (traditional and industrial) of water supply is not possible to confirm only through charts • Research provides new knowledge and promotes the understanding of traditional water technologies

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Muito Obrigada

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