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Geologic Appraisal of Dimension-Stone Deposits

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Geologic Appraisal of Dimension-Stone Deposits Geologic Appraisal of Dimension-Stone Deposits GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 10 9 CO 2 Ha I I * Geologic Appraisal of Dimension-Stone Deposits By L. W. CURRIER GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 1109 A background and field guide for the geologic study of commercial stones UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : I960 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FRED A. SEATON, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Thomas B. Nolan, Director The U.S. Geological Survey Library has cataloged this publication as follows: Currier, Louis Wade, 1890- Geologic appraisal of dimension-stone deposits. Wash­ ington, U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1960. iv, 78 p. illus., diagrs., tables. 24 cm. (U.S. Geological Survey. Bulletin 1109) A background and field guide for the geologic study of commercial stones. "Selected references": p. 75-76. 1. Stone. 2. Petrology. 3. Geology Fieldwork. I. Title. (Series) For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington 25, D.G. CONTENTS Page Abstract-_._____________________--.-_-___...--._...___.__________ i Introduction ___.__..____-.___.___---_------__-_-.----_____-_____.. 1 Purpose and scope.___._-_____-_-_-_-_____..._-_._____-_-._._.. 1 Acknowledgments. _________---_-_--_----___-__________-_______ 4- The stone industry.._____._..________________________..._.___..___ 4 Crushed and broken stone.____-____---_------_----________-____ 5 Dimension stone_____._______--____-__._---_-....-______.__._ 6 Commercial lithologio classification___.________.._.__..___._. 7 Classification by uses-______-_-----___-__--_-_._____.._____ 7 Building stone._.--._-----_---------------.....___.___ 8 Monumental stone____--__--..--..--_--_.__.-...___._ 10 Ornamental stone__--------_----------_--______-_-___ 11 Curbing.__._____._-_----_-------------___--__-.___-_. 11 Flagging (except slate)--__-__--___-_------__-_.-...._._ 12 Paving blocks._______-__--_--_------------___--__--_-- 13 Roofing slate_______----_------__--_-----_-_____._-__ 13 Mill-stock slate.____-_-_-_------__-_-_-__-__._-_---__ 14 Flagging slate_-__----_----_------------------_--_-_-_. 14 Economic aspects of the dimension-stone industry.________________ 14 Dimension stone (except slate)______________________________ 14 Dimension slate--______-_-------------------__-__-_---_--_ 18 Geographic distribution of dimension-stone deposits__-.-_____.___ 20 Industrial factors in evaluation of deposits..__----_-_-_-___.__.___ 25 Chemical properties.____-_-.___--__-----------_._._____-__ 26 Physical properties._____--_---___-------_-_--__-__________ 27 Crushing strength.___-------_-----------__--_____-___- 27 Transverse strength_____-_-___--_--..__-__..___-_____ 29 Hardness and related properties._-_---_-_-__-_______-_-- 29 Porosity and absorption.___-_--_--__._---_...__.-.____. 31 Color.._________._-.-. _.--_.-.__.....____ 33 Durability.............. .. ........... 36 Prospecting._..__-_____-_-----._----_-------__-_-________. 39 Examination of deposits...----.-----------..--..-----------------.. 41 Schedule for examination of deposits and quarries---____-.________ 43 Location of deposit or quarry.. __-___.._-___-_____--__-_- 43 Size of quarry______._____-_-_-----------------_----------. 44 Formation names...._____---_---_-_-----__-_----___--.__-_ 44 History of operations._-_---____-_-_------------_---.-___-_ 45 Geologic features.______._---_--_--_-------_------___--____ 45 Distribution of formation..-----___-----__--____________ 45 Stratigraphic position.____._________-____-__.__-__.__.. 45 Thickness of workable part of formation________________ 45 Lithologic classification and description._.______-___-__. 46 Petrographic classification and description--___--_---____- 46 Mode of origin and occurrence; form________-__-._______. 46 Major structural elements._____-____-_----_________-___ 46 Contact relations..--------------.--------------------- 47 Texture and fabric... _------------------_---._--___-.-_ 47 Fractures and fracture systems_-___._-___.__-_.._......_ 49 Rock cleavage_________----___--_---._-_. _. ... 51 nx IV CONTENTS Examination of deposits Continued Page Schedule for examinations of deposits and quarries Continued Geologic features Continued Veins and dikes_.________________.____________________ 54 Inclusions and segregations._______---------___----_-___ 55 Overburden_ ________________________________________ 58 Weathering. ______________________________________ 59 Physical weathering.....________________________________ 60 Chemical weathering_________-_______._________________ 61 Industrial features.._______________________________________ 66 Classification_________-______________---____-_-___-- 66 Use of the stone_______.._-_-___-_----_._-___-----__ 66 Topography. ____________________-______-____-___-_-.- 66 Accessibility-_________________________________________ 67 Operating facility_________________________________.'_- 67 Workability of the stone_____________________________ 67 Color. ______________________________________ 68 Reserves.________-_____-_-__-----_-_-_-_--____-_--___ 69 Standard definitions of terms relating to natural building stones.________ 70 List of standard methods of test and specification____________________ 74 Selected references_____ _________________ ___.__.___--------_ 75 Index.___________________--_--_--__-------____--_-_--. 77 ILLUSTRATIONS PLATE 1. Lithologic provinces of the United States as related to occur­ rences and production of principal types of dimension stones-__________________-_______--_---_--_--_____ In pocket Paw 2. Granite quarry showing "headers," dike, and sheeting. Facing 52 3. A, Granite quarry showing horizontal sheets and increase in thickness with depth; B, Granite quarry showing relation of thin sheeting to topographic surface________ Following 52 4. Pit quarry in granite showing development of lenticular sheets--____________________-____-__-_______ Following 52 5. Face in slate quarry developed along bedding._______ Facing 53 6. Zone of quartz veinlets crossing cleavage of slate.-___ Facing 56 7. A, Pit quarry in horizontally bedded sandstone; B, Pit quarry in horizontally bedded limestone _______________ Facing 57 FIGURE 1. Production of dimension stone, except slate, 1910-56_______ 15 2. Production of dimension slate, 1910-56_____-__---_-_--__-_- 19 TABLES Pagre TABLE 1. Construction stone sold or used by producers in the United States, 1956________-______-------_--_-----_----_-_-_- 5 2. Dimension stone sold or used by producers in the United States, 1956__-__________________________ 16 3. Production of dimension slate sold by producers in the United States, 1956___--_ -------------------------------_ 18 4. Percentage increases in production of dimension stone in the - United States, 1919-29 and 1944-55.____________.._.__ 20 GEOLOGIC APPRAISAL OF DIMENSION-STONE DEPOSITS By L. W. CURRIER ABSTRACT The construction stone industry comprises two major branches dimension stone and crushed and broken stone. For purposes of geologic appraisal, deposits of these two categories should be treated separately, because they differ widely in use, mode of development, and exploitation. Deposits of dimension stones are subjected to much greater selectivity with respect to physical properties, uniformity, and modes of occurrence; these demand a much more critical and detailed study of geologic and mineralogic features. Dimension stones are classified commercially in seven principal varieties granite, limestone, marble, sandstone, slate, greenstone, and basalt; commercial definitions of these are much broader and more inclusive than are the petro- graphic definitions. Each type presents certain distinctive aspects of occurrence and properties as related to geologic features. Dimension stones except slate are classified further, for statistical purposes, according to use as building, monumental, paving blocks, curbing, and flagging. Building stone constitutes about 80 percent (quantity) of dimension stone produced, and monumental stone about 10 percent. The general level of production since World War II is about half that of recorded earlier peak productions, a decline that reflects, in part, changes in construction practice for large buildings and, in part, substitution of manufactured materials. The appraisal of deposits of dimension stones involves factors that are, In part, peculiar to the economy of the industry, but in large part are of a geologic and mineralogic nature. The suitability of a deposit for development is dependent in large measure upon major geologic structural features; the durability of the quarry product is determined by physical and chemical properties which, in turn, are functions of mineralogic composition, and textural and certain minor struc­ tural features. The acquiring and interpretation of pertinent geologic and mineralogic data fall within the appropriate functions of the field geologist. This paper outlines and discusses the relevancy of such data to geologic appraisal. INTRODUCTION PURPOSE AND SCOPE Stone has been used throughout historic time as a major construc­ tion material because it affords strength, durability, architectural adaptability, and aesthetic satisfaction. No other type of material combines all these qualities. Eesources are boundless, and workable deposits of one type or another may be found almost everywhere that needs are felt. Quarrying of stone must have been practiced 1 2 GEOLOGIC APPRAISAL OF DIMENSION-STONE DEPOSITS as soon as man was able to devise adequate tools for breaking and shaping blocks, but even before that time loose slabs and boulders
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