UCW ANINGO LOKUQHATHANISA AMANOVELI OMLANDO KA RRR DHLOMO KANYE NEZIBONGO ZAMAKHOSI AKW AZULU EZAQOQW A UNYEMBEZI (1958).

NGU

GUGULETHU BRIGHTNESS MAZIBUKO

UMSEBENZI OWETHUL W A UKUGCW ALISA ISIDTNGO SEQHUZU LOBUDOKOTELA ESIKOLENI SEZIFUNDO ZESIZULU, EYUNIVESITHI YAKWAZULU-NATAL, ETHEKWINI

ABELULEKI: DOKOTELA N.P. HLONGW A SOLWAZIT.H. NGWENYA

USUKU: JANUARY 2008 AMAZWI OKUBONGA

Ngifisa ukudlulisa okllkhulu lIkllbonga kllbo bonke ababambe iqhaza ekwenzeni 10 msebenzi wami ukuba lIbe yimpumelelo, ikakhulukazi:

Ngibonga lIMdali ngokungipha amandla nolwazi lokwenza 10 msebenzi.

Kumeluleki wami lIDokotela Nobuhle Hlongwa, ngokungihola, angeluleke lapho kudingeka khona. Ungivule namehlo ngabona futhi ngafunda okuningi ngokungihola kwakhe. Ngithi unwele olude Gcwensa, Gabhisa. Ngibonge kakhulu noSolwazi Thengamehlo Ngwenya ngoxhaso IwakwaNRF nokungeluleka ngalesi sihloko.

Ngifisa ukubonga kakhulu uSolwazi D.B.Z. Ntuli ngolwazi oluningi angikhanyisele ngalo, ikakhulukazi emlandweni wababhali abebeqhathaniswa kulolu cwaningo. Ngithi makwande Bhele. Ngibonge kakhulu nomfowethu uDokotela uNakanjani Sibiya ngokungicushisa kokuningi ngesikhathi ngenza lolu cwaningo. Ngithi unwele olude Sotobe.

Ngibonge kakhulu abasebenzi basehhovisi leSilo, KwaNongoma ikakhulukazi ubaba uBuzetsheni Mdletshe ngolwazi oluphusile anginikeza lona. Ngibonge uMntwana waKwaMandlakazi uZebuloni esaxoxisana naye. Ngingemlibale uDokotela Reggie Khumalo ngolwazi engaluthola kuye.

Ngibonge kubo bonke engifundisa nabo eSikoleni Sezifundo ZesiZulu ngakho konke abangisize ngakho. "Nibahle nonke".

Ngibonge uNkosikazi Fisani Mthembu noMnumzane Nkosinathi Nkosi ngokungenzela 10 msebenzi emshinini.

Ngibonga uNkosikazi Thokozani Shabalala noMnumzane Mboyi Gwacela ngokungihumushela izithasiselo babuye bangifundele umsebenzi wami.

II Ngibonge uNkk. Sindi Ndaba noNkk. Ursula Abrahams ngo kun gilungise la umsebenzi kwikhompyutha.

Ngibonge kakhulu umndeni wami, umyeni wami uSibonangaye, abantwana bami oSane, Ntando kan ye noMbaliza ngokun gibekezelela nokungilekelela kukho konke ngesikhathi ngenza lolu cwaningo. Ngibonga kakhulu izih lobo nabanga ni ngokun gigqugquzela. Nime njalo.

III IQOQA

Lolu cwaningo luhlose ukuqhathanisa ukuvezwa komlando wamakhosi okuyilawa; iNkosi uShaka, iNkosi uDingane, iNkosi uMpande kanye neNkosi uCetshwayo. Kuqhathaniswa ukuvezwa kwalo mlando njengoba uvezwa uDhlomo emanovelini akhe omlando ngala makhosi kanye no yembezi eqoqweni lezibongo zamakhosi. Lolu cwal1lngo Iwenziwe Iwaba ngaphakathi kwepharadaymu eqondayo ngoba igcizelela ukufunda okunzulu noma ukuhlola indikimba yokukhulunywayo. Yingakho kube sekusetshenziswa uhlobo oluyikhwalithethivu okuyilona oluvumele umcwaningi ukuba asebenzise indlela yohlaziyo lokuqukethwe kanye nendlela yokuxoxisana nomphakathi.

Ekusebenziseni indlela yohlaziyo lokuqukethwe umcwaningi waqale wacubungula yomibili Ie mibhalo eqhathaniswayo kulolu cwaningo okungamanoveli om lando kanye nezibongo zamakhosi. Ekuqhathaniseni wabe esethola ukuthi kukhona okufanayo nokungefani ezibongweni kanye nasemanovelini om lando. Wabe esecubungula neminye imibhalo ebhalwe abanye ababhali ngawo la makhosi akhethiwe kulolu cwaningo. Wabe esethola nobuqiniso obuqukethwe yizibongo zamakhosi kanye namanoveli omlando sekubukwa ngeso leminye imibhalo yomlando. Kwahlelwa izingxoxo ezisakuhleleka nokwaxoxiswana nabo okwatholakala ukuthi kubantu abaningi umlando wamakhosi amadala; iNkosi uShaka, iNkosi uDingane kanye neNkosi uMpande usuthanda ukufiphala. Kwatholakala okuningi ngeNkosi uCetshwayo. Lokhu kwaveza nokuthi umlando omningi wamakhosi akwaZulu uhlanekezelwe.

Injulalulwazi ye-Post-Colonialism kanye neye-Orality Ylzona ezasetshenziswa kulolu cwaningo. Injulalulwazi ye-Post-Colonialisl11 yayilungile ngoba Ie mibhalo yayibhalwe emva kokulunjwa kwamaZulu. Njengoba izibongo zamakhosi ziwubuciko bomlomo yayingeke isale injulalulwazi ye-Oralily egcizelela ukunotha kobuciko bomlomo. lmiphumela yalolu cwaningo iyakuveza ukuthi kuningi ukuhlanekezelwa komlando wobukhosi bakwaZulu okwakwenziwa ngamabomu. Lokhu kuhlanekezelwa akugcini kuphela kwenziwa ngabamhlophe kepha bakhona nabamnyama abasaqhubeka nokuhlanekezela umlando wamakhosi . Kuyanconywa ukuba kube nokubambisana

IV ekubhalweni kabusha komlando wamakhosi akwaZulu kuhlanganiswa lokho osekwabhalwa kanye nokuxoxisana nabantu abawaziyo umlando. Luningi ulwazi olukhona kulolu cwaningo olutholakele olungaba wusizo kuwo wonke umuntu onothando 10m lando kanye nemibhalo.

v ABSTRACT

This study aims to do a comparative analysis of the historical depiction of the Zulu kings namely: King Shaka, King Oingane, King Mpande and King Cetshwayo. In this study comparison is drawn between Ohlomo's historical novels and Nyembezi 's anthology of praise poetry. This research is based on Interpretive paradigm because it emphasizes a need for in-depth reading and analysis of the oral presentation. That is why qualitative research methodology has been employed because it has allowed the researcher to analytical skills on the content and interviews with community members.

In the analysis of these books; the researcher read ; interpreted, compared and contrasted the contents thereof. In the researchers comparative study; the researcher discovered that there are some similarities and differences of content in the historical novels and praise poetry writings. This research examined the publication (relevant to this study) written by other authors about Zulu kings (these as deemed relevant for this research).

The study went on to verify authenticity around the contents of praise poetry regarding these kings. Structured interviews were arran ged and conducted; wherein it emerged that most of king Shaka's, king Oingane's and king Mpande's history has somewhat faded from the interviewee's memories. A lot of information was gathered around king Cetshwayo. This study also revealed that most of Zulu king's history is somehow distorted.

Theories of Post-Colonialism and Orality were greatly employed during this research. Post-Colonialism theory was deemed relevant because most of these writings were done after the Zulus had been robbed of their land . Since praise poetry is oral art; an oral historian had to be consulted to emphasize the rich heritage contained in orality or oral art. It clearly emerged from this research that there is a lot of deliberate distortions of Zulu kings' history. This distortion is not only by Whites but also some Black African writers who still continue distorting the kings ' history.

VI It is suggested that there be a revisitation and rewriting of the Zulu kings' history and this be done taking into consideration past writings and interviews with knowledgeable historians. A lot of knowledge is contained in this thesis that can be helpful to all and sundry interested in historical writings and other literary genres.

VII UHLOBO LOKUBHALA OLUSETSHENZISIWE

Kulo mqingo kusetshenziswe ubhalo i-American Psychological Association (A PA) jlh Style, engenye yezinhlobo zokubhala ezisetshenziswa emhlabeni wonke jikelele.

Izibonelo ngaphakathi komqingo: Umbhali, unyaka, ikhasi/amakhasi okucashunwe kuwo (Iapho kufanelekile)

UMsimang, (2005) (UMsimang, 2005:78) (UMsimang, 2005: 30-48) UMsimang (2005) uthi ... UHlela benoNkosi (2000) baphawula ngokuthil bathi ...

Izibonelo kuhlu Iwemithombo yolwazi esetshenzisiwe: lncwadi (book) Umbhali, (unyaka), Isihloko. Indawo: Abashicileli

Isibonelo: Khumalo, R.S. (1995). Uphoko. Pietermaritzburg. ShuteI' & Shooter

Ijenali (journal) Umbhali. (unyaka). Isihloko sombhalo. [gama lejenali. i- Volume(inombolo yejenali), Amakhasi lsibonelo: Lestrade, G.P. (1935): Bantu Praise Poems, The Critic Vol. 4, pl-10

Ithesisi ibhalwe kusetshenziswa uhlobo lokubhala okuthiwa yi-Times New Foman.

1fonti kube eyi-12

Ukwehlukana kwemigqa kube okukodwa nohhafu.

VIII UHLU L WEZINCAZELO ZAMAGAMA

Indlela yocwaningo. Research method Injulalulwazi. Theory Ingxoxo. Interview Ipharadaymu. Paradi gm Ukubuyekezwa kwemibhalo. Literature review Ipharadaymu eqondayo. Interpreti ve paradigm. Ipharadaymu ebikezelayo. Positi vist paradigm Ipharadaymu ekhululayo. Emancipate paradigm Ipharadaymu ehlukanisayo. Post-structural paradigm Uhlaziyo lokuqukethwe. Content analysis Inkambiso elungileyo yocwaningo. Research eth ics I ngcindezelo. Oppression Izindlela zokuqoqa ulwazi. Data co ll ection methods Vcwaningo ngendlela yekhwalithethivu. Qualitative method

IX OKUQUKETHWE

Ukufunga I. Arnazwi okubonga II. lqoqa IV Uhlobo lokubhala olusetshenzisiwe VIII. Uhlu Iwezincazelo zarnagarna IX.

ISAHLUKO SOKUQALA

UKWETHUL W A KOCW ANIGO

1.1 [singeniso

1.2 [zinhloso zocwaningo 3

1.3 [sidingo sokwenza [o[u cwaningo 4

1.4 [nkuthazo yokwenza ucwaningo 5

1.5 Urnk[arno wocwaningo 5

1.6 [rnibuzo ezophendulwa 6

1.7 Arnagarna adinga ukuchazwa 6

1.8 Urn lando wobukhosi bakwaZulu 10

1.8.1 U[ibo [oku[ande[ana kwarnakhosi akwaZu[u 14

[.9 Urn[ando kaDhlorno [5

1.10 Urn[ando kaNyernbezi 22

I. [ I [zinkinga ezibe khona rnayelana nocwaningo

Iwalo[u hlobo 26

1.12 Ukuhlelwa kwezahluko zalolu cwaningo 27

1.13 [siphetho 28

X ISAHLUKO SESIBILI

UKUBUYEKEZW A KWEMIBHALO

2.1 Isingeniso 30

2.2 Osekubhaliwe ngezibongo 30

2.2.1 Izibongo 34

2.2.2 Imbongi 34

2.2.3 Ubuciko bokubongela 36

2.2.4 Umsebenzi wezibongo 37

2.2.5 Abalalelayo 39

2.2.6 Inkathi 40

2.2.7 [zithombemagama 40

2.2.8 [sifaniso 41

2.2.9 [singathekiso 41

2.2.10 Ukwenzasamuntu 42

2.2.11 Ukwenzasasilwane 42

2.2.12 Uphawu 43

2.2.13 Izifenqo 43

2.2.13.1 Ihaba 43

2.2.13.2 Isihlonipho 44

2.2.13.3 Isiqhathaniso 44

2.2.14 Isakhiwo sangaphandle sezibon go 45

2.2.14.1 Imvumelwano 46

XI 2.2.14.2 Ukuxhumana 46

2.2.14.3 Impindwa 47

2.2.14.4 Ifanamsindo 47

2.3 Osekubhaliwe ngamanoveli om lando 48

2.3.1 Inoveli yomlando 51

2.3.2 Ukubaluleka kwenoveli yomlando 52

2.3.3 Ibhalwa kanjani inoveli yom lando? 52

2.3.4 Okuqukethwe yinoveli yom lando 53

2.3.4.1 Isakhiwo 55

2.3.4.2 Isizinda 55

2.3.4.3 Abalingiswa 56

2.3.4.4 Udweshu 57

2.3.4.5 Indikimba 57

2.3.4.6 Isifundo/Umyalezo 57

2.4 Osekubhaliwe ngeNkosi uShaka 57

2.5 Osekubhaliwe ngeNkosi uDingane 61

2.6 Osekubhaliwe ngeNkosi uMpande 65

2.7 Osekubhaliwe ngeNkosi uCetshwayo 66

2.8 Osekubhaliwe ngezinjululwazi 70

2.9 Osekubhaliwe ngezindlela zokuqhuba ucwaningo 71

2.10 Isiphetho 71

XII ISAHLUKO SESITHATHU

AMAPHARADAYMU, IZINDLELA ZOCW ANINGO KANYE NEZINJULAL W AZI

3.1 Isingeniso 73

3.2 Amapharadaymu 73

3.2.1 Ipharadaymu ebikezelayo ( Positivist) 74

3.2.2 lpharadaymu eqondayo (Interpretive/Hermeneutics) 75

3.2.3 Ipharadaymu ekhululayo (Emancipate/Critical) 76

3.2.4 Ipharadaymu ehlukanisayo (Post-structural/ Post-colonial) 76 3.2.5 lpharadaymu esetshenzisiwe kulolu cwaningo. 76

3.3 Izindlela ezisetshenzisiwe ekuqoqeni ulwazi oluqondene nalolu cwaningo. 77

3.3.1 Ucwaningo ngendlela yekhwalithethivu 77

3.3 .2 Izingxoxo 78

3.3.3 Ukuqhutshwa kwezingxoxo ngokwalolu cwaningo 82

3.3.3.1 Ingxoxo noDokotela uReggie Khumalo 82

3.3.3.2 Ingxoxo noMntwana uZebuloni Zulu 83

3.3.3.3 Ingxoxo nobaba uBuzetsheni Mdletshe 83

3.4 Uhlaziyo lokuqukethwe 83

3.5 Inkambiso elungileyo yocwaningo 84

3.6 Isiko lokuhlonipha nocwaningo 85

3.7 Izinjulalulwazi ezisetshenzisiwe 86

3.7.1 lnjulalulwazi ye-Post-Colonialism 86

XIII 3. 7. 2 Injulalulwazi ye-Orality 91

3.8 lsiphetho 93

XIV ISAHLUKO SESINE

UKUQHATHANISW A KW AMANOVELI ABHAL WE NGENKOSI USHAKA, UDINGANE, UMPANDE KANYE NOCETSHW A YO KANYE NEZIBONGO ZAWO.

4.1 lsingeniso 95

4.2 Umlando weN kosi uShaka 95

4.2.1 Ukuzalwa koMntwana uShaka 95

4.2.2 Ukukhula koMntwana uShaka 96

4.2.3 Inkosi uShaka ithatha ubukhosi bakwaZulu 102

4.2.4 Okwakushiwo ngabasendlunkulu ngeSilo uShaka 109

4.2.5 Uzungu lokublliaia iSilo uShaka III

4.2.6 Ukukhothama kwesilo uShaka 113

4.3 Ukuqhathanisa izibongo zeNkosi uShaka nenoveli ethi "UShaka". 116

4.3.1 Okufanayo ezibongweni kanye nasenovelini 116

4.3.2 Okutholakala enovelini kuphela 121

4.3.3 Okutholakala ezibongweni kuphela 124

4.4 INkosi uDingane 126

4.4.1 Umlando weNkosi uDingane 126

4.4.1.1 Uzungu lokllbulala amaBhunu 128

4.4.2 Iqhaza likaJiyane ekulondolozeni umlando weNkosi uDingane 131

4.4.3 Ukuqhathanisa izibongo zeNkosi uDingane kanye nenoveli ethi "UDingane" 135

4.4.3.1 Okufanayo ezibongweni kanye nasenovelini 136

xv 4.4.3.2 Okutholakala enovelini kuphela 138

4.4.3.3 Okutholakala ezibongweni kuphela 140

4.5 INkosi uMpande 143

4.5.1 Umlando weNkosi uMpande 143

4.5.1.1 rNkosi uMpande ibekwa ngamaBhunu 144

4.5.2 Okufanayo ezibongweni kanye nasenovelini 147

4.5.3 Okutholakala enovelini kuphela 150

4.5.4 Okutholakala ezibongweni kuphe la 154

4.6 INkosi uCetshwayo 159

4.6.1 Umlando weN kosi uCetshwayo 160

4.6.1.1 Ukukhula kweNkosi uCetshwayo 160

4.6.1.2 Umbango wobukhosi 160

4.6.1 .3 Umbuso weNkosi uCetshwayo 162

4.6.1.4 Ukungahloniphi kwebutho leN gcugce 162

4.6.1 .5 [mpi yaseSandlwana 164

4.6.1.6 lmpi yaseRorke's Drift nemiphumela yakhona 165

4.6.1.7 Ukuqedwa koLundi 165

4.6.1.8 Ukuboshwa kweNkosi uCetshwayo 165

4.6. 1.9 [nkosi ihlangana neNdlovukazi yamaNgisi 166

4.6.1 .10 Ukubuya kweNkosi kwaZulu 167

4.6.1 . 11 Ukukhothama kweNkosi uCetshwayo 167

4.6.2 Okufanayo ezibongweni kanye nasenovelini 168

4.6 .3 Okutholakala enovelini kuphela 172

XV I 4.6.4 Okutholakala ezibongweni kuphela 176

4.7 Isiphetho 178

XV II ISAHLUKO SESIHLANU

UKUHLAZIYW A KOL W AZI OLUTHOLAKELE

5.1 Isingeniso 179

5.2 Okutholakele ngesikhathi kuqhathani swa inoveli ethi "UShaka" kanye nezibongo zeN kosi uShaka 179

5.3 Ubuqiniso bokuqukethwe yinoveli ethi "U Shaka" nezibongo zeNkosi uShaka bllqhathaniswa nezincwadi ezibhaliwe ngomlando wamakhosi. 180

5.4 Okutholakele ngesikhathi kllqhathaniswa inoveli ethi "UDingane" kanye nezibongo zeNkosi lIDingane 183

5.5 Ubuqiniso bokuqukethwe yinoveli ethi "U Dinga ne" nezibongo zeNkosi uDingane buqhathaniswa nezincwadi ezibhalwe ngomlando wamakhosi. 184

5.6 Okutholakele ngesikhathi kllqhathaniswa inoveli ethi "U Mpande" kanye nezibongo zeNkosi lIMpande. 187

5.7 Ubuqiniso bokuqukethwe yinoveli eth i "U Mpande" nezibongo zeNkosi uMpande bllqhathaniswa nezincwadi ezibhalwe ngomlando wamakhosi. 188

5.8 Okutholakele ngesikhathi kuqhathaniswa inoveli ethi "UCetshwayo nezibongo zeN kosi uCetshwayo 188

5.9 Ubllqiniso bokllqukethwe yinoveli ethi "UCetshwayo" nezibongo zeN kosi lICetshwayo buqhathaniswa nezincwadi ezibhalwe ngomlando wamakhosi. 190

5.10 Umthelela wesakhiwo semibhalo yomibili ekwethulweni kokllqllkethwe. 194

5.11 Umthelela wesiko lasentshonalanga kllDhlomo 197

5.12 Abalingiswa abasemqoka emanovelini kaDhlomo 198

5.12.1 Inoveli ethi "UShaka" 198

5.12.2 Inoveli ethi "UDingane" 199

XV III 5.12.3 Inoveli ethi "UMpande" 200

5.12.4 Inoveli ethi "UCetshwayo" 200

5.13 Isiphetho 201

XIX ISAHLUKO SESITHUPHA

ISIPHETHO SOCW ANINGO

6.1 Isingeniso 202

6.2 Ukubuyekezwa kwezahluko zalolu cwaningo 202

6.3 Ukliphendlilwa kwemibuzo nezinhloso zocwaningo 204

6.3.1 Yikuphi okwethula umlando ogcwele phakathi kwamanoveli omlando kanye nezibongo zamakhosi? 204

6.3.2 Ngabe kukhona yini lIkuhlanekezelwa komlando wobukhosi bakwaZulu? 206

6.4 Iqhaza elizobanjwa yilolu cwaningo 207

6.S Izincomo 208

6.6 Isiphetho 209

Imithombo yolwazi 211

Izithasiselo 226

A. Izibongo Zamakhosi

(i) Izibongo zeN kosi uShaka (ii) Izibongo zeNkosi uDin gane (iii) Izibongo zeNkosi lIMpande (iv) Izibongo zeNkosi uCetshwayo

B. Incwadi yokucela ukuqhuba ucwaningo

C. Isifungo

D. Imibuzo esakuhleleka eyayibuzwa okwakuxoxiswana nabo

xx ISAHLUKO SOKUQALA

UKWETHULWA KOCWANINGO

1.1 ISINGENISO

Eminyakeni eminingi eyedlule zimbalwa izincwadi zomlando ezibhaliwe ngamakhosi akwaZulu ikakhulukazi zibhalwa ngabantu aban gamaZulu. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi umlando wamakhosi akwaZulu ulondolozwe ezibongweni zamakhosi ezazihaywa izimbongi. Lezi zibongo zamakhosi zabe seziqoqelwa ndawonye sezibhalwa phansi ababhali abehlukene abangamaZulu njengoNyembezi ngonyaka we-1958 ebhala " Izibongo Zamakhosi" . lzibongo zamakhosi yizona ezethula inkosi leyo kubantu . Ziningi izindlela ezisetshenziswayo ukwethula inkosi. Kungaziswa abantu ngozalo Iwenkosi leyo nom lando wayo. Bakhona nababhali abanjengoDhlomo ababhale amanoveli om lando. Lolu cwaningo lumayelana nokuqhathanisa amanoveli omlando abhalwe nguDhlomo ngamakhosi akwaZulu kanye neZibongo Zamakhosi aKwaZulu njengoba zibhalwe uNyembezi (1958) Lokhu kwenziwa kubukwa nezinye izincwadi ezinomlando wamakhosi aKwaZulu.

Ukuze ucwaningo lulandeleke kahle, kuzohlaziywa amagama aqukethwe yisihloko. Amagama azochazwa yilawa alandelayo: Ucwaningo, ukuqhathanisa, inoveli, urn lando, izibongo, ubukhosi kanye namaZulu.

UNyembezi (1992:68) uthi ukucwaninga kusho ukuhlola ngokucophelela, ukuhlaziya, ukucubungula noma ukllphenya. Lo umseben zi owenziwe noma ohlazi ywe ngokucophelela ngllmcwaningi.

Igama elisho ukuqhathanisa uNyembezi (1992:434) uthi lisho ukuhlola ukufana kwezinto, ukufanekisa noma lIkulinganisa. Kulolu cwaningo kuqhathaniswa amanoveli omlando wamakhosi lawo abhalwe uDhlomo eqhathaniswa nezibongo zamakhosi eziyincwadi ebhalwe uNyembezi (1958).

- I - UZulu nabanye (1992:340) bathi inoveli indaba en de exoxwa ngendlela yephrozi. Ngokujwaye\ekile kuba yindaba esuka ekhanda lombhali okusho ukuthi lokho okwenzekayo noma okufundwayo kusuke kungazan ge kwenzeke. Okubalulekile ngombhalo oyinoveli ukuthi kumele ukholeke uzwakale njengendaba eyenzeka ngempela. Kulolu cwaningo kukhulunywa ngamanoveli om lando. NgokukaZulu nabanye (1992:341) inoveli yomlando igxile kakhulu ezehlakalweni ezake zenzeka . Kule noveli kutholakala abalingiswa abangasuselwa ekhanda nje, kodwa abake baphila. Izehlakalo ezichazwayo zibonakala zenzeka endaweni eyaziwayo enokukhonjwa. Uma zonke izinto encwadini ziyiqiniso incwadi leyo izoba eyomlando. Okuyenza ibe yinoveli yilezo zinto umbhali azisusela ekhanda. Ezinye izehlakalo kun genzeka zingasekwa wubufakazi bomlando. Abalingiswa abathile kun gaba abasuselwa ekhanda abangazange baphile. Umbhali uyazisungulela ezinye izinto ukuze indaba yakhe iphelele. Okubalulekile wukuthi lokho umbhali akususela ekhanda kufanele kuvumelane namaqiniso om lando, okuyizehlakalo ezigqamile nabalingiswa

abagqamile.

UNyembezi (1992:269) uthi umlando yizindaba zakudala noma izigigaba zesikhathi esesadlula. Kulolu cwaningo kukhulunywa ngom lando wobukhosi bakwaZulu.

UKhumalo (1993:73) uthi izibongo ziwumkhakha wokuhaya ondlaleke kabanzi. Ukuhaya lokhu okwakusemizweni nasesihlokweni so limi 10mZulu noma 10Mdabu ngalokho osekumthathile. Kuthi ukuchukuluza imizwa yakhe qede bese kusuka usinga nosikisiki Iwamadlingozi nombhejazana wokuqhakambisa lokho okuhle nokutusekayo osekuwele esweni, enhliziyweni nasengqondweni. Uyomethuka esedazuluka eq huma phezulu ngengila esephotha eluka ngobugagu nesinwe 10 mlingo wakhe osigqi siq ubula ubuzwe nobuntu bengabadi nendabuko, kwalani khona uku suka amagqoza usuhlaba usentu, kushunqe uthuli, usudlala udlalise la ngobunyandlanyandla benkomo yakwenu. Kulolu cwanll1go kukhulunywa ngezibongo njengoba ziqukethe umlando wesizwe samaZu lu.

Uma kukhulunywa ngobukhosi, uN yembezi (1992:240) uthi kushiwo impilo yokunethezeka, umbuso noma isikhathi sokubusa kwenkosi. Umcwaningi kulolu cwaningo uzobheka noma agxile ebukhosini bakwaZulu.

- 2 - Uma kukhulunywa ngamaZulu, kukhulunywa ngabantu iningi labo elakhile esifundazweni sakwaZulu-Natali. Laba bantu bakhuluma ulimi IwesiZulu. Bangabantu abangaphansi kwenkosi yamaZulu ebusayo. Echaza ngamaZulu uSelby (197 t :6) uthi igama elithi amaZulu phesheya kwezilwandle lizwakala sengathi lisho wonke umuntu oseNingizimu Afrika. Lokhu kwenziwa ukuthi ubukhosi baKwaZulu yibona obudumile ngenxa yombumbi walesi sizwe owayedumile, iNkosi uShaka.

Asechaziwe amagama abumbe isihloko, sekuzobhekwa izinhloso zocwaningo.

1.2 IZINHLOSO ZOCW ANINGO

Okuyiyona nhloso ngqangi yalolu cwanll1go ukuqhathanisa izindlela umlando wobukhosi baKwaZulu ovezwe ngayo ezincwadini ezingamanoveli abhalwe uDhlomo athi " UShaka",

" UDingane", UMpande" kanye " noCetshwayo". La manoveli aqhathaniswa nezibongo zamakhosi njengoba ziveziwe encwadini kaN yembezi ethi " Izibongo Zamakhosi" . Nakuba Ie mibhalo yomibili ezoqhathaniswa ihlukile kodwa kukhona okubonakala kunokufana okuyikona okwenza ukuthi kube nesidingo sokuthi kucwaningwe.

Enye yezinhloso ukuqhakambisa ubumqoka kobukhosi kanye namakhosi akwaZlIlu ngokubuka izibongo zamakhosi akwaZulu kanye namanoveli omlando wamakhosi akwaZulu njengoba ebhalwe nguDhlomo. Kulolu cwaningo kuhloswe ukuba kekllcutshungulwe imibono eshayisanayo mayelana nokuvezwa kwamakhosi akwaZulu njengoba evezwa amanoveli omlando kanye nezibongo zamakhosi. Kuzobhekwa neqhaza elibanjwa yisimo sepolitiki yangaleso sikhathi ekuhlanekezeleni umlando.

Lolu cwaningo luzocacisa kabanzi umehluko okhona phakathi kwezibongo zamakhosi kanye namanoveli ukuze nobethi uma efunda amanoveli omlando acaban ge lIkllthi aqukethe okufanayo nalokho okusezibongweni zamakhosi awazi umehluko njengoba uzovezwa umcwanll1gl.

') - j - Enye yezinhloso zalolu cwaningo ukucubungula imibono engefani ekuvezweni komlando wamakhosi akhethiwe kulolu cwaningo njengoba uvezwe amanoveli, izibongo zamakhosi kanye nezincwadi zom lando. Lolu cwaningo luhlose ukuveza izindlela ezingalandelwa ukugwema ukuhlanekezelwa komlando wamakhosi esikhathini esizayo. Lolu cwaningo belungazange Iwenziwe muntu ngaphambilini. Luzokwandisa futhi luphose itshe esivivaneni sokuthuthukiswa kwezibongo zamakhosi akwaZulu. Luzobuye futhi luveze nokubaluleka kwamanoveli omlando abhalwe uDhlomo ngamakhosi akwaZulu.

Seziveziwe izinhloso zocwaningo, sekuzobhekwa isidingo sokwenza lolu cwaningo.

1.3 ISIDINGO SOKWENZA LOLU CWANINGO

Lolu cwanmgo ludingeke kakhulu emphakathini wanamuhla ukuze labo abaftsa ukuba bangalahlekelwa yimvelaphi yobuzwe babo babone ukubaluleka kobukhosi bakwaZulu kanye nornlando wamakhosi akwaZulu. Lolu cwaningo lubalulekile ukuze kugqame kahle ukuthi ngempela ngempela kumuntu odinga ukuthola amaqiniso aphelele ngomlando wobukhosi bakwaZulu angawuthola kuphi phakathi kwamanoveli om lando kanye nezibongo zamakhosi.

Lolu cwanmgo ludingekile futhi ukuze lunikeze umlando ngenkosi nenkosi leyo ngoba zimbalwa izincwadi ezinomlando ngamakhosi akwaZulu ikakhulukazi lezo ezibhalwe ngamaZulu. Lubuye ludingeke kakhulu lolu cwaningo ukuveza amaqiniso ngamakhosi akwaZulu. Luzosiza kakhulu ekugqugquzeleni abantu bakithi ukuthi bacacelwe kahle ukuthi nezinto zesintu zibalulekile ngisho nakulesi sikhathi sempucuko yaseNtshonalanga, futhi kube nomphumela wokuthi umuntu osazazi ukuthi ungumuntu onsundu abuyele kokwakhe angadumi nokwezizwe noma nokwabanye abantu ikakhulukazi njengoba kusesikhathini sokuqwebuka kwe-Afrika. Sikhulu isidingo salolu cwaningo emiphakathini yethu ensundu eyathola imfundiso-ze yokungawahloniphi amakhosi esizwe ngokuthi agagulwe ngamagama. Lapha-ke kuzoxwayiswa abantu ngokuthi amakhosi kufanele ahlonishwe.

Sekukhulunyiwe ngesidingo sokwenza lolu cwaningo, sekuzokhulunywa ngenkuthazo yokwenza lolu cwaningo. - 4 - 1.4 INKUTHAZO YOKWENZA uew ANINGO

Uku ze kwenziwe lolu cwanmgo umcwaningi ukhuthazwe ukubona ukufiphala komlando kanye nokun gabi bikho kwezincwadi ezibhalwe ngomlando wamakh os i akwaZulu. Enye into ekhuthaze ukuba kwenziwe 10 msebenzi ukuveza ubuhlakani bes izwe samaZulu. Les i sizwe es ikhathini esiningi esedlule bes iphila ngobuciko bomlomo, am as iko kan ye nezinye izinto eziningi nj engemfundiso ebidlulise lwa ezizukulwaneni ngamazwi omlomo. Sekuyisikhathi sokuba wonke umlando wes izwe ugcineke ngo kuba ulotshwe phan si.

Ukukhuthaza inhlonipho nes ithunzi so limi, 10 mse benzi uzo lotshwa ngo limi Iwes iZulu, ulimi esa lulondoloze lwa ngenye yam akh os i akwaZulu , inkosi uShaka ukuze ufinye lele ezinkulungwaneni zabantu abangamaZulu. Ukulingani swa kwezilimi laph a eN in gizimu A frika kwenze enkulu intshi sekelo kum cwaningi ukuba erlZe lolu cwaningo ngo limi Iwes iZulu. Njengoba iYunivesithi ya KwaZulu-Natali oku yiyuni ves ithi lapho kwenziwa kh ona lolu cwaningo isiphumelelise inqubomgomo yobulimimbili, oku yisiNgisi kanye nes iZulu, lolu cwaningo luzokwandisa emibhalweni yo limi Iwes iZulu.

Isive lile inkuthazo yokwenza lolu cwaningo, manje seku zobukwa umklamo wocwaningo.

1.5 UMKLAMO woew ANINGO

Lolu cwaningo luzogx ila kakhulu emakh os ini amane akwaZulu oku yiN kos i uShaka, iNkos i uDingane, iN kosi uMpande kan ye neN kos i uCetshwayo. Lokhu kubange lwe ukuthi um a kulandwa ubukhosi bakwaZulu iN kosi uShaka yiyo na eyaba umbumbi wes izwe samaZulu. Yingakho-ke ucwaningo luqale ku yo iN kosi uShaka. Lugcin a eN kos ini uCetshwayo ngoba yiyona nkos i eyaba eyokugcina ukubu sa embu sweni wakwaZulu owawu sabumbene. Lo mbu so wahlukaniswa nges ikhathi sokubu sa kweNkosi uCetshwayo. Ucwaningo luzogxila ezincwadini ez ingamanoveli om lando ez ine ezibhalwe nguDhlomo oku yizo na ez izo ba yisisekelo salolu cwaningo. Nazi lezi zincwadi; " US haka" ( 193 5), "UDingane" ( 1936), "UMpande" ( 1938) kanye no"Cetshwayo" ( 1956) .. Enye incwadi ezosetshenziswa kulolu cwaningo ethi " Izibongo Zamakhosi",ebh alwe uNyembezi ( 195 8). - 5 - Usubhekiwe umklamo wocwaningo, sekuzobhekwa imibuzo ezophendulwa kulolu cwaningo.

1.6 IMIBUZO EZOPHENDUL W A

Emibuzweni eminingi engabuzwa mayelana nalolu cwantngo umcwaningi ukhethe ukuthi athathe leyo ayibone ibaluleke kakhulu futhi izosiza ekutheni kutholakale izimpendulo mayelana nocwaningo lonke. Le mibuzo ezobuzwa ihlelwe kanje:

a) Kukhona yini okufanayo nokungefani phakathi kombhalo oyizibongo zamakhosi

kanye namanoveli omlando? b) Ngabe izibongo zamakhosi ziwethula wonke yini umlando wamakhosi na?

c) Yimuphi umunxa owethula umlando ogcwele phakathi kwamanoveli om lando kanye nezibongo zamakhosi?

d) Ngabe kukhona yini ukuhlanekezeleka okukhona ekwethu lweni komlando wobukhosi bakwaZulu.

Sekuphawuliwe ngemibuzo yalolu cwanlngo, sekuzobhekwa amagama adinga ukuchazwa.

1. 7 AMAGAMA ADINGA UKUCHAZW A

Maningi amagama azosetshenziswa kulolu cwaningo azodinga ukuba achazwe ukuze kube lula ukululandela.

Inkosi

UMsimang (1975:355) uthi inkosi yinhloko yombuso. Okunguyena muntu obusayo esizweni yinkosi. Ngenxa yokuthi amakhosi akwaZulu ayeba ngabantu abanamandla

nesithunzi futhi ehlonishwa, yingakho ayefaniswa nezi lwane ezithile, kuye ngokuthi

leso silwane sinamandla kanjani okanye siziphatha kanjani. Kwenye inkathi kususelwe esimweni saso isilwane njengengonyama, isilo nokunye. - 6 - Indlovukazi UMsimang (1975:359) uthi inkosikazi yenkosi kwakuthi uma sekukhotheme inkosi ibizwe ngendlovlIkazi. Lokhll kwakwenzeka kllphela uma kuyiyona inkosikazi yenkosi ebambele inkosana yayo isihlalo sobukhosi ngoba inkosana isencane nakuba kwakungavam i Ie. Isibonelo yilapho indlovukazi uKaMsweli yabambela inkosi uDinlizulli lIbukhosi ngenkathi isencane.

Ukukhothama Ukukhothama yigama lokuhlonipha. Akugagulwa neze kuthiwe inkosi ishonile noma mhlawumbe kllthiwe ifite. Okwesibiti kungachazwa ngokuthi kuthiwa ikhotheme nje

yingoba kakade inete igqabuke bese ifoliswa ikhanda liphumule phezu kwamadoto, oyibonayo athi ikhotheme nje izobuye iqabuke kanti isithule.

Ibutho UMsimang (1975:341) uthi ibutho isihlangu sezwe ngoba yitona etiviketa isizwe kanti

uNyembezi (1992:46) uthi ibutho izinsizwa noma amadoda noma abesifazane ababuthetwe eqenjini etitodwa. KwaZulu amakhosi ayeba namabutho awo. Iblltho lokuqala elibuthwa yinkosi libizwa ngokuthi ingqalablltho.

Indlunkulu Indlunkulu yinkosikazi yokllqala yenkosi. Indlu yale nkosikazi iba ngasesandleni sokudta emzini wesiZutu. Uyena nkosikazi omkhutll ozala indtatifa. Bonke abantu abafikayo bangeniswa endtini yakhe bethutwe kuye. Uyena ongumkhulumeti wawo wonke amakhosikazi enkosi.

Ikhohlwa UNyembezi noNxlImalo (1996:263) bathi ikhohlwa inkosikazi yasesandleni sokunxele emzini wesiZulu. Le nkosikazi iyona eyelama indlunkulu okungukuthi iyinkosikazi yesibiti.

- 7 - Iqadi UNyembezi noNxumalo (1966:288) bathi iqadi inkosikazi yasesandleni sokudla emzini wesiZulu. Lena inkosikazi yesithathu.

Isigodlo UNyembezi (1992: 142) uthi isigodlo indawo lapho kuhlala khona umndlunkulu wenkosi noma kushiwo umuzi wenkosi. UMsimang (1975:8) uthi isigodlo lesi yisithabathaba somuzi sona ngokwaso. Lesi sithabathaba-ke sibiyelwe ngothango Iwaso sodwa sehlukaniswa nenxuluma lilonke. Lapha kuhlala inkosi nomndlunkulu wayo esigodlweni. Isigodlo silindwa izinceku emasangweni emini, silindwe ogqayinyanga ebusuku.

Abantwana [zingane ezizalwa ebukhosini bakwaZulu zibizwa ngokuthi abantwana ngisho sezindala kanjani. Lokhu kuyindlela yokuhlonipha abantwana benkosi.

Idlinza UNyembezi (1992:86) uthi idlinza indawo lapho kungcwatshwe khona inkosi yesizwe noma ithuna lenkosi. Idlinza lenkosi libekelwa isihlahla somphafa ngaphezulu. Kuyaye kuthathwe izigxobo zomnyamathi kanye nezintingo zothobothi kubiyelwe ngazo idlinza lenkosi.

Ukutshalwa Uma inkosi isikhotheme kwaZulu akushiwo ukuthi isiyongcwatshwa kepha kuthiwa isiyotshalwa. UMsimang (1975:361) uthi ; amakhosi ayenendawo yawo angcwatshelwa kuyo, hhayi esibayeni sayo njengabanumzana bemizi. Singabala indawo enjengakwaNobamba lapho kwakutshalwa khona amakhosi akwaZulu.

Isiko

UNyembezi (1992:475) uthi isiko inqubo ey~jwayelekile noma indlela elandelwayo maqondana nesimo esithile. ONyembezi noNxumalo (1966:99) bathi , igama elithi isiko - 8 - umuntu angalichaza ngokuthi lingumkhuba owenztwayo, inqubo eyejwayelekile elandelwa yisizwe, indlela yempilo eqokothiswe yaba nesigqi somthetho okuthi lapho umuntu eyeqa imithetho okufanele ayigcine ave lelwe yishwa ye na noma umndeni

wakhe, noma nanaso sonke isizwe sakhe bese kuya ngokuthi isimiselo sakhe besisikhulu

kangakanani ekufezeni lokho obekufanele ukwenziwa . • Ukukhonza Igama ukukhonza lingachaza izinto eziningi ezahlukene. UNyembezi (1992:239)

ukukhonza ukubeka ngezindlela eziningi. Okokuqala uthi kukhona okuwukuthumela

amagama ezifiso ezinhle, ukudlulisa izilokotho ezinhle. Okwesibili kusho ukuthanda

into kakhulu. Okwesithathu ku sho ukucelisa endaweni yomuntu noma ukudumisa uNkulunkulu. Lapha kulolu cwantngo kuzokhulunywa ngokukhonza okuwukucela

indawo yokuhlala endaweni yenye inkosi.

Umelanyaniswa Ubaba uMdletshe echaza umelan ya ni swa wathi ngumntwana oyaye athathwe kwenye

indlu okungeyena owakwenu bese ethathwa njengowakwenu elanyaniswe nomntwana wakuleyo ndlu alethwe kUyo . Kungathathwa uMntwana uZiwedu njenges ibonelo

salokhu ngoba wayengumelanyaniswa weNkosi uCetshwayo. Uma kungowakwenu kuthiwa umelamani .

Ukudla umuzi Lokhu ku sho ukuba nguwena ozozala inkosi noma indlalifa kuleyo ndlu. Kwenye inkathi intombi iyaye itshelwe ingakagani ukuthi iyona eyod la umuzi.

Inxiwa UNyembezi (1992:237) inxiwa isiza lapho kwakukade kumi khona umuzi.

- 9 - lbamba UNyembezi (1992: 10) uthi ibamba ngumuntu obambele omunye isikhundla noma iphini. Ibamba lenkosi kwakuba umuntu obambele inkosi isihlalo sayo uma isencane. Singenza isibonelo soMntwana omkhulu wakwaNxangiphilile owayebambele isilo uZwelithini.

Ukudingisa Ukudingisa kusho ukuxosha umuntu ezweni lakubo ukuba ayiswe kwelinye ilizwe.

Undunankulu UNyembezi (1992:326) uthi, undunankulu umuntu owengamele umbuso noma induna engaphezu kwezinye izinduna. Kulolu cwaningo kukhulunywa ngenduna engaphezu

kwezinye.

Iphovela Uma kukhulunywa ngephovela kusuke kukhulunywa ngentombi esuke ikhethwe yinkosi isilungiselwa ukuyongena esigodlweni. Singasho ukuthi yi ngod uso ye nkosi.

Asechaziwe amagama azosebenza kulolu cwaningo, sekuzobhekwa umlando wobukhosi

baKwaZulu.

1.8 UMLANDO WOBUKHOSI BAKW AZULU

Uma kulandwa umlando wobukhosi bakwaZulu, uMazibuko (1999: 12) uthi 10 mlando usuka kuGumede owazala uMnguni, kwathi uMngu ni wazala uLlIzumane owazala uMalandela okungllyena nzalabantu. Yingakho kllyaye kuthiwe "Zulu kaMalandela" uma kukhulunywa ngesizwe sa maZlIlu. UMalandela kuzogxilwa kllye ngoba umlando wabantll baKwaZulli lIslika kllyena. UMalandela waganwa lIMaGwabini ogama lakhe kwabe kunguNozinja. Wathola abantwana kepha amadodana akhe ayegqamile kwabe kungllQwabe owayemdala kan ye noZulu owayemncane. Emva kokllfa kukaMalandela kwaba nombango emadodaneni akhe omabili uZlIllI noQwabe kubangwa imfllYo.

- 10- Waphumelela uZulu eSlzwa unlna. Wahamba-ke uQwabe edubile wayoqala isizwe sakhe sakwaQwabe. UZulu naye waqala isizwe sakwaZulu.

UZulu wazala amadodana akhe amabili oPhunga noMageba. Yilapho-ke kwase kuqala ubukhosi bakwaZulu. Emva kokukhothama kukaZulu ubukhosi bathathwa uPhunga okwathi naye esekhotheme ubukhosi bathathwa umfowabo uMageba ngoba uPhunga wakhothama engenayo indlalifa. UMageba wazala indodana uNdaba eyizala kumkamfowabo amngena emva kokukhothama kukamfowabo uPhunga. UNdaba yinkosi yokuqala eyaqala ukubutha amabutho. UNdaba wayenesiphiwo sokuthi uma kunesomiso wayeba Ylnyanga yezu lu abambele inkosazane uNomkhubulwane.

Kwakuhaywa ingol11a eyayazlwa ngokuthi ingoma kaNdaba. El11va kokuba ingol11a seyihayiwe izulu lalina. Indodana endala yenkosi uNdaba ogama layo kwabe kunguXhoko yaphuma yayokwakha isizwe sayo saseGazini. Isihlalo sobukhosi sabe sesithathwa indodana encane kaNdaba uJama.

UJama wazala uSojiyisa entombini yaseButhonga okwakusolakala ukuthi yafika ebukhosini isivele isizithwele. Kuthiwa in kosi uJama yajiyisa kule ntokazi. Yingakho umntwana ethiwa igama lokuthi uSojiyisa. USojiyisa wazala uMaphitha yena owazala uZibhebhu yena wazala uBhokwe onguyise kaPhumanyova onguyise kaBhekintinta obusayo njengamanje kwaMandlakazi.

UJama wabuye wathola omunye ul11ntwana owabizwa ngokuthi uSenzangakhona al11thola kuMthaniya wakwaSibiya. UJama wakhothama uSenzangakhona esemncane ngakho-ke ubukhosi wake wabubanjelwa uMkabayi owayengudadewabo kaSenzangakhona. Kwathi ukuba akhule, ubukhosi base bubuyela kuye uSenzangakhona. USenzangakhona wazala amadodana amaningi esingabala kuwo lawa ayedumile: uShaka, uDingane, uMpande, uMhlangana noSigujana owabe eqokwe uyise uSenzangakhona ukuba abe yinkosi uma esekhotheme. USigujana wabulawa uNgwadi owayezalwa unina wenkosi uShaka uNandi.

- I I - Emuva kokukhothama kukaSigujana ubukhosi bakwaZulu bathathwa uShaka owayeyindodana kaSenzangakhona ayeyithole kuNandi intombi yaseLangeni. UShaka ubukhosi wabuthatha esizwa yinkosi yakwaMthethwa iNkosi uDingiswayo. UShaka uyena othathwa njengombumbi wesizwe samaZulu ngoba nakuba abusa isikhathi esifushane kepha ziningi izizwe azinqoba wazifaka ngaphansi kobukhosi bakwaZulu.

INkosi uShaka yabulawa abafowabo oDingane noMhlangana behlangene nensila yakhe uMbopha kaSithayi kanye noyisekazi uMkabayi kalama. fNkosi uShaka bayakhela uzungu lokuthi uma impi yamaZulu iphuma iyohlasela kwaSoshangane basale beyibulala. Nebala baphumelela ngoba yaphuma · impi oDingane, uMhlangana noMbopha banyenya bafika bamgwaza wakhothama, base bethatha isidumbu sakhe basifihla emgodini wamabele esibayeni. INkosi uShaka yayingafuni bantwana ngoba yayisaba ukuthi bayothi bangakhula bayibangise, yingakho ingabanga namntwana. Ayizange ibasole abanewabo kanti yibona abazoyibulala. Lafa-ke iqhawe elikhulu. Emuva kokufa kweNkosi uShaka ubukhosi bathathwa uDingane umfowabo esizwe uyisekazi uMkabayi. UDingane wakhothama engazalanga ngakho-ke ubukhosi bathathwa umfowabo uMpande. UMpande wayenamadodana ayengoMbuyazwe noCetshwayo nawo ayebanga ubukhosi esekhona uyise uMpande. Uyena uMpande owayewaqhathile ngoba ethanda uMbuyazwe. Emuva kokukhothama kukaMpande ubukhosi bathathwa uCetshwayo. UCetshwayo esekhotheme ubukhosi bathathwa indodana yakhe uDinuzulu owathatha ubukhosi esemncane eneminyaka eyishumi nesithupha. Inkosi lIDinllzlllll yakhothamela kwelaseNtilasifali lapho eyayidingiselwe khona. Yabuya ngoba isizotshalwa kwaNobamba.

Ubllkhosi base buthathwa inkosi uSolomoni eyabe izalwa yiNkosi uDinllzlllu. Kwathi

emva kokllthama kweNkosi uSolomoni , kwabonakala lIkuthi kuzoba nenkinaal:> ngesihlalo sobukhosi ngoba abantwana bayo babesebancane. Kwabe sekllbamba umntwana wakwaSokesimbone uMntwana uMshiyeni . Isibhedlela esiseMlazi iPrince Mshiyeni, sethiwa leli gama lisllselwa egameni lakhe 10 mntwana. Okllngllyena owathatha lIbllkhosi yiNkosi uBhekuzlllll, lICyprian.

- 12 - Emva kokukhothama kweN kosi uBhekuzu lu kwaba nenye inkin ga ngoba indodana yayo yabe Isencane. Isihlalo so bu khos i sabe ses ibanj wa umntwana omkhulu wakwaNxangiphilile lIMn twana lI Mcwayizeni . Yanele ya khlli a inkos i yase ibuthatha ubukhosi baKwaZulll , iNgonya ma lI Zweli thi ni okun guyena oseyinkos i ebusayo kwaZulu nj enga manj e.

- 13 - 1.8.1 lJLLBO LOKULANDELANA KWAMAKHOSI AKWAZlJLlJ

Mllgulli

Lu bololwellja

Gumede

Mllgulli J J

Luzumal1e

Malal1dela

Zulu I

Nkosil1kulu

Ntombela

Zulu II

Mageba Pllul1ga

Ndaba

Nkwelo Ml1omo jama

Mudli Zivalele Sojoyisa S el1 zal1gakllOl1a

Til i 1111111 i Sigweb(l/w Mkllal1yi Mapllitlw Mpal1de Dillgal1a Slwka Sigujal1a Ie Ndlovu Cltakijal1a Nkal1kal1 Zibllebhu Cetslnvayo Ziwedu Mthol1ga Mklllmgo Magwelldu Hamu Sithekll e Pieler Mbal1go Mabheke Bilokwe Dil1l1 zullI Mpik(l11illa Mahlasela Silimal1a Tetemal1a Kilambi Nkal1tilli shiva Ndor/a M (11111 k u za Bltota PlllImal/yova Solomol1 Mziyaqoka Bal/gil/dor/a Bilekesitow Zitltllme Masltiblw Gqokllbllkltosi e Qedezaklt Qedisol1o Mpltllme Bltekilltillta BhekllZlll1l Nsikayezwe Gamalikayisa Mhlaba Velesllowe KIIJakuyazi Simpltiwe e mpilli klllliuma Zwelitlt il1i Sibllsiso Bltekumuzi

- 14 - Sekuphawuliwe ngomlando wobukhosi bakwaZulu, sekuzobhekwa umlando wababhali okuzoqhathaniswa imibhalo yabo. Kuzoqale kubhekwe umlando kaOhlomo bese kubhekwa nom lando kaNyembezi. Lokhu kuzolekelela ekuyiqondeni kahle imibhalo yabo ngokubuka imilando yabo.

1.9 UMLANDO KADHLOMO

Okunye okuphathelene noOhlomo kucashunwe emsebenzini ka-Albert S. Gerard (1971) kanye nocwaningo lukaCouzen (1985). Ucwaningo lukaCouzens (1985) Iwalumayelana nomfowabo kaR.R.R. Ohlomo u H.I.E. Ohlomo nakuba kukhona okuthile ngo R.R.R.

Ohlomo. Lokhu kumayelana nekhaya lakhe, ukufunda kanye nendlela afunda ngayo eyaba nomthelela ekubhaleni kwakhe.

URolfes Reginald Raymond Ohlomo wazalwa ngoMasingana ngonyaka we-190 I eSiyamu eduzane naseMgungundlovu KwaZulu Natali, washona ngonyaka we-1971 esibhedlela sase­

Edendale. URolfes wayeyindodana yesithathu yomshumayeli u-Ezra Sigadiya kaGcugcwa kaLuphoko kaMlozi kaNgongol11a Ohlomo. Uyise u-Ezra kwakungul11ngani omkhulu wenkosi uBhambatha kaMancinza owayengumholi wel11pi yonyaka we-I 906, wayekhuluma njalo ngokufa kwenkosi uBhambatha ezinganeni zakhe. Unina kaRolfes kwakunguSardina Caluza owayezalwa emndenini odumile e-Edendale nawo owawunol11qambi wezingol11a zesiZulu u R.T. Caluza. URolfes wayengumfowabo wombhali onohlonze uHerbet Isaac Ernest Ohlomo. Ngonyaka we-1928 uRolfes wagcagcelwa u-S. Victoria Nxaba eGroutville.

Impilo kaOhlomo yayincike kakhulu eMakhabeleni eNyakatho neKranskop eNatali, eNyakatho noMdlovana emgwaqeni omkhulu waseKranskop, yilapho wonke amakhosi akwaOhlomo angcwatshelwa khona. U-Ophin Ohlomo umzala wabafana bakwaOhlol11o wazalwa ngonyaka we-191 0 futhi bake bahlala ndawonye noRolfes eThekwini eminyakeni eminingi edlule; ukhumbula okuncane ngomlando womndeni.

Ngokuka-Ophin Ohlomo, ecashunwe kuCouzens (1985:41) abantu baseMakhabeleni baguqula igama labo laba uOhlomo ngoba besaba ulaka lukaShaka. Ngokwakhe uthi,

- 15 - kwakunezelamani zasebukhosini okwakunguMagedama Mathela noSungu. U-Ophin wayehlobene noSungu ngoJob, Qholobane noPhun gane, kanti uRolfes kanye nomfowabo uHerbet bona baqhamuka ozalweni lukaMathela. (Akazange nokho abe nolwazi Iwamagama ngokuzalana kwabo.)

Omunye umlando ususelwa ebhayibhelini lesiZulu 10m lando, Olden Times in Zululand ebhalwe ngu-A.T. Bryant. UBryant uthi amaKhabela azitholela udumo Iwawo olwehlukile njengesibongwana esingatheni. Umsuka wozalo Iwabo alukaqondakali namanje, uqhamuka nokuthile okungaba umsuka; okunye kwakho yilokho okulandelwa u-Ophin Ohlomo. Abanye ngalesi sibongo, kubhala uBryant, bazibona bexhumene nabantu baseLangeni. Uyaqhubeka uma ehunyushelwe esiZulwini athi iqiniso ukuthi aMakhabela asebenzise uOhlomo njengesithakazelo kuwukwenza nje ngokujwayelekile igama lomuntu owayedumile bemazi uyena owayeba Yll1gxenye yezithakazelo. Unina weNkosi uShaka kwakungowaseLangeni. Ubaba kaNandi kwakunguBhebhe Mhlongo kanti yingakho abantu baseMakhabeleni bezibiza ngoMhlongo noma Ohlomo. Bazixhumanisa nabantu baseLangeni ngoyise kanye nomkhulu wendlovukazi uNandi (Couzens 1985:40).

U-Ezra Ohlomo nonkosikazi wakhe baya eGoli lapho kwazalelwa khona uFrank, okuwuyena kuphela ongazalelwanga eSiyamu. Abaqalanga bazinza eGoli. Babehlezi behla benyuka, okwenza kucace ukuthi kungani uRolfes aqala ukufunda eSiyamu nasoHlange ekubeni uHerbet wamane waqala ukufunda eGoli. (Couzens 1985:42)

UOhlomo waqala ukufunda eSiyamu nasoHlange oku yisikole esasungulwa uOkt. lL. Oube owaziwa kulo lonke elaseNingizimu Afrika. EGoli uRolfes waya esikoleni semishini yeBhodi laseMelika eOoornfontein lapho ayefundi swa uNksz. Bertha Mkhize. Wabafundi sa ingxenye yonyaka wabe esehlaselwa ngumkhuhlane owawubhokile ngaleso sikhathi. Wabafundisa ukubhala, ukukhuluma nokufunda isiZulu nesiNgisi. URolfes wabe eseya KwaZulu-Natali eseyoqeqeshelwa ukufundisa emi shini yase-American Board eManzimtoti eyagcina seyaziwa nge-Adams Teacher Training College. Emishini yase-Adams u R.R.R. Ohlomo wathola isitifiketi sokufundisa esingasho ukuthi yilapho futhi okwaqala khona uthando lokubhala imibhalo oziqambelayo yona.

- 16 - Izelamani zombili uRolfes noHerbet babezwana kakhulu. UHerbet wayeshesha enza zonke izinto kuqala, kanti uRolfes wayenesineke kukho konke (Couzens 1985:46). Umfowabo u H.I.E. Dhlomo umchaza kanje u R.R.R. Dhlomo:

Ungumuntu othobekile futhi unamahloni , akathandi ukukhuluma phambi kwezih Iwele. A kazithath i njengoilluntu oh lakan i ph i Ie noyincithabuchopho. Ngeke uillthole enabantu abadumile nabahlakaniphile. Ngeke uillthole elllihiangwaneni nasemicimbini ; kodwa uyaya eillidialweni yekhilikithi nebhola lezinyawo. Uyithanda kakhulu Ie Illidlalo. Lapha emidlalweni akekho olokhu emnaka ngemithetho kanye nezingxoxo ngoba lokho ukuzonda kabi. Usebenzisa isikhathi sakhe sokuphumula ngokufunda nokubhala. Uthanda kakhulu ukufunda; ufunde kakhulu aillanoveli. Uyazithanda ezoillbusazwe kanye nokubhala. (Upbeat, Vol. 2 & 3: 12) lzelaillani zOlllbili zakhetha ukubhala illli bhalo yazo ebalulekile ngezilillli ezahlukene. Illlisebenzi eminingi kaRolfes yabe ingesiZulu kanti ekaHerbert yabe ingesiNgisi nakuba ulillli Iwasekhaya kwabe kuyisiZulu (Couzens 1985:46).

NgokukaCouzens (1985 :57), ngon yaka we-I928 uRol fes Dh lama wathola umsebenzi wokuba ulllabhalane waselllayini edolobheni laseGo li . Wayengakhohliwe iNatali wayelokhu exhulllene nayo ngokuba nengosi ephepheni iLanga LaseNatali. Wayeke abhale asebenzise elithi "Rollie Reggie". WayengulllKristu ozinikele, yingakho izihloko zakhe eziningi zaziphathelene, zifundisa futhi zigqamisa ukholo 10buKristu. Wayengullluntu ophakathi nendawo emphakathini olllnyallla futhi engazinikele kwezolllbusazwe kodwa wayewuxhasa uKhongolose. Wayenokuwabuka ngeso elibukhali alllaKhaladi kanye nalllaNdiya ngenxa yokuziqhelelanisa nOlllbusazwe kanti wayengafuni nokubabona abeLungu ababehlollluia kakhulu kwezezilllali.

Ebinzaneni elicashunwe enkondlweni yak he ethi . My CounllY ' lahunyushelwa esiZulwini, uyichaza kahle illlizwa yakhe: Ubuhlungu! Maye kubuhlungu kanye Ngoba akuselona izwe labaNsundu, Natali, indawo yallli, Inhliziyo yallli ikhathele Izinyelllbezi zinye izibazi ngenxa yezwe lami - 17 - Ngiyakuthanda kakhulu" (Couzens, 1985:58)

Mhla ziyi-I 0 kuZibandlela ngonyaka we-I 923 kwi-'Special Correspondent ' uRolfes wabhala isiqeshana ngesihloko esithi "Ngemibhalo yethu yeSintu" ephepheni iLanga LaseNatali. Lesi sihloko sasibalula ukuthi "Masibe nemibhalo yethu lapha eNingizimu Afrika manje noma ngesikhathi esizayo uma senze njalo ukubaluleka kwesiko lomuntu oNsundu jikelele liyokhula."

Umbhali uRolfes wayekuphika ukuthi wayegqugquzela umoya wobuzwe obuthile kodwa wayefuna ukuthola lokho okungamagugu okufanayo kanye nokugqugquzela ubumbano ngokuqhubekisa phambili isiZulu kanye nesiNgisi kancane. Waphinda futhi wabhala ngesonto elilandelayo esadingida indikimba efanayo yokuqamba imibhalo okungeyabantu abansundu esihloko sithi, "lmibhalo kaZwelonke".

Wayekhala ngokuthi akusavamile ukuzwa umuntu ekhuluma isiZulu esiqondile. (Lapho ebhekise kulokho okuchazwa inkondlo ecashuniwe ngenhla). Wakubeka kwacaca ukuthi emizini eminingi yabantu abaNsundu uthola iBhayibheli noma amabhukwana enkolo noma amapheshana emithi. Waqhubeka wathi; "Izincwadi Zobuciko bomlomo namarekhodi omlando wethu kumelwe kongiwe ukuze kunga shabalali, kuthi nezinto esiziqhenya ngazo njengesizwe sizilondoloze ngemibhalo, uma singakwenzi lokho konke kuyolahleka unomphela kuthi ukuxhumana kwethu nemuva lethu kulibaleke unomphela" . (Couzens 1985:59).

Ngollyaka we-1928 uRolfes Ohlomo washicilela inoveli eyaba ibhalwe ngesiNgisi eyayithi "An Aji-ican Tragedy". Kwakuyinoveli yokuqala yesiNgisi eyabe ibhalwe umuntu oNsundu waseNingizimu Afrika. Le noveli yayiveza umqolldo womuntu onobuKristu obuqotho ixube nobubi obuvezwa utshwala, ukudansa, umthetho wepasi ukucwasana kanye nempilo yasedolobheni. Izindikimba ezazigqamile yilezo zokungaziphathi kahle emadolobheni. Kuhambisana nengcindezi yenhlalo kanye nesimo somnotho okubhekwana naso nsuku zonke. Le noveli ibuye ihambisane nalokho okuvezwe amafilimu "Jim Comes to

- 18 - Johannesburg " kanye neka-Alan Paton ethi "Cry The Beloved Country" eyadlalwa emva kweminyaka engama-20. Le noveli ethi 'African Tragedy" iyindaba yomhambi owaya eNtshonalanga eshiya ikhaya lakubo okwakungelamaKristu, waya esihogweni. Uma esebuya 10 mhambi ekhaya, lIbuya nobusathane obacekela phansi indodana yakhe. Le ndaba icishe ifane nalena kaBlInyan ethi " Uhambo Lomhambi" . Ngenye indlela idingida impilo yasedolobheni yoklldansa notshwala ngakolunye lIhlangothi, igxeka amasiko esintu njengokuhamba izinyanga. Okubalulekile ukuthi Ie noveli ibhalwe ngesikhathi umnotho wemali uthatha isikhundla ngisho selobolo. UOhlomo wazithola esesenkingeni yokugxekwa kwelobolo, kanye nokugxeka Iowa mphakathi owawubliiaia ilobolo. (Couzens, 1985:60)

Ngenyanga kaNcwaba, onyakeni we-I 929, waqala uRolfes wabhalela iphephabhuku likaStephen Black "i-Sjambok". Leli phephabhllku laligxeka kakhulu futhi liveza obala abantu noma ylnl eyayiphambana nokuziphatha nenhlalo yomphakathi. Kwakuyiphephabhuku laseYurophu, lihlelwa uStephen Black; ongumdlali, umqambi kanye nombhali.

Inqubomgomo yaleli phephabhuku kwakuwukulwa nobubi nokungathembeki emphakathini. Yayingakhethe zinga, bala, ubuzwe nasikhundla samuntu. Abahlwempu nabadla izambane likapondo, konke kwakungasho lutho kule jenali eyayidumile futhi yesatshwa.

Omunye wamalungu ale jenali kwakunguR.R.R. Ohlomo. Umfowabo uHerbert wamncoma kakhulu 10 mlungu ngokuba nesibindi sokuthi abe nomuntu omnyama njengombhali. Namanje kusamangalisa ukucabanga ukuthi ijenali yaseYurophu yayingaqasha umuntu omnyama njengomsebenzi wabo. (Inkundla Yabantu-Bantu Forum, 1945:4)

Ngenkathi eseYlngxenye yaleli phephabhuku l-Sjambok', uOhlomo wabhala izindaba ezimfishane eziningi kanye nezindatshana ezazitshengisa umfutho owawungekho kule noveli ethi 'African Tragedy' . Eziningi izindaba zakhe zazitshengisa ukuthi wayeyijwayele impilo yasemayini ngokwenza izigigaba ngokulandela kwayo lapho kuvela ubudlelwano obabllngebuhle phakathi kwezimfolomane nabasebenzi. Wayebhala ngendlela abasebenzi

- 19- ababezinikela ngayo otshwaleni, ukudansa, amasiko, ukulobola kanye namapasi (Couzens 1985:60-61 )

Nazi ezinye izihloko zezindaba ezimfishane eziqoqelwe kwijenali "English in Africa, Vol. 2 No. 1(1975); Fateful Orders, The death of Masaba, Skokiaan, The Sins of the Fathers, Bought and Paid for, The Zulu Christian Science, the Dog Killers, Juwawa, The Herbalist, Murder on the Mine Dumps, Special Pass, A Mine Tragedy.

Ezinye izindaba ezilandelayo kanye neziqeshana zazibhalwe nguDhlomo. (Omunye owayesizana naye ekubhaleni kwakungu-A.D. Tyamzashe) Nazo zibaliwe ngoba zibonisa kahle umsuka walezi zindaba futhi ziyatshengisa ukuthi ungomunye wababhali baseNingizimu Afrika bokuqala owayengenandaba nemigomo yokubhala imibhalo, kuphela wayezikhathaze ngezinto ezenzeka ngempela endaweni ayehlala kuyo. Isibonelo, A Saint, The Black Bolshevik FactOlY, The Compound Induna and Compound Interest, Wholesale Dog Murder, How the "Boys " are Robbed, Jekyll and Hyde Houseboy.

Ngonyaka we-1932 uRolfes waba umhleli wephephandaba iBantu World ngaphansi kukaMnumzane R.O. Selepe Thema. UThema wayeke waqale wazama ukuba lesi sikhundla sithathwe uSol Plaatjie, umzamo wakhe awubanga impumelelo. Uma uRolfes eqala 10 msebenzi uThema wakucacisa ukuthi 10 msebenzi udinga umuntu ozimisele.

Emva kwesikhathi uThema wamqasha uDhlomo njengomhleli wesiZulu nesiXhosa wabuye waba isekela likaMhleli jikelele. La madoda womabili asebenzisana kahle. Kwakumangalisa lokho uma ucabanga ukungefani kobunjalo nokubukeka kwabo. (Inkundla yabantu-Bantu Forum , 1945:4).

Ephephandabeni iBantu World waduma njengosomahlaya. Enkulumweni ekhethekile eyayethulwe uDkt. B. W. Vilakazi, wethula uDhlomo njengembongi evelele, umculi kanye nosomahlaya wosuku. Ukubhala amahlaya wayesebenzisa izindlela ezimbili. Eyokuqala wayedweba amakhathuni angabi nazinto eceleni. Kulezi zikeshi wayebhala izihloko namagama ezingane ukuze abafundi bephepha bahleke. Izibonelo: "on nothing", "on flies ",

- 20- "The July Handicap ", "Cockroaches " njalo njalo. Okwesibili wayesebenzisa uteku ekugxekeni ngokwakha, ukuveza nokwakha. Zazesatshwa futhi zazibe nemiphumela emihle kuziphathimandla kunalokho okwakubhalelwa ukufundwa. Abantu abaningi babefunda zona kakhulu kunezindaba. (Inkundla Yabantu, 1945:4)

URolfes wabhala izindaba eziningi ayeziqoqa kwi-English in Aji'ica, vol. 2 No.1 (1975:38). Isibonelo: Ukugweba, A mine Tragedy, Magic in a Zulu name, Janet and her Past Life, Maggies Married Life.

Ngonyaka we-1943 uRolfes Ohlomo waba umhleli wephephandaba "ILanga LaseNatali". Kuleli phephandaba wabhala izindaba eziningi, ezinye ezibhala ngegama elingekho noma okungelona elakhe: 'Randile, Rollie Reggie, 'The Pessimist. Ephephandabeni ILanga LaseNatali wabhala "Success-RoWe Reggie" (1931:15), "Impi Enkulu-Rollie Reggie" (1932:2); Confusion Worse-R.R.R. Dhlomo ( 1932:9). Kule ngosi ayebhala kuyo amahlaya abe esethatha indawo yemfundiso yobuKristu ayebhala ngayo kuqala. Abalingisi abangoJoshua, Jeremiah wabe esengeze ezikeshini zakhe ngabalingis i abangabahlengikazi Jan Maplank kanye noMnumzane Stock fell Mkhumbane. Ukuthandwa kwalaba balingisi kwakungangatshazwa. (Couzens, 1985 :61 ).

Izinyanga eziyisithupha uRolfes wengamela umnyango wokuhlela weLanga eyedwa, ebhala amabhukwana esiZulu nesiNgisi , ehlela izindaba futhi ecubungula elungisa namaphutha emibhalweni. Ezinyangeni eziyisithupha emva kokuqashwa kwakhe njengomhleli wabe esethatha umfowabo omncane waba yisekela likamhleli. URolfes wabe esethatha ingxenye yesiZulu kwathi umfowabo wathatha ingxenye yesiNgisi. Ukungaboni ngaso linye kwezombusazwe kwagqama kakhulu emva kweminyaka ye-1940. Kodwa ayiguqulanga uthando olwalukhona phakathi kwabo. KwakunguRolfes owafaka uthando kuHerbert lokuba bangene emsebenzini wokubhala. URolfes wabe evulela in gos i yokubhala ephephandabeni ILanga LaseNatali kunoma ubani owayenothando lokubhala (Inkundla YaBantu, 1945:4).

Kwathi ngonyaka we-1935 abashicileli bakwaShuter baqala ukushicilela izincwadi ezibhalwe ngolimi IwesiZulu. UOhlomo wabamba iqhaza elikhulu ekubhaleni amanoveli omlando - 21 - ngamakhosi akwaZulu. Ngonyaka we-1936 wabhala inoveli yom lando ethi, 'U Dingane' eyayikhuluma ngomlando weNkosi uDingane. Ngonyaka we-1937 kwashicilelwa inoveli kaDhlomo ethi 'UShaka'eyayizama ukucubungula umlando weNkosi uShaka. Ngonyaka we- 1938 kwashicilelwa inoveli yom lando kaDhlomo ethi 'UMpande kaSenzangakhona' eyayikhuluma ngomlando wenkosi uMpande. Ngonyaka we-1952 kwashicilelwa inoveli kaDhlomo ethi "UCetshwayo".

1.10 UMLANDO KANYEMBEZI

UCyr il Lincoln Sibusiso Nyembezi wazalwa ziyi-6 kuZibandlela ngo nyaka we-1919 eBabanango, eyindodana yesibili kaMfundisi uNyembezi owayengumfundisi webandla laseWeseli. Waqala ukufunda eFilidi naseMnambith i eDriefontein lapho yena nabafowabo ababili babehlala koninalume. Wabe esedlulela eN uttal Training College eyoqeqeshelwa ukuba nguthisha kanjalo nase-Adams Co llege. Waqala eFort Hare ngonyaka we-1941 kuya kowe-1943 , lapho aphumelela khona ngamalengiso esiZulwini kanye nasesiN gisini. Ngonyaka we-1944 wathweswa iziqu ze-B .A. yiYunivesith i yaseFort Hare. [mpumelelo yakhe yamthola eseyofundela i-Honours ezilimini zase-Afrika enyuvesi yaseWitwatersrand. Kukulesi sikhungo lapho azithola egqugquzelwa ngezin ye zezin gwazi ezingo-B. W. Vilakazi no-C.M . Doke waphinda futhi wazithola lezi ziq u ngal11a len giso. IN yuvesi yase- Witwatersrand yamthwesa iziqu ze-B.A. Hans. kwi-Bantu Studies ngonya ka we-1946.

Ukudlula emhlabeni kukaVilakazi ngonyaka we-1947 okwamvulela ithuba lom sebenzi , ngoba wazithola emenywa yiNyuvesi yase-Wits ukuthi azofu ndi sa khona. Emva kweminyaka el11ithathu , ngo nyaka we-1954, wabuyela e-Fort Hare l11anje njengoSo lwazi nenhloko emnyangweni weziLimi zabantu (Bantu Languages), isikhundla esasibanjwe ngu saziwayo uDavidson Jabavu.

Kulabo abamkhumbulayo uSibusiso Nyembezi njengothisha bakhumbula indoda eyayithandeka, ingeneka futhi iqotho, indoda eyayinobuntu kakhulu, eyayikhululekile in genakucwasa ngo kwebala. Ucwaningo lukaNyembezi Iweziqu ze-M .A. Iwalul11ayelana neZaga zes iZulu nencazelo yazo jikelele. Ngonyaka we -1 948 washicilela amabhukwana

- 22 - amabili mayelana nemvelaphi yezibongo zakwaZulu ngesikhathi sezimpi (Historical Background to the lzibongo of the Zulu Military Age) , eyayiveza ngokusobala usikompilo lezombangazwe kumaZulu nombono wesidingo sokugcinwa kwezibongo, ngaphandle kokushintshwa kobuciko bazo, "ngoba uma lokhu kungenziwa, maduzane ziyofana nemigqa nje engathi shu."

UNyembezi wayesefinyelele eqophelweni eliphezulu, futhi wayengalindeleka ukuthi akhule afikelele ekubeni ngomunye wababhali manoveli wezinga elingafinyeleleki, kodwa ngonyaka we-1959 kwafika ushintsho emsebenzini wakhe owaba nomthelela ekubhaleni kwakhe, kodwa hhayi izinga lakho. UHulumeni waseNingizimu Afrika wanquma, ngale kokuthi ephikiswa yiningi , ukugqugquzela ukwehlukaniswa ngokwebala ema Yunivesithi. Iningi lezisebenzi zaseNyuvesi yase-Fort Hare laphelelwa ngumsebenzi. UNyembezi kazange axoshwe. Ngobuqotho, futhi ngale kokulindelwa, uNyembezi wasula emsebenzini ngephuzu lomgomo wezemfundo. Simele sikhumbule ukuthi , njengoSolwazi weziLimi ZaBantu (Bantu Languages) e-Fort Hare, uNyembezi wayeseyilungu labasebenzi baseRhodes University.

Lesi senzo sakhe sabukwa ngelinye iso ngumphathi-jikelele wabashicileli bakwa-Shuter and Shooter eMgungundlovu, u-Alec Roy, njengesenzo sokuba nesibindi nobuqotho. Wamema uNyembezi ukuba ajoyine inkampani azoba ngumhleli woshicilelo Iwemibhalo yezilimi zabantu. UNyembezi wayivuma Ie nselelo ngonyaka we-1960.

Wagqama ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi ebhala imiqingo emibili yamanoveli. Eyokuqala ethi "Mntanami! Mntanami! " (1950). Yindaba kalabulani oweqa ekhaya waya eGol i lapho azimbandakanya khona nezigebengu. Wabuye waphenduka emva kokubulala umfana. Eyesibili yayithi "Ubudoda Abukhulelwa"( 1953) eyathola ukunconywa nguSamuel Smiles, ngoba iveza umfanyana onguVusumuzi, okwathi noma ehluphekile futhi eyintandane, wakwazi ukufinyelela ezingeni lokuhlonishwa ngumphakathi wonke. Inoveli yakhe enohlonze, ayibhala ngezinsuku zakhe e-Fort Hare eyashicilelwa ngonyaka we-I 962, yayithi "Inkinsela yaseMgungundlovu", akawuvalanga umlomo uSolwazi Canonici waseNyuvesi yaseNatali lapho eyincoma ethi: "Le noveli iveza ukuvuthwa kukaNyembezi kwezobuciko. - 23 - Abekho abalingiswa abangongqimu, akllkho ukugxekwa kwabaMhlophe ngokubi okwenzeka ezwen!. Inoveli yesimanje mayelana nezindlela zokuphila zesimanje; iveza ukuzazisa nokunganaki ngakolunye uhlangothi, nezindlela zobumnyama lapho ukuzazi kungadlala ngabantukazana ngakolunye uhlangothi. Ukuveza izindlela zabantu ngendlela yesimanje ingubuchule ngoba inoveli ivumelekile ukubuyisa umongo wezinganekwane zesintu ngaleyo ndlela iveze ngeqiniso nangandlela ehlekisayo eziqondakala kalula kubafundi abajwayele ukuxoxelwa izindaba." UMfeka (1999) wenza ucwaningo Iweziqu ze-MA olusihloko sithi "The use of Dialogue in Sibusiso 's Novels " lapho ayecubungula khona imibhalo engamanovel i kaNyembezi. UZondi (1992) wenza ucwaningo olusihloko sithi "The Role of Religion in CTMsimang's Buzani KuMkabayi and CL.s. Nyembezi 's Mntanami! Mntanami! "Iapho ayebheka khona iqhaza elibanjwe inkolo kula manoveli abhala ngawo, enye yawn ebhalwe uNyembezi 10 esimqhathanisayo kulolu cwaningo.

Emkhakheni wezinkondlo uNyembezi wenza 11Ikhui1i ngokuhlela amaqoqo anjengalawa: " Imisebe Yelanga" (I-IV) (1959-1961), " Amahlungu Aluhlaza" (1963), "Imikhemezelo" (1963), " Izimpophoma Zomphefumulo" (1963), " Isibuko Senhliziyo" (1980). La maqoqo adidiyela izinkondlo zezimbongi eziningi, ezinye izimbongi ezazingeke zaziwe ngoba imbongi yayingeke yaba neqoqo elizimele lezinkondlo zayo nje kuphela. Wagalela kwezwakala ngokuqoqela ndawonye " Izibongo Zamakhosi" (1958) eziwumthombo obalulekile kwabafuna ukwazi kabanzi ngomlando wamakhosi nokllngenye yezincwadi ezihlaziywa kliiolu cwaningo.

Ezincwadini azihllmllshela esiZulwini egqamile ngethi " Lafa Elihle Kakhuill" (1957). Isihllmusho sithi "Cry, the Beloved Country" ka-Alan Paton. Ziningi nezinye izincwadi lINyembezi azibhala emkhakheni wesiZlIllI. Wabhala lIchlingechlinge Iwezincwadi zezingane ezazisihloko sithi " Igoda" (SSA-Ibanga 6) (1962-1964). Ephawula esethulweni sazo ukuthi izinhloso zakhe zaziyini ekllbhaleni uchungechunge Iwezincwadi zezingane" [goda" wathi: "Ngikubuke ngokudabuka ukwehluleka kwezingane zethu ukufunda ngolimi Iwazo. Kucacile kimina ukuthi ubuciko bokufunda babungafundiswa ngokugculisayo. rningi lezingane zethu zamaZulu azisizwa isiZulu esiphelele emakhaya azo, zihlala zihlangabezana nesiZulu esingaphelele samagama asuselwa esiNgisini nasesiBhunwini, kanti lezi zinto zombili, ulimi nosikompilo, izinto ezingahlukaniseki nakancane." - 24 - Wakwenza kwaba ngumsebenzi wakhe ukuqinisekisa ukulungisa 10 monakalo. Lesi senzo sikaNyembezi, njengomvikeli wesiZulu , siqhathaniseka ngqo nesalawo maBhunu ayengongqoshishilizi ekuvikelekeni kwesiBhunu njengolimi nosikompilo, nokuqhutshezelwa kwemizamo yabefundisi ababesize ekufundisweni kwabantu abaNsundu ukufunda. UNyembezi egqugquzelwa ugqozi wakhetha ngobunyoninco ukuthi abhekane nezindaba eziphathelene namasiko aphathekayo, pheZLl kwako konke, izinganekwane, izinganekwane ngemilingo, izinganekwane ezinesifundo, izinganekwane mayelana nezilwane, ezinye zazo kungezokudabuka emasikweni esiZulu, ezinye zazo zisuselwa kwamanye amasiko. Wabhala incwadi esihloko sithi "Uhlelo LwesiZulu" (1956). Incwadi ayibhala ephawula ngamasiko amaZulu nolimi olukhulunywayo wayibhala ngokuhlanganyela no-O.E.H. Nxumalo, isihloko sithi "Inqolobane Yesizwe" (1966). Kube khona ezifundisa isiZulu kwabangewona amaZulu: "Learn Zulu" (1957), "Learn More Zulu" (1 970). Kanti iwusizo kubo bonke nje incwadi ethi "Zulu Proverbs" (1954) echaza izaga nezisho zesiZulu. Kunezichazamazwi azihlela ngokubambisana no-G.R. Dent: "Compact Zulu Dictionary" (1959), "Scholar's Zulu Dictionary" (1969). Ngesakhe "Isichazamazwi Sanamuhla Nangomuso" (1992) esichaza isiZulu ngesiZulu. Isasasa ngemisebenzi yakhe libonakala ngakho ukuthi izincwadi zakhe eziningi sezahunyushelwa kwezinye izilimi , njengesiXhosa kanye nesiSuthu.Abahluzi abanohlonze sebabhala imiqingo uqobo ikakhulu ngamanoveli akhe.

USolwazi Nyembezi wakwazi ukugqugquzela abanye ababhali abasafufusa ukukhiqiza imisebenzi emikhakheni eminingi yokubhala. Baningi ababhali abasebancane abayincomayo imisebenzi abayenzelwa yile nsizwa.

USolwazi Nyembezi wayenguSihlalo weNqolobane Yamagugu KaZulu eyasungula inhlangallo yababhali "Usiba" ngokukhuthaza kwakhe, kanti futhi wayelilungu lezinhla ezinillgi okungabalwa kuzo i-Advisory Board yase-Edendale, i-Advisory Board yase-Natal Parks Board. USolwazi Nyembezi waba futhi lilungu lomkhalldlu wokuphatha eNyuvesi yaKwaZulu (Ongoye) kanti futhi wayesebellza kwamanye amakomiti omkhandili. Amayunivesithi amaningi asamhlonipha Ilgeziqll zoblldokotela, njengalawa: eyaKwaZlIllI (Ollgoye), eyaseRhodes, eyaseWitwatersrand neyaseNatal (eyaziwa manje ngeKwaZulu-

- 25 - Natal). Emagameni ababhali abazinikela ngokugcwele ekul otshweni nasekuthuthukisweni kwemibhalo yes iZulli liyohl ale linge linye laph am bil i igama likaS ibusiso Nyembezi.

Usunikeziwe umlando kaDhlomo nokaNyembezi, sekuzo bh ekwa izinkinga ezibe khona ngesikhathi kwenziwa lolll cwaningo.

1.11 IZINKINGA EZIBE KRONA MAYELANA NOCWANINGO LWALOLU RLOBO

Uma kwenziwa ucwanlngo Iwanoma yiluphi lI hlobo kuyenze ka kube khona izinto eziyizin gqinamba kanye nemingce le. Enye yez in gq inamba ku be ngeyoku thi emakhos ini aqoki we kulolll cwaningo amath athu oku yiNkosi uS haka, uDingane kanye neNkosi lI M pande, abantu abasawazi kahle umlando ngabo abasekho. Labo abatholakalayo iningi labo lisho lokho elaku zwa yo okun ye kwakho okungahlangani kahl e. Lokh o kwaba nomthelela wokuthi umcwaningi agc ine ecubun gul e lokho okubhaliwe nga la makhos i. A bantu axoxisana nabo baph awul a ngenkos i uCetshwayo.

Kulolu cwanlllgo ziningi izinkinga umncwaningi ahlangabezane nazo . Inkinga yokuq ala

eyokwe, ntuleka kwezincwadi eziphathelene nolwazi ngokwenziwa kocwaningo ezibhalwe ngo limi Iwes iZulu. Lokhu kwenze ucwaningo lu hambe kanca ne ngoba isikhathi eS lnlngl sithath we lIkuhumusha ul wazi olukwezi nye izi ncwadi ezibhalwe ngezin ye izilimi.

Enye yezinkinga eyo kuthi lIkuthola ul wazi olu mayelana nez into ezithinta ubllkhos i bakwaZlIlu kllmele lIye kllbantll bakh ona eb llkhosi ni noma abasondele ebllkhos ini okwathath a isikhashana ngenxa yemiglldu nenkamb iso elande lwayo lIkuze ukwazi ukllngena ezigodl weni zenkos i. Ulllcwaningi ese litholile ithllba lokllxoxisana nabantll basebllkhos ini keph a kwatholakala ukllthi ullliando ababewllni keza wawllba noku shay isa na ngenxa yokukhohlaka la kwezigameko. Enye yezinkin ga eyokuthi azitholakali elllitatsheni yolwazi izincwadi ezichaza futhi zicac ise kabanzi ngezin hlobo za manoveli ikakhlllukazi eyo mlando, ezibhalwe ngo limi Iwes iZulll. Nezincwad i ezithinta lImlando wa lllakh os i azisatholakali kahl e ngenxa yeminya ka ya klldala ezashi cilelwa ngayo.

- 26 - Sekuphawuliwe ngezinkinga ezibe khona mayelana nalolu cwanlngo. Sekuzobhekwa ukuhlelwa kwezahluko zalo.

1.12 UKUHLELWA KWEZAHLUKO ZALOLU CWANINGO

Isahluko 1 Lesi sahluko siyisendlalelo socwaningo. Kwethulwa ucwaningo bese kuhlaziywa amagama aqukethwe yisihloko socwaningo. Kuzobhekwa okuyizona zinhloso zokwenza lolu cwaningo. Kuzobhekwa isidingo kanye nenkuthazo yokwenza lolu cwaningo. Kuzobhekwa umklamo wokwenza lolu cwaningo kanye nemibuzo yalolu cwaningo. Kulesi sahluko kuzovezwa namagama adinga ukuchazwa ukuze ucwan ingo lulandeleke kahle. Njengoba lolu cwaningo luthinta ubukhosi bakwaZulu kuzobhekwa umlando wobukhosi bakwaZulu. Kuzonikezwa umlando kaDhlomo kanye nokaNyembezi okuyibona okuqhathaniswa imibhalo yabo kulolu cwanll1go. Ekugcineni kuzobhekwa izinkinga ezibe khona ngesikhathi kuqhutshwa lolu cwanlngo.

Isahluko 2 Lesi yisahluko sokubuyekezwa kwemibhalo. Kuzobhekwa lokho osekubhaliwe kanye nalokho osekucwaningiwe ngamakhosi akwaZulu. Kucashunwe imisebenzi yabacwaningi abehlukahlukene asebeke bacwaninga ngamakhosi akwaZulu. Kuzobhekwa lokho osekuke kwabhalwa ngenoveli yom lando kanye nezibongo zamakhosi.

Isahluko 3

Lesi yisahluko esigxile kakhulu ezindleleni ezisetshenzisiwe ukuqoqa ulwazi kulolu cwaningo kanye nezinjulalulwazi ezisetshenzisiwe. Kuzoqale kuphawulwe ngezinhlobo ezahlukene zamapharadaymu bese kugxilwa kuleyo esetshenzisiwe kulolu cwaningo.

Izindlela e~isetshenzisiwe ukuqoqa ulwazi oluqondene nalolu cwaningo zikuso lesi sahluko. Ekugcineni kuzobhekwa izinjulalulwazi ezisetshenziswe kulolu cwaningo. Isahluko 4

Kulesi sahluko kuzokwethulwa lonke ulwazi olutholakele bese kuqhathaniswa amanoveli omlando abhalwe nguDhlomo ngeNkosi uShaka, uDingane, uMpande kanye neNkosi

- 27- uCetshwayo. Lokhu kuzoqhathaniswa nezibongo zala makhosi njengoba zlqoqwe lINyembezi. KlIzoqale kuvezwe umlando ngala makhosi akhethiwe, bese kubhekwa okllfanayo emanovelini omlando wamakhosi kanye nezibongo zawo amakhosi. Klizobe sekubhekwa okutholakala emanovelini kuphela kanye nalokho okutholakala ezibongweni

kuphela.

Isahluko 5 Lesi yisahlllko sokllhlaziya konke okutholakele ngesikhathi kwenziwa lolu cwaningo.

Klizobllkwa lIbuqiniso bokuqukethwe amanoveli bllqhathaniswa nezincwadi ezibhaliwe zomlando wala makhosi kanye noklltholakale ngesikhathi kwenziwa izingxoxo zalolu cwanll1go. Kuzobe sekllbhekwa lImthelela wesakhiwo semibhalo yomibili eqhathaniswayo ekwethulweni kokuqllkethwe. Ekllgcineni kllzobe sekubhekwa umthelela wesiko laseNtshonalanga emibhalweni kaDhlomo.

Isahluko 6 Lesi yisahlllko okuzohlaziywa lokho oklltholakele kulolu cwaningo. Lokhu kllzokwenziwa ngokllphendula imibllzo nezinhloso zocwaningo. Yikona okllwllmgogodla wocwaningo. Klizobhekwa neqhaza elizobanjwa yilolu cwaningo. Ekugcineni kuzobe sekllphonswa inselelo kwabanye abacwaningi lIkuba baqhube lolu cwaningo.

1.13 ISIPHETHO

Lesi sahluko besethula ucwanll1go. Klibe sekllhlaziywa amagama aqllkethwe yisihloko socwaningo. KlIbhekwe okuyizona zinhloso zokwenza lolll cwaningo. KlIbhekwe isidingo kanye nenkuthazo yokwenza lolu cwaningo. KlIbllye kwabhekwa lImklamo wokwenza lolu cwaningo kanye nemibuzo yalolu cwaningo. KlIye kwavezwa namagama abedinga lIkllchazwa lIkuze lIcwaningo Ililandeleke kahle. Njengoba lolll cwaningo luthinta lIblikhosi bakwaZlIlu kllbhekwe umlando wobllkhosi bakwaZlIllI. Klinikezwe nomlando kaDhlomo kanye nokaNyembezi okllyibona obekllqhathaniswa imibhalo yabo kliloill cwaningo. Ekllgcineni kllbhekwe izinkinga ezibe khona ngesikhathi kuqhutshwa lolu cwaningo.

- 28 - lsahluko es ilandelayo okuyisahlllko ses ibili sizogxila klliokho osekubhaliwe okllphathelene nalolu cwanin go.

- 29 - ISAHLUKO SESIBILI

UKUBUYEKEZW A KWEMIBHALO

2.1. ISINGENISO

Kulesi sahluko kuzobhekwa lokho osekubhaliwe kanye nalokho osekucwaningiwe ngamakhosi akwaZulu. Miningi kakhulu imi sebenzi eseyenziwe ngobukhosi bakwaZulu. Imisebenzi eminingi igxile kakhulu emlandweni wesizwe samaZulu. Eminye icubungula inkosi nenkosi ngayinye. Njengoba lolu cwaningo luqhathanisa ukuvezwa kwamakhosi amane; iNkosi uShaka, iNkosi uDingane, iNkosi uMpande kanye neNkosi uCetshwayo, kuzogxilwa kulokho osekuke kwabhalwa ngezibon go zamakhosi, ngenoveli yomlando kanye nom lando nje jikelele ngalawa makhosi.

2.2. OSEKUBHALIWE NGEZIBONGO

Uma sibheka umlando wezibongo siyabona ukuthi akekho okunguyena okungathiwa ngumbhali wezibongo ngoba mandulo isizwe nesizwe sasiba nezimbongi ezazibongela amakhosi. Izimbongi kwakuba abantu ababeba sed uze nenkosi babone konke okwenziwa yinkosi bese beyibongela ngakho. Izibongo zazingabhaliwe phansi ngoba zazihaywa yizimbongi. Ababhali abaningi ababhale izibongo benza iqoqa lazo kepha akubona abaziqambayo ngoba zazishiwo ngomlomo yizimbon gi. Yingakho uthola ukuthi ababhali abehlukene babhala izibongo zenkosi eyodwa kepha zingafani ngoba basuke bezithola kubantu abehlukene abazi urn lando. Omunye umbhali owenze iqoqo lezibongo zamakhosi ngu C.L.S. Nyembezi .

Kwenziwe ucwaningo olunzulu kubhekwa ukuthi yin i esibhaliwe ngezibongo zamakhosi. Akubhekwanga kuphela izincwadi ezibhaliwe zashicilelwa kepha kubuye kwabhekwa nemisebenzi yocwaningo engashicilelwe kanye namaphepha afundiwe akumajenali. Yonke Ie misebenzi eyenziwe ngezibongo zamakhosi awukho oqhathanisa izibongo nenoveli yomlando.

- 30 - lzibongo zamakhosi zaqoqwa uStllart, James zase zishicilelwa uCope ngonyaka we- 1968. Kwaphuma incwadi ethi "Izibongo, Zulu (Praise Poems). U c.L.S. Nyembezi, wabhala incwadi ethi "Izibongo Zamakhosi" emva kokwenza ucwaningo ngamakhosi akwaZulu. Konke kwakllsasllkela emsebenzini kaStuart. Ngonyaka we-1970 lIFinnegan R. waloba incwadi ethi "Oral Literature in Africa". Le ncwadi egxile kakhllill ebllcikweni bomlomo okllmbandakanya izibongo.

URycroft noNgcobo babhala incwadi ethi "The Praises of Dingane " ngonyaka we-1988 ehlaziya izibongo zeNkosi lIDingane. Ngonyaka we-1994 lICannonici , N.N. wabhala incwadi ethi ''Zulu Oral Poetry". Klile ncwadi yakhe ugxile ezibongweni zamakhosi.

Ngaphandle kwezincwadi kukhona namaphepha ashicilelwa kanye nocwaningo olwenziwa ngabacwaningi abehlllkahlllkene.

UMathonsi, N.N. ephepheni lakhe elithi "The Concept lzibongo" elashicilelwa ngonyaka wezi-2003 uClIbunglila ikakhlllllkazi izibongo zamakhosi . Uveza indlela izibongo ebezibllkwa ngayo klldala kllnendlela esezibllkwa ngayo manje.

Ababhali abanjengoBryant (1929) encwadini yakhe ethi "Olden Tim es in Zululand and Natal ", uSamuelson (1929) encwadini yakhe ethi "Long, long, ago " kallye noGrant (1929) encwadini ethi "lzibongo of The Zulu Chiefs", bangabokllqala ekllbhaleni izibongo esizweni samaZulu. Ulwazi ababeillthoia Iwailiveia ezimbongini kanye nabantu nje ababezazi izibongo zamakhosi. Kusllselwa eqoqweni likaStliart, James elabllye labllyekezwa lITrevor Cope ngonyaka we-1986 lapho okubhekwa khona izibongo zamakhosi. Indlela lICope ayecubllngliia ngayo izibongo wayebheka kakhllill lezo zasebukhosini, zamakhosi , zamaqhawe, zabantll besifazane basebllkhosini kanye nezabamhlophe.

U-Opland (1983) emsebenzini wakhe odllm ile othi )(hosa Oral Poetry wabhala lImsebenzi othi aWlIfane nokaCope ngapha esiZlIlwilli. Uveza kabanzi iqhaza elibanjwa yimbollgi ezibongweni. UKaschlila (1991) ocwaningweni Iwakhe oilithi Transitional Role of the Xhosa

- 31 - Oral Poet in Contemporary South African Society ubhale ngeqhaza elibanj wa yimbongi nj engomuntu oveza konke ngenkosi okuhle noku bi.

UGunner ( 1984) wenza ucwanlllgo olunzulu ngezibongo olusihloko sithi, "Ukubonga

Nezibongo : Zulu Praising and Praisies n . Wayebheka ukuthi izibongo zamakh os i zakudala zingasetshenziswa kanjani es ikhathini samanje. Wayecubungula inhlosongqangi yezibongo ekugqami seni ubunjalo balowo obongwayo. Wayebheka ukuthi ngabe izibongo zisebenza kanj ani ezinsukwini zanamuhla. Wabu ye wabheka ubunjalo nengqikithi yezibongo zabantu

ka nye nendlela ezihaywa ngayo.

Encwadini yabo ethi " Musho" ( 1994) uGunner noGwala benze iqoqo lezibongo zabantu abadumile, amakhos i, abes ifazane kanye nezi ngane. Es ingenisweni sabo laba babhali bachaza izibongo njengento es isetshenziswa kakhulu nakwezepolitiki namuhla.

UMafej e ( 1967) uthi izibongo za makh os i nezinduna zibaluleke kakhulu kunezin ye ngoba zimbandakanya konke okuphathelene naleso sizwe futhi zibalulekile nakwezombu sazwe.

Izibongo zibambe iqhaza elikhulu emphakathini wa maZulu. Y izona ezinikeza umlando ongaguquki ngesizwe sa maZulu. NgokukaNyembezi ( 1958) izibongo zaziyincwadi yes izwe

samaZulu njengoba konke okomlando kwakugcinwe kuzo izibongo. A maZulu ayethembele

kuzo izibongo. Z ixhumanisa inkos i nezin ya nya. UHadebe ( 1992) uthi izibongo ziyajabulisa, zikhuthaze ikhono lokuqamba bese zisebenza umsebenzi wokuqhakambisa ubuzwe.' Izibongo ziqukethe ul wazi ngo kubu sa kwenkosi , amabutho ayo, imizi yayo, izitha zayo , izimpi ezilw ile kanti zibuye ziveze ubunjalo benkos i nobuqhawe noma ubu gwala bayo.

UHadebe ( 1992) ubuye aqhubeke athi ul wazi imbongi iluthola ngalokh o ehlangabezana nakho, lokho ezibonela kh ona kanye nalokho ekuzwa kukhulunywa. Imbongi ihlala nj alo isondelene nenkos i. Iq aphela izenzo zayo, ukwenza kwayo uma ibhekene nezinkinga kanye

I They prov ide enteltainment, encourage creativity and serve as a symbol of nati onal identity (Hadebe, 1992 : 90) - 32 - nobudlelwano bayo nes lzwe sayo kanye nezlzwe ez in go makhelwane. Lapho imbongi yayisuke in gekho khona njengasempini yay ithola ul wazi klil abo ababebu ya empini .2

UKlIn ene ocwanin gweni Iwakhe oill sihioko sithi An Analytical Survey of Zulu Poet'y Both Traditional And Modern (1962), wehlllkani sa izibongo zamakhosi ngemikhakh a emithathu noma izinkathi ezintathu kanj e: • Izibongo zamakhosi ngaphambi kokllbllsa kweNkos i uShaka; • Izibon go zamakhos i nges ikhathi sokllbll sa kweNkos i uShaka • Izibongo zamakh osi emva kokubusa kweNkosi uShaka.

UKh athi (2002:35) uthi izibongo za makhosi ngaphamb i ko kubu sa kwenkosi uShaka zabe ziqhakambi sa um cul o, uku zin gela, im velo, ukweshela ka nye nenzulul waz i. UKh at hi uqhllbeka athi izibongo za makhos i nges ikhath i sokub usa kweN kosi uShaka ziqhakambi sa kakhlliu ubu zwe, ubunkondlo obuqephuzayo, isakhiwo es ihlukil e, izithombemagama kanye nophawu.

UMaphumulo noTh wa la ( 1992 :33) bathi izibongo zenkathi esemva kokubu sa kweN kos i uShaka ziphindela ekun cikeni emilolozelweni . Zikhombi sa ukul angazelela ubukhulu nobukhosi osebunyamalala, lapho amandla kaZulu esephelile.

Es ithangamini saseSandl wana (2006: 15) uSo lwazi O.E.H. Nx umalo wa ph aw ul a ngezibongo ikakhulu ezeN kos i uCetshwayo. Wa phaw ul a ngokuthi izibongo ziba lul ekil e ekud webeni uml ando, ziwugqozi nes isekelo so buzwe kanti futhi zin gum bumbi wes izwe.

Sekuphawuli we ngosekubhali we ngez ibongo, se ku zophaw ul wa ngosekubh ali we nga manove li om land o.

2 In get ~in g in fo rmati on, the imbongi reli es on personal experience, eyewitness and hearsay. The im bongi is always 111 close contact with the king or chi ef. He moni tores his activities, hi s reactions to problems and hi s relations to hi s subjects and neighbours. Where th e imbongi was not present, li ke during war expeditions, he re li ed on eyewitnesses.(Hadebe, 1992:90) ,.,,., - jj - 2.2.1. IZIBONGO UNyembezi ( 1958 : I) uthi : " lzibongo lezi ku suke kubongwa amakhosi, kubongwa izinduna kubongwa amaqhawe kodwa aku sikho ukuthi umu ntu uzithola izibongo ngoba ese mdala kuphela. Abanye bazithola bengabantwana, kanti futh i kwejwayelekile ukuba abafana bath ole izibongo ngobuqhawe babo noma ngezici ezithile ekwalu seni. Lokhu-ke kukhombisa kahl e ukuthi izibongo lezi aku sikho ukucikoza nj e kokubonakalisa ubugugu keph a izibongo ziyincwadi kaZulu. Phela uZulu wayengenalo ul wazi lokuloba ph ansi noma ul wazi lokuloba ngokuqopha ematsheni. Izigigaba ezibalulekile zazibekwe nj engezibongo.

UCope, ( 1968:34) uma ehunyushelwe es iZulwini uthi izibongo ziyinkulumo ebon ga umuntu 3 ehlangani sa i-ephikhi ne-ode . UZulu nabanye, ( 1989:96) bathi i-ephikhi yinkondlo end e kakhulu, en gaba yincwadi yonke iyodwa nj e exoxa ngezigameko zeqhawe lomlando noma elisuse lwa ekhanda. Imvamisa i-ephikhi iba nobunkondlo obu shubile impela. lzigigaba zendaba kuvama ukuba zingalandelani swa ngo kwes ikhathi , imbongi in gay iq ala phakathi noma ngaseku gc ineni indaba, ibuye ibu ye le emu va ezigiga beni ezenze ka kuq ala. UDoke naban ye, ( 198 5:3 18) bathi i-ode isizosha, inkondlo engaculeka.

2.2.2. IMBONGI

UMzolo ( 1977:35) uthi okunguyena muntu obongela inkos i ubi zwa ngokuthi yimbongi. Ibizo imbongi lisuselwa esenzweni es ithi " bonga" . lzibongo ziyigama eliwubuningi bes ibongo kepha isibongo asihlangani se nalutho nokubonge la. Uma kukhulunywa ngokubon gela izibongo azinabo ubun ye. UMafeje ( 1967: 194) uthi izibongo zamakhosi zisemqoka kakhulu ngoba zithinta umphakathi wonke futhi zibalulekile nakwezepolitiki. Es izweni samaZulu imbongi ithola um sebenzi wokubonge la inkos i ngenxa ye kh ono layo lokubonge la. A kukho lapho imbongi yay ithathwa iyoq eqes hwa noma ifundi swe ubumbongi. Ngamanye am azwi

3 Izibongo are eul ogies combining some of th e quali ties of both the ode and th e epic

- 34- azikho izikole lapho kufundiswa khona izimbongi. Kuyaye kube umuntu nje obongela inkosi hhayi ngoba engowasebukhosin i.

UMafeje (1967:1967) uthi kukhona okufanayo ezimbongini zaseYurophu kanye nezaseNingizimu Afrika ngoba zonke ziqhamuka emindenini okungeyona eyasebukhosini. Imbongi iqondene nenkosi yodwa hhayi is izwe sonke. Uma inkosi ikhothama awukho umthetho othi imbongi isizoqhubeka ibongele inkosi elandelayo. Inkosi elandelayo ingaqhubeka nokubongelwa yileyo mbongi uma isathanda. U-Innes (1974: 2) uthi emazweni aseNtshonalanga ye-Afrika umuntu uba yimbongi ngoba ezelwe ngenye

imbongi. Lokhu akwenzeki ezimbongini zamaZulu. Esizweni samaZulu imbongi uma isibongela isuke ivunule ngemvunulo eyehlukile kuneyabanye. Imvunulo yayo iba ngeyesikhumba sesilwane futhi izihlobisa ngezimpaphe ezinhle zezinyoni ekhanda layo kanti imisila yezilwane ezinhlobonhlobo igqiza ngazo ezinyaweni kanye nasezingalweni. Ingaphatha induku eyishwizisa emoyeni bese kuthi kwesinye isandla iphathe uhlobo oluthile Iwehawu.

Uma imbongi isithaphuza inkosi, iyibongela, isuke isigedeza seyisondela khona impela ekuculeni. UCope (1968:29) uma ehunyushelwe esiZulwini uthi 4 imbongi ihaya izibongo imemeza kakhulu ibe isheshisa. Lokhu kumemeza kwembongi ibe isheshisa kwenza nabalalele bavukwe wusinga ngisho nayo imbongi ivukwa wusinga. Ukunyakaza okubonakalayo nokuzwakalayo kungumongo wezibongo. UMakhambeni( 1986:38-39) uthi: " Inkosi yayibongwa umuntu oyedwa owayeqokelwe 10 msebenzi. Lowo-ke kwabe kuyimbongi. Imbongi lena kwabe kungumuntu osondelene kakhulu nenkosi. Kungakho njena kwakungamangalisi ukuzwa imbongi ibonga ibuye igxeke izenzo ezimbi zenkosi. Kokunye uyizwe seyithinta nokuziphatha kanye nokwakheka kwenkosi ezimpini, nemizwa yesizwe ngezenzo zenkosi".

4 The praiser recites the praises at the top of hi s voice and as fast as possible. These conventions of prai se poem recitation, which is high in pitch,loud in volume,fast in speed, create an emotional excitement in the audience as well in the praiser himself...... Movement, both visible and audible, is the essence of praise- poemrecitation (Cope, 1968:29)

- 35 - UMsimang (1975:367), uthi izimbongi kwakuba abantu abanobuqhawe, izingwazi uqobo, ezivukwa amadlingozi nosinga lapho zibona inkosi ihlabana,ziyihashe ngezibongo. Kwakungabantu abanobuciko bokubeka inkullimo ngendlela enongayo, inkosi kungathiwa inkosi ngempela kepha ifaniswa neziga zonke; kuthiwe umlilo, inyathi, ibululu, indlondlo, isihlahla njalonjalo. Kwakllngabantu abanesibindi bengankllmpezi uma inkosi isiphaphalaza kepha beyikhuza beyeluleka, kokunye bayithethise. Amakhosi ayezithanda izimbongi, ezixoshisa ngemihlambi yezinkomo futhi azakhele imizi.

2.2.3. UBUCIKO BOKUBONGELA

U-Opland (1983) ngesikhathi enza ucwaningo Iwakhe esizweni samaXhosa eTranskei uthi, izinkondlo ezazihaywa ngabantu ababengafundile zazidluliswa ngomlomo. Imbongi yayikwazi ukuqamba izibongo ngesikhathi ihaya. U-Opland wehlukanisa izinhlobo zokuhaya ngamaqoqo amane: Kufike kllbe khona umqambi wezibongo oziqamba ngesikhathi ehaya; kube khona osho ephindelela izinkondlo zomdabu, ikakhulukazi lezo zesizwe sakhe; kube khona oqamba izinkondlo zakhe aziphindaphinde ezisho ngesikhathi kuhaywa; ekugcineni kube yimbongi efundile eqamba izinkondlo zayo njengomsebenzi ogcina usuphelelisiwe. Okuphawulekayo ukuthi kunomehluko okhona phakathi kwezimbongi zamaXhosa kanye nezamaZulu ngoba ezamaZulu aziziqambi izibongo ngesikhathi zihaya.

Ngaphambi kokuthi imbongi iqale ukuhaya, iyaqinisekisa ukllthi abazolalela bazokullingeia lokho. Abazolalela kumele baziswe ukuthi kulindelekeni kubo ikakhulukazi uma kwenziwa emikhosini emikhulu enjengokubekwa kwenkosi , umkhosi wokweshwama njll. UStuart (1925: 168) uthi imbongi enkulu uMagolwana uma isizoqala ukubongela iNkosi lIMpande yayiqala ngokllthetha. 5

5 " When Magolwana was about to commence praising Mpande one of the Zulu kings, the half brother ofShaka, he would start of by ukuthetha; literally meaning to scold, but in this context it means invocation of the spirits".

- 36 - Uma imbon gi isibonge la ayibe isasebenzisa iphimbo eli sebenzisa um a ikhuluma nJ e ngendlela eyejwayelekil e kepha isuke isimemeza futhi isheshi sa. Ukuphakam a kwezw i lembon gi kubalulekil e ngoba kum ele izwakale ku wo wonke umuntu osuke elalele. Ngenkathi imbongi ih aya isuke yehl a yen yuka yenza imin yakazo ethile.

2.2.4. UMSEBENZI WEZIBONGO

Zonke izibongo noma ngabe ezenkosi, ezezilwane, ezabantu, njll. zinom sebenzi eziwenzayo emphakathini . Esizweni samaZulu ukubonge la inkosi kwenze ka um a isizwe siphelele, kun gaba inkosi imenyiwe kulowo mcimbi , izo kwenza umsebenzi wes izwe noma um a ikhona nj e. Kwesin ye isikhathi inkosi iyabongelwa noma kun genambuthano kepha imbon gi iyibongele nj e es igodl we ni sayo. Uma imbongi isibonge la inkos i isuke iyiveza nj engoba injalo emehl we ni es izwe sayo. Kwamanye amabinza imbongi isuke iveza indlela inkosi leyo eyakhiwe ngayo. Iyakwazi futhi uku gxeka izenzo namaphutha enziwe yinkos i. Yi yo kuph ela enelungelo lokugxeka inkosi emphakathini. Nakho lokh o ku gxeka imbongi ay ikwe nzi nj e noma ikanj ani keph a isebenzisa ubu ciko obu thile bezimbongi. UTurn er (2003) ocwanin gweni Iwakhe Iweziqu zobudokotela olusihloko sithi "OraL Strategies for Conflict Expression and Articulation o/Criticism in Zulu Social Discourse" uphawul a kabanzi ngo ku gxeka okukhona ezibongweni zeNkosi uShaka, uDin gane, uMpande kanye nenkosi uCetshwayo. Uthi ngisho nenkosi eyayesabeka nj engenkosi yayigxekwa ezibongweni . Imbongi yay igxeka iNkos i uShaka ngokuba ifune abantu balwe ngisho nangesikhathi sasehl obo oku yisikhathi sokuphumul a:

Mgengi phez' izitha ku sehl obo, Utshani bude buzoku gibani sa. (Nyembezi, 1958 : 24)

Imbon gi ibu ye iqhubeke igxeke izenzo zeNkosi uShaka um a isibul ala bonke abantu ikakhulukazi labo eyayibabona uku thi bayingozi embusweni wayo. Imbongi iyaqhubeka ibali se ngokuthi uma inkosi ibabul ala kanga ka abantu ku sho ukuthi as ikho isizwe es iyobuswa: US haka ngiyesab ' ukuthi nguShaka

- 37 - Ngibon ' isizwe sen kosi siphela, Iyobus' obani? (Nyembezi, 1958: 20)

NeNkosi uDingane iyagxekwa ezibongweni zayo ikakhulukazi ngeslmo sa yo esasingaqondakal i: Isiziba sinzonzo sinzonzobele Siminzis'umuntu eth'uyageza. (Nyembezi , 1958: 61)

Ibuye igxekwe ngezenzo zayo zobllgwala ngesikhathi ishiya IInpl ukllze ibuyele emuva iyobulala iNkosi lIShaka eyazunywa:

UNomashikizela Owashiy'impi yakhe Owagabadel ' inkllndla yakwaBlIlawayo. (Nyembezi, 1958: 22)

Ezibongweni zeNkosi lIMpande kuphawulwa ngokllngqllbuzana okwakllkhona kllbantu bakwaZulll ngokllthathwa kwezwe:

Ubangwe ngamaNgisi namaQadasi. Olokothe izwe, lalokotheka. Wathi liyohanjwa ngabamhlophe namaQadasi. Mdayi, sabela kweliphesheya, Ubani ongabiza lIMdayi kwelakithi kwaZlIllI? (Nyembezi, 1958: 63)

Ezibongweni zeNkosi lICetshwayo, inkosi igxekwa kakhllill ngokllba yinkosi eyayingafllni lIkllthatha iziyalo. Wenqaba lIkllthatha iziyalo kllColenso noShepstone mayelana nodaba lomhlaba: Ndondelakllyalwa (Nyembezi, 1958: 85)

lnkosi lICetshwayo yayibllye igxekwe ngezenzo zayo zokllblliaia ngisho nabasendlllnklllll:

- 38 - Washikizel' uMashikize l'omnyama Edondolozela ngenhlendla yakh'ebimathatha Impi yakh' eyaku yibuthis' eNdliwayini

Wafik' izinkomo zaseNd liwayini,

Wazihlaba kan ye namath ol'azo; Kwathiwa ziyeke lezo MntakaNdaba NgezikaNyokomkhulu ngezikaLangazana. (Nyembezi, 1958: 85)

Izibon go zibalulekile kwezepolitiki ya leso sizwe ngoba yizona ezi hlangani sa isizwe zenze nabantu bayihloniphe inkosi leyo. Izibongo zenkosi zibaluleke kakhulu ekugqugq uze len i inhlonipho. Izibongo zibuye zenze umsebenzi wokuxhumani sa abasaphila nalabo asebelele. Yingakho ezibongweni zamakhosi kubuye kufakwe nezibongo zaman ye amakhosi asakhothama.

2.2.5. ABALALELA YO

Ukuze okuhaywayo kube nomqondo kubalulekile ukuthi kube khona abalalelayo uma imbongi ihaya. Labo aba suke belalele kusuke kuyinkosi ebonge lwayo kanye nes izwe sonke ikakhulukazi uma kuyimikhosi emikhulu. Inkosi ilalela ngokukhulu ukuzimisela . Isizwe so nke siyathula cwaka bese sizwakala sisho amazwi okugqugquze la athi , " mu-sho! mu-sho!"

USchapera (1965:6), uthi kubeS uthu uma imbongi ibongela inkosi abantu bayaye bathi , Pul a! Okusho ukuthi imvula. UZondi ( 1995) uthi aba lale leyo kwesinye isikhathi bayaye benze okusamn yakazo keph a kwesinye isikhathi bayazithulela nje.

Kwezinye izizwe njengaseNtshonalanga Afrika abasuke belalele abayiphazamisi imbongi, bathula bathi du nges ikhathi ihaya. Lokho kwehlukile esizweni samaZulu ngoba wona abe elokhu ethi "mu-sho! " USchapera (1965:5), uthi esizweni samaZulu imbongi ilindela izipho ezi nikezwa yinkosi, okuba yizinkomo. Uqhubeka athi abeTswana bona uma bebongela baklonyeliswa ngenkunzi noma isibhamu.

- 39 - Njengoba izibongo ziyizinkondlo, nakuzona-ke siyabuthola ubunkondlo obusezingeni eliphezulu impela. Lobu bunkondlo bethulwa izifenqo ezinembayo esingathi yizifaniso, izingathekiso, uphawu nokunye. Isakhiwo sezibongo sigqamisa ukudlala ngamagama nemisindo ethile eletha umgqumo othile kolalele nalowo obongayo imbala.Ukuze zicace kahle izibongo kuzobhekwa inkathi, imifanekisomqondo, izifengqo kanye nesakhiwo sezibongo.

2.2.6 INKA THI

UMzoio (1977: 49), uthi uma kuhaywa izibongo zen kosi kusetshenziswa inkathi edlule. Ayisetshenziswa nhlobo inkathi ezofika. Lokhu kudalwa ukuthi izibongo zamakhosi azikusho lokho okuzokwenzeka ngesikhathi esizayo. Izibongo zamakhosi ziqukethe umlando wenkosi kanye nesizwe sonke. Inkathi yamanje nayo iyasetshenziswa uma kukhulunywa ngobunjalo benkosi noma besizwe sonke. Ngisho noma inkosi seyakhothama ubunjalo bayo buvezwa enkathini yamanje ezibongweni zayo. Ake sibheke izibongo zeNkosi uCetshwayo:

Uhlamvana bhul ' umlilo (Nyembezi, 1958:83)

2.2.7 IZITHOMBEMAGAMA

UMsimang (1986: 17) uma echaza izithombemagama uthi lena yindlela yokuqhathanisa ngokusebenzisa into ethile ebonakalayo, enambithekayo, ezwakalayo, njll. ukuzama ukucaciza umqondo othile. Lokhu kufakazelwa uWillek noWarren (1955: 191) uma bethi izithombemagama yizona eziwumongo wezibongo, izibongo zamaZulu zinothile ngakuzo izithombemagama. Ake sibheke izibongo zeNkosi uShaka:

I1emb' eleq' amany' amalembe ngokukhalipha (zulu eladum' esemaMpondweni Phezu kukaFaku umntakaNgqungqushe Bazithath ' izihlangu zamaphela. (Nyembezi, 1958: 19)

- 40 - Lapha iLembe lakha isithombe sento ebukhal i. Inkosi uShaka yayibukhali futhi ikhaliphile.

2.2.8 IS IF ANISO

US hipley (1970:304) uma ehunyushelwe esiZul wi ni uthi isifani so ukuqhathanisa izinto ezimbili ezithi azifane. 6Lesi simo sokukhuluma yisona esijwayeleke kakhulu lapho imbongi iqhathanisa noma ifanisa izinto ezimbili ngenhl oso yokucacisa um ya lezo wayo. Isibonelo sesifaniso ezibongweni zeNkosi uShaka lapho kuthiwa:

Ophehlwe weva wanjengomli lo (Nyembezi, 1958:21 )

Lokhu ku sinikeza isithombe sokuthi iNkosi uShaka yabe ifani swa nomlilo ngo kuba nolaka kwayo.

2.2.9 ISINGATHEKISO

UJohnson (1979: 159) uma ehunyushelwe es iZu lwini uthi isin gatheki so siyisifani so esifinyeziwe. Isifani so siwukuqhathani sa lapho sithi khona into ethil e ifana nen ye kanti isingatheki so sithi into ethile iyinto ethile engeyona. 7 Lapha kuqhathaniswa izinto ezimbili empeleni ezifanayo kodwa inhloso ukunikeza isithombe es icacile sento echazwayo. UHeese noLawton (1975:85) uma behunyushelwe esiZulwini bathi isingathekiso ukufanisa into ethile nen ye kanti uphawu into emele enye hh ayi efani swa nayo, indlela yo kwenza into engabonakali ibonakale.8

Isibonelo ses in gathekiso ezibongweni zeN kosi uShaka lap ho imbongi ithi :

6 The comparison of two things of different categori es ... because of a point of resemblances and because of the association emphasizes clarifies,or in some way enhances the original (Shipley, 1970:304) . 7 A metaphor is a compressed simile. A simile is a comparison in which we say that one thing is something else whi ch in literal fact it cannot be(J one, 1987: 159). 8 .. . metaphor is an implied comparison between two fairly specific things, and is based 0 11 one or more correspondences, a symbol is a representation rather than a comparison, a way of making the abstract concrete, and is based not 0 11 direct correspondence but rather on more general associatioll s(Heese and Lawton, 1988:85) . - 41 - "lnyon' edlezinye. Yath' isadl ' ezinye yadl ' ezinye." (Nyembezi, 1958:27)

Lapha kuvezwa ulaka IweNkosi uShaka, ifaniswa nenyoni enkulll edla ezinye.

2.2.10 UKWENZASAMUNTU

Lapha kuthathwa into engaphiliyo yenziwe iphile. Isenzasamuntll lIhlobo Iwesifengqo lapho into engaphili inikezwa ukllphila. Isibonelo sesenzasamuntu ezibongweni zeNkosi uDingane.

Obuz' all1anz' eMbozamo andukllwela. All1anz' aMbozall1' asal' ababaza. (Nyembezi, 1958:45)

Emva kokuhlubuka emabuthweni uDingane kan ye noMhlangana bahamba bayobulala iNkosi lIShaka bawela lImfllla iMbozamo amaphaphll ephezulu bezibllza beziphendula. Nomfula lIbonakala sengathi wawubabaza ngale nhloso yabo.

2.2.11 UKWENZASASILWANE

Izill1bongi zibuye zithathe abantu zibenze izilwane ngokubenzisa nokubanikeza ISlmo sezilwane. Isibonelo sokwenzasasilwane ezibongweni zeNkosi uShaka:

Inyathi ejame ngomkhonto phezll koMzimvllbu AmaMpondo esaba nokuyehlela (N yembezi , 1958:22)

Inyathi ayikwazi ukuphatha lImkhonto kepha in yathi okukhulllnywa ngayo lapha iNkosi uShaka. Ifaniswa nenyathi.

- 42 - UHeese noLawton ([ 975:85) uma behunyushe[we es iZulw ini bathi isingathekiso ukufanisa into ethi[e nenye kanti uphawu into emele enye hhayi efaniswa nayo, indlela yokwenza into engabonaka[i ibonaka[e.9

2.2.12 UPHAWU

Imbongi ike isebenzise amagama ezinto ezithile ukuchaza okuthile.

Isibonelo sophawu ezibongweni zeNkosi uShaka

Ukleb' engimbon' ukweh[a kwezikaMangcengeza, (Nyembezi, [958 :24

Uklebe uwuphawu o[ulllele ukuhlakanipha.

2.2.13 IZIFENQO

Sizobheka ihaba, isihlonipho kanye nokuqhathanisa.

UDonda ([999:219) uthi akulona ihaba ukuthi izifengqo zenza ukuba igama eliselllsebenzini wobuciko lihlube udlubu ekhasini noma izifengqo zingasetshenziswanga.

2.2.13.1 IHABA

UMaphulllulo (kuDonda [999:256), uthi ihaba ngukunweba inkulumo, yandi swe ngokwenza lokho okukhu[unywa ngakho kube kukhulu kunobuqiniso bakho- intuthwane ibonakale isiyindlovu. Isibonelo sehaba ezibongweni zeN ko si uShaka:

Wen' omkhulu kakhulu

Ongangezwe lakho (Nyembezi, 1958:26)

9 . • . metaphor is an implied comparison between two fa irl y specific things, and is based on one or more correspondences, a symbol is a representation rather than a comparison, a way of making the abstract concrete, and is based not on direct correspondence but rather on more general associations(Heese and Lawton, 1988:85) . - 43 - Ku yih aba lokh o ngo ba akekho lImuntu omkhlli ll oli ngana nezwe lakhe.

2.2.13.2. ISIHLONIPHO

UZulli nabanye ( 1989: 105) bathi isihloni pho sisho ukusetshenziswa kwegama eli thambile nelikhomb isa inhlonipho es ikhundleni segama elingahl e lillime kwabanin gi ngenxa yo ku gagul a kwalo. Isibonelo ses ihlonipho ezibongweni zeNkosi uShaka:

UMashwabada kaMaqanda noNsele, (Nyembezi, 1958:29)

Ngo ku shwabada kllhl oni shwa ukllb li iala.

2.2.13.3 ISIQHATHANISO

UMaphllmlilo noThwala, ( 1992:92) bath i isiqhathaniso sisho lIkumi swa kwamazwi enkullimo aqh athani swe ngendlela yokuthi ap hikisane. La pha kubhekwa igama noma umq ondo lIkllba lIphiki sane nomlln ye otholakala kllmshwana oncikil e lI kuze kll gcize lelwe lIkllqhath ani sa. Isibonelo so kllqh ath ani sa ezibongweni zeNkosi lIS haka :

Emthabath a lapho liphuma ngakhona, Emsin gisa lapho lishona ngakhona. (Nyembezi, 1958:23)

Lapha kll qhathani swa lIkllphlima kanye nokll shona kwe langa. Zinin gi - ke nezin ye izifengqo ezitholaka la ezibongwen i zamakhos i.

- 44 - 2.2.14 ISAKHIWO SAN GAP HANDLE SEZIBONGO

Isakhi wo ez ibongweni nasezinkondl weni Ylwona mkhakha obalul ekil e ngoba iwona mkhakh a ozehlukanisayo izibongo nezinkondlo kwem in ye imibhalo. UZulu nabanye ( 1992) bathi um a kukhulunywa ngesakhiwo ezibongweni kusllke kllq ondi swe ekubumbekeni kwayo inkondlo, ikakhulu lokh o umun tu angak ll bo na nga mehl o ku zo izibongo . Ukwakheka kwemi gqa yenkondl o, ukwakheka kwezigaba zayo, ukusetshenziswa kwezimpawll zokukhan yisa, konke lokho ku yizin gxenye zesakhi wo senkondlo. Nemi sindo yo kuphindaphinda amagama athile noma izin gxenye zawo.

ULestrade ( 1935:295), uma ekhuillma ngokwakheka kwez ibongo uthi zinamabinza angalandeli phethini ethile. lmi gqa yezibongo nayo ay iland eli mgomo othile. Lowo nalowo mu gqa uba namagama angalin gani nawomlln ye lI mugqa. Yimbongi ezihlelela ngo kwayo izibongo in ga land eli mthetho.

UNgllbane ( 1951:4) waba ngowokuq ala ukll za ll1 a lIkllhlll za isa khi wo samabinza ezibongweni . Akllphawlli a lIkuthi ezimbongini zaklld ala amabin za ayeba mafll shane bese ehlllkani swa kabili ; isin geni so kanye nengqi kithi. Uq hll beka athi sekll zo ba yisikhathi senkos i lI Shaka kwabe sekllj otshelelwa nes iphetho nakuba kwaklln gakajwayeleki. Ell1 va kokubusa kwenkosi uShaka kwabe sekuba wum thetho uku thi isiphetho kumele sibe khona ezibongweni . Ake sibheke nasi isibonelo ezibongwen i zeN kosi uShaka:

lsingeniso: Uteku Iwabafazi bakwaN om ga bhi

Ingqikithi : Betekula behl ezi ell1lovini Beth ' uShaka kakubu sa kayubankos i

- 45 - Isiphetho: Kanti ilapho ezawunethezeka

2.2.14.1. IMVUMELWANO

UMsimang ( 1989:7) uthi imvumelwano itholakala uma imigqa ehamb isanayo enkondl weni igcina ngamalunga noma izinhlamvu ezi nemisindo efanayo. Ezinkondlweni nasezibongweni

kuvame imvumelwano sigcino. Iningi nokho ku yaye kube imvumelwano siqalo. Isibonelo semvumelwano siqalo ezibongweni zeNkosi uShaka:

Betekula behlezi emlovini, Bethi uShaka akayikubusa akayikubankosi, (Nyembezi, 1958: 19)

Ikhona nemvumelwano sigc ino ezibongweni zamanye amakhosi, njengasezibongweni zeNkosi uMpande: Nith' ibizwa nguMadela

Ngowakithi k waMa l a nd e~(Nyembezi , 1958:64)

2.2.14.2. UKUXHUMANA

UZulu naban ye (1989: 122) bathi ukuxhumana kusho ukuphindwa kwegama noma isiqu salo ezindaweni ezithile emigqeni elandelanayo ukuze kudaleke ukuxhum ana kwemiqondo phakathi kwaleyo migqa.

Isibonelo sokuxhumana okusekuqaleni ezibongweni zeNkosi uShaka:

US ilwane helele emzini ya bantu, USi lwane ubenge lutho, (Nyembezi, 1958:23) Z ikhona nezi nye izinhlobo zoku xhum ana ezibongweni zamakhosi.

- 46 - 2.2.14.3. IMPINDW A

UMsimang (1986: 13) uyichaza kanje impindwa: Uthi yilapho siphinda umugqa othile noma ingxenye yawo ekuqaleni noma ekugcineni kwendima enkondlwen i. Uma okuphindwayo kubuyiswa njengoba kunjalo kuzo zonke izindima, kugcina sekudale isicefe kuthi ohayayo ezwakale sengathi uhaya umlolozelo, into yokukhulisa abantwana. Abahluzi bathokozela ikakhulukazi impindwa ede ithi ukuguquguquka. Kuba nomgqumo omnandi uma imbongi isilokhu ibuyelela ichaza. Nawe uma kade unganaki le, uze unake, lIbone ukuthi hhayi bo! Kubi manje! Ukuphinda okllnjalo, wukuphinda koku gc izelela. Isibonelo sempindwa ezibongweni ze kosi uShaka:

Oth ' esadl ' ezinye wadi ' ezinye (Nyembezi, 1958 :27)

Nakwezinye izibongo zamakhosi ikhona impindwa.

2.2.14.4.IFANAMSINDO

Lihlukene kabili kukhona ifanankamisa kanye nefanangwaqa. Uma bechaza ifanangwaqa, uMaphumulo noThwala (1992: 103) bathi lisho ukuphindaphinda ongwaqa abafanayo emshweni owodwa. Lokhu kungukudlala njena ngongwaqa abathile ukuze kuvele isi gq i noma um gqumo othile emigqeni. Isibonelo sefanangwaqa ezibongweni zeNkosi uShaka:

l~i~we ~onke ~iyi~wil ' ukulila. (Nyembezi, 1958 :20)

Ungwaqa ~ uyena ophindaphindiwe emgqeni ukwakha isigqi nomgqumo ezibongweni.

Uma bechaza ifanankamisa uMaphumulo noThwala (1992: 103) bathi kusho ukuphindaphindwa kwemisindo yonkamisa abafanayo emagameni amabili noma angaphezulu kepha ahlukene. Lokhu kuphindaphinda kwenzeka konkamisa kuphela hhayi

- 47 - kongwaqa abatholakala kulawo magama. Ukuphindeka konkamisa kwenza umsindo omnandi kanti nenkondlo (izibongo) kuyinika isigqi esithile.

Isibonelo ezibongweni zeNkosi uShaka :

Ab~f~zi ~b~nendeni b~phuluzL(Nyembezi , 1958:20)

Ifanankamisa likankamisaJh Sekuphawuliwe ngesakhiwo sezibongo zamakhosi ,sekuzophawulwa ngombhali wezibongo.

2.3 OSEKUBHALIWE NGAMANOVELI OMLANDO

Aziziningi izincwadi ezibhalwe ngamanoveli om lando. Lokhu kungadalwa ukuthi nalo lolu hlobo Iwamanoveli luyivelakancane. U G. Lukacs, wabhala kabanzi echaza uhlobo Iwenoveli yom lando encwadini ethi "The Historical novel. " Lokhu kwenzeka ngonyaka we-1937. Uma ekhuluma ngenoveli yomlando uthi umlando ubukwa njengesiko, okuyikona okubalulekile isizinda hhayi ubuciko bokubhalwa kwayo. ULukacs (1937 : 42) ukubeka kucace ukuthi okuyikona okubalulekile enovelini yomlando akukona ukuxoxa kabusha ngezigameko ezenzeka emlandweni kepha ukuvuselelwa kwabantu ababekhona kwenzeka lezo zigameko.

Simelwe ukuba sicubungule kabusha izimo zenhlalo ezazenza abantu bacabange, bezwe bese bellZa ngendlela ababenza ngayo emlandweni. Uqhubeka athi inoveli yom lando kumele ikhombise ngobuciko izindlela lezo zinto zomlando kanye nabalingiswa ngendlela ecacile. Uphetha ngokuthi inoveli yom lando yamanje kumele iphikise ngobunyoninco lokho osekwenziwe ibuye isuse izinkolelo zosekwedlule emsebenzini wayo. Kubalulekile ukuthi kucaciswe ukuthi imibhalo eyayibhalwe ngolimi IwesiZulu yephuza kakhulu ukuba khona ngenxa yokungafundi ikakhulukazi kwabantu bakwaZulu ngaleso sikhathi. Okuyizona zincwadi zokuqala ezafundwa ezikoleni zaseNatali yilezo ezazibizwa ngokuthi "James Stuart Books". Yizona ababhali abaningi bamanoveli omlando abasusela kuzona.

- 48 - Singabala naye uDhlomo, RRR okulo lo lu cwanll1go ngamanoveli om lando awabhala. UDhlomo wabhala kakhulu ngamakhosi adumile ayekade ephila. Ngalokho-ke akukho okwakungakholeki okwabhalwa uDhlomo.

UDube (1930) wabhala inoveli yomlando ethi "Insila KaShaka" ekhuluma ngoJeqe. Kuyabonakala ukuthi emva kokufunda amanoveli amaningi esiNgisi kan ye nemidlalo lIDube wabe esebona kufanele abhale Ie noveli. Kule noveli wakhetha ukuba abhale ngoJeqe ngoba emlandweni akukho lapho sitshelwa khona ngokllthi kwenzekani ngomuntu owayeballlieke njengoJeqe em va kokukhothama kweNkosi uShaka. KlIyabonakala nakuyo inoveli yakhe ukllthi akalutholanga 1I1wazi oillningi ngoJeqe ngoba ugcina esekhuluma ngokweshwama kanye nokwenziwa kwensimbi namahawll okungaballliekile kangako empilweni kaJeqe.

UVilakazi, B. W. wabhala amanoveli om lando athi "Noma Nini" (1935) exoxa ngokllbaleka kweNkosi uMpande, ishiya kwelakwaZulu. Wabllye wabhala ethi "uDingiswayo kaJobe" ngo nyaka we-1939 ekhuillma ngenkosi yaKwaMthethwa. Inoveli ya khe yokugcina ithi "Nje Nempela" ekhuluma ngempi yonyaka we-1906.

UMayekiso (1985: I I) uthi em va kwamanoveli om lando abhalwa 1I Vi lakazi kwaba nesikhala esikhulu sokungabhalwa kwamanoveli om lando. Kwaze kwathi ngonyaka we-I974 lINkosi noHlela babhala inoveli yom lando ethi "Imithi Ephundliwe" egxile ekubhidlizweni kombllso wakwaZulu ngesikhathi senkosi uCetshwayo. UHlela noNkosi bayakucacisa ekllqaleni kwencwadi yabo ukllthi nakuba incwadi yabo incike kakhlliu kwezomlando kepha ayiyona incwadi yezomlando. IO

UGwayi wabhala amanoveli omlando amathathll ngokulandelana okukhulu. Eyokuqala yayithi "Bafa Baphela" (1973) eyayikhllillma ngoMantantisi indlovukazi yeslzwe sabaTlokoa. Eyesibili yayithi "Shllmpll" (1974) ekhlliuma kakhulll ngeN kosi uZwide wesizwe sakwaNdwandwe kanye neNkosi uDingiswayo wesizwe sakwaMthethwa. Ichaza nangokublllawa kweNkosi uDingiswayo eblllawa ngllye lIZwide. Inoveli yakhe yokugcina ithi "Yekanini" (1976). Le noveli kungeze kwathiwa iyi noveli equkethe umlando weNkosi

10 Although this booklet at times relates to hi stori ca l incidents, it is not a hi story book (Hlela & Nkosi : 1974) - 49 - uShaka ngoba iveza impilo yakhe kusukela esengumfana kuze kugcine lapho esezothatha ubukhosi elekelelwa yinkosi uDingiswayo. Kule noveli kubuye kuch azwe ukuthi iNkosi uShaka yambulala kanjani uSiguj ana owathatha em va kokukhothama kweNkosi uSenzangakhona. Le noveli ichaza kabanzi ukuthi iNkosi uShaka yahlukumezeka kanjani isencane neNdlovukazi uNandi ezigodl we ni ababehamba behl ala ku zo emva kokuba sebexoshiwe kwaZulu . UGwayi ukubeka kucace ukuthi iNkosi uShaka yay izalwa yiNkosi uSenzan gakhona nakuba ayezalelwe ngaphand le kom shado. Lokhu kuyacaciswa nanguSelby ( 1973: 63)" UMsimang wabhala in oveli yo m land o ngonyaka we-1982 es ihloko sithi "Buzani KuMkabayi" eveza umlando weNkosi uShaka.

Bakhona nabacwaningi abambalwa asebeke bacwaninga nga manoveli omlando. UMayekiso, A.C.T. ocwaningweni Iwakhe olusihloko sithi "The Historical Novels of Jessie Joyce Gwayi, " alwenzele iziqu ze-MA ngonyaka we- 1985 , ucubun gula amanoveli omlando ka lJ. Gwayi athi "Bafa Baphela", "Shumpu", kanye nethi "Yekanini".

UK hoza (200 I), ocwaningweni Iwakhe Iwez iqu ze-MA olungashi cil elwe olusihloko sithi "The discussion of RRR Dhlomo 's Historical Novels", ucubungula amanoveli om lando abhalwe uDhlomo nga makhosi akwaZulu. UKhoza ubheka iNkosi uShaka, iNkosi uDingane, iN kosi uMpande (1937) kanye neNkosi uCetshwayo ( 1952). UKhoza uqhubeka athi amanoveli kaDhlomo ngamakhosi yiwona athathwa kakhulu nj engaqukethe umlando wakwaZulu. Ngesikhathi semibhalo yoD hl omo kwakungelula ukuba imibhalo elotshwe ngumbhali ompisholo ishicilelwe. Es in ye sezizathu kwakun gukuthi babengekho ababengafunda leyo mibhalo emhlabeni wo nke jikelele. Lokho kwenza ukuba ababhali abansundu bashi cilele imibhalo yabo emaphephandabeni.

UKhoza uqhubeka athi ngo nyaka we-I 928 uDhl omo wab hala isikeshi esifu shane esavela ephephandabeni laseY urophu lan suku zo nke kanye nendaba emfushane eyayiyinde. Lokhu kwemukelwa ngesasasa kwabemibhalo eMelika. Eminye imibhalo kaDhlomo yay ishicilel wa

II Senzangakhona as a chi ef was already marri ed and andi was taken as a juni or wife. However, she soon lost favo ur and so was expell ed with her child. Shaka's childhood was first spent among hi s mother's people. This was an unhappy peri od as there were recriminations because of the circumstances of hi s birth. Next they went to li ve with Mtetwa relatives on the coast, where Shaka worked happily as a boy and later joined the Mtetwa arm y. (Selby: 1973 : 63) - 50 - emaphephandabeni anjengeLanga laseNatali, "Bantu World' kanye ne-"SjambolC'. Yiwona maphephandaba eNingizimu Afrika alekelela kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni imibhalo yabamnyama kanye nepolitiki.

UKhoza (200 1:2) uthi ngokubhala ngamakhosi akwaZulu uDhlomo wayefuna ukufundisa abafundi bemibhalo yakhe ngamaqhawe ababengazifanisa nawo. Imibhalo yakhe yafundwa kakhulu yizinkulungwane zabafundi yabuye yabanikeza ulwazi nothando lomlando wesizwe samaZulu. Incwadi kaDhlomo ethi "UShaka" yiyona eyaba eyomlando ngenkosi kanti ngisho namanje isathathwa njengengugo kubantu abaningi abangamaZulu. Ngesikhathi ebhala ngeNkosi uCetshwayo wayefuna ukucacisa kabanzi ngezigameko ngesikhathi sokubusa kweNkosi uCetshwayo.

2.3.1 INOVELI YOMLANDO

Inoveli yom lando ingachazwa kalula nje ngokuthi iyinoveli equkethe izigameko ezisuselwe zasekelwa emaqinisweni angokomlando. Kungaba ngamaqiniso amasha, abengakaze avezwe noma kuba ngamaqiniso aziwayo, umehluko sekungukuthi nje umlobi usesebenzisa elakhe ikhono ekuwaxoxeni. Imvamisa umlobi walolu hlobo Iwenoveli ukhetha iqhawe abantu abavumelana ngokuvamile ngokuthi laba neqhaza elibalulekile emlandweni, kungaba ngenxa yokuhlabana kwalo noma ngenxa yokwehluleka kwalo okwaba nomphumela othile emlandweni. Kokllnye lim lobi lIkhetha isigameko esiballliekile emlandweni abhale ngaso esebenzisa amaqiniso aziwayo. Nanxa kusllke kllbhalwa ngezinto ezaziwa cishe yiwo wonke umuntll ojwayelene nesigameko noma umuntu okubhalwe ngaye inoveli, injongo yomlobi kusuke kungukllgcizelela nokllveza akubheka njengokubalulekile okllfanele kugcinelwe izizukulwane ezizayo. Kokllnye usuke ehlose ukuqondisa nokuveza amaqiniso athile abesontiwe, efisa ukuba umlando obhalwe ngawo uvezwe ngendlela enembile evumelana namaqiniso ezinto ezenzeka esikhathini esedlule.

Inoveli yom lando idinga ukuba umlobi wayo abe yiciko lokuveza izigameko ngendlela ehehayo ezokwenza umfundi abe nomdlandla wokufunda incwadi, nanxa efunda ngezinto okungenzeka ukuthi akaqali ukuzwa ngazo. Umlobi kufanele akwazi ukllnonga indaba yakhe,

- 51 - aveze izigameko ngendlela ezokwenza ofundayo aWlIbone ngamanye amehlo umlando abezitshela lIkuthi lIyawazi. Lowo oqalayo ukufllnda ngomllntll noma izigameko okllkhlllllnywa ngazo, kllfanele avulwe amehlo ngllmlobi , akwazi ukubona ukliballileka kwalokho okllbhalwe ngakho, akwazi lIkllthathwa abekwe, kllbe sengathi izigameko okllkhlllllnywa ngazo zenzeka manje, kakuyona into eseyadlllia kudalo.

2.3.2 UKUBALULEKA KWENOVELI YOMLANDO

Inoveli yom lando ibaluleke kakhlliu ekllgcineni amaqiniso ezehlakalo zezikhathi ezedlule. Njengoba sazi ukllthi umlando uvamise ukwedllliiswa ngomlomo kusllka esizllkulwaneni esithile kllya kwesilandelayo, kuningi okungaguqllka ngenkathi wedllliiswa, ngokllhamba kwesikhathi kllbe kungasanembile kangako lokhu okushiwo ngabantu abehlukene lapho bedllliisa izinto ezazenzeka esikhathini esedlllie. Incwadi yomlando-ke isiza eklltheni ikllgcine lokho okllphathelene nom lando othile, klln gagllqllgllqllki, kllhlale kllyinto eyodwa

Siyazi lIkllthi ngokllhamba kwesikhathi isizllklliwane esiwazi ngokllzibonela lim lando othile siyafa, kllsale isizllklliwane esizwa ngokllxoxelwa nje. Yilapho-ke inoveli yomlando eballlieke khona: lIkllba yinqolobane yokllgcina lImlando njengoba lInjalo, lIkllZe nezizllkulwane ezilandelayo zikwazi lIkllfunda zizizwele nanxa zazingekho kwenzeka izigameko okuxoxwa ngazo enovelini.

2.3.3. IBHAL W A KANJANI INOVELI YOMLANDO?

Umlobi wenoveli yomlando uSlIke ebhekene nenselelo enkulu ngoba usuke engabhali ngezinto azisusela ekhanda. Klisuke kllfanele aqikelele lIkuthi kuyanemba akushoyo. Klisuke kufanele abe nesibindi esikhulu futhi ngoba ku sllke kusengenzeka abhale ngakho kllsllse umsindo, kube khona abanyatheleka amakhona noma abakhala ngokuthi abhale ngakho kusonta amaqiniso angokomlando. Sesike sakllbona lokhll , kusuka umsindo ngencwadi kaZlIlu (2005) esihloko sithi "Umongo KaZulu ". Nanxa engabhale yona inoveli yom lando, lIZulu , baningi nokho abakhala kakhlliu ngokuthi okushiwo encwadini kuyawllsonta - 52 - umlando. Kuyacaca-ke ukuthi umllntu akanakumane asuke nje athi usebhala inoveli yom lando. Kufanele kube ngllmuntu owazi kahle lim lando azobhala ngawo. Kufanele kllbe ngumllntu okhuthele ozimisele ukwenza ucwaningo olunzlllll , abllze kwabaziyo ukuze aveze isi thombe esinembile nesigcwele nga lokho abhala ngakho.

Kubalulekile futhi ukllba kube ngumuntll onothando ngesihloko abhala ngaso. Lokho kusiza ekutheni lIzwakale lImdlandla endleleni ethula ngayo indaba, kwenze ukuba ofundayo aheheke, abe nesasasa lokuzwa isiphetho sezigameko.

Okunye okllbalulekile ngukuba obhalayo angachemi. Kufanele okllhle nokuyihlazo kuvezwe njengoba kunjalo. Akufanele inoveli ibhalwe ngenjongo yokusabalalisa nokwandisa inkolelo ze ethile. Yilokhu phela okuhlale kukhalwa ngakho uma kuphawulwa ngezinto ezazibhalwa ngabalobi abanjengoFynn, Stuart, naban ye abamhlophe ababebhala ngomlando wabamnyama. Okugqamayo kwababekubhala ngukllthi babengenandaba nobuqiniso bezinto ababebhala ngazo, inhloso nje kwakun gllkll sonta amaqiniso lIkuze kuvele isithombe esibi ngabantu abansllndu, ikakhulukazi labo ababehlonishwa njengeNkosi uShaka, uCetshwayo nabanye abaningi.

Kubalulekile futhi ukuba umlobi aqhele, angagxambllkeli enovelini yakhe. Ngamanye amazwi akanamathele ekwethuleni abalingiswa nezigameko, angafunzi umfundi imibono yakhe. Makube ngllmfllndi ozihlaziyela amaqiniso, azitholele yena lIkuthi kwakuyiphutha yini noma kwakufanele ukuba izigameko zenzeke ngendlela ezenzeka ngayo, kllngabi ngumlobi ohamba phambili ekwahluleleni abalingiswa nezigameko abhale ngazo.

2.3.4. OKUQUKETHWE YINOVELI YOM LANDO

Njengoba sesike saphawula, inoveli yomlando iqukethe amaqiniso angokomlando mayelana nabantu abathile noma izigameko ezithile. Imvami sa kuthathwa umuntu noma isigameko esithile okuyikhona inoveli yonke esuke igxile kukhona.

- 53 - Okusuke kubalulekile lapha nokllyikhona okllveza ikhono nobllciko bomlobi yindlela akwethllia ngayo lokho abhala ngakho. Omllnye umlobi ukheth a lIkllyiqala emuva indaba esandlalela ngokwenzeka ngaphambi kwesigameko leso. Ngokwes ibonelo uma inove li ixoxa ngempi yaseSandlwana, lim lobi uzoqala emu va, kokunye eminyakeni engamas humi amahlanu ngaphambi kwesigameko, enze la lI kuba sikuqonde kahle okllzoxoxwa ngakho kabanzi enove lini, sikwazi lIkllkllhlobani sa namaqi ni so eses iwethllielwe nj engesendlalelo. Uma ngokwesibonelo urn lobi ebhala ngomuntu othile, uqala phansi ethllie umlando owandllieia ukllza lwa kwakh e, eze nayo njalo indaba, simbona ekhllia ku ze kube yilapho eseqala lIkuhlabana enovelini. Lokhu siyakubona enove lini ethi " BlI za ni KuMkabay i" . Umlobi indaba uyiqala emllva kuJ ama, eze njalo kuSenzangakhona, kuze kube yilapho kllzalwa lIMkabayi newele lakh e, bese kllyila esegx ila-ke klliezo zigameko ezithinta uM kabay i ngqo.

Okllcacayo-ke ngllkllthi lim lobi wenoveli yom lando kaku fanele anhlanhlath e ngokllngenas idingo, kllnalokh o kllfanele anamathele endabeni, kumlingiswa, nases igamekweni asethulela sona.

Umbu zo -ke kuba ngllkllthi kwethlliwa kanjani lokho okuwumlando wes igameko noma umlingiswa othile. Urn lobi ku sllke kufanele abe nekhono lokllkheth a izinto ezive lele azoxoxa ngazo, hhayi indavllndavu yezigameko zansllkll zonke ezi ngezllkllheha kangako.

KlI fanele izigameko zilandelane ngendlela ezwakalayo nenomqondo, kllngaxoveki nje ngoba lokh o kun gamdida umfundi agc ine esesa le nolwazi oluyiphlltha, olun ganembile.

Inove li iwuhlelo lombhalo owenzeka emva kwes ikhathi es id e. Ubude bayo nokho abukalelwa. A manove li ahlllkahlllkene ngezinhlobo zawo. KlI khona athinta umlando, amanoveli angenhlalo ya bantu , akhulull1a ngell1p ilo YO ll1dabll, agxeka ill1pilo yase ll1 adolobheni ngoku yiqhathani sa neyasell1akhaya, inovel i yophenyo kanye nall1 anye.

Sizogxila kllie YO ll1l ando ngoba iyona ezobhekwa kulolu cwaningo. UZlIIlI nabanye ( 1992 :332) bathi inoveli YO ll1l ando igx ile ezehl aka lweni ezake zenzeka. Endabeni sithola aba lingiswa abangasllse lwa ekh anda kll phe la nje, kodwa abake baph ila. Izehlakalo

- 54 - ezichazwayo zibonakala zenzeka endaweni eyaziwayo esinokuyikhomba. Kodwa uma zonke izinto encwadini ziyiqiniso incwadi leyo izoba eyomlando. Okuyenza ibe yinoveli yilezo zinto lImbhali azisusela ekhanda. Ezinye izehlakalo kungenzeka zingasekwa wubllfakazi bomlando. Abalingiswa abathile kungaba abasuselwe ekhanda, abangazange baphile. Umbhali uyazisungulela ezinye izinto ukuze indaba yakhe iphelele. Okubalulekile ukuthi lokhu umbhali akususela ekhanda kufanele kuvumelane namaqiniso om lando, okuyizehlakalo ezigqamile nabalingiswa abagqamile. Umcwaningi usezokwethliia izinhlaka zesakhiwo senoveli.

2.3.4.1 ISAKHIWO.

UMayekiso (1985:21 ) uthi kulukhuni lIkwehlukanisa isakhiwo ohlakeni ngoba uhlaka

11Incike kakhulll esakhiweni. Lokhu kllsekelwa uHu go noHarty (1977 :77) uma bethi 12 lapha esakhiweni senoveli kubhekwa uhlaka Iwayo. Uhlaka Iwehlukene izingxenye ezintathu :isingeniso, lImzimba kanye nesiphetho.

Esingenisweni yilapho kwenekwa khona indaba yonke. Yilapho kwethlilwa khona okllngase kllbe yisisllsa sendaba. Umzimba yiyona ngxenye ethwele zonke izigameko zendaba. Uklilandelana kwalezi zigigaba yikho oklldala ukllba indaba ikhllie ize ifinyelele oVllthondabeni. Isiphetho yilapho indaba iSlIke isi songwa.

2.3.4.2 ISIZINDA

ULittie noFowler( 1978: 1322) uma becashllnwa behllnYlIshelwe esiZulwini bathi isizinda sisho indawo, isikhathi, isimo senhlalo kanye nokwakhelene nalokho. Sehlllkene kathathll isikhathi, indawo kanye nesimo senhlalo. Uma kllbhekwa isikhathi kllbhekwa ukllthi inoveli yenzeka ngesikhathi samanje yini noma saklldala. Indawo kllsllke kllbhekwa indawo lapho inoveli yenzeka khona okllngaba semakhaya noma edolobheni. Isimo senhlalo kllsllke kllbhekwa inhlalo ngokwaleyo noveli .

Hazardously then , perha~s we could say that the structure of a work of art depends upon the patterning of any relevant elements, which IIlform that work significantly (Hugo&Harty, 1977:77) . - 55 - 2.3.4.3. ABALINGISW A

UMayeki so ( 1985:49) uthi ababh ali bamanove li bangaba nezinhlobo ezahlukene zabalingiswa, ukwenza kwabo okwahlu kene um bhali angabenza baphile nj engabantu es ibajwayele empilweni yan suku zonke. UZulu nabanye ( 1989 :348) bathi zintathu izinhlobo zabalingiswa enove lini :

• Umlingiswa omkhulu Ezindabeni eziningi sithola umlingiswa oyedwa ogqamile indaba engaye. Kwes inye isikhathi tgama lakhe liyavela es ihlokweni sendaba. Akudin gekile ukuthi nj alo umbhali asebenzise tgama lomlingiswa omkhulu es ihlokweni. Singazitholela thina umlingiswa omkhulu ngokumbona egqamile endabeni. Kwezinye izindawo wethul wa ekuq aleni njengasekhasini lokuqala lenoveli. Uma nj e esethuliwe konke okwenzekayo kun cika ku ye. Lokhu kun genxa yokuthi ku suke kunenkinga abh ekene nayo. Kuyo yonke indaba sisuke ses i funa ukubona ukuthi uzo phuma kanj ani enkingeni leyo. Lo mlingiswa uve la ku zo zonke izahluko. Silindele ukumbona ize ifike eku gcineni indaba.

• Abalingiswa ababalulekile Ngaphandle kwalo mlingiswa omkhulu kungaba khona abanye ababalulekile. Okuningi maye lana noku ziphatha kan ye nezenzo zo mlingiswa omkhulu kun cike kul aba balingiswa. Bangatholakala ku yo yonke indaba noma bave le nje ezigabeni ezithile lapho benza khona okuthile.

• Abalingiswa abancane Abanye abalingiswa ababalulekanga njengalaba esesixoxe ngabo. End abeni ebhalwe kahl e akekho umlingiswa ontantayo noma ongenamsebenzi ku shi yana kuphela amazin ga okubaluleka kwabo. Es ikhathini es iningi ngisho nabalingiswa abancane banam agama abaziwa ngawo. Ku yenzeka nokho umbhali angabethi amagama.

- 56 - 2.3.4.4. UDWESHU

UKhathi (1987: 188) uthi udweshu umlingiswa othize usuke efuna into ethile. Unokulwa ngaphakathi emoyeni ezibuza ukuthi konje agweme noma abhekane nayo ngandlela thize. Lolu-ke udweshu Iwangaphakathi. Uma udweshu lungaphandle ungaze ubone abantu bethathelana izikhali, bebambana, ban gaze babulalane ngisho ukubulalana.

2.3.4.5. INDIKIMBA

Ababhali abaningi bayichaza ngezindlela ezahlukene indikimba. UWilliam noMorris (1973

: 1334) bathi 13 Yiwona mongo wendaba. lndikimba iphendula umbuzo othi inoveli ikhuluma ngani? 8aqhubeka bathi ekubhaleni incwadi sikhona isisusa esikubangela ukuba ubhale. Ngakho-ke indaba izama ukulethela abantu Iowa mbono onawo wena mbhali ngezinto ezithize. Kuye kuthi lIkhona umbono omkhulu onawo kubuye kubhace eminye imibono exhakela kulowo omkhulu. lndikimba iphendula umbuzo othi, " Le ndaba isikhombisani ngomhlaba esiphila kllwo?" Umbhali wenza abalingiswa bagqame kulowo mbono afllna ukuwenekela abafllndi.

2.3.4.6. ISIFUNDO/ UMY ALEZO

Emva kokufllnda inoveli kuba khona isifundo esitholwa umfundi noma abona lIkuthi umlobi ubefuna ukudlulisa muphi umyalezo ngaleyo ndaba yakhe. Sekuphawuliwe ngosekubhaliwe ngenoveli yom lando, manje sekuzolandela lokho osekubhaliwe ngomlando jikelele wamakhosi amane okugxilwe kuwo kulolu cwaningo.

2.4 OSEKUBHALIWE NGENKOSI USHAKA

INkosi lIShaka iyinkosi eyaba nodumo emh labeni wonke jikelele. Yaduma kakhulll kllbantu besizwe samaZulu, koSomlando abehlllkahlllkene ababenentshisekelo yokubhala ngaleli

13 An idea ,point of view,or perception embodied and expounded upon in a work of art (Morris and William 1973:1334). ' - 57 - qhawe elabumba isizwe samaZulu, abantu abansundu. I-Afrika yonke ngisho oSopolitiki abaningi babhalile ngeNkosi uShaka. Umlando ngeNkosi uShaka ubhalwe ngezindlela ezahlukene, abanye bagxeka ukubusa kwayo kanti abanye batusa ubuqhawe bayo. Kukhona ngisho amafilimu enziwe ngayo iNkosi uShaka. Angebalwe amanoveli, imidlalo njll okubhalwe ngeNkosi uShaka. Okuningi okubhalwe ngeNkosi uShaka kususelwa kulokho okwaqoqwa uStuart kanye nomsebenzi kaBryant. Ngonyaka we-1969 uRitter wabhala inoveli ethi "Shaka Zulu". Le noveli iwuhlobo olubhalwe ngo mlando womuntu othile. URitter (1969: 17), uyakucacisa ukuthi iNkosi uShaka yak hula kabuhlungu ekhaya konina . . eLangeni beyihlukumeza. UGolan ( 1988) ocwan III gwen I Iwakhe olusihloko sithi "Construction and Reconstruction of Zulu History ", ugx ile kakhulu ekulungisweni komlando weNkosi uShaka. OSomlando bahlukene amaqembu amabili uma bebhala ngomlando weNkosi uShaka. Kukhona labo umlando abawuthatha kwabamhlophe abathatha izwe. Bawuthatha unjengoba unjalo ngaphandle kokubheka ukuthi indlela owabhalwa ngayo Iowa mlando wawucindezela umuntu omnyama ukuze kubonakale ukuthi kumele ngempela aphucwe izwe. U-Isaacs (1936:37), uma echaza iNkosi uShaka uyiveza ngengomuntu owayenesihluku esasingakaze sibonwe. Ngokwakhe akekho umuntu owayenonya kulo mhlaba njengeNkosi uShaka. Uqhuba athi iMfecane yabangwa unya IweNkosi uShaka. UFarrer (1879), omunye wababhali bokuqala uveza izibalo ezingakholakali zabantu ababulawa ngesikhathi seNkosi uShaka. Uze athi ngesikhathi kufika abamhlophe bafica abantu bebalelwa emakhulwini amathathu kuya kwamane.

Elinye iqembu loSomlando yilelo elibona iNkosi uShaka njengeqhawe nombumbi wesizwe samaZulu. Kuningi kakhulu okwabhalwa yilabo Somlando. Lokho kubonakala ngokuphawula kukaHamilton (1995:X), lapho ethi nakuba sekubhalwe kakhulu ngeNkosi uShaka kepha kusenesikhala ngoba abakabi baningi oSomlando abamnyama baseNingizimu Afrika ababhale ngeNkosi uShaka. 14 UBiyela (1998) wenza ucwaningo olusihloko sithi "The Figure of King Shaka in Past and Contemporary Oral Sources " lapho ayebuyela khona emuva ukuthola umlando weNkosi uShaka ebheka ikakhulukazi izibongo zayo inkosi. Lokhu

14 "One noticeable gap in thi s collection is th e lack of contributions from Black South Africans historians. It is to be hoped that the publication of this volume, at a time when the study of the precolon ial past is at last freed from association with the construction ofapaliheid's ethnicities, will stimulate a new generation of you ng historians to work on these topics and to make good that omi ssion."(Hamilton, 1995:X) - 58 - wakwenziswa ukuthi muningi umlando otholakala ezibongwen i. Lokhu kufakazelwa uCanonici (1994:9) uma ethi imbongi ikusho konke okuqondene nenkosi ezibongweni okumayelana nepolitiki noma inhlalo. Iveza lokho osekwad lula kanye nalokho okubonakala kuzokwenzeka esikhathini esizayo. Kumele ikhulume iqiniso ukuze konke ekushoyo kungeyikuphikiswa. 15

Ngonyaka we-1999 uMazibuko wenza ucwaningo olu si hloko sithi "Ubuciko Bokwethiwa Kwamagama Emizi Eqondene Nobukhosi BaKwaZulu, Kuphonswa Esivivaneni Sobuciko Bokwethiwa Kwamagama Ezindawo IToponimi." Kulolu cwaningo wayebheka kakhulu amagama ezigodlo zamakhosi aKwaZulu iningi lawo asengamagama ezindawo kuleli lakwaZulll-Natal i.

UZulu (2005) ubhale kabanzi ngomlando weNkosi uShaka encwad ini yakhe ethi "Umongo KaZulu" lapho elungisa khona umlando weNkosi uShaka owawusuthanda ukudun geka. Ngonyaka we-2006 uWylie waloba incwadi ethi "Myth of Iron, Shaka in His/OIY", lapho ekuveza kahle ukuthi akulula ukubhala umlando ophelele ngeNkosi uShaka ngoba impilo yakhe yahunyushwa ngezindlela ezahlukene. Uqhubeka athi umlando weNkosi uShaka lIhlanekezelwe kakhulll kanti akulula ukuwuhlanganisa. Uveza nokuthi kllkhona amadoda amathathu okukholakala ukuthi konke akuloba yi lokho ayezibonele kona. Eyokuqala uFranci s Fynn owayefunde kakhulu kunalaba ababi li . Lokhll kwenza ukuthi ngonya ka we- 1950 ku shicilelwe idayari yakhe. Okllphawulekayo ukllthi nayo iyakhombisa lIkuthi wayenezakhe izinjongo, okwakungezoklldllnga umlando. Owesibili lIfakazi uNathaniel Isaacs owayefunde kancane klinoFynn. Yena-ke wayemncane ngoba wayenem in yaka eyishllmi nes ikhombisa. Ngonyaka we-1836 kwashicilelwa umsebenzi wakhe owawuyimiqulu emibili osihloko sithi "Travels and adventures in Eastern Africa". Lo msebenzi ugcwele amanga nezinto ezingakholakali okuveza ngokusobala ukllthi wayeyiq ili. Owesithathll ufakazi kwabe kunguCharies Rawden Maclean. Wahlala isikhathi es iningi esigodlweni seNkosi uShaka.

15 " The bard responds poetically to the social and political circumstances confronting the king at the time of hi s performance. He thus becomes the conscience of the nation, as he reflects on past events and projects his thoughts towards the future. He mu st be honest so that the truth he affirms will not be disputed."(Canonici 1994:9) , - 59 - Uyena muntu owayebona konke okwakwenzeka kepha ngeshwa umsebenzi wakhe awubange usaphela.

UWylie ukubeka kucace ukuthi baningi kakhulu nabanye okuthiwa imisebenzi yabo kungabhekwa kuyona njengoBryant. Okumkhathazayo ngoBryant ukuthi labo Bantu ayebasebenzisa abanye babo abaziwa muntu kanti iningi labo alinamagama. Kule ncwadi yakhe usebenzise ofakazi ababesondelene kakhulu nabantu ababephila ngesikhathi seNkosi uShaka. 16

Ubuhlakani beN kosi uShaka buvezwa ngisho nangamaphepha abhalwe ngezenzo zakhe. UNdimande (2007), ubhale iphepha elingashicilelwe lapho encoma futhi eqhakambisa iqhaza elabanjwa yinkosi uShaka ekwetheni amagama ezindawo nemifula KwaZulu-Natali. Kuleli phepha uNdimande uqhakambisa ubuhlakani, ubuciko nekhono elasetshenziswa yiNkosi uShaka ngesikhathi isabusa ekwetheni amagama ezindawo nemifula kuleli likaMthaniya.

Udumo IweNkosi uShaka lutuswa ngisho nasemazweni aphesheya. Uma sibheka eLangeni lamhla ziyi-12 kuJuni 2007, njengoba licashunwe uNdimande (2007: 4), uDkt. Mbukeni Mnguni wabhala ngekhonsathi lapho kwakudunyiswa khona iNkosi uShaka eJalimane. Kwakubhalwe kanje:

" ILembe belidunyiswa ekhonsathini eJalimane"

Ikhonsathi ebelisedolobheni lase-Bad Duaerkheim, eJalimane likhombise udumo IweLembe eleqa amany'amalembe ngokukhalipha, isilo uShaka. Kuleli khonsathi bekucula umlungu ogama lakhe ngu-Tom isibongo nguShaka .... UTom ukuvezile ukuthi inkosi uShaka kwakulivulandlela elahlahla indlela kuqala yokwakhiwa kwesizwe ngesimanje. Lokhu wakwenza ngokuhlanganisa IZIzwana ezahlukeneyo zaba isizwe esinolimi olulodwa. USolwazi Elizabeth Williams uthi , "Inkosi uShaka Zulu wayeliqhawe nomprofethi owabona izinto ezazingabonwa ngabaholi besikhathi sakhe ...... Inkosi uShaka wayengesona isixhwanguxhwangu njengoba sifunda ezincwadini zezazi zomlando wamaZulu, kodwa wayengumakhi wesizwe." USolwazi Henry Dawes ofun dis a enyuvesi

16 I have elected to use only the earliest available testimonies, those with the most direct links to people alive in Shaka's own lifetime. (Wylie, 2006:9) - 60 - yakhona ubu za ukuthi yini amaZulu angayidum isi in kos i uShaka ngenhlakanipho yayo.

Sekuph awuli we ngalokho osekubhali we ngeNkosi uShaka. Sekuzo bhekwa lokho osekubh ali we ngeN kos i uDin ga ne.

2.5. OSEKUBHALIWE NGENKOSI UDINGANE

Ukubhalwa koml and o wamakh osi ku yinto eyabhalwa kakhulu ngayo kubhala abamhl ophe kanye nabamn yama. Lo msebenzi uqhath an isa ukuvezwa kwamakhosi ezibongweni kanye nasemanovelini oml ando.

Izibongo eZllllll gl zamakhosi ezaqoshwa uJ ames Stuart zazlq anJ we yizimbongi ezazihlakaniphe ngendlela emangali sayo. Lapha singabala uM ago lwana kaM kh athini. Enye yezimbongi uM shongweni .

Ez in ye izibongo zeN kos i uDin gane zaqoqwa uJames Stuart ( 1976) Zlgc ln we eKillie Campbell. kukh ona ezikaS ivi vi kaMaqun go wakwaMa lun ga, Socwatsha ka Phaphu , Lunguza kaMpukane waseBathenj ini , Nduna kaManqin a, Ngidi kaMci ki ziswa waseLangeni , Tununu kaNonji ya wakwaQwabe, Mshayankomo kaMago lwana kanye noNd lovu kaTimuni . Laba babamba iqhaza elikhulu ekunikezeni umlando ngokubusa kweNkosi uDin gane kanye nezibongo zayo. Okunin gi es in akho ngezibo ngo zeNkosi uDin gane kwatholakala ngaye uStu art.

Ezibongweni sitshelwa ukuthi ukubu sa kweNkos i uDingane kwakun gco no kun alokho kweN kosi uShaka. Kuthi wa wayengakhulumi enjalo nJ e. "Us in gqu gu kakhulumi , kanaml omo, kanj engaS haka, Yen'owaqeda umu zi ngoku nkenkeza,, 17Ku zo na izibongo iNkos i uDin gane ibonakala in gumuntu owayengaqondaka li. Ngokwezi bongo zinhl anu izin to ezazichaza iNkos i uDin ga ne. Umbuso okhul uleki le weNkosi uDin gane kunalowo weN kos i uShaka; Uku shintshashintsha ngokwezepoli tiki; ukwenga mela kwakhe ezepolitiki ; ukuba ntekenteke okwakubonwa yin oma ubani kanye nokuba nobudlelwa no obubi nabamhlophe.

17 US in gqungqungqu the in trovert, di fferent from the extrovert Shaka, who destroyed homes by being talkative. - 6 1 - Kuzo izibongo iNkosi uDingane ibonakala njen gomuntu owavumela abantu ukuba bakwazi ukuthandana babuye baganane.

Ngeminyaka ye-1920 kwabe sekukhona okuqoqiwe okwakubhalwe ngeNkosi uDingane. Lokhu kwakubhalwe ngabamhlophe kanye nabamnyama. Kwabamhlophe singabala oStuart kanye noBryant. Laba ulwazi ababenalo babeluthola kubantu ababehlakaniphile ababenjengoTununu noSivivi. Kwabamnyama singabala uMagema Fuze. UFuze uyena owaqoqa umlando wenkosi uDingane encwadini ethi " Abantu Abamnyama Lapa Bavela Ngakona" (1922) Isahluko esikhuluma ngeNkosi uDingane kule ncwadi sehlukene kabili: Kukhona ingxenye yokuqala okuyiqoqo lakhe lalokho ayezibonela yena khona nayekuzwa ngabantu. Ingxenye yesibili eyalokho okwabhalwa abamhlophe ngeNkosi uDingane. Yingakho ibizwa ngokuthi " Izindaba zikaDingane ngokutsho kwabelungu" . Lesi sahluko esikhuluma ngeNkosi uDingane siqala ngokubulawa kweNkosi uShaka kanye nozungu lokubulawa kwayo. UFuze uveza iNkosi uDingane njengomuntu owayenonya futhi enobuqaba njengoba abulala bonke abakwabo ngaphandle kukaMpande amshiya ngoba ethi ukhubazekile kanye noGgqugqu owayesengumfana omncane. UFuze uqhubeka agxeke iNkosi uDingane ngokubulawa kwamaBhunu .

Konke lokhu okwabhalwa uFuze noStuart kwenza ukuthi babe baningi abanesifiso sokubhala ngeNkosi uDingane esingabala kubo 0 A.T. Bryant, encwadini yakhe ethi 'Olden Times in Zululand and Natal '. UBryant ubhale kabanzi ngeNkosi uDingane esahlukweni samashumi ayisithupha nesithupha kanye nesahluko samashumi ayisithupha nesikhombisa. Naye njengabanye uBryant wabhala ngesihluku seN kosi uDingane. Ngonyaka we-1930 uDube washicilela inoveli yokuqala yom lando eyayithi 'lnsila kaShaka'. Kule noveli yomlando uDube ukukhombisile ukuba nonya kweNkosi uDingane. Uyiveza iNkosi uDingane njengenkosi eyayingenambono ngezwe lakwaZulu. Iphephandaba ILanga LaseNatali laliloba kabanzi ngeNkosi uDingane. ELangeni langonyaka we-1933 , lapho kukhulunywa khona ngokukhunjulwa kosuku lukaDingane luyavezwa unya Iwakhe.

Ngonyaka we-1936, u R.R.R. Dhlomo, washicilela inoveli yom lando ethi "UDingane" okuyiyona okugxilwe kuyo kulo msebenzi . Umfowabo omncane kaDhlomo uHebert naye

- 62 - waloba ngeNkosi uDingane ngonyaka we-1936. Kubonakala sengathi abafowabo babengayiboni ngendlela efanayo iNkosi uDin gane. URolfes wayeyibona njengollluntu oyivaka kanti uHerbert yena wayeyibona njengollluntu owayeyiqhawe futhi elwela inkululeko.

Ngonyaka we-I924 uPetros Lallluia washicilela ibhuku elalisihloko sithi "UZulu kaMalandela". Akuveza ngeNkosi uDingane kuthanda ukungacaci kahle kepha wakubeka kwacaca ukuthi iNkosi uDingane yayingcono kakhulu kuneNkosi uShaka. Wabuye washicilela incwadi yakhe eyayisihloko sithi "Isabelo sikaZulu" eyaphullla ngonyaka we- 1936. Wakubeka kwacaca ukuthi okuyilona phutha elenziwa yiNkosi uDingane elokubulala uPiet Retief neqelllbu lakhe.

Kuningi kakhulu okwabhalwa ngeNkosi uDingane. UJo hn Dube nges ikhathi ebhala ullliando ngeNkosi yaseKuphakallleni uShembe, ukuveza kucace ukuthi Ie nkosi yayinalllaculo ayeculwa ebandleni layo ayedulllisa iNkosi uDingane. Leli bandla lalikhulllbuia ukukhothallla kweNkosi uDingane. Nali elinye lawo :

Lalela Zulu Lalela abantu bengiphethe Ngezwe lethu Siyazizwa izizwe zivungallla Zivungallla ngawe Njengezinyoni Sisho izinyoni, sisho alllahlokohloko Awacekeza insilllu KaDingane noSenzangakhona Ayiqedile Mamo! Sizwa ngoMnyayiza

KaNdabu ko 18

18 Lend ears Zulu Regarding people ruling me - 63 - Akulona kuphela ibandla lamaNazaretha elalikhumbula ukllkhothama kwenkosi uDin gane kepha emaphephandabeni babebhala nabamanye amahlelo. Ngonyaka we-1947 omunye wabafllndi bephephandaba lIanga lase ata li wayekhala ngokllkhothama kweNkosi lIDingane. Lo mzalwane wayengowebandla lamaWese li . Wayefaka isice lo kllHulumeni sokuba lukhllnjlliwe usukll lokukhothama kwe kosi uDin gane. Incwadi yakhe yabe ifundeka kanje :

Amadodana namadodakazi akwaZulu acela amaZulu nezizwe zonke ezinsundu zimkhumbule umJokaSenzangakhona, acela abefun,disi babeke phambi kukaMvelingqangi leli qhawe lase-Afrika. Isonto lomhlaka December 14 ... Kakhulu nina bafundisi bamahlelo akithi umsebenzi wenu lona. Noma ubani akabe esontwenil9

Bakhona nabanye abacwaningi abacwaninga ngeNkosi lIDingane. Omllnye wabo u T.M. . . Khathi , ocwanlngwenl Iwakhe olusihloko sithi; "Ikhono LikaMagolwana Ji yane Eku sebenzi seni Izithombemagama, Izifengqo Nesakhi wo ezibon gweni Zenkosi uDingane". KlIlolll cwaningo uKhathi uCllbun glll a ubllnyon ico bobllmbongi bam aZlIlu ikakhulu uMago lwana Ji yane lapho ebonga esesebenzisa ikhono nezifengqo ebonga iNkosi lIDinga ne kaSenzangakhona kaJallla. UKhathi (2002) uyakllveza ukllthi okwenza lImsebenzi kaMagolwana lIphakanyiswe ukuthi Ie Illbongi ikhono layo lalibabazeka kakhllill ngisho nanamllhla. Phela Ie Illbongi ya phila illlinyaka ed lllie ekhulwini nelllin ya ka engalllashullli amahlanu.

Sekuphawllliwe ngalokho osekllbhaliwe ngeNkosi uDingane. Sekuzobhekwa lokho osekubhaliwe ngeNkosi lIMpande.

In our land We hear nations grumbling Grumbling about you Like birds We are referring to weaverbird s That destroyed the garden of Dingane and Senzangakhona They have completely destroyed it Mamo! We heard about this from Mnyayiza kaNdabuko 19 Men and woman of KwaZulu we ask you and other black nations to commemorate the death of the son of Senzangakh ona, we ask preachers to honour thi s hero before uMvelinqangi. This weekend of the 14th December should be designated, as a day to be commemorated by particularly you black preachers ths is your task. Everybody must attend church on this day. (lianga, 13/ 12/ 1947. Amadodana no-Dingane) - 64 - 2.6 OSEKUBHALIWE NGENKOSI UMPANDE

Ayiminingi kakhulu imibhalo ebhalwe ngeNkosi uMpande. Lokhu kubangelwa wukuthi iNkosi uMpande yayingesiye umuntu wempi kanti futhi yayiyinkosi ebuthakathaka. Ngonyaka we-1938 uDhlomo wabhala incwadi ethi "uMpande kaSenzangakhona" lapho ayexoxa ngomlando weNkosi uMpande. Le ncwadi iqhathaniswe nezibongo kulolu cwanlllgo.

UKunene (1962) ocwaningweni Iwakhe olungashicilelwe olusihloko sithi "An Analytical Survey of Zulu Poetry Both Traditional and Modern ", wabhala ngeNkosi uMpande. Uma emchaza uKunene uthi uyinkosi yamaZulu eyathatha ubukhosi ibuthakathaka. Yikho lokho okwamenza wangabulawa abafowabo. UKunene uqhubeka athi ngesikhathi sokubusa kweNkosi uDingane yezwa ukuthi amaBhunu afuna ukuzoyihlasela emva kwesigameko sokublilawa kwamaBhllnu ayengamashllmi ayisithllpha nesishiyagalollinye. IN kosi lIDingane yabe seyicela lImnewabo lIMpande lIkllba alethe onke amabutho akhe. AkavlImanga uMpande lIkwenza lokho. Wabalekela eMabhllnwini ngaphesheya koThukela lapho aya kokhonza khona. AmaBhllnll ambeka njengenkosi yesizwe samaZulu ngaphesheya. Kwathi sekukhotheme iNkosi uDingane wayeseba yinkosi yesizwe samaZulli onke.

Ngonyaka we-1974 lIRoberts waloba incwadi ethi "The Zulu Kings", lapho ebhale khona ngamakhosi akwaZulli. Uma ekhuluma ngeNkosi lIMpande athi nakllba yayingeyona inkosi eyayikhonze ukulwa kepha okwashaqisa isizwe sonkana yisenzo eyasenza ngonyaka we- 1842. Kuthiwa ngalo nyaka yabona ukllthi lIGrout ongomllnye wamamishinari owayebuya eMelika, lIsethandwa kakhulll ngabantu yase ithllmela amablltho ukllba ayohlasela abalandeli bakhe abangamaZulu. Yabuye yabliiaia lImnewabo lIGqllgqll okwase kllyiyona kllphela indodana yeNkosi lISenzangakhona eyayisaphila. Yambliiaia nomndeni wakhe wonke. Lesi senzo saba nomphllmela wokuthi omllnye wobabekazi beNkosi uMpande lIGqugqll abaleke nabantll abaningi ababezwelana noGqllgqll bayohlala eNatal.

UNzimande (1997) encwadini yakhe ethi "King Mpande 's Children", ubhale ulibo lokulandelana kwabantwana beNkosi lIMpande. Uqala eNkosini uCetshwayo aze ayogcina

- 65 - ngoMntwana uSukani. Uqhuba athi nj engo ba iNkosi uShaka yabumba isizwe samaZ ulu ngokunqoba ezin ye izizwe izifa ke ngaphansi kwesizwe samaZ ulu, nga kolun ye uhlan gothi iNkosi uMpande yon a yagan wa ondlunku lu abaningi. Labo ndlunkulu bazala abantwana abangamashumi ayisihlanu nambili. Amadodakazi amaningi eN kos i uMpande ayegana amakhosi adumile nanothile ezin ye izizwe okwakuqini sa ubudl elwano. UNzimande uyakubalula nokho ukuthi impi yaseNdondakusuka ngonyaka we-1 856 yayihlukumeza kakhulu iNkosi uMpande ngoba uMntwana uMb uyazi owayeth and wa kakhulu yiNkos i uMpande wafa khona eNdondaku suka ekanye nabantwana beNkos i uMpande abayisithupha. Laba bantwana abafa eN dondaku suka babengakaganwa okwenza ukuba bangashi yi bantwana babo.

UZulu (2005) wabhala kabanzi ngeNkosi uMpand e encwadini yakhe ethi "Umongo KaZulu". Uthi iNkosi uMpande yahl ali sana ngo kuthul a nabantu bakwaZulu, lokho kwenza ibe yinkosi enogazi kakhulu. Le nkos i yabusa iminyaka engamashumi amathathu nambili kanti futhi iyinkos i eyabutha amabutho amanin gi kun amakhos i onke oHlanga.

2.7 OSEKUBHALIWE NGENKOSI UCETSHWAYO

Miningi kakhulu imi sebenzi es ibhali we ngeNkosi uCetshwayo. Uma sin gabala nje sin gabheka u C. Vijn , ngo nyaka we-1880 owabh ala umb halo oth i "Cetshwayo ' Dutchman ". UVijn wayengowokudabuka eNeth erl and s ekhomb isa uth and o lokuba yisa kh amu zi kwelikaMthani ya. Wabhala kahl e ngeN kos i uCetshwayo ey in coma. Ez incwadini za kh e waye kuveza ukuthi iNkos i uCetshwayo yay inobubele futhi iyin kos i ehl akaniphile. NgokukaVijn iN kosi uCetshwayo yay in gakuthandi ukul wa kepha il wa kuphela um a isihlaselwe. 20

UCo lenso encwadini ethi "The Course of Political events in Zululand", wa bhal a kakhulu ngeNkos i uCetshwayo. UColenso wayengum elul eki omkhulu weN kos i uCetshwayo. Konke akubhala ngeN kos i uCetshwayo kwa kukuhl e. Wayeveza iN kos i uCetshwayo nj engo mul1tu

20 "Cetshwayo did not wish to fi ght, he wished to remai n at peace with hi s neighbours and th at it was the British who attacked him ."(Colenso, 1884:24) - 66 - owayeth and a kakhulu ukuthul a. Isizwe samaZ ul u sas iyithanda iNkosi uCetshwayo ngo kul oba kukaColenso. Wayekuphikisa konke okwakushiwo abamhlophe ngeN kos i uCetshwayo. Uqhubeka athi iNkosi uCetshwayo wayengabab ul ali abantu, yin gakho nje aze akha isigodl o saseKubazeni . Les i sigodlo sasakhelwe labo bantu ababesuke belahl we amacala amabi. Kuthi wa um a umuntu esebalekele Eku bazeni wayengab ul awa. UCo lenso (1882:3 8) um a simcaphuna ehun yushelwe esiZul wini uthi iNkos i uCetshwayo yay inenhlonipho, ihlakaniphile futhi izil alela ize luleko.

U B. W. Vil akazi was hi cil ela amaqoqo ezin kondlo amab ili elin ye lali thi "Inkondl o kaZulu ngonyaka we-1 93 5 kanye neli thi "Amal'eZulu" ngonyaka we-1 945. Kul a maqoqo uVilakazi ubh ale izinkondlo azisusela embusweni weN kosi uCetshwayo. Zithi , "NgoMbu yazi eNdondaku suka nethi "Kh alani maZ ulu". Lezi zin ko ndlo zibali sa ngezimpi ezimbili okun geyaseNdondaku suka kanye neyaseSandlwana.

U C.T. Binns encwadini yakhe ethi "The Lasl Zulu King" eyashi cil elwa ngonyaka we-1 963 , ubh ale ngoml and o weN kosi uCetshwayo. UBi nns iNkos i uCetshwayo uyibiza nge nkos i yoku gc ina nj e ngoba iyinkos i eyaba eyoku gc in a ukubusa elakwaZulu lingakaqenjul wa ngabamhlophe. Ukwabi wa kwelakwaZ ulu kwenzeka nges ikhathi seN kos i uCetshwayo.

Ngonyaka we-1962 kwas hi cil elwa umdlalo ka B.B . Ndelu os ihloko sithi "Mageba Lazihlonza" okhuluma ngeN kos i uCetshwayo. Kul o mdlalo uNdelu ugx il e kakhulu embangweni wobukhos i owaba khona phakathi kweNkos i uCetshwayo kanye nomnewabo uMbu yazwe. Kul o mdlalo uNdelu ukuveza kucace ukuthi iNkos i uMpande yenza ubu xoki ngo kuthi yay isikhombil e ukuthi ubukhos i buyothathwa yiNkos i uCetshwayo, kepha nay i isijika isithi ku zoba uMbu yazi. Kul o mdlalo avezwa onke amaqhin ga eN kos i uMpand e iza ma ukunika uMbu yazi ubukhosi. Ku gc in a nge mpi yaseNdonda ku suka lapho iN kos i uCetshwayo yanqoba khona uMbu yazi.

UDhlomo wabhala incwadi ethi "UCetshwayo KaMpande" eyashi cil elwa ngonyaka we-1 952. Le ncwadi iyin oveli yom lando edin gida ngo mbuso weN kos i uCetshwayo. Le ncwadi kuzogx il wa ku yo sekuqh ath ani swa yo na nezibon go zeNkosi uCetshwayo.

- 67 - Kwathi ngonyaka we-1973 u Preston washicilela umqulu othi "The South African Journal of Sir Garnet Wolseley". UGuy ngonyaka we-1974 wabhala incwadi ethi "The Destruction of the Zulu Kingdom" ekhuluma ngombuso weNkosi uCetshwayo. Kule ncwadi kuvezwa ubuhle bombuso wakwaZulu ikakhulukazi kwezepolitiki nezomnotho. INkosi uCetshwayo lapha ivezwe njengenkosi ehlakaniphile, enokuthula futhi ethandwa kakhulu ngabantu bayo.

Ngonyaka we-1922 kwashicilelwa incwadi kaMagema Fuze ethi "Abantu Abamnyama Lapa Bavela Khona. " UFuze wayehambisana noMbhi shobhi uColenso. INkosi uCetshwayo wayeyazi kakhulu ngoba wahlala nasesi god lweni sayo oNdini. Wayeyazi nendlela inkosi eyayiphatha ngayo abantu bayo. Uthi iNkosi uCetshwayo yayiyinkosi eyayinobungani futhi ihlakaniphile. UFuze uyakuveza ukuthi iNkosi uCetshwayo yayinabangani abaningi ababemhlophe futhi yayithanda ukuphilisana kahle nabamhlophe. Abantu babephephile ngesikhathi seNkosi uCetshwayo baze bafa ngesikhath i isaboshiwe iNkosi uCetshwayo. UFuze (1922: 105), uthi iNkosi uCetshwayo yayilungi le futhi ithanda bonke abantu bayo. Yayingakuthandi ukwenzelela nokwenza into engaphelele, umuntu owenze kabi imtshela kuzwa wonke umuntu. 2 1

UMsimang washicilela umdlalo osihloko sithi "Izulu Eladuma Esa ndlwana" ngonyaka we- 1976, ogxile ekunqobeni kukaZulu empini eyayiphakathi kwamaZulu namaNgisi eSandlwana ngesikhathi sokubusa kweNkosi uCetshwayo. Kulo mdlalo ufingqa izigameko ezaholela kule mpi. Uqhubeka aveze impilo yeNkosi uCetshwayo emva kwempi yaseSandlwana kanye nokukhothama kwayo inkosi. UCele (1997: 13), uthi 10 mdlalo wabhalwa ngesikhathi abafundi belwela ukufundiswa ngesiBhunu . Umlobi walo mdlalo ukhuthaza abafundi ukuthi nabo bayoyinqoba impi njengoba noZulu anqoba eSand lwana.

Ngonyaka we-1968 uNkosi noHlela babhala inoveli eth i "Imithi Ep hundliwe" eyayigxeka kakhulu umbuso weNkosi uCetshwayo. Le nove li ugxile kakhulu empini yaseSandlwana. NgokukaNkosi noHlela inkosi uCetshwayo nabeluleki bayo yibona okumele babekwe icala

2 1 Cetshwayo was a good man who loved all his people, but disliked favouritism and partiality, and would accuse a wrong-doer openly, preferring not to act unpredictably. (Colenso, 1979: 105) - 68 - ngempi yaseSandlwana eyadlula nemiphefumulo emi nin gi kungafanele. Kule noveli iNkosi uCetshwayo ivezwe njengomuntu ononya nes ihluku futhi ongenanhlonipho nongumbulali .

Ngawo unyaka we-1968, uBlose washicilela umdlalo osihloko sithi "Uqomisa Mina Nje Uqomisa iliba." Lo mdlalo ogxile kakhulu ekubulaweni kwezintombi zeNgcugce ngesikhathi sokubusa kweNkosi uCetshwayo. Kulo mdlalo iNkosi uCetshwayo ivezwe njengenkosi engazwelani nemizwa yabantu ikakhulukazi kwezothando.

U H.I.E. Dhlomo ongumfowabo ka RRR wabhala umdlalo othi "Cetshwayo", owaze washicilelwa ngonyaka we-I98S. Lo mdlalo ubhalwe ngesiNgi si. Kulo mdlalo uDhlomo ubheka ubudlelwano beNkosi uCetshwayo nabanye abantu. Lo mdlalo uqala lapho kufika umbiko wokubulawa kukaMbuyazi eNdondakusuka uze ugcine lapho sekukhothama iNkosi uCetshwayo.

Ngonyaka we-1992 uKnight wabhala incwadi ethi "Zulu:lsandlwana and Rorke's Drift" ekhuluma ngezimpi ezaba khona ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokubusa kweNkosi uCetshwayo kusukela kweyaseNdondakusuka ku ya kweyasOndini.

ULaband no Wright ngonyaka we-1983 babhala incwadi ethi "King Cetshwayo kaMpande " ekhuluma ngeNkosi uCetshwayo. Kule ncwadi bachaza iNkosi uCetshwayo njengenkosi eyalwa ukuvikela amasiko namagugu esizwe samaZulu . Bamveza engumuntu owayefuna ukubona abamhlophe nabamnyama behlali sene kahle. Uyinkosi eyayiziqhenya ngesizwe samaZulu.

Ngaphandle kwezincwadi ezishicilelwe namajenali abhalwe ngeNkosi uCetshwayo lukhona nocwaningo oseluke Iwenziwa ngeNkosi uCetshwayo. UCele ngo nyaka we-1997 wenza ucwaningo olusihloko sithi "The figure of King Cetshwayo kaMpande in Two Historical Plays in the Context of Oral Traditions and of Trends in Zulu Historical Drama. " Kulolu cwaningo uCele ugxile kakhulu ekuvezweni kweNkosi uCetshwayo emibhalweni ikakhulukazi ezincwadini ezimbili eziyimidlalo. Owokuqala obhalwe uNdelu othi "Mageba Lazihlonza" kan ye nobhalwe uMsimang othi "Izulu Eladuma Esandlwana".

- 69 - Mhla ziyi-16 kuMasingana ngonyaka wezi-2006 kwahlangana "lsithangami Sempi yaseSandlwana" ukuzolumana indlebe ngomlando wempi yaseSandlwana. Le mpi yayingesikhathi sokubusa kweNkosi uCetshwayo . Okuyiyona nhlosongqangi yalesi sithangami kwakuwukulungisa umlando owawubonakala usuhlanekezelwe. Uma kucashunwa inkulumo yeSilo uZwelithini esayethula kuso lesi sithangami siyakuveza ukuthi iNkosi uCetshwayo yabusa uyise okuyiNkosi uMpande esaphila. INkosi uZwelithini yabuye yacacisa ukuthi empini yaseSandlwana akulwanga nje kuphela amaNgisi ayeyingcosana ayephethe izibhamu kepha ayelekelelwa nga bantu abase bewelele ngakuwo, abase bekholiwe, ababephoqwa ngoba sebakhe ngaphesheya koThukela abase bezidephunele lona ..

USolwazi Jabulani Maphalala naye waphawula ngempi yaseSandlwana. Wathi Ie mpl yaseSandlwana yalwa mhla zingama- 22 kuMasingana ngonyaka we-1879. Waqhubeka wathi Ie mpi yaqopha umlando, hhayi kuphela nje eNingizimu Afrika kepha emhlabeni wonke jikelele kwazise iNgilandi ngesikhathi ihlasela yasebenzisa amasotsha amazwe amaningi ayengamaKoloni awo ukunqoba uMbuso kaZulu . Kwakunamasotsha ayevela eCanada, eNew Zealand kanye naseNdiya. Ingxenye enkulu yamasotsha kwakungamabutho kaZulu ezizwe zamaZulu ezazakhe eKoloni yaseNatali eningizimu yoThukela aphoqwa ukuba alwe nabafowabo ngoba ayeyizigqila zamaNgisi.

Sekuphawuliwe ngosekubhaliwe ngeNkosi uShaka, uDingane, uMpande kanye neNkosi uCetshwayo, sekuzobhekwa osekubhal iwe ngezinj ulal ulwazi.

2.8 OSEKUBHALIWE NGEZINJULALUL W AZI

Kulolu cwaningo kusetshenziswe injulalulwazi ye-Posl-CoLoniaLism . Baningi ababhali asebebhalile ngenjulalulwazi ye-Post-CoLoniaLism. Lapha si ngabala oBoehmer (1995), Visser noCouzens (1985), Loomba (1998) nabanye. Uma kubhekwa amanoveli kaDhlomo, ngeke kungakhulunywa ngenjulalulwazi ye-Posl-CoLoniaLism ngoba okuyiyona njongo kaDhlomo ngala manoveli kwakungukuveza amaqiniso om lando. Wayebona ukuthi impilo nemithetho yasentshonalanga yayiwabulele onke amasiko ase-Afrika ayekhona phambilini. Ngasohlangothini Iwezibongo zamakhosi kuzobhekwa injulalulwazi ye-OraLity ebheka - 70 - ubuciko bomlomo. Kuzobhekwa ababhali abanjengoRuth Finnegan , uWalter Ong nabanye. Laba babhali bacubungule ngokubanzi ubuciko bomlomo. Sekuzobhekwa osekubhaliwe ngezindlela zokuqhuba ucwaningo.

2.9. OSEKUBHALIWE NGEZINDLELA ZOKUQHUBA uew ANINGO

Kulolu cwamngo kusetshenziswe indlela yokuqoqa ulwazi ebizwa ngokuthi yikhwalithethivu. Luningi ucwaningo oselwenziwe kusetshenziswa indlela yokuqoqa ulwazi ngokwekhwalithethivu. Ziningi izincwadi ezisetshenzisiwe kulolu cwaningo eziphawula ngekhwalithethivu okumbandakanya lezi: Bernard (2000) Social Research Methods Bless (1995) Social Research Methods Willis (2007) Foundations o/Qualitative Research Jackson (2008) Research Methods Weiman & Kruger (200 I) Research Methodology Kuzoxoxwa kabanzi ngazo esahlukweni sesithathu esizobheka izindlela zokwenza ucwanlllgo.

2.10. ISIPHETHO

Lesi sahluko besigxile kulokho osekubhaliwe okuphathelene nalolu cwaningo. Kubhekwe lokho osekubhaliwe ngezibongo nje. Kuye kwagxilwa kakhulu ezibongweni njengoba ucwaningo luqhathanisa zona izibongo kanye namanoveli om lando. Kutholakale ukuthi miningi kakhulu imibhalo eyabhalwa ngezibongo zamakhosi . Nakuba engemaningi kakhulu amanoveli omlando asabhalwa kepha baningi abenze ucwaningo ngokuwacubungula. Kubuye kwabhekwa lokho osekubhaliwe ngamanoveli om lando ikakhulu ngoba nawo ayaqhathaniswa nezibongo kulolu cwan ingo. Umcwaningi ubuye wabheka lokho osekubhaliwe ngamakhosi amane oHlanga oku yiNkosi uShaka, iNkosi uDingane, iNkosi uMpande kanye neNkosi uCetshwayo. Osekubhaliwe ngezinjulalulwazi kanye nezindlela zocwaningo nakho kubhekiwe. Isahluko esilandelayo okuyisahluko sesithathu sizogxila

- 71 - kwizinjulalulwazi kanye nezindlela ezisetshenzisiwe ukuqoqa ulwazi oluqondene nalolu cwanmgo.

- 72- ISAHLUKO SESITHA THU

AMAPHARADA YMU, IZINDLELA ZOCW ANINGO NEZINJULALUL WAZI

3.1 ISINGENISO

Kulesi sahluko kuzokhulunywa ngezindlela ezisetshenzisiwe ukuqoqa ulwazi oluphathelene nalolu cwaningo kanye nezinjulalulwazi. Kuzoqale kuphawulwe ngamapharadaymu bese kuphawulwa ngepharadaymu esetshenzisiwe kulolu cwaningo. La mapharadaymu yiwona azoveza nezindlela ezisetshenzisiwe ukuqhuba lolu cwaningo. Kuzobhekwa nezinjulalulwazi

zalolu cwaningo.

3.2 AMAPHARADA YMU

Ukuqokwa kwepharadaymu okuyiyonayona kubalulekile kunoma yiluphi ucwaningo ngoba iyona eba yisisekelo socwaningo lonke. lzindlela zokubuka umhlaba ngeso elibanzi zibizwa ngokuthi amapharadaymu. UWilliams (2000:8), uma simcaphuna ehunyushelwe esiZulwini uthi ipharadaymu iwuhlobo oluthile oluphelele Iwenkolelo, umbono womhlaba noma isizinda okuyisona esihola ucwaningo kanye nakho konke okwenziwayo. Namuhla kubonakala emaningi amapharadaymu. Abanye bathi uma kukhulunywa ngamapharadaymu kusuke kukhulunywa ngezinhlobo ezimbili ikhwalithethivu kan ye nekhwantithethivu. Lokhu kubonakala kusobala kakhulu kanti futhi kubheke ekutholakaleni kolwazi.

Kubalulekile ukuthi kuchazwe ukuthi iyini ipharadaym u. Ipharadaymu yocwaningo yindlela yokwenza nokucabanga echazela umcwaningi ngomnyombo walokho akucwaningayo. UMcKenna (2003:4) uthi ipharadaymu iqhamuka emibuzweni yocwaningo noma kwindlela umcwaningi abuka ngayo umhlaba. UCrabtree benoMiller (1992)22 becashunwe kuPillay (2007: (14) bathi ipharadaymu imele isifanekiso salokho okucatshangwayo ngeqiniso

22 Crabtree and Miller (1992) regard "a paradigm as representing a patt~rned set of assumptions concerning reality (ontology), knowledge of that reality (epistemology) and the particular ways of kn ow ing that reality (methodology)". - 73 - (ontology), ulwazi Iwalelo qll11S0 (epistemology) kanye nezindlela ezithile zokwazi lela qiniso (methodology).

Ababhali abehlukene baqhamuka neZllTIVO ezahlukene maye lana nenani lam apharadaymu , abanye bathi mathathu abanye bathi mane. Isibalo okuyisonasona samapharadaymu sihlukana ngababhali. Lolu cwaningo lubheke uhlu olunezinhlobo ezintathu okuyi-Postpositivism, i­ Critical theory kanye ne-Interpretivism. 23 UHabermas (1972) uchaza uchungechunge lolwazi futhi uyakusho ukuthi ulwazi Iwakhiwe ngezindlela ezahlukene ezintathu ngokokuthanda kwabantu:

• Ukuthanda ukulawula (control)

• Ukuthanda ukuqonda (understand)

• Ukuthanda ukukhulula (liberate/emancipate)

ULather (1991) ecashunwe kuMcKenna (2003:3) uthi mane amapharadaymu akhona: I. Ebikezelayo (Positivist) 2. Eqondayo (Interpretive/hermeneutics) 3. Ekhululayo (Emancipateicritical) 4. Ehlukanisayo (post-structural/post-colonial)

3.2.1 IPHARADA YMU EBIKEZELA YO (POSITIVIST)

UMcKenna (2003) uthi Ie pharadaymu uma siyibuka ngeso lokucatshangwayo ngeqllllSo (o ntology), ithi iqiniso likhona futhi lingakal wa bese lihlungwa ngul11cwaningi. Uma siyibuka ngeso lolwazi Iwalelo qiniso (epistemology), ithi iqiniso linemigo mo engatholakala ngokusebenzisa izindlela okuyizo ukuthola leyo migomo. Le ph aradaymu ifuna ube nomcaban go ongafakazelwanga okufanele uhlolwe ekugcineni.

23 A paradigm is thus a comprehensive belief system, world view, or framework that guides research and practice in a field. Today, in the social sciences, th ere are several competing paradigms. Some discussions are organized around th e idea that there are two paradigms, quantitative and qualitative, but that is an oversimplification that emphasizes data rather than foundational beliefs and assumptions. The exact number of world views (paradigms) and the names associated with a particular paradigm vary from author to author, but one generally accepted li st include three paradigms; Postpositivi sm, Critical theory and Illterpreti vism. (Will s, 2007:8) - 74 - 3.2.2 IPHARADAYMU EQONDAYO (INTERPRETIVE/HERMENEUTICS)

UKaboub (2006) uthi Ie pharadaymu yavela ngasekupheleni kwekhulunyaka le-19 njengepharadaymu ehlukile ekukwazini ukuqonda iqiniso. Ngokwale pharadaymu kukhona ukuhlobana okukhona phakathi kwabantu kan ye nomphakathi abaphila kuwo. Abantu bayingxenye yomphakathi futhi bayingxenye yezin gxoxo eziqhubekayo kulowo mphakathi. Le pharadaymu igcizelela ukubaluleka kolimi ukunika izincazelo. UTaylor (1985) uma simcaphuna kuKaboub (2006: I) uthi kungenxa yolimi nakuba siyakwazi ukunika izincazelo nokuxoxa izindaba ngempilo yethu. Uqhuba athi okuyiyona nhlosongqangi yesayensi yezenhlalo ukuhumusha izenzo zabantu emphakathini.

Ngokwale pharadaymu okuyiyona nto ecwaningwayo i kwisayensi yenhlalo__ kumele ibe nalokhu okuthathu: Okokuqala kumele ibe nokuxhumana, okusho ukuthi uma leyo nto ingenayo incazelo akuyona into yokucwaningwa. Okwesibili leyo nto ecwaningwayo kumele ihlukaniseke kulokho okubonwayo. Okwesithathll lokho okucwaningwayo kumele kube okllthintene nomuntu.

Le pharadaymu uma siyibuka ngeso lokucatshan gwayo ngeqllliso (ontology), ithi iqiniso liyakhiwa ngokuxhumana kwabantu. Uma siyibuka ngeso lolwazi Iwalelo qiniso (epistemology), ithi njengoba iqiniso lakhiwa lImphakathi, thina okwethu ukuthi siqonde ukllthi abantu balimela kanjani iqiniso ikakhulukazi ngolimi Iwabo. Ngokwendlela yokuqoqa ulwazi ifuna usebenzise izingxoxo futhi uhlole. Ababambe iqhaza bayaye basize kakhulu emibuzweni yocwaningo.

Kuhle ukuthi kunconywe iqhaza elabanjwa yile pharadaYlllll ekllfakeni alllasiko, ulillli, incazelo, lImlando kanye nezinhlelo ezivulekile. Nakuba kllkllningi okuhle ngale pharadaYlllu kepha akusoka lingena,s.iei. Okokuqala lIkllze ukwazi lIkllqonda iqiniso libhekwa ezincazelweni kanye nasolimini. Okwesibili njengoba Ie pharadaymu alllaqiniso iwabheka ezincazelweni zethu ayikwazi ukubhekana noshintsho. Lokhu kllsho ukllthi uma singakakuboni ngalelo so alukho ushintsho olungenzeka emphakathini. Okwesithathu Ie pharadaymll igcizelela ukuxhllmana phakathi kwencazelo nokuqonda kanti ukuxhulllana

- 75 - okudingekayo kuphakathi kwencazelo neqiniso ngoba iqiniso limi lodwa kunencazelo nokuqonda kwethu.

3.2.3 IPHARADAYMU EKHULULAYO (EMANCIPATE/CRITICAL)

Le pharadaymu uma siyibuka ngeso lokucatshangwayo ngeqiniso (ontology) , ithi iqiniso liyakhiwa njengoba kwenza ipharadaymu eqondayo, kodwa lena ekhululayo ithi maningi amaqiniso akhona kanti futhi kukhona angaphezu kwamanye okuyiwo ashoshozela ukungalingani. Ngokolwazi Iweqiniso (epistemology), Ie pharadaymu izama ukuthi siqonde okwakhiwa ngumphakathi ngezimpawu ezithile kodwa siqonde futhi ulwazi Iwepharadaymu engumakhonya, luyathuthukiswa bese kuthi olunye ulwazi luhlale lungaziwa noma lufiphale. Uma ibukwa ngokweso lezindlela zokuqoqa ulwazi ifuna usebenzise izingxoxo, uhlole.

3.2.4 IPHARADAYMU EHLUKANISAYO (POST-STRUCTURAL/ POST- COLONIAL)

UMcKenna (2003) uthi Ie pharadaymu uma siyibuka ngeso lokucatshangwayo ngeqll1lso

\ (ontology), ithi iqiniso alaziwa. Ibuza umbuzo wokuthi konje likhona yini iqiniso? Uma likhona lakhiwa yini noma lakheka kanjani? Le pharadaymu ayikuvumi ukuba khona kombala, uma ingafaniswa nawo yayingaba nsundu.

Sekuphawuliwe ngezinhlobo ezahlukene zamapharadaymu. Sekuzobhekwa ipharadaymu eqondayo, okuyiyona ehlahle indlela kulolu cwaningo.

3.2.5 I-PHARADAYMU ESETSHENZISIWE KULOLU CWANINGO Lolu cwaningo Iwenziwe Iwaba ngaphakathi kwepharadaymu eqondayo. Jpharadaymu eqondayo yiyona elungele lolu hlobo locwaningo njengoba luqhathanisa izibongo zamakhosi kanye namanoveli om lando.

UNeuman (2000:68) uthi enye yezimpawu zepharadaymu eqondayo ukuthi igcizelela ukufunda okunzulu, noma ukuhlolwa kwendikimba yombhalo noma indikimba yokukhulunywayo noma izithombe. Kulolu cwaningo kuqhathaniswa imibhalo emibili

- 76 - okungamanoveli om lando kanye nezibongo zamakhosi. Lokhu kwenza Ie pharadaymu ifaneleke ukusetshenziswa kulolu cwaningo njen goba lucubungula ngokuqhathanisa lokho osekubhaliwe ngala makhosi akwaZulu akhethiwe. Uqhuba athi umcwaningi osebenzisa ipharadaymu eqondayo ungena athi shi embonweni wokwethulwa yilokho akucwaningayo njengento ephelele. Ngamanye amazwi, incazelo eyiqiniso akuvami ukuthi ibe sobala njengalokhu umuntu engacabanga; umuntu uyithola emva kocwaningo olujulile ngendikimba leyo, lapho ebheka khona imiyalezo eyethulwa indikimba yokubhaliwe aphinde abheke nobudlelwano bazo zonke izingxenye zaleyo ndikimba.

Sekuphawuliwe ngezinhlobo ezahlukene zamapharadaymu kanye nepharadaymu elandeliwe kulolu cwaningo okuyipharadaymu eqondayo. Sekuzobhekwa izindlela ezisetshenzisiwe ekuqoqeni ulwazi oluqondene nalolu cwaningo.

3.3 IZINDLELA EZISETSHENZISIWE EKUQOQENI UL W AZI OLUQONDENE NALOLU eWANINGO

UMilier (1992: 118) ubala izigaba ezintathu zokuqoqwa kolwazi okuyikhwantithethivu, ikhwalithethivu kanye nenominethivu. Lapha kuzoxoxwa ngezindlela ezisetshenziswe ngumcwaningi ngesikhathi eqoqa ulwazi oluqondene nalolu cwaningo. Uma bephawula ngezindlela ezisetshenziswayo uma kwenziwa ucwaningo uKidder noJudd (1987:221) bathi nakuba ziningi izindlela ezisetshenziswayo uma kwenziwa ucwaningo kepha kuba kumcwaningi ukuthi iyiphi abona ukuthi kumele isebenze kubantu azoxoxisana nabo kan ye nezindleko zaleyo ndlela.

3.3.1 uew ANINGO NGENDLELA YEKHW ALlTHETHIVU

UJackson (2008:88) uma simcaphuna ehunyushelwe esiZulwini uthi ucwaningo ngokwekhwalithethivu lugxile ezintweni ezenzeka ngokwemvelo yazo, ulwazi olutholakalayo luyacutshungulwa ngaphandle kokusetshenziswa kwezinombolo. 24 Njengoba

24 Qualitative research focuses on phenomena that occur in natural settings, and the data are analyzed without the use of statistics. (Jackson, 2008:88) - 77 - lolu cwaningo luqhathanisa lokho osekubhaliwe, Ie ndlela yocwaningo kwaba ngefanele. OSherman benoWebb (1988:84) bayavumelana ngokuthi indlela yekhwalithethivu iyavumelana nalolu cwaningo uma bethi Ie ndlela isebenzisa ulwazi Iwekhwalithethivu olunjengokuxoxisana nabantu, imiqulu, imibhalo kanye nokubhekisisa ukuze kuqondwe . 25 lokho 0 k ucwanll1gwayo. UNeuman (1997:45) uthi indlela yokuqoqa ulwazi ngokwekhwalithethivu iyakwazi ukuthola ulwazi olufanele ngokwenzeka emphakathini, okucatshangwayo, izingqinamba kanye nalokho asebeke bahlangabezana nako. Le ndlela iyakuvumela ukuthi uma kwenzeka kube khona ushintsho ekuqhutshweni kocwaningo ikuvumele lokho. Okuyikona okwenza ukuba umcwaningi akhethe Ie ndlela kunaleyo yekhwantithethivu ukuthi Ie ndlela iyakuvumela ukuba kushintshwe uhlobo Iwemibuzo kulabo ababuzwayo ngokuhambisana nesimo. Umcwaningi wayehlose ukuthi imibuzo ayoyibuza iyofana kubo bonke abantu ayezobabuza. Ngokuqhubeka kocwaningo kwacaca ukuthi lokho ngeke kulunge ngoba abanye babengosomlando kanti abanye kwakungabantu abazi ulimi. -- Emva kokuba isihloko salolu cwaningo sesikhethiwe samukelwa umcwaningi wabe esezibheka zonke izindlela ezisetshenziswayo uma kwenziwa ucwaningo. Wabe esebheka nohlobo Iwabantu ayezoxoxisana nabo. Umcwaningi wabe eseqoka indlela yokuxoxisana nomphakathini kanye nendlela yokufunda izincwadi ezithintene nalolu cwaningo.

3.3.2 IZINGXOXO

UNhlumayo (2006: 100) uthi ukuxoxisana ngenye yezindlela encikene kakhulu neyokubuza imibuzo lapho kwenziwa ucwaningo. Ukuxoxisana yindlela enikeza imininingwane lapho abantu bephendulana umbuzo nombuzo phakathi komcwaningi kanye nalowo axoxisana naye. Lapho kulandelwa indlela yokuxoxisana inalobu buhle obulandelayo: a) Abantu bayathanda ukukhuluma kunokubhala phansi. b) Leyo mibiko engaba yimfihlo iyatholakala lapho kuxoxiswana kunokuba umuntu ayibhale phansi.

25 Qualitative research involves the use of qualitative data, such as interviews, questionnaires, documents, texts and participant observation data, to understand and explain social phenomena.(Sherman & Webb, 1988:84) - 78 - c) Umcwaningi uyakwazi ukuchaza kalula lokho akudingayo ngendlela leyo abaxoxisana ngayo. d) Lapho kuxoxiswana akuthathi isikhathi eside kunokuphendula imibuzo ebhalwayo. Yingalezi zizathu ezenza ukuba umcwaningi asebenzise Ie ndlela yokuxox isana uku ze akwazi ukuthola umbiko oshaya emhloleni.

Ngesinye isikhathi nakuba Ie ndlela iyinhle kangaka, kepha alikho isoka elingenasici. a) Ukutholakala kwemininingwane kuyaye kube nzima. Lokho kusho ukuthi umuntu oqoqa Ie mininingwane makube ngumuntu oqeqeshi we futhi onekhono lokuxoxisa na nabantu. b) Lowo ocwaningayo ku yenzeka ukuba abe ngumuntu onobandlululo. c) Lokho kuyinkinga yokuthi umcwaningi angakwazi ukufihla imicabango yakhe. Ngakho-ke umcwaningi wahlela ukuba asebenzise Ie ndlela yokuxoxisana ukuze athole izimpendulo okuyizona zona.

Lolu hlobo lokuqoqa ulwazi locwaningo luthathwa njengolubizayo kepha yilona olwenza ukuthi umbhali athole yonke ingonyuluka yalokho akudi ngayo. Le ndlela yenza umcwaningi axox isane nabantu abathile ubu so nobuso ngesihloko leso. Lokhu angakwenza ngokuthi ingxoxo ayiqophe nges iqophamazwi ekha sethini noma kuthi nges ikhathi kuxoxwa abhale phansi konke okuxoxwa ngako. Loku kuqopha ku siza ekuthen i kungabi bikho nokuncane okulahlekayo nges ikhathi ingxoxo iqhutshwa.

Baningi ababhali asebeke bachaza ukuthi isho ukuthini Ie ndlela. UBenney noHughes ( 1956: 142) bathi uma kuxoxwa Iowa osuke enza ucwaningo ubhekana ngqo nalowo asuke em bu za imibuzo. Baqhubeka bathi uma beyibuka Ie ndlela bayibona kuyindlela enamandla okuyiyona engasetshenziswa uma kufunwa ukuqonda abantu. Bathi Ie ndlela iqiniseki sa ukuthi abantu bayacaban ga, bacubun gul e futhi babambe iqhaza kulokho okucutshun gulwayo.

U-Ackroyd benoHughes (1992: 102) bathi ingxoxo ikhulula abantu ukuba bakwazi ukuthi bazizwa benjani ban gobani , banani ; batshele ocwan in gayo ngabo, baveze imibono ngabakwaziyo, basho nabakholwa yikho. Baqhuba bathi ingxoxo inento es uke igxile ku yo

- 79 - kodwa hhay i ohlangothini Iwayo. Bathi ku ba khona abantu ababili bese kuthi labo oku xoxiswana nabo banikeze izincaze lo?6

UFlick ( 1998:76) uthi ingxoxo iyakwazi ukuvumela umcwaningi ukuba athole ukucaciseleka ngaleyo nto asuke efuna ukucacise leka ngayo. Uq hu ba athi umcwaningi ubuka izinto ngeso

lalowo asuke emcwaninga.

Ziningi izinhlobo zezin gxoxo eZ lyaye zisetshenziswe abacwaningi. Ngaph ambi kokuba kubhekwe uhlelo Iwengxoxo olu setshenzisiwe ku lol u cwaningo ku zo ke kubhekwe nezin ye. OWelman noKruger (2001: 160) nabo bathi zin ingi izinhlobo zezingxoxo ezisetshenziswa ngabacwaningi. Kukhona in gxoxo ehleliwe lapho umcwaningi ehlela khona imibuzo ezobuzwa labo ababu zwayo. Kulolu hl obo umcwaningi ubuza umbuzwa imibuzo bebhekene ubu so nobuso. Zonke izimpendulo uzibhala phansi nges ikhathi ocwaningwayo esephendula. Ocwaningayo ubuza imibuzo injengoba inj alo kuwo wonke umuntu, akagudluki. Baqhu ba bathi um a umbuzwa ekholllbisa ukwethuswa noma ukungawuzwa lImbuzo, umcwaningi uyawuphinda umbuzo ngaph andle kokuwllguq ula.27

Olunye uhlobo Iwengxoxo lubizwa ngokuthi ingxoxo engahl eliwe. UWelm an noKru ger (200 1: 160) bathi lolu hlobo Iwengxoxo Iwenziwa ocwaningwen i Iwento engaj wayelekile. Akulula ukllhlela ingxoxo ngento engajwayeleki le.

Kulolu cwaningo umcwaningi ukhethe ukusebenzisa in gxoxo esakuhleleka. UMncube (2007:75) uthi ingxoxo esakuhleleka ibu ye ibizwe ngengxoxo eqondisiwe (guided interview) ngoba umcwaningi ulungisa iziqondisi zengxoxo (interview guides) ezinemibuzo azoyibuza. Imigomo noma imiglldu emisiwe yikhona okuvumela umcwaningi ukuba akwazi ukwenza illlibuzo ukuze ku gqame kahle noma kllbonakale okllyizona zindawo ezidingeka zibe nezilllpendulo zelllibuzo yocwaningo.

26 All interviews are in teractional events and in terviewers are deeply and unavo idab ly im pli cated in creating ~;ea nin gs that ostensibly res ide within ?alt icipants. (Ackroyd & ~ug h es , 1992: 102) If the respondent appears to be surpnsed or upset about a questI on, the interviewer may repeat th e questi on, but without paraphras ing it. (Weiman & Kru ger, 200 I : 161) - 80 - UBernard (2000: 191) ephawula ngengxoxo esakuhleleka uthi iyindlela engugo ikakhulukazi uma ungeke uthole ithuba lokubuye uxoxisane nalowo omcwaningayo. UMorse (1991 :89)

uma ecashunwe uMncube (2000:76) uthi imibuzo yezingxoxo ezisakuhleleka zenziwa zisondelane nalezo zindawo ezidinga ukucwaningwa kodwa zibuye zikwazi ukuvumela ukuxoxa ngokukhululeka nganoma yisiphi isimo noma nangeminye imibuzo engavela ngesikhathi ingxoxo iqhubeka phakathi komcwaningi nocwaningwayo.

Lolu hlobo Iwengxoxo ludinga uhlobo Iwemibuzo evulekile okumele ibuzwe ngumcwaningi

ukuze Iowa asuke embuza angamvaleli ekhoneni , bese engabe esakwazi ukusho ezinye izinto ebezingamsiza umcwaningi. Umcwaningi uyakwazi ukulandelisa ngeminye imibuzo ezwa

ethinteka ngayo kumbe elangazelela ukuzwa kabanzi ngayo, equbuka ngenkathi bexoxisana nomcwaningwa ukuze athole sonke isithombe salokho afuna ukukucwaninga.

UHolstein noGabrium (1995:76) bathi kuhle ukuthi kwenziwe isheduli yengxoxo

njengemibuzwana esuke ilungiselelwe ukuqondisa noma ukuhola ingxoxo. Lokhu kwenza ukuba umcwaningi akwazi ukulungisa imibuzo evulelekile azoyibuza kulowo azothola kuye

/' ulwazi babuye baxoxe ngayo. Ephawula ngemibuzo engabuzwa uma kuxoxiswana u-Adams (1989:37) uthi imibuzo ingabuzwa kubantu abaqondene kanti futhi ukungaqondisisi umbuzo kungasheshe kutholakale bese kuvikelwa. OWelman noKruger (2001: 161) bathi ishedLili

yemibuzo ingaba nezihloko noma izingxenyana zalezo zihloko eziphathelene nalokho

okucwaningwayo, okumele ocwaningayo akubuze ngesikhathi kuqhubeka ucwaningo. Nakuba ababuzwayo bengabuzwa imibuzo efanayo kepha Ie ndlela ivumela ukuba

ocwaningayo ayishintshashintshe imibuzo ukuvumelana nezinga lemfundo lalowo obuzwayo noma ukusebenzisa amagama azowaqonda.28

28 An interview guide involves a list of topics and aspects of these topics that have a bearing on the given theme and that the interviewer should raise during the course of the interview. Although all respondents are asked the same questions, the interviewer may adapt the formulation, including the terminology, to fit the background and educational level of the respondents. (Weiman & Kruger, 200 I: 161) - 81 - 3.3.3 UKUQHUTSHW A KWEZINGXOXO NGOKW ALOLU CW ANINGO

Umcwaningi waqala ngokuvakashela ihhovisi leSilo samabandla kwaNongoma eyobazisa ngocwaningo alwenzayo. Wabe esethola ukwelekeleleka ekutholeni abantu ayengaxoxisana nabo. Umcwaningi wacaciseleka ukuthi okuyilona Iwazi olwalungatholakala kalula futhi olllkhumbulekayo olweNkosi lICetshwayo ngoba kllyiyona nkosi yokugcina eyayizoclltshllngulwa.

UBernard (2000: 192) uthi wonke umuntll kukhona 1I1wazi analo. Lokho kusho lIkllthi wonke umuntu angaba ngllmcwaningwa. Kukhona abantll abanolwazi olllnzulu kunabanye. Ukuze ucwaningo luqhubeke kahle lImcwaningi waqoka lIkuba angakhulumi nabantu abaningi kepha akhethe labo ayesetholile ukuthi banolwazi olumqoka 10m lando. Abanye okhokho babo babengamaqhawe angaleso sikhathi. Wahlela imibllzo ayezobabuza yona esebenzisa isiqophamazwi ukllqopha yonke inklilumo.

3.3.3.1 INGXOXO NODOKOTELA UREGGIE KHUMALO

UDokotela uReggie Khumalo ungowendlll kaMzilikazi kaMashobana. Wazalelwa kwaNongoma, okuyindawo kaZwide. Uhlala eMahlabathini. OkaMashobane wakhethwa ngoba enolwazi oluphusile ngezinto ezithinta urn lando wesizwe samaZulu, ikakhulukazi amakhosi. Wayesebenza emsakazweni wesiZulu, uKhozi FM lapho ayesakaza khona uhlelo olwaluthi "Izaqheqhe" olwalllgxile emasikweni esizwe samaZulli. Uyilllngli leSithangami Sempi YaseSandlwana esivukuza ngenhloso yokuvusa imilando emidala yesizwe samaZulu. Umcwaningi waxoxa noKhumalo ekhaya lakhe eMahlabathini. UKhumalo wakuveza ukuthi urn lando wamakhosi akwaZulu asakhothama wahlanekezelwa ngenxa yokllthi iningi lawo wabhalwa abamhlophe ababengenandaba nokungokwethu kepha ababefllna ukufeza izinhloso zabo.

- 82 - 3.3.3.2 INGXOXO NOMNTWANA UZEBULON( ZULU

Lona ngumntwana wasebukhosini bendlu yasekhohlwa yakwaMandlakazi. Umntwana usebenzela ePhalamende eKapa. Unomuzi eMpangeni. Umcwaningi waqoka ukuxoxi sana noMntwana uZebuloni ngoba engumntwana oqondene nokulondolozwa komlando wobukhosi bakwaZulu. Zonke izinto ezingamagugu uziqoqela ndawonye njengamahubo nokunye. Okunye okwenza umntwana uZebuloni angasali ngaphandle ukuthi ungumlobi wencwadi yokuqala yomlando wamakhosi akwaZulu ebhalwe ngolimi IwesiZulu. Umcwaningi wabona kufanele ukuthi 10 mntwana abe yingxenye yocwaningo ngoba ngeke ukhulume ngendlunkulu ungayiphathi indlu yasekhohlwa. Kwaxoxiswana noMntwana uZebuloni ekhaya lakhe eMpangeni.

3.3.3.3 INGXOXO NOBABA UBUZETSHENI MDLETSHE

Lona ngubaba osebenza ehhovisi leSilo uZwelithini kwaLinduzulu kwaNongoma. Ungumuntu osondele kakhulu ebukhosini bakwaZulu ngoba uyinyosi yesilo uZwelithini. Njengoba kwaziwa ukuthi muningi umlando wamakhosi omumethwe yizibongo zamakhosi kwabonakala kufanele ukuthi kukhulunywe nenye yezimbongi zamakhosi. Ephawula ngomlando wamakhosi ubaba uMdletshe wakubeka kwacaca ukuthi ukuze wazi umlando wasebukhosini kumele ube ngumuntu osondelene kakhulu nenkosi leyo ngaphandle kwalokho abantu bagcina sebebhala ngezinto abazizwa ngabanye abangenaqiniso lazo. Sekuphawuliwe ngezinhlelo zengxoxo ngokwalolu cwaningo, sekuzobhekwa uhlaziyo lokuqukethwe.

3.4 UHLAZIYO LOKUQUKETHWE

Ngaphandle kwendlela yokuxoxisana nomphakathi lolu cwaningo Iwabuye Iwalandela indlela yohlaziyo lokuqukethwe. UBryman (2004: 182) uma ecashunwe kuMncube (2007) uthi uhlaziyo lokuqukethwe luyindlela yokucubungula imibhalo ngendlela ehlelekile. 29 UMncube

29 Content analysis is an approach to the analysis of documents and texts that seek to quanti fy content in terms of predetermined categories and in a systematic and replicable manner. (Bryman, 2004: 18 2) - 83 - uqhubeka acaphllne uBest (1977) lapho ethi uhlaziyo lokllqukethwe luyithuluzi locwaningo e1isetshenziswa ukuqoqa nokllhlaziya lImongo wokubhaliwe noma okukhulunyiwe. Okuqllkethwe kungaba amagama, amabinzana amagama, imisho, izigaba, izithombe, izimpawu, .. imibhalo egciniwe emayelana nomsebenzi nemibiko, amafomu agcwalisiwe, izincwadi zokufundwa, imibhalo yom lando womuntu, amadayari , izindaba, izingqikithi, amaphephabhuku, amaphephandaba amabhulethini, amakhathalogi, amasilabhasi, amafilimu, amakhathuni noma imiqondo. Uhlaziyo lokuqukethwe lubuye Iwaziwe nge-document analysis ngoba luphathelene nemibhalo ebhaliwe ngaleso sikhathi noma imininingwane noma amabhuku athile asetshenziswa njengemithombo yemininingwane yocwaningo.

Uma encoma ubuhle bayo uBryman (2004: 179) uthi Ie ndlela icace bha ayifihli lutho. Le ndlela inhle ngoba kucutshungulwa imibhalo eyayibhalwe kungaziwa ukuthi ngelinye ilanga iyoke icutshungulwe. lyasiza futhi ngoba kuvela nolwazi Iwabantu abathile okllmpilo yabo ayaziwa ngumphakathi wonke. Kulolu cwaningo umcwaningi usebenzise uhlaziyo lokuqukethwe ukuqhathanisa lokho okutholakala emanovelini omlando abhalwe ngamakhosi ohlanga akhethiwe kulolu cwaningo kanye nezibongo zamakhosi njengoba zibhalwe uNyembezi. Umcwaningi ubefike abheke lokho okufanayo nokungefani ezibongweni zamakhosi kanye nasemanovelini omlando bese ecubungula lokho okutholakala ezibongweni kuphela kanye nalokho okutholakala kwinoveli yom lando kuphela. Ekugcineni ubebheka yonke imibhalo ekhona ebhalwe ngawo la makhosi ukuzama ukuthola amaqiniso ngaleyo naleyo nkosi.

Sekuphawuliwe ngezindlela ezisetshenzisiwe ukuqoqa ulwazi oluqondene nalolu cwaningo. Sekuzobhekwa inkambiso elungileyo yokllqhuba ucwanlllgo embandakanya isiko lokuhlonipha.

3.5 INKAMBISO ELUNGILEYO YOCW ANINGO UMncube (2007:80) uthi uma kwenziwa ucwaningo Iwanoma yiluphi uhlobo kubalulekile ukuthi abazonikeza ulwazi oludingwa ucwaningo bavikeleke. Lokhu kwenzelwa ukuthi bangazitholi sebenezinkinga ngenxa yolwazi abasuke belunikezile. UBernard (2000:70) uthi enye yezinto ebalulekile uma kuqoqwa ulwazi olllqondene nocwaningo ukusebenzisa - 84 - inkambiso elungileyo. Kulo lonke ucwaningo umcwaningi ukuqikelelile ukuthi usebenzisa indlela efanele. UBernard (2000:70) uthi enye yezinto okumele iqikelelwe uma kuqoqwa ulwazi kubantu yinkambiso elungileyo yokwenza ucwaningo. Abantu okwakuzokhulunywa nabo baziswa ngawo wonke amalungelo abanawo mayelana nokuqhutshwa kocwaningo. Baziswa ukuthi kuyilungelo labo ukuthi uma bengathandi ukuqhubeka nocwaningo bayeke, futhi abakwenzayo bakwenze ngoba bethanda.

Ngenxa yokuthi ucwaningo lubhekene nobukhosi bakwaZulu umcwaningi waqale waya ehhovisi leSilo kwaNongoma ukuyocela imvume ekwenzeni lolu cwaningo. Wabe esebhala izincwadi ebhalela labo ayezobabuza imibuzo eyayizophendula okudingwa yilolu cwaningo. Bonke ababebhalelwe izincwadi babechazelwa ukuthi kuyilungelo labo ukuvuma noma ukwenqaba ukuba yingxenye yocwaningo. Bachazelwa nokuthi umcwal11ngt uma esezobabuza imibuzo wayezophatha isiqophamazwi ayezoqopha kuso yonke inkulumo ayezoba nayo nabo. Bachazelwa nokuthi babekhululekile ukumisa ukuqoshwa uma bezizwa bengakhululekile. Ababezocwaningwa bachazelwa ukuthi lonke ulwazi ababeyolunikeza Iwaluyofakwa kwikhompyutha.

UBailey (1987:205) uyakuqinisekisa ukuthi akulula ukungena kunoma yimuphi umphakathi uzokwenza ucwaningo. Abantu abaningi badinga ukuthi uthole imvume yokwenza lokho. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ngoba nasebukhosini akulula ukungena noma ikanjani.

Sekukhulunyiwe ngenkambiso elungileyo yokuqhuba ucwantngo, sekuzobhekwa isiko lokuhlonipha nocwaningo.

3.6 ISIKO LOKUHLONIPHA NOCWANINGO lsiko lokuhlonipha labamba iqhaza elikhulu ekuqhutshweni kocwaningo. Kwamsiza umcwanningi ukubuza ngezinto ezihlonishwayo ebukhosini nasemakhaya nje abanumzane ngoba kwamenza wamukeleka kalula. Umcwaningi wafunda kakhulu ngendlela okuhlalwa ngayo endlini yesiZulu lapho kuhlalwa khona ngobulili. Ekufikeni komcwaningi esigodlweni saseNyokeni wafike wathola ukuthi kumele ahlale esililini sabesifazane bese kuthi uMntwana

- 85 - omkhulu wakwaNxangiphilile yena wayezohlala kwesabesilisa. Kwathanda ukuba yinkinga lokho kumcwaningi ngoba kwakungelula ukuqopha inkulumo ngenxa yokuqhelelana kwabo.

Umcwaningi kwamethusa ukuthola ukuthi ulwazi oluningi Iwalutholakala kubantu besilisa. Alukho ulwazi olwalutholakala kubalobokazi ngoba uma kwenziwa amasiko amaningi omndeni abalobokazi abangeni noma ababi ingxenye yezingxoxo. Umcwaningi wabuye wathola ukuthi ukuhlonipha akukona kuphela okwabantu besifazane kuphela kepha nabesilisa ngokunjalo. Abantu abadala baben gawabizi amagama amakhosi kepha bancamele ukuwabiza ngezibongo zawo.

Sekuphawuliwe ngenkambiso elungileyo yokuqhuba ucwanll1go embandakanya nesiko lokuhlonipha. Sekuzobhekwa izinjulalulwazi ezisetshenzisiwe ukuqhuba lolu cwaningo.

3.7 IZINJULALUL W AZI EZISETSHENZISIWE

OMitchel noJolly (1988:21) bathi injulalulwazi ingathathwa njengeziphakamiso lapho imibono eminingi emisha isuselwa khona. Lokhu kufakazelwa uNdimande (1998: 17) lapho ethi injulalulwazi ngumhlahlandlela ohlahlwa nguSonjulalulwazi ngokubona ukwenzeka kwezinto emhlabeni. Kulolu cwaningo kuzosetshenziswa injulalulwazi ye-Post-Colonialism emibhalweni kaDhlomo. Kuzosetshenziswa nenjulalulwazi ye-Orality ukuhlaziya izibongo zamakhosi. 3.7.1 INJULALULWAZI YE-POSTCOLONIALISM

Enye yezinjulalulwazi ezibalulekile uma kucutshungulwa imibhalo yom lando kaDhlomo i­ Post-Colonialism. Le njulalulwazi iphathelene nokubhaliweyo emazweni alunjwa kudala okuphikisana nombuso. UBohmer (1995: I) uthi injulalulwazi ye-Post Colonialism icubungula ubudlelwano besikhathi sokuthathwa kombuso kanye nesikhathi emva kwalokho. Uqhubeka athi ngokwale njulalulwazi abantu okuthathwe umbuso wabo basuke befuna ukuthatha izindawo zabo zakudala. UVisser noCouzens ( 1985:XIV) bathi imuva kumele

- 86 - ligcinwe linjalo, hhay i ngokuthi kubu yelwe kulona, kodwa lenziwe kabu sha ngendlela entsha nethandekayo .30

U-Eagleton ( 1994) uthi ngokomcabango we-Past-Colonialism umuntu uvumelekile ukukhuluma ngokwehlukana ngokwamasiko hhayi ngokuxhas hazwa ngokomnotho. Uthi ababh ali abaningi ababh ale ngale nj ul alul wazi babhale kakhulu ngo ku xhashazwa kwezomnoth o okwenza imibhalo yabo in gafakwa ngaphansi kwaleyo ya le njulalulwazi. Ibonakala ifanelwe ukuba ibe ngeyengezwayo nje oh lelweni Iwezifundo. ULoomba ( 1998: 7) uthi igama elithi Post-Colonialism ngeke lisetshenziswe ngendlela eyodwa. Ukubu yise lwa kombu so kwathatha amakhulunyaka amathathu kusuke la ngeminyaka yekhulunya ka

les ishi yagalombili eM elika, e-A ustralia, eNew Zea land kanye naseN ingizimu A fri ka. Kuqhubeka ku ye ngeminyaka ye -1 970 eMozambikhi nase-A ngo la. Lokhu kukhombi sa ukuthi abantu babengacindeze lwe ngendlela efanayo . Okwakwenzeka eMelika noma eN ingizimu A frika laph o abamhlophe babezakhele eyabo imibuso kwehlukile kun alapho abantu bendawo babeketula abaph athi abamh lophe.

UHolme ( 1995: (20) uthi igama elithi Post-Colonialism liyasetshenziswa uma kukhulunywa ngohl elo loku ziqhelelani sa nakh o konke okuphath elene nokulunjwa. Lolu bhubhane

lungavela ngezindlela ezahlukene. UMsiska noH igh land ( 1997:246) bathi um a kuchazwa i­ Post-Colonialism isho isikhathi es ithile emlandwen i wes izwe esenzeka emva kokuba sekuphele ukulunjwa.

UHyland ( 1997:249) uthi enye yezi ndlela zokuhl aziya i-Past-Colonial ibi zwa ngokuthi yinjulalulwazi ye-colonial discourse. Le nj ulalulwazi ibhekelela ikakhulukazi lokho okumayelana nemibhalo, nemiqulu kahulumeni ekhulu ma ngamas iko aseY urophu ngenhloso yokuthola izindlela eza landelwa nges ikhathi kwenzeka uhlelo lokulunjwa. UNgugi wa Thiong'o ( 1986) ubuka izindlela ulimi olungabumba ukuqaph ela kwezepolitiki kulabo abalu sebenzisayo. UNgugi uthi ulimi yilona olu yi mali eph ethe lokh o abantu asebedlule kukho olubalungisayo lubakh ombise indlela. Uthi abantu ngaphandle kolimi Iwabo bay izigqila. U-Appiah ( 1997:56) uphikisa na nom bono wokucaba nga nge-A frika emva

30 The past shoul d be preserved in a li ving dynamic form , not by go ing back to it but by recreating it into a new and lovely form . (V isser, 1985:X IV) - 87 - kokulunjwa njengezwe elimsulwa elinamasiko alo. Ngokwakhe uthi inkululeko yase-Afrika idinga imibhalo yayo. Ukholelwa ekutheni noma yikuphi ulimi nemibhalo kuyisisekelo sakho konke.

Okuyiyona nhlosongqangi kaDhlomo kwakuwukukhombisa ulwazi olungaphakathi nokuveza wonke amaqiniso. UDhlomo wabona ukuthi indlela nokwenza kwaseNtshonalanga kwakunokwenzeka ukuthi kwabulala amas iko akudala ase-Afrika. UDhlomo wayegcizelela isidingo sokuthi lokhu kugcizelelwe emibhalweni. Lokhu kubandakanya amasiko, umlando, imikhuba kanye namaqhawe ethu. UParker noStarkey (1995: II) bathi izinjulalulwazi zemibhalo yase-Afrika sezivule izindlela ezakhayo zokubhekana nemibhalo yaseY urophu namasiko akhona kanye nendlela abahumusha ngayo izinto. Indlela uDhlomo abhala ngayo ikhombisa ukuthi uzama ukuveza imibhalo eyayingazange ivezwe kanye nokuhumusha ngokobu-Afrika ngaphambi kanye nangemuva kokulunjwa. Uma singabheka incwadi yakhe ethi 'UCetshwayo", uDhlomo ubuyela emuva lapho ekhuluma ngemithetho yokuqala bese eveza ukungahambisani nayo. Njengoba kukhulunywe ngenjulalulwazi yePost-Colonialism kubalulekile ukuba kukhulunywe ngobuzwe (Nationalism) kanye nengcindezelo (Oppression)

U-Anderson (1991 :52) uchaza ISlzwe njengomphakathi ocatshangwayo (Imagined Community), ozalwe nejeudalisl11 kan ye nokunyuka kwecapitalisl11. Amaphephandaba, amanoveli kanye neminye imibhalo yikona okwakusetshenziswa ukwakha amasiko angxubevange, okuthandwayo kanye nohlu Iwamagama. Lokhll kwakuqhutshwa abashicileli ababeshintsha 1I1imi lomdabu bese benza ulimi oillsemthethweni oluzokwazi ukllfundwa abantll abehlllkahlllkene. Yikho konke lokhll okwadala umphakathi ocatshangwayo. Kuthiwa konke lokhu kwaqala eYurophll lapho 1I1imi Iwalubambe iqhaza elikhlliu ekugcizeleleni ubuzwe.

- 88 - URenan ( 1990: 19) uthi isizwe sin gum pheful11u lo, in hl oko yomphefumulo nakho ko nke kwamadlozi ngoba amadlozi yiwona asenze saba yilokhu es iyikho. Iqhawe 10m lando, abantu abakhulu, udumo ... Y ilona ikomkhulu lapho ul11untu en gasusela khona ul11qondo wes izwe.31

I- Nationalism ibalulekile kakhulu uma kucutshungul wa imibhalo kaDhlomo. Imibhalo kaDhlomo yaba namandla amakhulu ngoba yafundwa kakhulu. Ngisho nayekubhala ephephandabeni " lIanga laseNatali" kwaba nomthelela om khulu ekuphakamiseni umlando wamakhosi akwaZulu. NgokukaGo lan ( 1994) uJordan Ngubane in sizwa eyayiseyintsha nje

yay ingumhlobo omkhulu wezin sizwa zakwaDhlomo, futhi ey intatheli ebalulekile ebu ye ibe ngumbhali. Washintsha indlela iNkosi uDingane eyayibukwa ngayo el11l andweni ekubeni

yisehluleki abe yiqhawe. Kuyo yonke impilo yakhe yezepo litiki nakuba ayebu ye as hintshe izinhlangano kepha uNgubane wayehlala njalo egcize lela umlando wesizwe sa l11 aZulu kwababesemza balazweni laph a eN in gizim u egqugq uze la ubuzwe. Wayeveza iNkosi uDingane njengoph awu lomzabalazo bese ku thi iNkosi uShaka athi iwuphawu lobu zwe bomuntu ongumZulu (Zulu Nationalism).

UGolan uqhubeka athi ngeminya ka ye-1 940, ngesikhathi uNgubane eseyilungu eliqavile lophiko Iwentsha yo Mkhonto Wes izwe, wayematasatasa nomlando wamaZulu njengengxenye yobu-Afri ka eyayidinga ukubheka kab usha umlando waKwaZulu. UNgubane

wethula umkhankaso wokulungisa igama leNkosi uDingane nges ikhathi engumhleli weN kundla. Uthi imizamo kaNgubane kwakungeyokuqhakambisa ubuqhawe beNkos i uDingane kubabh ali abangamaZulu. Incazelo kaNgubane ayi nikeza nges ikhathi echaza

ukubulawa kwamaBhunu ebul awa yin kos i uDingane ayikhombisi neze ukuzwelana nales i senzo kepha itusa isenzo seN kos i uDin gane. UNgubane waku beka kwacaca ukuthi iN kos i uDingane kwakumele ikhethe ph akathi kwenkululeko noma ubu gqi la kep ha yona ya kheth a inkululeko.

UGolan ( 1994: 79) uqhuba athi uNgubane uveza iNkosi uShaka njengoyise we-Nationalism yabansundu. Wakubh ala ephephand abeni iNkundla isi hloko sakhona sithi "Obani ama-

31 A nation is a so ul , a sp iritual principal,and of all its cul ts, that of the ancestors is the most legiti mate, fo r the ancestors have made liS what we are. A heroic past, great men, glory ... . This is the social capi ta l upon whi ch one bases a national idea. (Renan, 1990: 19) - 89 - Nationalist ase-Afrika" lapho echaza ukubaluleka kwenhlangano kaKhongolose nophiko Iwentsha ekuvuseleleni ubuzwe base-A frika. Uchaza iqhaza elabanjwa yiNkosi uShaka ekubumbeni isizwe samaZulu ukuze sibe yisizwe esikhulu nesinamandla. 32

UKunene (1962) owayeyilungu eliqavile likaKhongolose wabhala ucwanll1go ngeNkosi uShaka. UKunene (1962: 109) uthi iNkosi uShaka yayiyinkosi eyayinombono wokuhlanganisa izizwe zonke. Lokhu iNkosi uShaka yayikwenza ngokuqeqesha amabutho ngendlela ethile nokuthi bonke abantu balingane. UKunene uqhuba athi kungenxa yokuthi iNkosi uShaka yayikholelwa ebuzweni baMa-Afrika okwayenza yalwa lezi zimpi ezingaka. Wayengenandaba kuphela nokunqoba izizwe kepha wayenendaba nokuzihlanganisa ndawonye zibe umbuso owodwa ngaphansi kwakhe. Ukugcizelela ubunye inkosi uShaka yayixosha bonke abaholi abangawuthobeli umthetho wayo bese iqoka abash a abazohambisa ngokwemiyalelo yakhe. Wakha umbutho onamandla wesizwe samaZulu.

UKunene uqhubeka athi iNkosi uShaka yayinombono wesizwe esiqotho, okulllele

kulinganwe kuso. Yikho lokhu okwenza iNkosi uShaka ukuba izikhundla izinikeze labo abangamaqhawe empini. Wakukholllbisa ukuthi bonke abantu bayalingana ngokuthi uma kuyiwa empini naye aye futhi azibeke engozini ngokuhamba phambili. Bonke-ke ababengabaholi bamabutho kwakumele nabo bahambe phalllbili.

UGolan (1994) uthi kusukela kuDhlolllo kuya kuKunene umlando weNkosi uShaka, ubuyena nezenzo zakhe washintsha kubantu abansundu baseNingizimu Afrika ukuba yinkosi enonya nombulali kepha waba yiqhawe elalilwela iNingizimu Afrika ebumbene. Wasuka ekubeni umholi wamaZulu waba yi-Black Nationalist.

32 "African Nationalism is not a mythical spirit with mythical origins. Nor was the creation of the new African people. A myth nor with roots in superstitious mysteries. It was the logical and deliberate crystallization of an hystorical tendency that had been going on among the Afi'ican people from the times of Shaka. Divest of its crudeness, the military intention was to create a great united African Empire extending as far as South and North as pos.sible. Shaka believed in a complete unification of the African people into one mighty nation which would stand II1dependent and on a footing of equality with every human race". (Golan, 1994:79) - 90- UMncube (2007:35) uthi ingcindezelo idalwa . ukuthi ubani obalulekile kunomunye noma omkhulu kunomunye ocindezelwayo lIyizwa in gcindezelo ngenxa yokllba engenasikhundla esikhulu noma engaballilekile kulowo mphakathi ngenxa yokuthi kllkhona abanamandla.

UGoldberg (1978) uchaza ingcindezelo njengendlela eyenzeka noma eziveza ngayo. Uthi ingcindezelo yilapho omunye ephoqelekile ukllba enze okllfunwa omunye. 33 UHardiman noJackson (1992) bathi ingcindezelo imaye lana nokuphakama kwabanye beqembu elithile kanti okokuqala ineqembu eligqamile elinamandla okulawula nokubeka imigomo okufanele ilandelwe. Yilona leli qembu elikwazi ukllsho ukuthi yikuphi okuyikhona okwamukelekile, okuyiqiniso noma okullingile.

UYoung (1990) uthi kllkhona uhlobo Iwengcindezelo olubizwa ngokuthi yi-Cultural Imperialism lapho konke okwenziwa yiqembu eliphezulu kwenziwa kube yikhona okulungile, okuphelele, okuyisibuko sanoma yini eyenziwa yilaba belinye iqembu eligqilazwayo. UPharr (1988: II) ugcizelela lolu hlobo Iwengcindezelo lapho ethi abeqembu eligqilazwayo bagcina bethathwa noma bebizwa ngokuthi bangabanye. Laba abanamandla bona babizwe ngokllvamile babe ngabalungile okufanele kubukelwe kubo.

Ingcindezelo ibalulwe kulolu cwanlllgo ngoba umlalldo wobukhosi bakwaZulu waqale wabhalwa ngabamhlophe bebhala lokho okuvlllla bona ngenxa yokuthi babeyillgxenye yaleli qembu elalingabacindezeli. Abantll abangamaZulu babecindezelwe ngokuthi bangakwazi ukllzibhalela bona umlando wabo ngoba ben gafundile. Yikho nje kwaba nomthelela wokuba umlando uhlanekezelwe.

3.7.2 INJULALULWAZI YE-ORALITY

UCanonici (1996:2) uthi igama elithi Oral lisuse lwa egameni lesiLathini u-os, oris elisho umlomo, ubllso kanye nokwenza komllntu wonke. Ukuxhllmana ngobuciko bomlomo kuqale kllbonakale ngamagama, okwesibili kubonakale ngobukholla balowo okhuilimayo, ukwenza kwakhe kanye nomzimba wakhe. Konke lok hu kwenziwa abantll kube kllsetshenziswa

JJ Oppression is above anything else, a condition of being, a particular stance one is forced to assume with respect to oneself, the world and the exigencies of change. (Goldberg, 1978) - 9 1 - amazwi kan ye nokwenza. Amazwi nokwenza kusllke kllkhombi sa lIkllthi lokho okwenziwayo kwenziwa ph ambi kwabantll abathile. Umuntll lIyakhlllllma noma enze okllthile lIkudluli sa lImbiko othile kllbantll. Lokhll kllkhomba ngokllsobala lI kllthi lIbllciko bomlomo blldinga abantll lIkuze kwen zeke ngendlela, nj engoba nokukhulllnywayo klldinga ozokulalela. Ukwenza kllyinto yomphakathi oku wakhayo kllbllye ku wllqinise umphakathi.

Uqhubeka athi lImbhalo wokllqala owawubha lwe nges iZlIllI wavela ngonya ka we-1 842 encwadini yesiFrentshi lIbhalwe yimishinari yomSlIthu u-Arbollssset. Wawllsihloko sithi, Relation d 'un voyage d'exploration au nord-est de la colonie du Cap de Bonne-Esperance. U-Arbousset waveza imigqa engama-24 1 yezibongo zeN kosi uDingane., eyay iq oshwe um Suthu owayesehl ale isikhathi impela ph akathi kwamaZulll. Yimigqa engama-27 kuphela eyay ibhalwe nges iZlIllI kod wa ipelwa ngesiFrentshi kepha yonke eminye yay ibhalwe ngesiFrentshi . Ngesikhathi sokllshicilelwa kwa lo mbhalo okwakllnzima lIkllwllhumusha, amami shinari afika KwaZulu alungisa ubhalomagama olwalu setshenziswa nges ikhathi kwenziwa ubhalomagama kanye nemibhalo yaseziko leni. Ngonyaka we-1850 ukuba khona kolimi IwesiZulu kwaqala ukwaziwa ngaphandle kweN ingizimu A frika. Kwabe sekuqala ukuba khona izincwadi zohlelo kanye nezichazamazwi.

Imiphakathi efundileyo isebenzisa lokh o okubhaliwe uku gcina ul wazi. Imiphakathi edlulisa ul wazi ngomlomo yona lokho oku gc in we emqondweni yikona kodwa okuyibhange laph o ku gcin we khona ul wazi. U-Ong ( 1982) uthi lokho okllngeke ku sakhumbuleka kun gokulahlekile. 34 Lokho kwenza umuntu ongafund ile ukuba asebenzise umqondo wakh e ekukhumbuleni izinto ngamandla uku ze akwazi ukukhumbula konke oku semqond weni wakh e nj engoba kunj alo. Lokh o oseku bhalwe phansi okwaku shi wo ngo ml omo ku shintsha into ephilile ku yenze eyo mile noma ebandayo.

Igama elithi 'oral residue' elahlangani swa u-Ong ( 1982: 13) lisho lokho okudluliswa ngomlomo oku se khona ngisho nanges ikhathi sekubhalwa. U-Ong uyaqhubeka ehlukani se ph akathi komuntu okwazi ukukhuluma ka nye na lowo muntu ofundileyo. Uthi so nke siyakwazi ukukhuluma ngez indlela ezahl ukene ngokwamazin ga ange fani. Okunguwona

34 " What cannot be recall ed is wasted" (Ong, 1982) - 92 - mehluko okhona owokuthi abanye abantu banamandla amakhulu okukhumbula izinto kunabanye.

UJousse (2000:333) uthi ukuze imibhalo ikhumbuleke kumele ibe mifishane. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi igcina isimide bese ingabe isezwakala. Uqhubeka athi okwakushiwo ngomlomo uma sekubhaliwe kugcina sekungezwakali kahle ngoba incazelo yayitholakala kahle ngesikhathi kushiwo ngomlomo. U-Okpewho (1992:31) uthi akulula ukuchaza ukuthi ubani umbhali wezinto ezazishiwo ngomlomo ngoba zazidlula kulo muntu ziye komunye zibuye zidlule kulesi sizukulwane zlye kwesinye. 35 Lokhu kuchaza ukuthi ulwazi kwakungolwabantu bonke.

U-Ong (1982: 14) uthi lokho okwakushiwo ngomlomo kwakubaluleke kakhulu futhi kunamandla amakhulu okungasekho kepha namuhla njengoba izinto sezibhalwe phansi. Nakuba kunjalo kepha ngaphandle kokubhala ngeke kwenzeka lutho. Ngalokho-ke kusho ukuthi lokho okushiwo ngomlomo kumele kubhalwe phansi. Ukufunda nokubhala kubalulekile ukuthuthukisa isayensi hhayi yodwa kuphela kepha umlando, ifilosofi kanye nokuhumusha ulimi. Ukufunda kungasetshenziswa ukuvuselela ukukhumbula.

UFinnegan (1970:82) uthi ukuqanjwa nokushiwo kwezinkondlo kwakungeyona into eyayingajwayelekile e-Afrika. Izinkondlo zazehlukanisiwe kwiprozi. Izimbongi yizona ezazihaya izibongo zamakhosi. Uqhubeka athi izimbongi yizona ezazinomsebenzi wokulondoloza umlando wesizwe kanye nolibo lokulandelana kwamakhosi. Kwezinye izizwe imbongi iba nesikhundla sayo nje yodwa lapho ihlala ihamba khona njalo nenkosi leyo eyibongelayo.

3.8 ISIPHETHO

Kulesi sahluko kuvezwe izindlela ezisetshenzisiwe ngesikhathi kuqhutshwa ucwaningo Kuqale kwaphawulwa ngepharadaymu eqondayo okuyiyona esebenzile. Kube sekuphawulwa

35 Texts were handed down from from person to person and fi'om one generation to the next, the question of individual authorship was considered superfluous .. .. . Certain texts are deliberately made to abdicate the identity of their composers. (Okpewho, 1992:31) - 93 - ngendlela yokuqoqa ulwazi ebizwa ngokuthi yikhwal ithethivu lapho umcwaningi ephawule ngezingxoxo abe nazo nabacwaningwa. Kube sekubhekwa nendlela yokuqoqa ulwazi ebizwa ngokuthi uhlaziyo lokuqukethwe lapho kuhlaziywa yonke imibhalo esetshenzisiwe kulolu cwaningo. Kubhekwe nezinjulalulwazi ezisebenzile kulolu cwaningo. Kuqale kwabhekwa injulalulwazi ye-Post-Colonialism, ebithintana ngqo namanoveli om lando kan ye neye-Orality yona ethintana ngqo nezibongo zamakhosi . Esahlukweni es ilandelayo kuzogxilwa kulokho okutholakele ngesikhathi kwenziwa lolu cwaningo.

- 94 - ISAHLUKO SESINE

UKUQHATHANISW A KW AMANOVELI ABHAL WE NGENKOSI USHAKA, UDINGANE, UMPANDE KANYE NOCETSHW A YO KANYE NEZIBONGO ZA WO

4.1 ISINGENISO

Lesi sahluko sizokwethula lonke ulwazi oluqondene nokusetshenziswa kwezindlela okuxoxwe ngazo esahlukweni esedlule. Kuzoqhathaniswa amanoveli om lando abhalwe nguDhlomo ngeNkosi uShaka, uDingane, uMpande kanye neNkosi uCetshwayo. Lokhu kuzoqhathaniswa nezibongo zala makhosi njengoba ziqoqwe uNyembezi (1958 ). Ukuze ucwaningo lulandeleke kahle kuzoqale kuvezwe urn lando ngala makhosi akhethiwe, bese kubhekwa okufanayo emanovelini omlando wamakhosi kanye nezibongo zawo amakhosi. Kuzobe sekubhekwa okutholakala emanovelini kuphela kanye nalokho okutholakala ezibongweni kuphela. Kuzoqala ngokubheka umlando weNkosi uShaka.

4.2 UMLANDO WENKOSI USHAKA. 4.2.1 UKUZALWAKOMNTWANA USHAKA

UZulu (2005:55-73) uthi uMntwana uShaka Sigidi uYlIlgane yokuqala ezalwa iSilo uSenzangakhona entombini uNandi , indodakazi yeNkosi uMbhengi wakwaMhlongo. ISiio uSenzangakhona samzala ebubhungwini baso, singakaganwa. Ngangokuthi ukukhulelwa kweNkosazana yaseLangeni uNandi kwaba udaba oluyimfihlo kakhulu ngoba ukumitha kwentombi ingaganile kuleso sikhathi kwakungelikhulu ihlazo leli ezweni.

Kwafika izithunywa zaseLangeni zizobika ukuthi uMntwana uSenzangakhona ukhulelise iNkosazana yeNkosi uMbhengi. UMntwana uMudli waphika elandula ngokuthi uMntwana uSenzangakhona usemncane kakhulu ukuba sekungathiwa ukhulelisile. Wathi kusho ukuthi iNkosazana yeN kosi iphethwe ishaka.

- 95 - Kwathi uma iNkosazana uNandi isithola ingane yomfana, abasElangeni babuye bathumela eNdlunkulu sebezobika ukuthi selikhona lela shaka labakwaZulu abeze bazolithatha. Yileso sikhathi-ke lapho uMntwana uMudli akwemukela khona ukuthi ngempela Ie nga ne ngeyoMntwana uSenzangakhona. INd lunkulu uNandi yaba ngeyesithathu uku gana iNgon yama uSenzangakhona. UM ntwana uShaka waqala ukwelu sa amankonyane enemin yaka emihlanu. Kwathi eseneminyaka ey isithupha wayeselusa izimvu zeSilo. [Silo uSenzangakhona sasibadonse ngendlebe abafana ukuba baqaphele izinja uma belusile zingabambi izimvu zaso. Kwathi nge li nye ilanga uMntwana uShaka wavuka ekuseni wakhipha izimvu zeSilo wayozelusa edl elwe ni . [zi nja zakhe zamlandela njengasemihleni. Kwathi engazele[e IZIl1Ja zasukela inqama yeS il o zayi bamba zay ibulala. Kwathi lapho uMntwana uShaka ebika 10 monakalo ekhaya iNgonyama uSenzangakhona yathukuthela yaga na unwabu. Kwathi lapho ifuna ukumshaya umfana, iNdlunkulu uNandi yav uka umbhejazana ingafuni ukuba iSilo simj ezise. [Silo sathukuthela sabaxosha bobabili esigodlweni kwaNobamba. [Ndlunkulu uNandi yabuyela kubo eLangeni.

4.2.2 UKUKHULA KOMNTWANA USHAKA

UMntwana uShaka wafika eLangeni we lu sa izinkomo zikaninalume wakhe iNkosi uMakhedama. Kwathi lapho uMntwana uShaka esenemin yaka eyishumi nantathu eluse izinkomo zeNkosi uMakhedama kwavuka indlondlo qede yashaya inkunzi yeN kosi yayi bulala. [Nkosi yabe iyithanda kakhulu Ie nkun zi yayo, kanti nakuMntwana uShaka yay iligugu elikhulu ngoba yay ilwa kakhulu izehlula zo nke ezi nye izinkunzi ed lelweni lapho ayelusela khona. Wathukuthela kwathi akaz ibul ale uMntwana uShaka um a ebona inkunzi yeN kosi iwa idindiliza phansi ifa. Washo wayiqonda indlondlo wab hekana nayo wayishaya wayibulala. Kuthe eseyobika eNkosini wayesephethe yo na in yoka isifile. [Nkos i uMakhedama yas haqeka ibuka ubukhulu bendlondlo nesibindi soM ntwana uShaka kepha emncane kan gako.

[Nkosi yaqoqa umuzi wayo wonke yawukh ombisa ubuqhawe boMntwana uShaka, yase imklomelisa ngembuzi. UMntwana uShaka waba isi lomo eNkos ini uMakhedama. Ukuthandwa kwakhe yiNkosi kwamenze la isigcwagcwa es ikhulu eLangeni. 8aqala

- 96 - ukumbiza ngentungwana into yokuthukuswa. Laphaya ekwaluseni abafana babebumba izinkomo zabo zodaka, bese bezeqhatha izinkunzi zabo. Inkunzi yebumba yoMntwana uShaka yayizephula izimponjwana lezi ezabafana baseLangeni , bakhale bafike babikele onina emakhaya. URitter (1969: 17) uthi kwakuthi uma omalumekazi boMntwana uShaka sebephaka isinambathi sebhece noma isijingi sethanga, yena bamphakele esandlleni sishi sa sinjalo siphuma ebhodweni. Akhale avuke lIhlan ya es hi swa isinambathi. Kwakuthi lapho esichitha bamshaye bethi "kanti nawe uyasha uyisiqhwaga nje, sibuthe usidle sinjalo".

Kwakuthi uma bemeqhatha nabanye abafana abashaye abehlule noma sebemhlanganyela. Le nhlalo yaba lukhuni kakhulu kuNdlunkulu lINandi ebo na isihluku esedluleleyo ababephethe ngaso ingane yakhe. URitter (1969: 17) lIyakllcacisa ukuthi iNkosi uShaka yakhula kabuhlungu ekhaya konina eLangeni beyihlukumeza. Waqoma lIkushi ya kubo wayohlala ekhakonina kwaQwabe. Ngale nkathi iNdlllnkulll lINandi iSllka kubo isiyohlala kwaQwabe uMntwana uShaka wayeseneminyaka ey ishumi nantathu.

Nakhona inhlalo ayibanga mnandi , wayesedlllieia kwaMthethwa eNkosini lIDingiswayo kaJobe. INdlunkulu uNandi yabe iyi sihlobo lapha kwaMthethwa. Enye yamadodakazi eNkosi uJobe yayigane iN kosi lIKhondlo kwaQwabe. Indodakazi yeNkosi lIJobe yafika kwaQwabe yazala inkosazana lIMfunda. UMfllnda yena wayeseyogana iNkosi lIMbhengi eLangeni kwaMhlongo wafike wazala iNkosazana uNandi.

INdlunkulu uNandi yafikela emzini waseNhlambeni, kuMmbiya kaShangane kaJobe kwaMthethwa. UMmbiya wayithatha iNdlunkulu lINandi wayoyethula eNkosini uDingi swayo, yabiza induna lIN go mane kaMqomboli waseMdletsheni okungllyena owayephethe isigodi lapho okwakwakhe khona umllzi kaShangane wasEnhlambeni. Yathi akube lIyena obheka Ie ngane yeNkosi lISenzangakhona nanxa ihlala kuMmbiya.

INdlunkulu uNandi ayihlalanga isikhathi eside emzini kaMmbiya kepha iNkosi lIDingiswayo yathi ayinikezwe inxiwa lokwakha. Nebala indllna yamn ikeza endaweni yaseMancence ngasemfuleni iNselenyana. Phela iNkosi uDingiswayo yayigcizelele enduneni uNgomane ukuthi kayakhele iNdlovukazi uNandi umuzi ngokukh ulu ukushesha. INkosi uDingiswayo - 97 - yawuqamba igama lomuzi weNdlovukazi yathi kllseGqogqa. Vase iyinikeza nezinkomo ukuze iklezele izingane zeNkosi ubisi. INdlunkulu lINandi kanye nendodana yayo lIMntwana uShaka bafika lapha kwaMthethwa Ilje banomhlambi wezabo izinkomo. INkosi uDingiswayo ibanikeza izillkomo njena yenza usiko lokllhlonipha isigaba sobukhosi abavela kubo.

Elallda Ilgokllfika kweNkosi uShaka kwaMthethwa ubaba uBlIzetshelli Mdletshe wathi , uMntwana uShaka wafika kwaMthethwa eseneminyaka eyishumi Ilesithupha. Ngaleso sikhathi wayesekhombisa ngokusobala lIkllthi lIyiphisi loqobo kanti fllthi ellgahlllkalli nokwelusa imfllYo, eyithanda kakhllill. KlIthe eluse izillkomo Ilgaphansi kwentaba iZimpoloba, kwaqhamuka ingwe yabamba inkollyalla yayiblliala. UMlltwana uShaka wafllna ukuyephuca illgwe Ie nkonyana esiyibulele. [Ilgwe nayo ayizibekanga phansi yalahla inkonyalle leyo maqede yakhwela yadilika kuye isho ukumbulala naye. [zillja zakhe zamelekelela waYIJuqa ngejozi lakhe yellaba. Waseyithatha eyoyethula eNkosini uDingiswayo. INkosi yamxoshisa Ilgesithole.

Kwathi lapho esenemillyaka elishllmi nesishiyagalombili kwakhona ibhubesi elase liqede izinkomo zeN kosi lIDillgiswayo. Kwathi ngelinye ilanga eillsile laqhamuka lafike labamba inkabi yeN kosi layibulala. Walithathelela Ilgejozi lakhe waligwaza walibulala, wase elisa eNkosini. Lokhll kuhlabana kwakhe kwabllye kwamenzela ugazi olukhulu eNkosilli uDingiswayo kanye nasesizwelli sakwaMthethwa. INkosi yabuye yamxoshisa ngezithole ezinhlanu.

Kwathi lapho uMntwana uShaka esenemillyaka ellgamashumi amabili nanye wabllye wellza esillye isigameko esikhombisa ubuqhawe. Kwakukhona iqhawe leNkosi uDingiswayo eligama lalo kwakullguLembe kaLugaju wakwaMhlongo. ULembe lona wahlabana ezimpini zeNkosi lIDingiswayo waze waphambana ik ha llda wahlallya. INkosi uDillgiswayo yakhipha impi yayo iyohlasela ifuna izillkomo iholwa nguLembe ellgakahlanyi. Amabutho ayo afika ayilwa ngenkulu impumelelo leyo mpi , abllya Ilomhlambi wezinkol11o. Kwathi lapho amabutho efika nazo ezwelli lakwaMthethwa lILembe wazithatha zonke wathi ngezakhe.

- 98 - Wazibeka ehlathini wayesakha iqhugwana lakhe wahlala khona wazelusa ebheke abathi bayazilanda. INkosi uDingiswayo kwathi uma ithola lowo mbiko yathukuthela kakhulu yase ithumela amabutho ayo yathi awazilande afike ambambe noLembe abuye naye kuyo. Kwathi lapho uLembe ewabona eseza lena kude waphuma wagiya waqephuza wawaqonda ngqo ephethe incula yakhe. Amabutho abaleka azephula azishiya ezibhekile izinkomo zeNkosi . INkosi uDingiswayo yakhathazeka kakhulu ingasazi ukuthi konje uLembe izomjezisa kanjani kulokhu kwenza kwakhe. UMntwana uShaka waxoxela induna uNgomane wathi yena angazilanda lezo nkomo zeNkosi uDingiswayo.

Induna yaluthatha lolu daba olushiwo nguMntwana uShaka yayolwethula enkosini. INkosi yathi uNgomane akeze naye uMntwana uShaka azoyichazela ukuthi uzokwenza kanjani, lokhu uLembe esebaqedile abantu bayo. UMntwana uShaka kwathi uma eseyichazele iNkosi yase imnika amabutho yathi akahambe nawo ukuze amelekelele uma uhlanya selubhekene naye. Kwathi lapho amabutho esesondela ehlathini uLembe waphuma wenza njengasemihleni.

Amabutho abaleka amshiya uMntwana uShaka naye wagcina ewalandela ngejubane. Wabuya nawo futhi ecabanga ukuthi manje asezoba naso isibindi. Kwaba ukuqhamuka kukaLembe amabutho emba ambulula, wasala yedwa futhi. UMntwana uShaka waqoma ukufa kunokubalekela uhlanya. Kwathi lapho esebhekene naye uLembe ubuso nobuso wamuthi sika maqede, Iwavika Iwagoqana uhlan ya Iwansondo Iwavala ngisho amehlo alo. Waseluthwala ngejozi umfo kaSenzangakhona qede wahlaba umthokozo wathi:

"Ngadla mina Shaka kashayeki UNodumehlezi kaMenzi ILemb'eleqamanye AmaLembe ngokukhalipha."

Kwathi amabutho ayesebaleke amshiya abuya akhamisa imilomo emangele ukuthi lesi sibindi esingaka 10 mfana usithathaphi. UMntwana uShaka wawayala amabutho ukuba aqoqe zonke izinkol11o zeNkosi abuyele nazo Oyengweni . Ngalelo lan ga uMntwana uShaka wemukelwa

- 99 - ngodumo olwesabekayo 0 Yengweni. INkosi uDin giswayo yamxoshisa ngezithole eziyishumi. Ngale nkathi uMntwana uShaka wayesephenduke isilomo sezwe lonke lakwaMthethwa.

Kuthe lapho uMntwana uShaka eseneminyaka engamashumi amabili nantathu kwashona induna yebutho egama layo uThayiza Mthethwa. UThayiza lona wayephethe ibutho leZichwe. INkosi uDingiswayo yase ijuba uMntwana uShaka ukuba aphathe lela butho leZichwe. Ibutho leZichwe laba namandla amakhulu ngesikhathi se liphethwe uMntwana uShaka. Impi yeNkosi uDingiswayo yay ibasaph um e ukuyohlasela iholwa ngumntwana uShaka ifike inqobe.

UMntwana uShaka wayeluleka iN kosi uDingiswayo ukuba uma isisehlulile isitha sayo kuhle isibulale kube kanye. INkosi yasiphikisa leso seluleko sakhe yathi uma yenza njalo isi yo kulwa nobani ku sasa. Kwathi uma uMntwana uSh aka eseneminyaka engamashumi amabili nesishiyagalolunye iNkosi uDin giswayo yathumela uN go mane kaMqomboli Mdletshe kanye noSiwangu kaMbikwane kaKhayi Mthethwa eSilweni uSenzangakhona. Yathi abayobikela iSilo uSenzangakho uku thi uMntwana uShaka uhlezi ku yo ngakho ifuna incazelo yalokho. (Silo uSenzangakhona sasuka kwaNobamba siyobonana neNkosi uDingiswayo ngodaba 10Mntwana uShaka. Sas iphelekeze lwa yi bandla lamadoda ayezosilalelisa lolu daba. Kulawo madoda kwakukhona aBantwana bobukhosi bukaZulu uMntwana uMfolozi kaJama, uMntwana uSoji yisa kalama, uMntwana uMenziwa kaXhoko, uNhlaka Mdlalose kanye nezinduna uSompi si wakwaNtuli , uMahole wakwaK ho za, kanye noTholudaba wakwaNdlovu owayeyimbongi yeSi lo uSenzangakhona. Kwakukhona noMndlunkulu weSilo uSenzangakhona, uMkabi okaSodubo, uLan gazana okaGubeshe, uNcaka okaMncinci, uMagula okaNtshongolo, kanye neNjinjikazi uBhibhi okaSompisi.

Bafika balibona iWundlu leSilo lilihle lesabeka. Lalikhulile liwushiyile umhlabathi lin gangaso iSilo uSenzangakhona. Ngale nkathi ubude balo babulinganiselwa kumafidi ayisithupha namagxathu amathathu (okulinganiselwa kumamitha amabili). IWundlu leli leSilo ukhalo Iwalo Iwalwendlalekile lumi kahle kakhulu kubonakala ukuthi uMntwana weNgonyama uqobo. UMntwana uShaka wayensundu ngebala engemnyama njen go ba

- 100- abanye bembeka kanjalo. Wayakhiwe eyisid lakela, enesithunzi sobukhosi kanti futhi enenhli ziyo encane kakhulu. Ukuba nenhli ziyo encane kwakhe ku yacaca ukuthi kwakwenziwa indlela akhuliswa ngayo yoku hlumezeka nokun ga lutholi uthando kwababeseduze naye. Yonke into ayithintayo wayeyenza ngamandla amakhulu .

Kwakuthi uma kubanjwa izinkomo esibayeni zelashwa, uMntwana uShaka ayigxavule ngesandla esisodwa ayiphakamise uml enze ayi hl ole amakhi zane ngaphansi ezinkwapheni engasizwa muntu. ISiio uShaka sasi nesithun zi ngangokuthi ngisho abakwabo babe saba ukusiphendula uma sikhuluma. Induna uNgomane nguyena kuphela owayesiphendula uma sesithukuthele. Omunye esasimhlonipha kakhulu yiNkosi uNqetho wakwaQwabe okuthi wa yena wayekwazi ngisho ukutshaka amathe phambi kwaso sin gasho lutho. Nguyena owayesina emi eduze kwaso um a sigubha umkhosi wokweshwama. Kwathi lapho iSilo uSenzan gakhona sesibuya ohambeni Iwaso IwakwaMthethwa sad un guze la sakhothama ngonyaka we-1816.

Kuliqiniso esilaziyo ukuthi iN go nya ma uShaka iyo na eyalwa yah langa ni sa izizwe zo nke ezabe zikhona eN in gizimu yezwekazi i-Afri ka. Nanxa siqini sa kanj alo kepha futhi kuliqiniso elingephikwe ukuthi in gxenye yo msebenzi omkhu lu weS il o uShaka wabe sewenziwe yiNkosi uDingi swayo kaJobe wakwaMthethwa. fNkosi uDingiswayo yabe seyinqobe izizwe zamakhosi angaphezulu kwamashumi amathathu kuleli zwe linga kabi zwa ngo kuthi ngelaKwaZulu. Khona manjalo futhi ukuthi neNkosi uZwide kaLanga wakwaNdwand we nayo uqobo Iwayo yaba neqhaza elikhulu ekwakhi weni kwesizwe les i sikaZ ulu . Ukunqotshwa kwezizwe eziningi yi lawa makhosi amabi li kwenza ukuba iSilo uShaka sihlangani se kalula ngaphansi kwaso imibu so eyabe seyakhiwe.

Amakhosi okuqiniswa ngo kuthi anqotshwa yiNkosi uDingiswayo yil ana alandelayo: INkosi uJama kaM ni si wesizwe sabaTh embu owayebusela emzini wakhe waseN hl angwini , iNkos i uKhondlo wesizwe sakwaQwabe eMthalld eni , iNkosi uMadlokovu kaMlaba eMangadini, INkosi uXabhashe kaDonda Xulu owayebusela emzini wa khe waseNkweleni endaweni yaseLumbi , iNkosi uMakhedama kaMbhengi wasElangen i kwaMhlongo, iNkosi uPhungashe Buthelezi, Ekushumayeleni, iNkosi uKhayi kaShand u endaweni yaseZihl alo, iN kosi - 101 - uNyanya kaSogidi Dlamini endaweni yakwaMachanca, iNkosi uDonda weslzwe sakwaKhumalo emaNtungweni , iNkosi uZikode wesizwe sakwaMbonambi, iNkosi uNqoboka kaLanga kwaSokhulu, iNkosi uKhu shwayo kaGwabini wesizwe sakwaDube. iNkosi uSibhaca wasemaGengeni, iN kosi uKhonjwayo wasemaZimeleni ezaPhowane, iNkosi uMlotshwa emaNcubeni endaweni yaseDukuduku, iNkosi uMaliba wasemaCambini, iNkosi uMandeku wakwaMsweli, iNkosi uKhondlo waseMatshalini, iNkosi uVezi wasemaHlutshini. iNkosi uMatiwane kaMansumpa emaNgwaneni, iNkosi uNgcobo oThukela, iNkosi lIMncube oThukela, iNkosi lIMchunu eyayakhe phezu koThukela kuze kuyobamba eMzinyathi, iNkosi uZwide kaLanga kwaNdwandwe, iNkosi uZwide nanxa yase yehlulwe kaningi iNkosi uDingiswayo, kepha yab uye yaba namaqhinga ngokusizwa unina iNdlovukazi uNtombazi indlamadoda. Kwenziwa uzungu yamenyelwa ejadwini iNkosi uDingiswayo, lapho uZwide afike wayibulalela khona. Nesizwe seNgonyama lISenzangakhona ezala sona iSilo uShaka sasiyingxenye yalezo zizwe ezazinqotshwe yiNkosi uDingiswayo.

4.2.3 INKOSI USHAKA ITHATHA UBUKHOSI BAKW AZULU

INgonyama uShaka kuthe uma ithatha isihlalo sobukhosi yasiphaka impi yayohlasela iNkosi uPhungashe kaQwangubane wakwaButhelezi. Imhlasela nje ngoba iphindiselela lIyise iSilo uSenzangakhona. INkosi lIPhllngashe kwakllthi ima ifuna izinkomo ihlasele iSilo lISenzangakhona, kllthi uma isimehllllike bese imthllmba ihambe naye njengesiboshwa eSlylmpango yayo.

INdlllnklllll yakwaZlIlu yayisllka ngaso leso sikhathi iyobonisana neNkosi lIPhllngashe icele lIkllba adedele iSilo uSenzangakhona. INkosi lIPhlln gashe yayithi abamkhiphe ngezinkomo lezo ezifunwa yiyo. INdlunkulu izikhiphe zonke lezo zinkomo ezifunwa iNkosi uPhungashe. INkosi uPhungashe bese iyasidedela iSilo uSenzan gakhona bahambe naso. Kwathi lapho iSilo uShaka siphaka impi yaso isiyolwa neNkosi lIPhlln gashe kwaba ngelikhulll ihlaya kwabakwaBlIthelezi. Babemangaliswa ukllthi iSilo lIShaka sasisesincane kakhulu ukuba sasingaze sicabange ukuthi singalwa neNkos i lIPhllngashe. ISiio uShaka salwa impi enkulll

- 102 - enobuhlakani neyaba ngeyomlando kuze kube namuhla. Samehlula uPhungashe kwaze kwakhala iNkosi uZwide kaLanga. Sazidla zonke izinkomo zakhe.

Kwathi ngemuva kwaleyo mpl sasesiphikelela ekhaya konina kwaMhlongo sesiyoziphindiselela kubo ekuhlukunyezweni ababekwenza kuso siseyingane. Safika nakhona sababulala bonke esasibaqondile sashiya iNkosi uMakhedama. Sase sihlasela abasemaQungebeni kanye nabakwaSibiya sabanqoba. Lezi zizwe ezimbili zazakhelene nezwe likaZulu.

Sasuka lapho sayohlasela abakwaZwane impi iholwa yinduna uNhlaka wakwaMdlalose sabehlula nabo. Kwathi kusenjalo sase sibhekana neNkosi uMatiwane kaMansumpa wesizwe saseMangwaneni. Naye samehlula kuhle kwebhubesi lishwabadela ithole lenyathi. Sasinqoba la makhosi qede sithathe amabutho siwafake ngaphansi kwawaso.

Impi enkulu kunazo zonke eyaliwa iSilo uShaka kwaba ngekaZwide kaLanga. Sabhekana naye okokuqala empini yakwaGqokli phezu kweMfolozi emhlophe. Kuthe eyesibili yabambana Elangwe phezu komfula uMhlathuze. Impi yeSilo uShaka yawagoqa amaNdwandwe kuhle komuntu esonga icansi.

Kwaba ukwehlulwa kwakhe ub,yide okokugcina. INgonyama uShaka yadidiyela zonke lezi zizwe ngaphansi kombuso wayo, izakhela phezu kwesisekelo esisodwa esiyisizwe sikaZulu. INgonyama uShaka yayenza 10 msebenzi omkhulu kangaka ibambisene neZikhulu eziningi zezwe layo. Izikhulu ezazigqame kakhulu ekwakhiweni Iwalo mbuso kaZulu nguNdunankulu wezwe uNgomane kaMqomboli waseMdletsheni kanye noNdunankulu wempi uMdlaka kaNcidi waseMgazini.

UNdunankulu uMdlaka wayesebenza ebambisene nezikhulu ezinye ukulwa izimpi eziningi zeNgonyama uShaka. Ezinye zazo kwakunguMgobhozi ovelentabeni umfo wakwaMsani. Kukhona uNqoboka wakwaSokhulu ababekhule naye kwaMthethwa. UNgomane nguyena owayenguNdunankulu wezwe lakwaZulu.

- 103 - INgonyama uShaka ithatha isihlalo sobukhosi sikaZu lu nJe kade iyingxenye yokwakhisa iNkosi uDingiswayo umbuso wabaThethwa. Onke la makhosi anqotshwa iNkosi uDingiswayo iLembe lingelinye lamaqhawe ayehlabana ngamandla amakhulu kulezo zimpi. Kwathi iNkosi uDingiswayo isithi isilinqobile lonke izwe, kanti ayibuzanga elangeni. INkosi uZwide kaLanga wayelala engalele eninga ngamaqhinga angawenza okunqoba iNkosi uDingiswayo okuyiyona yodwa eyayisimehlule kaningi. INkosi uLanga kaXaba wakwaNdwandwe Iyona eyayisisebenze kakhulu ukwakha umbuso omkhulu weslzwe sakwaNdwandwe.

Yayiganwe yiNdlovukazi uNtombazi , intombi yakwaNd lan ga mandla kwaKhethiphela endaweni yaseDumbe. INdlovukazi uNtombazi okaNdlangamandla kwakuyinkosikazi eyayishisekela ukwandisa umbuso wobukhosi besizwe samaNdwandwe. Waba nesandla ukusiza umyeni wakhe kanjalo nenduna yakhe wayisiza ngamandla amakhulu ekunqobeni izitha zayo.

Amandla eNkosi uZwide kaLanga akhula adlondlobala alisibekela lonke elalisenyakatho yomfula iMfolozi Emnyama laze layobamba olwandle. Umngcele wombuso wayo wawusuka phansi endaweni yaseMfekayi wenyuke ngomfula iHluhluwe uyonqamula phezulu kwaHlabisa uze uyongena emfuleni iMfolozi Em nyama. Wenyuke njalo ngayo bese ungena emfuleni iSikhwebezi uthathe iNgome uze uyoshaya OPhongolo, wehle njalo uyo bamba izintaba zoBombo uphikelele phansi olwandle. INko si uZwide yayisiwehlule onke amakhosi ayekade ebusa kule ndawo.

INkosi uZwide noma yayisinempi enkulu kepha yayisebenzisa kakhulu amaqhinga nengqondo ekunqobeni kwayo izitha zayo. Yanqoba yonke imibuso emikhulu eyabe iseduze kwezwe layo. Yanqoba iNkosi uPhakathi wesizwe sasemaNcwangeni endaweni yaseMfekayi.

Yehlula iNkosi uMbusi kaMbozana wesizwe saseMangwaneni . Yehlula iNkosi uMatiwana kaMansumpa eMangwaneni. Yanqoba iNkosi uMlotha emaNtshalini. INdlovukazi uNtombazi yathi ifuna amakhanda ala makhosi izohlobisa ngawo esigodlweni sayo

- 104- kwaNdwandwe. Nebala iNkosi uZwide yayiwathatha amakhanda ala makhosi iyowanikeza unina iNdlovukazi uNtombazi njengesicelo sayo.

INdlovukazi uNtombazi kwakuthi uma isilitholile ikhanda leNkosi elifunayo bese itshela iNkosi uZwide ukuthi ilibona liyibuka njalo sengathi linesizungu. Kwathi kuwona lowo mnyama iNdlovukazi uNtombazi yasithi akulandwe ikhanda leNkosi uMalusi kaMkhatshwa Nxumalo lizohlala namanye amakhanda amakhosi amakhulu. Nebala yabulawa iNkosi uMalusi lathathwa ikhanda layo lazobekwa kwaNtombazi. INkosi uMalusi yaYlganwe ngudadewabo weNkosi uDingiswayo ogama lakhe kwakunguNomathuli.

Kwathi kusenjalo iNdlovukazi uNtombazi yabopha uzungu lokuba kulandwe ikhanda leNkosi uDingiswayo. Lolu zungu Iwabopheka kalula ngoba iNkosi uDingiswayo yayiqonywe uNtombazana owayengudadewabo weNkosi uZwide. Kwathi iNkosi uDingiswayo ingalindele kwafika izithunywa zivela kwaNxumalo zilethe umbiko wokuthi iNkosi uMalusi ibulewe yiNkosi uZwide. Yathukuthela yasiphaka impi iyibhekisa eNkosini uZwide kwaNdwandwe. Yathumela naseSilweni uShaka kwaZulu ukuba naso siphume nempi yaso yathi sebeyohlangana ngendlela ebheke kwaNdwandwe.

Kwathi ukuba izinhloli zeNkosi uZwide zikuzwe ukuthi impi yakwaMthethwa iyahloma izophindisela ukubulawa kweNkosi uMalusi, zawuhlaba zawulawula lowo mbiko esizweni sakwaNdwandwe. INkosi uZwide yayinolwazi oluphelele lokuthi iNkosi uDingiswayo isiyehlule kaningi kepha ingayibulali. Ngakho yaba novalo olukhulu lokuthi namuhla ubukhosi bayo sebungahle bushabalale. INdlovukazi uNtombazi yavela neqhinga kuwona lowo mnyama yalendlala ngaphambi kwendodana yayo iNkosi uZwide. Leli qhinga lemukelwa iNkosi uZwide kanye nezinduna zayo. Kwathunyelwa kwaMthethwa iNkosazana yesizwe samaNdwandwe uNtombazana ukuyomema iNkosi uDingiswayo ukuba ize emcimbini omkhulu wejadu lezintombi zakwaNdwandwe.

Kuthe impi yeNkosi uDingiswayo isesendleleni, yahlangana nodwendwe Iwamakhosazana amahle obukhosi bakwaNdwandwe ayeholwa yiNkosazana uNtombazana. Amakhosazana afika atshela iNkosi uDingiswayo ukuthi azoyimema ukuba ihambele ijadu elikhulu - 105 - lezintombi zobukhosi besizwe sakwaNdwandwe. rNkosi uDingiswayo yaba nokudideka okukhulu lapho isibona isizomenywa yisithandwa sayo okuyiNkosazana yobukhosi bakwaNdwandwe uNtombazana.

Yayimisa impi yayo khona lapho endleleni yona yalibala ukuxoxisana namakhosazana akwaNdwandwe. Inkosazana yakwaNdwandwe uNtombazana yayihunga iN kosi uDingiswayo Iya iqhela kancane nayo emabuthweni ayo. INkosi uDingiswayo yayingumuntu woxolo ngakho noma yayisiphake impi kepha yayisazimisele ukuxoxisana ngokubalamula ngokuthula abakwaNxumalo. Okwathi iNkosi uDingiswayo ingazelele yabona seyivukelwa yibutho likaZwide layibamba labaleka nayo. Impi yeNkosi uDingiswayo ayiqondanga ukuthi ngempela kwenzakalani uma iNkosi yabo bengasayiboni.

UNtombazana wazi lonke uhlelo lozungu lokuthi ngalobo busuku kwakuzobulawa isoka lakhe. Kwathi kwesikabhadakazi bangena abeNgllni abamnyama qede bayibamba iN kosi lIDingiswayo bayinquma ikhanda. Balithatha ngaso leso sikhathi layokwethulwa kuNdlovukazi uNtombazi. Lesi sigameko sokublllawa kweNkosi uDingiswayo saba ukllnqoba okukhulu kweNkosi uZwide kanye nesizwe sakwaNdwandwe.

Uyasllka lINtombazi lIsethi uyabona ukuthi amakhosi lana ayathanda ukuhlala ndawonye abhunge ngezindaba zokllphathwa kwezwe. Wasethi akulandwe ikhanda leNkosi uDonda emaNtungweni. Kwathi ngemuva kwalokho wathi abalande ikhanda leNkosi uMashobana uyise kaMzilikazi. Konke lokhu uNtombazi ukwenza ngesandla somntanakhe iNkosi uZwide kaLanga.

Impllmelelo yeNkosi uZwide yamnikeza lImdlandla wokuba awandise kakhulu lImbuso wakhe. Wasethllmela eNgonyameni uShaka ethi ayikhokhe isethembiso esasenziwe uyise iSilo uSenzangakhona. Kwathi ngenkathi iSilo lISenzangakhona sivllsa lImuzi omdala weSilo uMageba owawakhiwe endaweni yaseSihlungu sase sihlushwa yiNkosi lIPhungashe ethi 10 muzi wakhiwe endaweni yakhe. Lo muzi wawunikezwe uMntwana uFakazi kaMageba ngakho iSilo uSenzangakhona sasivusa inxiwa likaKhokho waso.

- 106- Kwathi lapho iSilo uSenzangakhona sibona lokhu kuhlukunyenzwa kwaso yiNkosi uPhungashe sabe sesicela usizo lokuvikelwa kulolu laka yiNkosi uZwide kaLanga. ISiio uSenzangakhona sayethembisa iNkosi uZwide lIkllthi siyoyiganisela amakhosazana amabili amahle kakhulu obllkhosi bukaZulu uma siyilekelele olakeni IweNkosi uPhungashe. Kuthe iSilo uSenzangakhona singakasifezi leso sethembiso sa so neNkosi uZwide sakhothama. rNkosi uZwide ngale nkathi ithllmela eSilweni uShaka yayisinamandla amakhllill futhi isingumbusi wezwe lonke elalisenyakatho nomfliia uThukela. INkosi uZwide yayisithi isikweletu ngokosiko Iwesintu sikhokhwa yinkosana, ngakho iSilo uShaka asilethe lawo makhosazana esawethenjiswa yiSilo uSenzangakhona sisaphila. INkosi uZwide yabona ukuthi isilitholile isu lokuholela iSilo lIShaka ogibeni lokllthola ikhanda laso.

Kwathi lapho izithllnywa zeNkosi lIZwide zifika nalawo mazwi eSilweni uShaka sathukuthela sathelwa ngamanzi lokhu vele sasisayibambele igqubll iNkosi uZwide lokuthi yayibulele iNkosi uDingiswayo. Phela iSilo uShaka sasiyibiza iNkosi uDingiswayo ngokuthi inguyise ngoba iyona eyasikhulisayo. ISiio uShaka saphendula izithunywa zeNkosi uZwide sathi; "Ngeke mina nginikele ngamakhosazana obllkhosi bukaZulu kulolo lugagada oludala oselwaqeda amaKhosi omhlaba. Uma ewafuna amakhosazana aseNdlunkulu akeze azowathatha yena uzokuthola akufunayo". ISiio uShaka sasho lawo mazwi emveni kokuba sesehlule iNkosi uPhungashe owayehlupha uyi se. Samxosha uPhungashe samweza iMfolozi emnyama wayongenisa ezweni likaZwide esephaphatheka waze wafike wakhonza khona. INkosi uZwide yabuza ukuthi "ngempela leyo Nkosi engaxosha iNkosi enkulu njengawe Phungashe ezweni layo ibaleke ilishiye, ngempela ingakanani?" INkosi uPhungashe yaphendula yathi; "Ngumfana nje, kepha impi yakhe ilwa njengomlilo wequbula engingakaze ngiwubone empilweni yami iholwa nguye mathllpha." INkosi lIZwide yathukuthela yayiphaka impi yayo ithi izochoba intwala nje kuleli gamanxandukwana likaSenzangakhona. Impi yeLembe yenza izimanga ezazingabhekiwe umhlaba ngokwehlula iNkosi uZwide kaLanga.

- 107 - Ukunqotshwa kweNkosi uZwide kwanikeza iSilo uShaka ithuba lokuba sakhe uhlobo lombllso esasinephupho elithile ngawo. Sazihlanganisa zonke izizwe ezazehllliwe yiNkosi uDingiswayo kanye nalezo ezazahlulwe i kosi lIZwide. lSilo lIShaka sayiphaka impi yaso saze saphumela ngaphandle kwemingcele yezwe laso. Ngale nkathi sikulo mkhankaso wokllbumba umbuso kaZlIllI sawanqoba amakhosi ezizwe ezahlukeneyo saze sayokuma ngomfula iZambezi enhla, kwathi ezansi sayokuma ngomfula uMzimvubu. Sahlanganisa izizwe zabeNguni kanye nezabeSlIthll sakha ngazo lImbllsokazi omkhulu kaZulu.

Ngaphezu komsebenzi omkhllill kangaka owenziwa iSilo uShaka kepha sibonakala singeyena umuntu owayefllna lIkuzakhela lIdllmo Iwaso. Sasisemaillngelweni amakhulll okllba izizwe lezi esasesizinqobile sizibize ngokllthi zingamaShaka kepha asikwenzanga lokho, sedlllia sazethllia koyinsika yenhlabathi nabantu iNgonyama lIZlIllI kaMalandela.

Umkhonto esanqoba ngawo lezi zlzwe sasiwakhelwe yiNkosi lIMabhodla weslzwe sakwaMbonambi, endaweni yaseNhlabane namllhla eyaziwa ngokuthi kllseRichard's Bay. (Silo uShaka yisona esaba nohlelo lokllthi sifuna 10 mkhonto waso wenziwe ume kanjani ukudla kwawo kanye nothi Iwawo.

AbakwaMbonambi bathi iN kosi lIMabhodla yaphuma namadoda bayohlala entabeni yemiHlwathi ephezll kolwandle, bazila lIkuya ezindlini zabo. Benza illlihiatshelo yezinkolllo ezimnyama khona lapho entabeni, becela ukuba abaphansi baveze insimbi yokwenza Iowa mkhonto weSilo.

Kwathi ngellluva kwezinsuku ezithile bavllka ekll seni bayithola insilllbi incibilike yoma ngaphezu kwesihlabathi. (Nkosi uMabodla yayiwatshelile amablltho ngenkathi iphllma nawo ekhaya layo ukuthi insimbi yalowo mkhonto yayingezukulllbiwa phansi kepha yayizolethwa iziNyandezulu zobukhosi bllkaZulu ezingamathongo eSilo lIShaka.

- 108 - rNkosi uMabhodla yayithatha insimbi leyo yay ithaka nemilingo yayo yase ikhanda umkhonto owawufunwa yiSilo uShaka. Isizwe lesi sakwaMbonambi saziswa kakhulu ngo kuthi asikaze silichithe igazi ngokulwa izimpi zem iban go yokubllswa kwezwe.

Ngakho kunenkolelo yo kuthi iSi lo uShaka semb ul elwa satshelwa ngabaphansi ukuthi asilande umkhonto waso eN kosini uMabhodla. Kuzokhumbuleka ukuthi ngenkat hi iN gonyama uSenzan gakhona ivakashele iNkosi uDingiswayo kwaMthethwa, uMntwana uShaka wace\a ku yo umkhonto kepha yala nawo yathi ngo kaSigujana ye na izomenzela omunye.

4.2.4 OKW AKUSHIWO NGABASENDLUNKULU NGESILO USHAKA

Kunokushaqisayo okushiwo ngababhali ngeSi lo uShaka lap ho bethi iNdlovukazi emza layo uNandi , yabulawa yiso ngonya olwesabekayo. Lokhu kwavela khona eNdlunkulu lapho sebeyise ntelela khona iN go nyama lI Shaka. Basebefu na ukuba bayiblliale abagcina bekufezile. Iqini so yileli: INdlovukazi uNandi yag ul a kak hulu kangangokuthi kwaze kwathunyelwa isi gijimi sayobikela iNgonyama uShaka eyayisekuzin geleni ngaleso sikhathi .

Kwathi uma iN gonyama iwuthola Iowa mbi ko yakumi sa ukuzin gela yap huthuma ekhaya ukuba iyobona iNdlovukazi. lN gonyama uShaka enqi neni yayo yay inomlun gu uFynn okwathi ekufikeni kwayo emzini weNdlovukazi eMkhindini mhla ziyishumi enyangeni kaMfumfu ngonyaka we-1827 yathi uFynn akangene lapho kwakulele khona iNdlovukazi ayihlole. Nebala kwathi ekuphumeni kwakhe uFynn way itshela iNgonyama ukuthi isilllo usifice sisibi kakhulu kan gangokllthi akethembi lIkuthi lali yoshona il anga kulolo sllku isaphila. Kwathi uma iN go nya ma izwa Iowa Illbiko kaFynn yathi amab uth o ayey isin gathile awabuyele emadlangaleni awo. Nga le nkathi iNgonyama uShaka ya hl ala isebuhlllngwini obllkhulu. Kwaphela isikhathi es ide ingakhulumi namuntu isosizini olwesabekayo. Yayininga icaban ga ngale ntolllbi kaMbhengi eyayimkhuli se kanzim a ye hl a yenyuka naye yaqoma ukllhlupheka ukuze yo na iNgonya ma uShaka iphile. Namhl anj e yayizomshi ya yedwa kulo mhlaba, engasenabani owayengamzwela njengoba kwakwenza yo na iNdlovukazi uNandi. Ngale nkathi iN go nyama uShaka yayisingethwe yizikhulu zezwe layo kuphela.

- 109- Kwathi kusenjalo kwavela izwi ngaphakathi lapho kwakulele khona iNdlovukazi lathi isikhotheme. Bathi lasukuma iLembe langena esigodlweni salo lalila.

Latshela izikhulu zalo ukuthi onke amabutho awavunulele iNdlovukazi ngemvunulo yempi. Ngemva kwesikhashana lingenile endlini laphuma nalo selihlobe ngayo imvunulo yezempi. INgonyama uShaka yeza ngaphambi kwendlu lapho kwakulele khona isidumbu seNdlovukazi ikakwe yizikhulu zayo. Bafika bema ngaphambi kwendlu leyo isikhathi esilinganiselwa emizuzwini engamashumi amathathu, okuyingxenye yehora. Babemi begebise amakhanda abo phezu kwezihlangu zabo belila. Usizi Iwaludla umunyu , izinyembezi zazehla ziphophoza eNgonyameni uShaka. Kuthe kusenjalo yezwakala iNgonyama uShaka isiqhuma phezulu ngelikhulu izwi isikhala. Kwasuka esinamathambo isililo sekukhala wonke umuntu. Abantu bakwaZulu baqhamuka zonke izinkalo. Kwakhalwa ubusuku bonke. Baqala isililo beyizinkulungwane eziyishumi nesihlanu, kodwa kwathi kusa babebalelwa ezinkulungwaneni ezingamashumi ayisithupha.

Abantu abaningi babekhala baze bawe baquleke, abanye bafe khona lapho. fNgonyama yahlaba izinkabi ezingamashumi amane ukunikela umphefumulo weNdlovukazi ezinyanyeni zesizwe. Kwathi ntambama iNgonyama uShaka nezikhulu zayo bema bazungeza indlu lapho kwakubekwe khona isidumbu seNdlovukazi. Amabutho ayehlabelela amahubo amakhulu empi ayephelekezela ngawo iNdlovukazi kaZulu. Izimbongi zona zazehla zenyuka zinikela umphefumulo weNdlovukazi eMakhosini oHlanga aleleyo.

Kwaba khona abathatha amathuba sebezibulalela noma ngubani. Kuliqiniso ukuthi kwafa izinkulungwane zabantu kepha abaningi babengabulawa ngezwi elalivela eNgonyameni uShaka kepha base bebulalana bodwa, abanye beqedwa yindlala.

Isizwe sonke salanyulelwa nguGala kaNodade Biyela owayeqhamuka eMpaphala okunguye owancenga iNgonyama wathi ayigingqe itshe. Wathi: "Akhothama aMakhosi oHlanga kule lizwe kodwa awahambanga nabantu bawo." Waxoshiswa ngezinkomo uGala, yiSilo uShaka sabuye samhlonipha ngokuthi akakhehle isicoco ngobuqhawe bakhe bokuzidela amathambo azoseluleka.

- II 0 - AbaseNdlunkulu bathatha ithuba kuwona lowo mnyana bathi iNgonyama inenhliziyo embi isiqedile isizwe sikaPhunga noMageba. Bafaka umoya wenzondo owesabekayo kubantu bethi iNdlovukazi uNandi kayizifelanga kepha yayibulawe yiyona iNgonyama uShaka. La manga achelwa yibo aBantwana beSilo uMkabayi , uDingana kanye noMhlangana. Umoya wokwenyanya iNgonyama uShaka wacheleleka ngokushesha ezweni. Balwenza uzungu bayibulala iNgonyama kaZulu.

ISiio uShaka kwathi uma sithatha isihlalo sobukhosi sangeniswa ebuthweni lamaWombe elibuye laziwe ngokuthi uMbelebele. Kwathi ngemuva kwehlambo leNdlovukazi uNandi iSilo uShaka sabutha ibutho leZinyosi. Kuthe kusenjalo layophaka impi yalo layikhomba emaMpondweni iyogeza imikhonto isuka ehlambeni leNdlovukazi. Ithe ifika ingakapholisi ngisho namaseko ivela emaMpondweni wayiphaka futhi umfo kaSenzangakhona wayikhomba kwaSoshangane.

4.2.5 UZUNGU LOKUBULALA ISILO USHAKA

Amaxhwele ayisebenza ngezintelezi ezinkulu zempi eyichela, eyigoma, eylqllllsa ukuze ikwazi ukubhekana neyezitha. Kwathi uma sekuzwakala ukuthi impi isiyedlula ibheke kwaSoshangane aBantwana baluhlela baluphothula uzungu Iwabo. Impi iphuma nje ihamba nabafowabo beSilo uMntwana uDingana kanye noMntwana uMhlangana. Kanti selokhll kukhotheme iNdlovukazi uNandi lapha eNdlunkulu aBantwana beSilo babengasemnandi ngokubakhona kweSilo uShaka. Base benezinhlelo ezijulile zozungu lokuba basiglldluze kubekwe omunye ezinganeni zeSilo uSenzangakhona. Lolu gibe Iwaluphehlwa phambili yiNkosazana uMntwana uMkabayi kaJama ongllyisekazi waso iSilo uShaka kanye nabafowabo ababili uMntwana uMhlangana noMntwana uDingana nenceku uMbopha kaSithayi wendlu yaseGazini.

Kwakuthi uma belubhunga lolu zungu Iwalungqunyuzwa ebusuku yibo bobane kuphela babengamdingi umuntu wesihlanu nongah le alungene seluphakathi lolu daba. Igama ababelwakhela phezu kwalo lolu gobe ngelokuthi iNdlovukazi uNandi yabulawa yiso iSilo lIShaka. Futhi nesizwe sikaMalandela usesiqedile ethi lIphelekezela ngaso iNdlovukazi.

- III - Baphuma nempt nJe aBantwana oDingana noMhlangana, uMntwana uMkabayi uselishekelezile waliphothula ifindo logobe Iwakhe. ISi io uShaka sathi impi ayiphume ngendlela yaseBaqulusini ize iyo nqamula eNkomazi iyongena kwelakwaSoshangane.

ISiio sathi impi ingaphumi ngendlela enqamul a izintaba zoBombo ngoba leyo ndlela inesifo sikamalaleveva esabulala uMntwana uNzibe ngenkathi iyo hlasela oBhalule. Impi yaphumela esigodlweni sakwaDukuza, iholwa yiqhawe leSi lo elikhulu uNdunankulu wempi uMdlaka . kaNcidi waseMgazini. Kwathi uma isikwaCeza enhla nomfula iThaka yaphumula lapho yay isi yoze ivuke entathakusa ukuphuma kwekhwezi. UMntwana uMhlangana noMntwana uDingana bayihlubuka impi ebusuku bayongenisa emzin i kaSithayi Zulu wendlu yaseGazini . USithayi lona kwakunguyise kaMbopha inceku enku lu yeSi lo uShaka. Bangenisa lapha nje kuSithayi akulona iphutha, uhlelo lukaMbopha noMntwana uMkabayi. Kwathi lapho impi isiqhubeka ngakusasa kanti bona abasekho phakathi kwayo sebeyihlubukile babuyela emuva.

Basuka lapha kubo kwaMbopha ebusuku sebebuyela emuva bephelekezelwa nguMntwana uNkunziyezindlovu waseGazini ngo ba indlela babengezukuyazi ebusuku . Bahamba bashesha bephikelele esigodlweni kwaDukuza. Laphaya kwaDukuza iSilo uShaka sas ihlezi ngokukhululeka sazi ukuthi impi isekude ukubuya. Ed uze kwesigodlo sakwaDukuza kwakunomuzi weSilo uShaka ogama lawo kwakukwaNyakamubi.

Kwakuthi uma iSilo sihlezi esibayeni kwaDukuza sibuke kahle izinkomo zaso kwaNyakamubi. Sikhipha impi nje kunamanxusa aso esasiwathume emaMpondweni eyofuna izinsiba zendwa. Ngenkathi uMntwana uMhl angana noMntwana uDinga na befika lapha kwaDukuza iNgonyama lIShaka yayikhllilima nalawa man xusa ayo ayevela kwelaMampondo. Kwathi uma bewela umfula iMbozamo base bethumela umfana bethi akayobabizela uMbopha, kepha angalingi atshele abanye ukuthi uthunywe yibo.

Waphuma uMbopha wahalakashela esebheke kubo. ISi io uShaka kwakuthe ngayizolo si lele saphupha sifile inceku yaso uMbopha isikhon za enye iNkosi . Leli phupho leSilo lasihlupha kakhulu singazi ukuthi ngempela li sho ukuthini . [Silo uShaka saxoxela iphovela laso uPhampatha nga leli phupho. UPhampatha wathi iSilo asimbulale uMbopha ngoba

- 11 2 - usebonakala engasethembekile kuso. UMbopha wafika kubantwana wabatshela ukuthi iSilo sihlezi esibayeni kwaDukuza sibuka izinkomo zaso ngaphesheya kwaNyakamubi. Wabamisa idolo wathi akukho lutho olubonakala lungabaphazamisa kulolu zungu lwabo. Wasuka uMbopha wahamba phambili ebashiya ibanganyana, bona bamlandela eduze ngevundlayo indlela.

4.2.6 UKUKHOTHAMA KWESILO USHAKA

Kwathi ngenkathi uMbopha esondela esibayeni lapho kwakuhlezi khona iNgonyama uShaka, wayibona ikhuluma ngolaka nabafana besiyendane ababebuya emaMpondweni. UMbopha wabuyela emuva walanda umkhonto wakhe ngoba wayengakangeni esibayeni. INgonyama uShaka yayikhuluma nabo abafana besiyendane ibabuze ukuthi kade belibelephi isikhathi eside kangaka. Kwathi lapho aBantwana oMhlangana noDingana beqhamuka ngemuva kweSilo, banele babona ukuthi sihlezi nabathile babaleka bazephula baze bayocasha lokhu babengakaveli kuso. Bacathama baze bayofika kuMbopha bafika bamtshela ukuthi kukhona abathile abahlezi neSilo esibayeni .

UMbopha wasebaphendula wathi kubo abacashe othangweni oluseduze nesibaya, imikhonto yabo bayifihle ngaphansi kweziphuku zabo. UMbopha wangena esibayeni ephethe induku yakhe kanye nomkhonto. Wane Ie wabona ukuthi iSilo sikhul~ma nabo ngokubakhahla wangena washesha uMbopha esibayeni sengathi naye uzo kth Ithisa ngoba bedelela iNgonyama. Kwathi uma esondela kubo wabakhahlame athi bayikhohliselani iNgonyama.

Washo lawn mazwi ~asondela kubo. ngokukhulu u~ushesha k hie Ikomuntu ozobagwaza ngengcula yakhe ayeYlphethe esandlenl. Abafana beslyendane ba ukuma babaleka baphuma belakanyana esangweni. ISiio uShaka sabindwa yisidw ngesenzo sikaMbopha esingejwayelekile. Sakhungatheka ukuthi ngempela yini lena eyayenziwa nguMbopha phambi kwaso. Kwathi lapho sithi siphendula amehlo sibhe a eceleni kwaso sabona abafowabo uMhlangana noMntwana uDingana beza kuso engathi bazosibingelela.

- 113 - UMbopha wasiphisela ngengcula yakhe emh lane kuwona Iowa I nama. [Silo saphenduka sambheka sathi kuye: "Awu! Mbopha kaSithayi uyangigwaza. N

Kwathi lapho singakawagwinyi lawo maZWI , wasondela uMntwana uMhlangana eqhamuka ngasemuva wafika wawufaka umkhol to waphelela ohlangothini Iwesinxele. Sasukuma nawo sathatha amanyathelo ambalwa i esangweni. Wasondela noMntwana uDin gana owaye landela ezithend eni zomfowabo uMntwana uMhlangana wafika wawuphisela emhlane owakhe. Vema khon I pho iN go nyam a. Kwathi lapho iphenduka ibheka ngemuva kwahlangana ameh lo ayo na a owabo beyigwaza yat hi kubo: "Nani bafowethu niyangibulala! Ngenzeni kini? Konakelel i? iNibulala mina nje ngeke nilibuse liyobuswa zinkonjane zezulu zona ezindiza phezulu, nez k~ela ngodaka. " Yasho la mazwi qede yadengezela, ngaleyo nkathi izin gazi zasezibuya ngom lomo nangamakhala.

Amanxeba lana abasebeyigwaze wona igazi lase liphophoza k 0 kuhle kwempophoma yamanzl.

Kwathi lapho bezwa la mazwi aBantwana ayebhekiswe kubo y S',lo, aBantwana baphuma ngesamagundane belakanyana esangweni sebebaleka. komuntu oziphindiselayo, nowayes ilindele ukuthi uma a iSilo singawi asiqedele ngo mkhonto. Yadiyazela iN go nyama izama ukungawi yaze y phansi ngamadolo yaphangalala kanjalo iNkonyane kaNdaba.

Wasephuma uMbopha naye wayishiya kanjalo esibayeni . \ athi uma sebeyibulele iNgonyama uShaka, bashaywa uvalo bethuka kakhu lu , kwaba s ngathi emiqondweni yabo izovuka ibalandele ibabhuqe ngeklwa la yo. Kwakusemini yanta bama izinkomo sezivuka ekuquleni ziklabela ukushona kwelan ga.

Umzimba weSi[o wasala udindilize kanjalo esibayeni lIbu suku olke. Kwathi ngakll sasa ekuseni babuya aBantwana oDingana noMhlangana kanye nen eku lIMbopha kaSithayi. [nhloso yabo kwakllyikuthi bazoqoqa amathambo eNgonyama ba aiah'e ngo ba babengenaso isiqiniseko sokuthi izimpi si ziwudle zawllqeda yini umzimba wayo

- 114 - Basondela kancane behamba bekhokhoba babuye bacashe ukuze bangabonwa muntu. Kwathi ukufika kwabo esibayeni balunguza entubeni. Baba nokumangala kanye nokwethuka okukhulu lapho bebona umzil11ba weNgonyama uShaka ulokhu ulele udindilizile ungadliwe ndawo. Baqalaza yonke indawo sebeveva uvalo becabanga ukuthi mhlawumbe kade ugadwe ngal11abutho ubusuku bonke. Bayaluza beshaqekile, bethuthul11ela ukwesaba abaze babona l11untu. Kwathi lapho bengena esibayeni babuzana bodwa ukuthi 10 mzimba weSilo bazowenze njani manje.

UMntwana uMhlangana wathi abawuthathe bayowufaka emfuleni iMbozamo ukuze udliwe zingwenya. Inceku uMbopha yona yathi awuthathwe uyotshingwa ehlathini, udliwe izilwane zasendle. Ekusondeleni kwabo kuwo babuye baba nokushaqeka uma sebebona phansi el11qubeni izidladla zezimpisi lapho zazinyathela khona, zizungeze umzimba weSilo. Kwathi uma bewuphenduphendula bawufica ungadliwe ndawo.

Nanxa base benokuvumelana ukuthi uyolahlwa kepha imiqondo yabo yavuleka ngaleyo nkathi ukuthi lona abal11buleleyo bekungeyena ul11untu nJe owejwayelekileyo. Kwabakhanyela ukuthi iSilo uShaka besiyiNyandezulu uqobo Iwayo. Ngawo Iowa mzuzwana uMntwana uDingana wembulelwa wabona umbono owammangalisa. Wabona iSilo uShaka siphila, sihlezi namakhosi onke oHlanga.

Kwathi lapho esebone 10 mbono wabatshela ayenabo ukuthi umzimba weSilo akavumi yena ukuba uyolahlwa ngoba sekuyal11cacela ukuthi lona: " UbeyiWundlu laMakhosi oHlanga, ngakho akatshalwe ngokwenhlonipho yokubekwa kweZilo zikaZulu." Babulala inkabi el11nyama bathatha isikhul11ba sayo basonga umzimba wayo ngaso base besibopha ngomzungulu. Bawutshala el11godini wal11abele esibayeni kwaDukuza okuyilapho silele ngokuthula iSilo sikaNdaba. Sekuphawuliwe ngol11lando wenkosi uShaka, sekuzoqhathaniswa izibongo zenkosi uShaka nenoveli ethu uShaka.

- 115 - 4.3 UKUQHA THANISA IZIBONGO ZENKOSI USHAKA NENOVELI ETHI "USHAKA"

Sekuphawuliwe ngesakhiwo sayo yomibili Ie mibhalo. Sekuzoqhathaniswa ukwethulwa komlando weNkosi uShaka ezibongweni kanye nasenovelini yom lando weNkosi uShaka. Kuzoqale kubhekwe okufanayo enovelini kanye nasezibongweni, bese kubhekwa okutholakala enovelini kuphela bese kugcinwa ngalokho okutholakala ezibongweni zeN kosi uShaka kuphela.

4.3.1 OKUFANAYO EZIBONGWENI KANYE NASENOVELINI

• Ukuhlukumezeka kweNkosi uShaka

Kunezigameko ezifanayo ezethulwe ezibongweni nasenovelini. Ukuhlukumezeka kweNkosi uShaka bengakwamukeli ukuthi izoba yinkosi bebhinqa. Njengalapho sizwa kuthiwa:

Uteku Iwabafazi bakaNomgabi, Betekula behlezi emlovini. Beth ' uShaka kayikubusa, Kayikuba inkosi, Kanti yilapho ezakunethezeka. (Nyembezi, 1958:20)

Njengoba kuvela ezibongweni nasenovelini esah lukweni ses ibili kuyatholakala ngoba kwaNomgabi kwakungomllnye wemizi ye kosi uSenzan ga khona. KlIshiwo kllBhibhi unina kaSigujana owayecabanga lIkllthi inkosi kuzoba indodana yakhe lISiglljana kanti kllzogcina kllbllse iNkosi lIShaka.

Ukudllma kweNkosi lIShaka nakllba yayingakaziwa lIkllthi ikhona kwaZlIllI lINodllmehlezi kaMenzi. Lokhu kuyavela nakwinoveli esahlukweni sokllqala, lapho kllkhlllllnywa ngokllthi lIninakhlllll weNkosi uShaka lIMthaniya wanyonyobisa iNkosi uShaka ukllba izobonwa,

- 116 - kwaduma ukuthi ufuye impaka ngoba phela iNkosi uShaka yayifihliwe. Nakho-ke sekuthiwa ayibhekwe Ie mpaka kanti uMudli usembalekisile sekubulawa umuzi waseBaqulusini ngoba kuthiwa iwona owaqamba la manga. Yikho nje kwathiwa uNodumehlezi kaMenzi ngoba lokho kubulawa komuzi waseBaqulusini kwamenza waduma esemncane.

Ukuhlaselwa kwesizwe sakwaButhelezi esasibuswa yiNkosi uPhungashe sikuthola ezibongweni uma kuthiwa:

UGasane kade lubagasela Lugasel' uPhungashe wakwaButhelezi. (Nyembezi, 1958:24)

• Ukuhlaselwa kwesizwe sakwaButhelezi

Ukuhlaselwa kwesizwe sakwaButhelezi kutholakala esahlukweni seslne. Sithola ukuthi uPhungashe wahlaselwa ngoba edelele iNkosi uShaka wayibiza ngomfokazana kaDingiswayo.

• Ukuhlaselwa kweNkosi uZwide

Ukuhlaselwa kweNkosi yakwaNdwandwe ulwide kutholakala ezibongweni uma kuthiwa:

Izul ' elidume emva komuzi eKuqobekeni Laduma lazithath' izihlangu zamaPhela Wamud' uNomhlanjana ezalwa ngulwid' emaPheleni Wamudl' uNqabeni ezalwa nguZwid ' emaPheleni Wamudl' uMpepha ezalwa nguZwid ' emaPheleni. njll. (Nyembezi, 1958:23)

Enovelini konke lokhu kuhlaselwa kwesizwe sakwa dwandwe kutholakala esahlukweni sesikhombisa. Uma kulokhu kukhulunywa ngamaPhela, kushiwo ibutho lakwaNdwandwe. Ulwide wanqotshwa yin kosi uShaka. - 117 - • Ukulanyulwa kombango wakwaNy uswa

Ukulamula kweN kosi uShaka umbango wakwaNyuswa phakathi kwamadodana kaMapholoba uSihayo, noMgabi bebanga lI bukhosi . INkosi uShaka yasebenzisa lIbuhlakani ngokuthi isebenzise inj a ekukhombeni in kosi , neba la inja yakhom ba uSihayo. Lokhu kutholakala enovelini esahlukwe ni seshum i nanye. Ezibongweni zeNkos i uShaka ku vela lap ho kuthi:

Ubhiyoze kuNomangci phezu lll , Eyakllnqllmel' umbango wakwaN Yllswa, Kwakllbangw' izinhlak ll v' emanxiweni , Bethi nteke! nteke ! lindan' amaj uba.Nalapho kll thi wa: Okh ange l' ezansi namadun gela, Izinkomo zawoS ih ayo zabll ya, Kwaye kwalandela nezikaMafongosi, Ebezisengwa yindiki yakwaMavela. (Nyembezi, 1958:24)

• Ukuhlaselwa kweNkosi yaseMakhuzeni

INkosi uShaka iyo hl asela uNomagaga iNkosi yaseMakhll zeni . Lesi siga meko sivela esahlukweni seshumi nambili enovelini lap ho kuth iwa impi yeN kosi uShaka yathi ingasayiboni indlela yezwa ngeqhllde lakwaNomagaga likhala kanti se li vusa abasekhaya namabutho eN kos i uShaka abe asewllbona umu zi. UNomagaga wagcin a enqotshi we nakllba axway iswa yiqhllde. Ezibongweni sikuthola lap ho iLembe libongwa kll thi wa:

Odabule kuBhuzana phezulu , Wakhethelwa wud wend we Iwamaza, Wadlllia kuMcombo zigod uka Wabuz' indl ela kuDu njwa Kanti ngabezibu za kll Mbozane Owa ndulel' ukll ya kll No magaga - 11 8 - Lafik' iqhude lamvimbela (Nyembezi , 1958:21)

• Ukufa kukaPhakathwayo

Ukufa kukaPhakathwayo, kukhona enovelini esahlukweni seshumi nesihlanu lapho kuthiwa impi kaPhakathwayo yehlulwa uZulu phezu koMhlathuze. Wafa uPhakathwayo wavele wasonteka intamo, ezibongweni kuthiwa:

Lwagasel ' uSondaba woMthand ' ehlez'ebandla (Nyembezi, 1958:24)

USondaba kushiwo uPhakathwayo kanti eMthandeni kwakuwumuzi kaPhakathwayo.

• Ukubaleka kukaMzilikazi

Ukubaleka kukaMzilikazi kaMashobane kutholakala esahlukweni samashumi amabili lapho sithola ukuthi wayekade ebalekela uZwide wayokhonza eNkosini uShaka. rNkosi uShaka yathuma uMzilikazi ukuba ayodla izinkomo zikaHlanini, uMsuthu. Kepha sithola uMzilikazi ezigodlela ezinye izinkomo kwathi noma iNkosi uShaka ithumela imbuza ngalokhu wadelela. Yabe isimhlasela-ke wabaleka waqonda enyakatho. Uma kukhulunywa ngoMzilikazi ezibongweni kuthiwa:

Yaye yezwiwa ngamaNtungwa akwaSokhumalo. (Nyembezi, 1958:20)

• Ukuqaqwa kwezisu zabakhulelwe

Kungenkathi iNkosi uShaka ithi akuqaqwe IZISU zabantu besifazane abakhulelwe ukuze ibone ukuthi ingane ihlala kanjani esiswini sikanina. Enovelini kutholakala esahlukweni seshumi nesikhombisa. Ezibongweni sikuthola lapho kuthiwa:

Ovuso ladl' umunt' osesiswini, (Nyembezi, 1958:26)

- 119- • Imizi yeNkosi uShaka lmi zi yeN kosi uShaka sithola ivela enove li ni esahlu kwe ni samashumu amabili nesihlanu kanti futhi nasezibon gweni siyezwa ngo mu zi wak he wakwaBulawayo uma kuthi wa:

UMaswezisela wakithi kwaBulawayo (Nyembezi, 195 8:23)

• Amabutho eNkosi uShaka

Amabutho eN kosi uShaka abali we enovelini esahlukwe ni samashumi amabili nane kanti ezibongweni sizwa kukhulunywa ngoM belebele um a kuthiwa:

UDlun gwane wo mBelebele,(Nyembezi, 1958: 19)

• Ukubulawa kohlanya

Esahlukweni sesibili senoveli sithola iNkosi uShaka ibul ala uhl anya olwase luhluphile kwa Mthethwa kodwa kun ge kho owayenes ibind i sokul ihl asela. Ez ibongweni kuthi wa:

Uhlany' olu semehl wen' amadoda. (Nyembezi, 195 8:25)

• Ukuhlaselwa kwezizwe zamaMpondo

Esahlukweni seshumi nantathu sithola iNkos i uShaka ihlase la izizwe zamaMpondo izehlul a lapho kuthi wa khona ezibongwe ni :

In yath ' ejame ngomkhonto phezu koMz im vubu , AmaMpond ' aye saba noku yehl ela, Nani boGambushe, Nani boFaku Nin gamhlabi. (Nyembezi, 1958:40) - 120 - Imbongi kliNyembezi ( 1958:39) ithi namaMpondo lawahlasela iLembe. Yasllka ekhaya impi yakhe yaye yayo mi sa eS ihllithankllngli .

• Ukubulawa kukaMudli

Esahlllkweni sesibili senoveli iNkos i lI Shaka ibli iaia lIMlIdli. UM lIdli lI yena owathi iNkos i lIShaka ayithllkllswe ngenkathi isencane. Uyena fllt hi lIMlIdli owathi iNkosi lIShaka ayi nyenyiswe izobonwa lI gogo wayo lIMthaniya. Vena lIMlIdli owabll ye wayibalekisa iNkosi lIShaka sekll so lwa lIkllthi lIMthaniya lIfllye impaka. Simthola kodwa esesondelene noBhibhi lInina kaSi glijana sebephenye la lISiglijana lIkllba kllbe lI ye na ozoba inkosi. Ngaleso sizathll iNkosi lIShaka yabe isimblii aia lIMlIdli. Ez ibongwen i zeN kosi lIShaka kllthiwa:

Owashwabadel ' izindillbli zakwaMlId li namakhasi (Nyembezi, 1958 :26)

4.3.2 OKUTHOLAKALA ENOVELINI KUPHELA

Ukllblilawa klikaSi glijana eblilawa yiNkosi lIShaka ebona lIkllthi lIzombangisa lIbukhos i okusesahlukweni sesibili .

Ukuhlaselwa kwabaseLangeni yiNkosi lI Shaka ngoba ikhumbula lIkuhlukumezeka eyakuthola isakhula. Lokhu ku sesahlukweni sesithathll.

Enovelini kubu ye ku xoxwe ngeNkosi uShaka isebandla esahlukweni ses ihl anu lap ho exoshi sa ngenkomo indoda eyayishiyelana lI gwayi ngaphandle kokulandlila. Kuthiwa iNkosi uShaka yayihleli nebandla, yabe sey ithllm ela izinceku lIkuba ziyobheka lIkllthi ngabe lIkhona yini umuntu oshiyelana ugwayi engazange aqale ngoklilandlila. Nebala izinceku zay ithola Ie ndoda emva kokuba sekulandule inq waba. Kliso lesi sahluko kubllye kuxoxwe nangoGcllgcwa oweba izinkomo zeNkosi lI Shaka kan ye nokllfa kwakhe uGcugcwa. - 121 - Enovelini esahlukweni sesithupha kukhulunywa ngendlala eyaba khona ngesikhathi seNkosi uShaka eyenza kwaze kwaba khona amazimu adla abantu njengoMdava kaNomazwe waseMadungeni.

Kuso isahluko sesithupha kukhulunywa ngokubulawa kwezangoma ezase ziqede abantu zibanuka. INkosi uShaka yathuma inceku yayo ukuba ifafaze igazi ensimini ukuze izangoma zibhule Iowa owenza 10 mhlola kepha sin ye kuphela esabhu la into eyiqiniso. INkosi uShaka yathi azibulawe izangoma.

Kusenovelini kuphela lapho slzwa khona ngokufika kwabelungu kwaZulu. UFarewell noFynn abaxoshiswa ngezinkomo. Sithola ukuthi ngokwenoveli kuthiwa iNkosi uShaka yabaphatha kahle abelungu. Lokhu kufika kwabelungu kuqala esahlukweni sesikhombisa. Esahlukeni sesishiyagalombili senoveli kukhulunywa ngeNkosi uShaka ihlasela uMbeje kaMagavuzi owayenenqaba engangenwayo ehlathini laseNgoma. Kuthiwa iNkosi uShaka yamnqoba uMbeje isizwa abeLungu.

Isahluko sesishiyagalolunye senoveli asiveli ndawo ezibongweni zeNkosi uShaka lapho kukhulunywa khona ngokukhothama kwendlovukazi uNandi owayethandwa kakhulu iNkosi uShaka. Ziningi kakhulu izigameko ezenzeka emva kokukhothama kweNdlovukazi uNandi kepha azikho ezibongweni. Asikho isigameko lapho sekufa inqwaba yabantu ngoba kuthiwa abalilele indlovukazi. Udaba lukaGala kaNodade owathambisa inhliziyo yeNkosi uShaka ngokuthi kuyekwe ukubulawa kwabantu ngoba sekufe abantu abaningi nalo aluveli. Ukubulawa kukaMakhanda owayengagwebanga ingane yakhe uSililo okwenza yagcllla isibulala abantu akukho ezibongweni.

Esahlukweni seshumi nambil i kukhulunywa ngeslzwe sasemaThulini esahlupha kakhulu iNkosi uShaka ngoba sicashe ehlathini ngaseBhiyafu, uma ethumba izinkomo zawo amaThuli abuye azicathamele azilande. Ukubulawa kweNkosi yaseMatshalini uKh ondlo kanye neNkosi yaseMangwen i uNtshontsho okutholakala esahlukweni seshumi nantathu .

- 122 - Isikhon yane esahlasela elakwaZulu sibu ya nempi yakwaSoshanga ne esalibhuqa elakwaZulu ngesikhathi seNkosi uShaka ngo nyaka we- 1934- 1936 enovelini lokhu kutholakala esahlukweni seshumi nantathu.

Akukho ndawo ezibon gweni lapho sitshelwa kh ona ngabantu besifazane ababesempil weni yeNkosi uShaka kepha ku senovelini esahlukweni seshumi nesithupha lapho kukhulun ywa ngezintombi zeNkosi uShaka ukuthi wayezibi za ngodadewabo. Ngisho uMbu zikazi wakwaCele ayemthanda kakhulu owaze wakhulelwa kepha in gane nonina babaleki swa baya kwaTembe.

Ukubulawa kwabantu bes ifazan e abanga makhulu ama ne esahlukwe ni seshumi nes ikhombi sa okwakuthi wa iNkosi uShaka iphuphe befuya izimpaka.

Isiko lokweshwama leNkosi uShaka eli sesahlu kwen i seshllmi nesishi yagalolun ye ku xoxwe ngalo kabanzi enove lini.

Imikhuba kanye nemithetho yeN kos i uShaka esesahlukwe ni samas hllmi amabili nanye emayelana nes icoco, uku soka, abath akathi , lI kweth wasa ka nye nokllthomba.

Ukublilawa kweN kosi uShaka ibulawa abafowabo oD in gane, lI Mhl angana kanye noMbopha kaS ithayi okusesahlukweni samashllmi amabili namb ili .

Udaba lukaMbulazi okuthi wa un lila uMo nase wa kwaNx lIm alo kwathi esebonakala engaphilile iNkos i uShaka yamabela um fowa bo lIMpand e wayesezala uMbul az i. Lo Mblil azi owabanga ubukhosi neNkosi lI Cetshwayo wagc llla ebulewe uMbulazi empini yaseNdondakli suka ngonyaka we-1856.

Enovelini sizwa ngokuvakashelwa ngephllph o kweNkos i uShaka uMmbi ya owayewllm zala kaDingiswayo futhi waba nj engoy ise weNkosi uShaka ngenkathi idin gil e kwelakwaMtheth wa. Lelo phupho kllthi wa lalithi abantu abaqhubeke nokul wa izimpi. - 123 - Kusenovelini kuphela esahlukweni seshumi nantathu lapho kukhulunywa khona ngokwehlulwa kwempi yeN kosi uShaka ihlulwa uSoshangane owayihlasela ebusuku ingazelele kwaphunyula abambalwa.

Esahlukweni seshumi nane kukhulunywa ngempi yasoBhalule kakhukhulelangoqo lapho kwakuyohlaselwa eSwazini kepha impi ayibange isafika eSwazini lapho ngoba yafika esigodini esinamaxhaphozi sasoBhalule yabulawa indlala kanye nomkhuhlane. Abanye badutshulwa amaHiligwa ngezibhamu abanye babulawa abeSuthu. Abasinda lapho bathi befika nje kwaZulu iNkosi uShaka yathi mababulawe.

Sekuzokhulunywa ngokutholakala ezibongweni zeNkosi uShaka kuphela okungatholakali enovelini.

4.3.3 OKUTHOLAKALA EZIBONGWENI KUPHELA

Ezibongweni zeNkosi uShaka kukhona lapho kuthiwa:

Inkom' ekhal' eMthonjaneni, Izizwe zonke ziyizwil ' ukulila, Iziwe uDunjwa waso Yengeni , Yezwiwa uMangcengeza wakwaKhali. (Nyembezi, 1958:20)

Lokhu akutholakali enovelini. Uma kukhulunywa ngoDunjwa wayengowasemzini owawukwaMthethwa ngesandla seNkosi uShaka. UMasinga (1958:36) uthi uMangcengeza yena wayeyiNkosi yaseMaMbatheni. Uma sekufa uDingiswayo noKhali wafa kwasala indodana uMangcengeza. INkosi uShaka yamhlasela wehlulwa. Ezibongweni sizwa kuthiwa: Ondande ngokhal' olude, Wadabul' emathanjen' abantabakaTayi, Ebegodola beya kuMangwan ' eNgonyameni . (Nyembezi, 1958:21)

- 124 - Lo mlando awukho enovelini lapho kukhulunywa khona ngeNkosi uShaka ibulala uMafongosi kaBhovungana wakwaNgongoma wayesethumba abalandeli bakhe. UNgongoma akahlalanga kahle kwaZulu. Babe sebehlanganisa icebo lokubalekela kuDube. Wanqaba uDube esaba iNkosi uShaka. Babe sebehlukana phakathi abakwaNgongoma abanye baya kuZihlandlo kaGcwabe abanye baya kuNgombane wasemaBomvini. AmaBomvu avele ababulala. Abasinda lapho abanye babo kungabantwana bakaTayi noThondolozi babaleka bethi bayokhonza kuMacingwane eNgonyameni. Endleleni lakhithika bafa bonke.

Kusezibongweni kuphela lapho kukhulunywa ngoNxaba uma kuthiwa:

Lwagasel' uNxaba kaMbekane. (Nyembezi, 1958:24)

Kusakhulunywa ngayo iNkosi uShaka ngesikhathi ihlasela iNkosi yakwaMsane, uNxaba. INkosi uShaka yacasulwa yindlela abantu bakaNxaba ababelwa ngayo ngokushisa imizi yabantu. Yahlasela iNkosi uShaka kwaMsane. UNxaba wasinda nedlanzana babaleka balibhekisa eNyakatho.

Ezibongweni kukhulunywa ngesehlakalo lapho iNkosi uShaka yathi ihamba nempi yayo yaphumula phezu komfula kanti umfula uzongenisa. Basuka lapho ngokushesha bahamba. Ezibongweni kuthiwa:

Ovunulele ezimfundeni zamanzi, Into zakho zomuka namanzi. (Nyembezi, 1958:24)

Ezibongweni kubalwa isigameko lapho iNkosi uShaka yahlasela isizwe saseMaChubeni ayehlala ngaseNkandla kodwa lokhu akukho enovelini. Ezibongweni kuvela kanje: Obhobos' isikhala emaChubeni, Weza noMvakela ezalwa nguDlaba, Weza noMaqobhe ezalwa nguDlaba, Weza noKhwababa ezalwa nguDlaba. (Nyembezi, 1958:26)

- 125 - Bonke oMvakela, Maqobhe kanye noKhwababa akukhulunywa ngabo enovelini.

Seziqhathanisiwe izibongo zeN kosi uShaka kanye nenoveli ethi "UShaka". Kuqale kwabhekwa umlando weN kosi uShaka, kwase kubhekwa lokho okufanayo ezibongweni kanye nasenovelini, kwabhekwa okutholakala enovelini kuphela nalokho okutholakala ezibongweni kuphela. Sekuzoqhathaniswa umlando weNkosi uDingane.

4.4 INKOSI UDINGANE

Ukuze ucwaningo lulandeleke kahle kuzoqale kuvezwe umlando ngeNkosi uDingane bese kubhekwa okufanayo enovelini yomlando weNkosi uDingane kanye nezibongo zayo iNkosi uDingane. Kuzobe sekubhekwa okutholakala enovelini kuphela kanye nalokho okutholakala ezibongweni kuphela.

4.4.1 UMLANDO WENKOSI UDINGANE

UBallard (1988 :27) uma simcaphuna ehunyushelwe esiZulwini uthi iNkosi uDingane yazalwa ngeminyaka ephakathi kwe-1793 nowe-1798 yakhothama ngonyaka we-I 840. INkosi uDingane kwabe kungenye yamadodana eNkosi uSenzangakhona ezalwa undlunkulu uMpikase waseMaqungebeni ezalwa uMlilela. Undlunkulu uMpikase wabe engowesithupha kondlunkulu beN kosi uSenzangakhona. Phela iNkosi uSenzangakhona wakhothama esenondlunkulu abayishumi nesithupha. INkosi uDingane yazalelwa yakhulela esigodlweni eSiklebheni kodwa yabuye yayohlala kwaQwabe lapho uyise iNkosi uSenzangakhona waze wakhothama ekhona. Ekukhuleni kwayo iNkosi uDingane yabe iligcokama kepha ingezwani nokuhlangana nontanga yabo. Wabe ezwana nodadewabo uBayeka kanye nomfowabo uMpande. INkosi uDingane yabe inenhlanhla kubo bonke abafowabo, oShaka, Mpande, Mhlangana nabanye. UBecker (1975: 17) uma simcaphuna ehunyushelwe esiZulwini usibalela bona kanje: uShaka, uMhlangana, uBhakuza, uSigujana, uMpande, uMagwaza, uNzibe, uKolekile, uGowujana, uSigwebana, uGqugqu , uMfulo, uMfihlo, noNxojana. UMkabayi wayethanda uDingane ukuthi abu se emva kukayise iNkosi uSenzangakhona.

- 126 - UBallard (1988:27) uthi iNkosi uDingane Ylyona nkosi yeslzwe samaZulu engazange ithandwe kakhulu ngoba yabulala abafowabo abaningi . . INkosi uMpande kuphela eyasala. Iminyaka eyishumi nanye ayibusa akukho okuncomekayo okwenzeka ngayo. Obunye ububi obukhulu obatshengiswa yiNkosi uDingane yingesikhathi lapho ibulala uPiet Retief nabalandeli bakhe ngonyaka we-1838. INkosi uDingane ayithandanga ukuhlala esigodlweni seN kosi uShaka kwaDukuza kepha yakha esa.yo isigodlo eyasetha igama elithi uMgllngundlovu ngonyaka we-1828. lNkosi lIDingane ayithandanga ukuhlangana nabantu besifazane ngoba yayibona ukuthi bayosuke bazale izingane zabafana eziyobuye zimbangise embusweni wakhe.

UZulu (2005: 83) uthi ibutho leSilo uDingane kwakuwuDlambedlu. YiNgonyama .' uSenzangakhona eyayinqume leli butho. INgo nyama uDingane yabusela phezu kwesihlalo esasingcoliswe ngezandla zayo ngokusithela ngegazi leSilo uShaka. Isihlalo sobukhosi sambozwa yifu elimnyama lesiqalekiso samazwi eSilo uShaka. La mazwi ayehlala enkeneneza njalo ezindlebeni zeSilo uDingane, engekho ukusiphumuza. Yabona abelungu bengena bededelana esigodlweni ingabamemile. Khona manjalo kwafika umbiko uvela eNkosini uJobe Sithole uthi kwebiwe izinkomo zeNgonyama uDingane ngabelungu abaqhamuka ezintabeni zoKhahlamba. INkosi uJobe lena yayihlala endaweni lapho kuhlangana khona umfula uMzinyathi kanye noThukela. Kwathi iSilo uDingane singazelele kwafika eMgungundlovu ithimba elikhulu lamaBhunu elaliholwa uPiet Retief.

Kwathi lapho iNgonyama uD ingane ibabuza lIkllthi bavelaphi bathi baqhamuka eMzinyathi. ISilo sabatshela ukuthi kwebiwe izinkomo zaso eziningi kule ndawo abebevela kuyo ngabantu okuthiwa babegqokise okwabo. UPiet Retief wethembisa iSilo lIkllthi uzohamba ayozifuna lezo zinkomo zeNgonyama. Nebala amaBhllnll ahamba abuya nazo athi azithole kuSigonyela iNkosi yabeSuthu. ISilo uD ingane sabuza ukuthi lIphi pho, uSigonyela lowo. UPiet Retief wathi bamjezisile base bemdedela. KlIyixake iNgonyama lIDingane ukuthi sekllnabantll abakwazi lIkuzijezisela ezweni layo, pho kllsashiwo ngani lIkllthi lisaphethwe yiyo leli leNdlovllkazi lIMthaniya kaNdaba.

- 127 - ISiio sabatshela ukuthi bekufanele uSigonyela alethwe kuso azoziphendulela ngoba bekunokwenzeka ukuba aphike athi yena akazani nalezo nkomo zazingebiwe nguye. Lokhu kukhombisa ngokusobala ukuthi amakhosi akwaZulu ayefana ncamashi nezinkantolo zanamuhla ngoba uSigonyela kwakufanele eze azolivuma noma aliphike icala. Izinduna zabuye zatshela iNgonyama uDingane ukuthi amaBhllnu abuye aziqembulela omkhulu umhlambi wezinkomo wasala kuwo. ISiio uDingane saba nenkolelo yokuthi izinkomo zazivele zebiwe yiwo amaBhunu. Kwathi iSilo sisathukutheliswe yilokho ogqayinyanga babuye basibikela omunye umhlolo. Bathi kuthe begadile ebusuku babona amaBhunu efohla uthango engena ngaphakathi esigodlweni . Kwathi lapho befuna ukuwabamba abaleka ngamahhashi. INgonyama uDingane yathatha izinduna zayo yayohlola lapho kwakuthiwa bekufohla khona amaBhunu. Nebala yafika yabona lapho kunyathele khona izinselo zamahhashi kanye nemingqatha yawo. INgonyama uDingane yaba nokwethuka okukhulu ngoba kule ndawo abase bengene kuyo kwakungasondel i ngisho izinduna zayo lIqobo. Kwabacacela ukuthi amaBhunu abezothakatha iSilo efuna ukusibulala. Umvuzo wokuthakatha kwaZulu kwabe kungukufa. Umthetho yayingeze yawuguqula ngoba sekubanjwe abathakathi abamhlophe, funa nabathakathi abamnyama uma bebanjwa bethakatha ebusuku nabo bathi abangabulawa.

4.4.1.1 UZUNGU LOKUBULALA AMABHUNU

ISiio uDingane sahlela uzungu olukhulu nezinduna lokubulala abathakathi. Yathi iNgonyama izobakhethela ngamawisa esibayeni ukuze bangasoli lutho. Nebala umkhumbi wempi wangena wagcwala isibaya. Amabutho eSilo ayephelele ngothi Iwawo. INgonyama uDingane ngale nkathi yayisibuthe amabutho ayisishiyagalombili okuyilawa alandelayo: lIHlomendlini Omhlophe uHlomendlini Omnyama uDlambedlu uMkhulutshane iSigulutshane uMhaye iHlaba

- 128 - uKhokhothi

Batshela uPiet Retief kanye nethimba lakhe ukuthi iSilo sifuna ukubakhethela esibayeni ' kepha kasidingi noyedwa ozongena esibayeni ephethe isikhali ' . Amabutho kaZulu ayesina ephethe amawisa onke, kungekho noyedwa phakathi kwawo owayephethe umkhonto. Nebala nabelungu bazishiya ngaphandle kwesigodlo izibhamu zabo bangena esibayeni bevathazela.

Kwathi bengazelele amabutho ephakathi noku sina yasukuma iNgonyama uDingane yaphakamisa isiphuku sayo qede yase imemezela yathi , "Babulaleni abathakathi." Kwasuka esinamathambo isidumo, amabutho esebakhwelela ngamawisa kukhala ubuphahlaphahla. Amabutho amthatha uPiet Retief kanye nezikhulu zamaBhunu ayefike nazo aphuma nabo ngaphandle kwesigodlo aqonda kwaMatiwane lapho afike ababulalela khona.

Kwathi uma amaBhunu esebulewe eMgungundlovu iSilo saphaka impi sathi ayiyoqothula lawo maBhunu ayesalele eMzinyathi abuye nezinkomo zayo ezabe ziqenjulwe ngoPiet Retief. Nebala amabutho asuka aphikelela khona afika abelungu bengazelele abagwaza emuka nabo. Abuya nazo zonke izinkomo zeSilo.

INgonyama uDingane kwathi ngesikhathi ithatha umbuso eSilweni uShaka abantu bakwaZulu babeyibiza ngokuthi inguMkhululi wabo. Kepha kuthe kungakapheli isikhathi esingakanani base beqala ukubona izimpawu ababezisola eSilweni uShaka. Yaphaka izimpi zayo njengoba kwakwenza iSilo uShaka. Kanti futhi yona yabulala abafowabo abaningi yacishe yabaqeda. Lokhu kwayenzela isigcwagcwa esikhulu kwabendlu yobukhosi. Yilokho okwenza ukuba izikhulu zezwe ziqikelele ukuba uMntwana uMpande owayesesele zimvikele ukuze indlu yeSilo uSenzangakhona ingashabalali. Nanxa kunjalo kepha uZulu wayelokhu ebumbene ngaphansi kwaleso sandia sensimbi iSilo uDingane esasibusa ngaso. Kepha ukubulawa kwamaBhunu eMgungundlovu kwasheshisa ukuwa kombuso weSilo uDingane.

Yile nkathi uMntwana uMpande ahlubuka ngayo wayohlangana namaBhunu ukuze akwazi ukuphindiselela abafowabo abasebebulewe yiSilo uDin gane. Kuthe lapho iNgonyama

- 129- uDingane ibhekana namaBhllnll empllll yayo enkulu yaseNcome yazithola ukuthi isilwa ibhekene nengxenye enkllill kaZlIlu. lmpi eyalwa eMaqongqo kwase kubhekene uZulu yedwa. Impi yeSilo uDingane yayiholwa yinduna uNdlela kaSompisi wakwaNtuli. [mpi yoMntwana uMpande yayiholwa yinduna yakhe uNongalaza kaNondela wasemaNyandwini. Impi yeSilo uDingane yehlulwa lapho ngoba ingxenye enkulu yamabutho yamhlubllka khona eMaqongqo yayohlangana namablltho oMntwana uMpande.

[Silo uDingane sathi sehlulwe ngoba induna uNdlela ephake impi ngokuyinqamula izigaba. Samjezisa ngokllba aklinywe ngentambo kancane kancane waze wafa. Izikhllill zezwe kwazethllsa kakhulu ukubulawa kwenduna liNd lela ngonya olungako. Zathi kusho ukllthi iSilo lIDingane sizobablliaia bonke kanjalo singasakhllmbllii ngisho lIkllkhonza kwabo kweminyakanyaka. Abantwana nezindllna benza uZllngu nabakwaNyawo ukuba kllblllawe iSilo lIDingane.

UBallard (1988) uma simcaphuna ehllnYllshelwe esiZlIlwini lIthi iN kosi lIDingane yabalekela ukubanjwa ngamabutho amaBhllnu yabe isibalekela ukuyofllna ukukhoseliswa ngaphansi kwabantll bakwaNyawo ngaphansi kukaSilivana owayeyibambankosi likaSambana. Isizwe sakwaNyawo sabe sazi ukuthi ulaka lukaMpande namaBhllnll luyokwehlela phezu kwabo ngaloku kucashisa kwabo lIDingane endaweni yabo. Kwathi ziyi-19 kuNdasa ngonyaka we- 1840, uSilivana, lISambana nomfowabo lIZlIllI Nyawo nenduna yamaSwazi lINandawana bahlasela indlu kaDingane edllze kwaseKwaliweni bamlinda lIkllba aqhamuke, okwathi ukllba aqhamllke bamshaya kabllhillngll bamgwaza bephindelela. Isilimele iNkosi uDingane yabaleka iquma kabuhlungu ibalekela ehlathini elaliseduzane, lapho yakhothamela khona. Yatshalwa eduze kwendawo eyayikhothamele kuyo, iblllawa yibo abakwaNyawo. Njengosiko lokuhlonipha inkosi, ababulali baphonsa itshe elibeni layo. Lawa matshe manje asethandelwe izimpande zesih lahla somdoni esimi Ie kllie ndawo. Ngonyaka we-1981 iNkosi lIGoodwill yembula itshe elalakhiwe nguHulllmeni waKwaZlIllI khona elibeni lelo.

- 130- Sewuveziwe umlando weNkosi lIDin gane, sekuzobhekwa lim lando kaMagolwana Jiyane owabe eyimbongi yeNkosi uDingane. UMagolwana uthathwa njengenkosi yezimbongi, yingakho nje kllzoke kllphawlliwe ngaye yedwa ezimbongini.

4.4.2 IQHAZA LlKAJIY ANE EKULONDOLOZENI UMLANDO WENKOSI UDINGANE

Ukuze izibongo zeNkosi lIDingane ziqondwe kahle kllsazoke kubhekwe umlando kaMagolwana Jiyane oyimbongi enkllill kunazo zonke ezake zabongela amakhosi oselwa. Yingakho kungllMagolwana kuphela imbongi okuzophawulwa ngayo kulolu cwaningo.

Lapha siqonde ukuphendula umbuzo wokuthi ubani 10 Magolwana Jiyane nokuthi simhlanganisa kanjani nezibongo zeNkosi uDingane ngoba phela uZulu wabe engakwazi ukubhala ngezikhathi zokubusa kweNkosi uDin gane.

UKhathi (2002) uthi iNkosi uDingane yabusa emuva kweNkosi yakwaDukuza, uShaka. Ngesikhathi sokubusa kweLembe, iSilo sakwaDukuza phela, base bekhona abeLungu. Nakho sizwa ukuthi ngesikhathi besijuma besibulala oMhlangana, uMbopha noDingane umbhali webhuku elithi "Shaka Zulu" uRitter umlando omningi wawuthola kanje: URitter, (1995:9) uthi inkosi uSigananda wamaChube owayezalwe ngowe-181 0 wafa ngowe-1906. Esemncane wayewudibi IweNkosi uShaka ngakho wayebona konke okwakwenziwa yiNkosi uShaka. Mayelana nendaba kaMagolwana, sithola emqingweni kaStuart, (Vol IV:73) echaza uMtsapi ethi: uMagolwana kaMkhathini wakwaJiyane wayenomuzi wakhe eNhlazatshe. Siyafunda futhi kuyena uStuart ukuthi uJiyane wabe engowebutho uMbhekenya elabe likwaDukuza. Amadodana akhe abe ekula mabutho: Amaphela, uJulwana, iNkonkoni , uDloko, iNdlondlo, uMbonambi, uKhandampevu, iNgobamakhosi, uVe noFalaza. Kanti amadodakazi (phela nezintombi zabe zibuthwa). uNgcotsho, uGudludonga, noma uGudlane, iSitimane, iTiyane neNgcugce.

UMagolwana wabe enekhono elidlulele kuzo zonke izimbongi zamakhosi ezake zakhona njengoba sithola uMelaphi etshela uStuart emqingweni iJames Stuart Archives Vol. 3 - 131 - (1986:87) uma simcaphuna ehunyushelwe esiZu lwini uthi zaziningi izimbongi emphakathini kepha uMagolwana wayeyimbongi enkulu. 36 Kanti nabahleli, uRycroft noNgcobo, (1988: 17) uma sibacaphuna behunyushelwe esiZulwini bathi uMago lwana wayebizwa ngomama wazo zonke izimbongi ngoba wayezedlula zonke. 37 Ubumbongi kwaZulu kusadliwa ngo ludala kwabe kuhambisana nobuqhawe. Naye uJi yane wabe eliqhawe.

Yikho lokhu okwamenza azithathele kalula isicoco ngesikhathi ephume nempi yeNkosi uDingane kuhlaselwe uMzilikazi lapho aveza khona ubuqhawe njengoba kuveziwe uBryant (1929).

Ukwesekela ukuthi uMagolwana nguyena owabe ebongela iNkosi uDingane. Sicaphuna Ie migqa lapho naye ezifaka ngokuthi izinto eziningi zazenzeka ekhona njengoba esebenzisa ungi kulezi zibongo: Umkhwamude wangisik' isilevu Usungulo Iwangithung' impumulo. Indiha lebabayo enjengesibhaha, Sona simabala kuMahashanga. Uvezi ngimfunyene bemzila, Ngafike ngamudla, Kanti ngizifak' iloyi es iswini. Vezi kofabantu, kosal ' izibongo, Izona zosale zibadalula, Izona zosale zibalilel'emanxiweni. (Nyembezi, 1958:49)

Lapha sitshelwa yiyona imbongi amaqiniso omlando akhomba ukuthi uMago lwana owabe ebonga iNkosi uDingane ngalezi zibongo. Izibongo ziyaveza ukuthi uJi yane waqala ukubongela iNkosi uDingane zingekho izimbongi ezabe zimbo nga. Isizathu kungaba indlela uDingane athola ngayo isikhundla sobukhosi. Ngap hambi kokuthatha ubukhosi, emva

~~ There were many imbongi in the mphakathi. Magolwana was the great imbongi. (Stuart: 1986: 17) Magolwana has been hailed as being " the mother of all praisers"whose excell ence outshone all others.(Rycroft & Ngcobo, 1988 : 17) - 132 - kokugudluzwa kweNkosi uShaka, wabe ethathwa njengomuntu nje qhwaba, empeleni wake wasinda ekufeni.

U-Becker (1964:20) uma simcaphuna ehunyushelwe esiZulwini uthi iNkosi uDingane yaxabana neNkosi uShaka bebanga owesifazane. Lokhu kwenza iNkosi uDingane yabaleka yaya esizweni sakwaQwabe kepha yagcina ibuyile. Uma uJiyane ebonga iNkosi uDingane ethi:

UVezi ngimfunyene bemzila, Ngafike ngamudla, Kanti ngizifak' iloyi esiswini. (Nyembezi, 1958:49)

Lesi senzo sakhe uJiyane sokubonga iN kosi uDingane safana nesokuthi uziphuzise ubuthi obuthile obenza wavelela ngekhono lokubongela. Izimbongi ezisezingeni likaMagolwana zilandelanisa izigigaba njengoba zenzeka emlandweni; lokhu kwenzeka kuqala; kwalandelwa yilokhu; kwalandela lokhu; njalonjalo. Ake sibheke zona nje ezeNkosi uDingane njengoba elandelanisile uJiyane kuNyembezi. (1958, 45-52):

Uqala echazwa ubunjalo bese kuba uVezi uNonyanda Isigigaba sokuqala. I. Wabulala uShaka. Uyabongwa ukuthi ungubani. 2. Ungowozalo lukaPhunga NoMageba. Umyalezo eza nawo. - Lukhulu, luyeza, luyanyelela. Izigameko. - Uhlasela amaBhunu. - Uhlasela uMzilikazi. - Uhlasela amaSwazi.

Elinye iphuzu eligcwalisa ubuqiniso bokuthi lIMagolwana Jiyane lona obonga lIDingane elokllsebenzisa lImuntu wokuqala klileli binzana:

... wangisik'isilevlI, Usunglilo Iwangithun ' impumliio.

- 133 - Le migqa engenhla ngeke siyehlukanise nalena elandelayo ethi:

vezi kofabantu, Kosal'izibongo, Izona zosale zibadabula, Izona zosale zibalil'emanxiweni.

Abacwaningi uRycroft noNgcobo, (1988:38) balibeka ingcaca ukuthi uJiyane owaqamba Ie migqa kanje: Mayelana nokuqanjwa kwezibongo ezithile zeNkosi uDingane uStuart (1976) uthi zaqanjwa uMagolwana. lnkosi yabe iwaxoshisa amaqhawe nabenze okuhle njengazo izimbongi njengoba uMagolwana wagcina esenezinkomo eziningi.

UJiyane wabe esebenza "njengomlethi wokukhanya" ebonga kusukela entathakusa. Wayebonga angemi awathaphuze onke amakhosi angaphambili kweNkosi uDingane kwaZulu. Umsebenzi kaJiyane wabe umkhulu, ubalulekile futhi uhloniphekile. Kwagcina sekwakheke lesi simo. Uma inkosi ixoshise umuntu kwakubhekeke ukuthi azibongele ngokuthi ayibonge inkosi. Uma-ke oxoshisiwe engakwazi ukuyibongela inkosi wabe ecela uJiyane ukuthi ambongelele inkosi. Lowo-ke yena usezohlomulisa uJiyane.

Ngale ndlela uJiyane wagcina esenezinkomo eziningi . Phela nayo inkosi yabe illlxoshisa ngezinkomo okuthiwa kwakwenzeka zifike enanini elingamashullli alllathathu ngosuku. UJiyane wabe edla ukudla kwekhethelo ukuze enze umsebenzi wakhe lona ngempumelelo. Uchazwa njengomuntu owabe engalokothi ukuthi adle iphaphu lenkomo kanye namathumbu ngoba kwabe kudliwa abafana nabantu ababelinda esangweni.

UJiyane wabe ebhinca kahle, ahlobe ayikazele uma ezobongela. Ebusweni ibala lakhe lingalllnwana futhi ondlekile nje impela emzimbeni njengoba uBaleni kaSilwane akubeka kanje kuStuart, Vol. (1976:31) uMagolwana wabe ehlala kwaNodwengu. Wayengamunwe, ensundu ngebala futhi ekhuluphele. - 134- Siyathola ukuthi uJiyane wabe enolwazi olujulile ngezindaba zakwaZulu futhi ehloniphekile, eliqhawe ngokulwa enothando nobuZulu. Wabe eyindoda enobuZulu.

UJiyane wafa ngomlayezo weN kosi uMpande owabe eseyibongela. Isizathu sikhonj wa ezinkomeni zikaJiyane ezabe seziningi engasayihloniphi inkosi. UBaleni kaSilwane uyixoxa kanje emqingweni kaStuart, Vol. 1 ( 1976:30) uthi uMagolwana wabulawa emzini wakhe eNtabankulu.

Umuntu oxoxela uStuart indaba yokufa kukaJiyane uMngqayi, Vol. 1 (1976:31) uma simcaphuna ehunyushelwe esiZulwini uthi uMago lwana wabulawa ngoba wayenezinkomo 38 eziningi ayezinikwe yinkosi. Wabulawa yiNkosi uMpande . Nakuba uMago lwana ethathwa njengembongi enkulu kunazo zonke zamakhosi akwaZulu, kepha zikhona nezin ye ezazibongela amanye amakhosi akwaZulu. Imbongi yenkosi uShaka kwabe kunguMxhamana kaSoshaya Sibisi, inkosi uMpande nayo yay ibonge lwa nguye uMagolwana bese kuthi imbongi yenkosi uCetshwayo kwabe kunguMahlangeni Khumalo.

Sekuphawliliwe ngoMagolwana manJe sek llzoqhathani swa izibongo zeN kosi uDingane kanye nenoveli ethi " UDingane".

4.4.3 UKUQHATHANISA IZIBONGO ZENKOSI UDINGANE KANYE NENOVELI ETHI UDINGANE.

KlIzoqale kubhekwe okufanayo enovelini kanye nasezibongweni, kulandele okutholakala enovelini kuphela bese kubhekwa okutholakala ezibongweni zeNkosi uDingane ( 1936).

Kuzobhekwa lIbuqiniso bemibhalo yomibili kanye nobllqiniso bokuqukethwe buqhathaniswa nezincwadi ezibhalwe ngomlando wamakhosi.

38 Mago~wana was killed simply because he was the possessor of so many cattle, given to him for the most part by the klllg. Mpande had him kill ed. (Stuart, 1976:3 1) - 135 - 4.4.3.1 OKUFANAYO EZIBONGWENI KANYE NASENOVELINI

• Ukubulawa kweNkosi uShaka Lesi sigameko sitholakala enovelini esahlukwen i sokuqal a. Sibuye sitholakale nasezibongweni zenkosi uDingane lapho im bongi ithi:

Uvez' uNon yanda, UMgabadeli , Owagabadel'inkundla yakwaBu lawayo. (Nyembezi, 1958 :45)

1mbongi kuNyembezi (1958:45) ithi iNkosi uDingane yab ulala iNkosi uShaka. Ngalokho-ke uMagolwana waveza abantu, okungukuthi ngesikhathi sokubusa kwakhe abantu banda ngoba kwase kungasavamile ukubulawa kakhulu kwabantu okwakwande nges ikhathi seNkosi uShaka.

• Ukubulawa kukaMhlangana

Ezibongweni zeNkosi uDingane ukubulawa kukaMhlangana kuvezwa kanje:

Ithole elinsizwa lakokaDonda, Elihambe liwakhahlel'amany'amathole (Nyembezi, 1958:50)

1mbongi kuNyembezi (1958:52) ithi kuthe sebeyibulele inkosi uShaka kwabonakala ukuthi uxo lo aluzukubabikho kuDingane noMhlangana , sengath i kwaba nguMkabayi futhi owasiza uDingane ukuba ku gudluzwe uMhlan gana. Enove lini kuyavezwa ukubulawa kukaMhlangana esahlukweni ses in e nesesihlanu lapho eb ul awa eze efakwa emfuleni lIku ze kuthiwe uminzile. Konke lokho kwak llhlelwe yiNkosi uDingane noMkabayi.

• Ukubulawa kwarnaBhunu ernzini weNkosi uDingane

- 136 - Kuyavela ukllbulawa kwamaBhunu emzini weNkosi lIDingane enovelini esahlukweni seshumi lapho kllchazwa khona lIkllthi iNkosi uDingane yezwa kllthiwa amaBhunu abonakele ecathama esigodlweni seN kos i uDingane elungllza. K wabe sekllba khona ukungawethembi amaBhunu eNkosini lIDingane yabe isiwathumela ukuba ayolanda izinkomo zayo kuSigonyela. Nebala abllya nazo. IN kosi uDingane yah lela ukuzowabonga amaBhunu ngokubuya nezinkomo zayo kanti ifihle induku emqubeni. Athi esengene esibayeni abulawa onke. Ezibongweni lesi serlZO sivela lapho kuthiwa:

Izibuko likaNdaba, Elimadwal 'abllshelelezi; Lashelele'lIPiti nendodana. Owadl ' uPiti kumaBhunu

Wamudla wamtshobotshela. Odl'uMzibhelibheli kumaBhllnu

Wadl'uPhuzukuhloza kumaBhunu, Wadl'uHwahwini kumaBhunu, Wadl ' uJanomude kumaBhunll, Wadl ' uJanejembuluka kumaBhunu,

Wad I' u Mazinyansakansaka kUl11aBhunu , Wadl ' oSisini kumaBhunu, nj \I (Nyembezi, 1958:48)

• INkosi uDingane ihlasela amaSwazi kwaNgwane

Ukuhlaselwa kwesizwe sakwaNgwane sihlaselwa yiNkosi uDingane kutholakala esahlukweni seshumi nesikhombisa senoveli lapho uDhlol11o (1936:76) ethi inkosi yahlasela amaSwazi ngoba yazi ukuthi amaSwazi ayenezinqaba eziqinileyo lapho kwakungangeni lutho khona.

Lokhu yayikwenziswa ukuthi yayesaba amaBhunu ifuna indawo lapho yayingacasha khona. Nebala amaSwazi anqotshwa. Ezibongweni zeN ko si uDingane lokhu kuvela kanje:

- 137 - UGasana'olwagasel'izinkomo zamaSwazi zanya malala NezikaNgwane kaZikode zanyamalala. Inkom 'eyakhal 'eSwazini Umlomo yawubhekisa kwaZulu. (Nyembezi, 1958:50).

Ukuphana kweNkosi uDingane lapho slzwa kuthiwa yabe iphana ngezinkomo, in gakhathazeki noma sezimithi , sezifake amabele kanti futhi esigodlweni inyama yabe iphekwa ngo mhluzi wenye, kudliwa, kufinywa ngendololwane nj engoba abusisa namaBhunu mhla eze ebulawa. Ezibongweni lokhu kuvela kanje:

Umpha nkom ' inabele UVezi bath 'umoya mnandi ngok unuk' inyama (Nyembezi , 1958:51).

Ezibongweni zeNkosi uDingane kanye nasenovelini sizwa kukhulunywa ngomuzi wenkosi uM gungundlovu. UNyembezi ( 1958:47) uthi uMgungundlovu ikomkhulu leN kosi uDingane. Ezibongweni lokhu kuvela kanje.

Wathi bayobon ' inkundla yakithi eMgungundlovu Waze wafika ngaphakathi kith 'eMgungundl ovu. (Nyembezi, 1958:46).

4.4.3.2 OKUTHOLAKALA ENOVELINI KUPHELA

Esahlukweni sokuqala senoveli sithola kuvezwa uzungu lokubulawa kukaMbopha noMhlangana, UDhlomo ( 1936:5) uthi uM bopha wabu lawa uZidumo ethunywe uMkabayi, owabe esehlela uzungu lokubulala uMhlangana benoDingane.

Esahlukweni sesikhombisa senoveli sithola isihluku esenziwa yiNkosi uDingane lapho yathi izinhloli zayo uNhlanganiso noMphezu lu abakhishwe amehlo bese besiwa ehlane badliwe yizi lwane zasendle. Lokhu iNkosi uDin gane yakwenza ngoba icasul we ukuthi bathi babone izinkomo eziningi oThungulu. Kepha yath i iNkosi uDingane isithumela amabutho ukuba ayohlasela abuye nezinkomo kepha amabutho ath i awabonanga zinkomo.

- 138 - Ku so isahluko sesikhombisa uDhl omo (1936 :24) uthi iNkosi uDingane yabulala uZihlandlo nomfowabo uSambela, amadodana kaGcwabe kaKh abazela kaMavovo . Uqhubeka athi kwakungenas izathu ukubulawa kwa bo ngaphandle koku thi babeyizihlobo zeN kos i uShaka.

Esahlukweni sesishi yagalombili senoveli sixoxelwa kabanzi ngokufika kwa maBhunu kwelakwaZulu . La maBhunu ayehol wa uPi et Reti ef ngonyaka we -1838.

Ku senovelini kuphela esahlukweni sesishi yagalolun ye neseshumi lapho kuvela khona indaba kaSi gon ye la nokwebiwa kwezinkomo zeN kos i uDin gane. lNkosi uDingane yacela amaBhunu ukuba ayomlandela izinkomo zakh e kuSigonyela. Nebala amaBhunu, abu ya nazo.

Esahlukweni seshumi nambili senoveli ku khulunywa nge mpi eyabe iphakathi kwes izwe samaZulu kanye namaN gisi ngon ya ka we- 1838 . Le mpi yay ibi zwa ngokuthi ngeyaseThalaneni , uDhlomo ( 1936:54) uthi ahlul wa amaNgisi aze abaleka an gena emkhunjini .

Ku senovelini kuphela esahlukweni seshumi nantathu lapho kukhulunywa khona ngokubulawa kwesizwe samaQadi nenkosi yawo uDube bebul awa yiNkosi uDin gane ngoba nj e besine kahle ejadwini behlula uZulu .

Baningi abantu ababulawa yiNkosi uDin gane kepha abangaveli ezibongweni . Enove lini , esahlukweni seshumi nane kukhulunywa ngok ubul awa kukaSo kufoca owabe eyindun a yeNkos i uDingane futhi eliqhawe. USokufoca wa bul awa ngo ba ku bo nakale umhl apho untanta etshwaleni obabu ve la kwakhe. Kwabe seku thi wa uyath akath a.

Ezibongweni zeN kosi uDingane akukho lapho kukhulunywa kh ona ngempi yaseNcome eyayiphakathi kukaZulu kan ye namaBhunu ngo nyaka we -1 83 8. AmaZulu amanin gi abulawa amaBhunu eNcome.

- 139 - Kusenovelini kuphela lapho kuxoxwa khona ngesigameko seNkosi uDingane lapho yayicashe ehlathini eMfolozi emva kokushiswa kwesigodlo sayo uMgungundlovu ushiswa ngamaBhunu. Lokhu kutholakala esahlukweni seshumi nesithupha. Kukuso lesi sahluko lapho kukhulunywa khona ngoBhongoza kaMefu wakwaNgcobo owaholela amaBhunu oPhathe.

Akukho ezibongweni zeNkosi uDin gane lapho kukhulunywa khona ngempi yaseMaqongqo lapho kwalwa khona amabutho eNkosi uD ingane kanye neNkosi uMpande kanye nobuxoki bukaNdlela elekelela iNkosi uMpande. Lokhu kutholakala esahlukweni seshumi nesishiyagalombili.

Ezibongweni zeNkosi uDingane akukho lapho kukhulunywa khona ngokubulawa kukaNdlela efela iNkosi uMpande ngoba wabamba impi yeNkosi uDingane ukuze ehlulwe yiNkosi uMpande. Lokhu kutholakala esahlukweni seshumi nesishiyagalolunye.

Kusenovelini kuphela esahlukweni samashumi amab ili nantathu lapho slzwa khona ngo kubulawa kweNkosi uDin ga ne ibulawa amaSwazi ize iq edelwa yizinduna zayo. Lokhu kwakuvele kungeke kungene ezibongweni ngoba sas in gasekho isikhathi sokubongelwa nesokubongela.

4.4.3.3 OKUTHOLAKALA EZIBONGWENI KUPHELA

Ezibongweni zeNkosi uDingane kukhona lapho kuthiwa:

Isihlangu sikaMzilikazi, Sasal' entaben ' ende yeM pama, Sesiswele nandod 'esithathayo (Nyembezi, 1958 :48).

UNyembezi (1958:54) uthi uMzilikazi kaMashobana weh lulwa ylmpl kaZulu , yathumba izinkomo eziningi.

- 140- Akukho enovelini lapho kukhulunywa khona ngoBheje wakwaKhumalo. Ezibongweni sizwa kuthiwa: Obhambath' iNgome ngaphezulu, Zaphum'izinkomo zikaBheje zamlandela (Nyembezi, 1958:50)

UNyembezi (1958:59) uthi eNgome kwakukhona umhume lapho uBheje wakwaKhumalo ayecasha khona uma ebona ingozi. Kuwo 10 mhume kugcwele izinkomo. INkosi uDingane yabona kumele yehlisele izono zikaMzilikazi kuBheje. Nebala wahlaselwa uBheje impi yabuya nezinkomo zakhe.

Kusezibongweni kuphela lapho sizwa khona ngomsindo koNdlunkulu uMpikase unlna weNkosi uDingane, kanye noBhibhi unina kaSigujana. Sithola kuthiwa:

Gijimani ngazo zombili izindlela, Niyobikela uNsimbini noMahlekeza, Ukuth i abazi yin i ukuth i UVezi yisizwa kubi? Angahl 'athath ' isi hlang'asihlom 'umgobo, Ame ngas 'emnyango kwaMpikase, NakwaBhibhi, kuze kus 'evevezela, Engasalalanga nabuthongo? (Nyembezi , 1958:52)

Kusezibongweni kuphela lapho kuvela khona ukuthi iNkosi uDingane yabe izondwa bengafuni ukuthi kube iyona eyothatha ubukhosi. Lokhu kuvela kanje ezibongweni:

UMzondwase omnyama Ongasixhumo senya mazane Sona size sikhule besizonda ngamehlo? (Nyembezi, 1958:60)

- 141 - Ezibongweni slzwa kuvela kakhulu ukuthi iNkosi uDingane yabe ingumuntu onJalll uNyembezi (1958:61) uthi sizwa kuthiwa iNkosi uDingane yabe ingumuntll owayenza izinto ngobuqili , enonele phakathi okwendlanzi. Leso simo sakhe siyakhanya lapho efanekiswa namanzl: Isiziba esinzonzo sizonzobele, Siminzis'umuntu eth ' uyageza (Nyembezi, 1958:46).

Khona futhi ezibongweni zenkosi uDingane kubuye kuvele lIkuthi yabe ingumuntu othllie ongakhulumeli safuthi:

Singquma kakhulumi , Kanamlomo, AkanjengaShaka, UDlondlwane Iwakithi kwaBlIlawayo, Yen 'owayeqed ' lImuzi ngokllnkenkeza (Nyembezi, 1958:46).

INkosi uDingane ichazwe yona uqobo ezibongweni. Ubunjalo bayo bubekwe bathi bha.

UPheqe ongakumana kwamaqhikiza (Nyembezi, 1958:50)

UKhathi (2002: 151) uthi iNkosi uDingane yabe inesakhiwo sesidumbu eSlmlslse okwentombazana, izinqe zithe pheqe wena owabona ezetshitshi . Kanjalo futhi lImzimba weNkosi uDingane wabe uneziboya njengoba siyizwa imbongi ithi:

UBhungebhu ongaboya bengonyama (Nyembezi, 1958:48)

Kusezibongweni zeN kosi uDingane lapho sizwa khona ngodadewabo beN kosi uDingane uBaleka noSikhakha. Babebalulekile ngoba babengomafungwase. Kuthiwa:

Usela lintongande lawoBaleka, Lithabath ' umshiza, lawetshatha, - 142 - Liyawugalela ngawemankenganeni. Umvus'omnyama wawoSikhakha, Ovusel 'abant' ukuhlatshwa (Nyembezi , 1958:46).

Sewuqhathanisiwe umlando weNkosi uDingane. Kuqale kwavezwa umlando weNkosi uDingane, kwabe sekubhekwa okufanayo ezibongweni kanye nasenovelini, kwabhekwa okutholakala enovelini kuphela kanye nalokho okutholakala ezibongweni kuphela. Sekuzoqhathaniswa ukwethulwa komlando weNkosi uMpande.

4.5 INKOSI UMPANDE

4.5.1 UMLANDO WENKOSI UMPANDE

UZulu (2005:93) uthi iSilo uMpande sizalwa iNgonyama uSenzangakhona kuNdlunkulu uSongiya indodakazi kaNgotsha wakwaHlabisa. Ibutho laso kwakunguMgamule. INdlunkulu uSongiya ngowesishiyagalolunye uku gana iSilo uSenzangakhona. UMntwana uMpande wayelungile kakhulu kungeyena umuntu wOl11sindo. Wasinda olakeni lokubulawa yiNgonyama uDingane ngoba kuthiwa unesifo somchoboka futhi uyisithutha. Lokhu kufakazelwa nawukuthi kwakuthi uma sigconwa yiNdlunkulu engogogo ithi "Hawu! Phela zithutha lezi zakoMpande." Isho lokhu iqondise kuBantwana. Kwathi uma iSilo uDingane sesibona ukuthi uMntwana uMpande uyaphila emqondweni wakhe samthumelela ikhulu lezithole esasimupha zona. Kanti inhloso yaso kwakungukumyengela oPhathe. Sathumela uNxagwana kaZivalele Zulu waseGazini kanye noMathunjana kaSibhaca Nkwanyana.

UMntwana uMpande ngale nkathi wayehlala emzini wakhe wakwaNtolwane. Kwathi uma sebezethulile izinkomo kuMntwana uMpande base bemtshela ukuthi kuthiwe akafike eMgungundlovu azozibonga ngosuku Iwesihlanu zifikile. Izithunywa zavalelisa zasuka zahamba. Kuthe sezisendleleni uMathunjana Nkwanyana wathi kulaba ayehamba nabo usekhohlwe ishungu lakhe lapho abehlezi khona kwaNtolwane. Wathi abamlinde usalilanda.

Kuthe lapho efika kuMntwana uMpande wasemtshela ukuthi ubanjwe indlebe yiNduna uNdlela yathi asize atshele uMntwana uMpande ukuba angalingi azobonga lezo zinkomo - 143 - ngoba iN gon yama uDin gane ihlose ukuba izombulala. Was uka lapho wajaha labo aye hamba nabo ukuba bangamshi yi.

UMntwana uMpand e wasuka ngokushesha eNtolwane wawe la uThukela wayobhaca kubelungu. Kwathi lapho efika kubelungu abaze bamkholwa neze lapho ebatshela ukuthi ubalekela iSilo uDin gane. Bamvi vin ya ngazo zo nke izindlela kwaze kwabacacela ukuthi uqini sil e. Okuthe um a sebekukholwa aku shoyo base bemgco ba ukuba abe yiNkos i kaZ ulu ongaphesheya koThukel a.

4.5.1.1 INKOSI UMP AN DE IBEKW A NGAMABHUNU

Uku gcotshwa koMntwana uMpande ngamaBhunu kwaba isikhathi soguquko olunzima es izweni sikaZulu. Kwakun gakaze kwenzeke kwe leNdl ovukazi uMthani ya ukuba iSilo soHlanga sibekwe ngabezizwe esihlalweni sobukhos i. Futhi lokhu kwenziwa ngenhloso yokubhidliza umbuso owawakhiwe kanzima yiSil o uShaka ngo mkhonto nangegazi likaZulu .

UZ ulu wayenenqubo nendlela ayebeka ngayo amaK hos i oHl anga. Ku sukela ngalelo langa lokubekwa koMntwana uMpande nj engeNgonyama kaZ ulu leyo nqubo yabekwa eceleni ku ze kube manj e.

(Silo sasibekwa ngabeNdlunkulu kaZ ulu kanye nesizwe son kana ngo ku sethul a ezin yan yeni zobukhosi phakathi es ibayeni . lndlunkulu kwaku yiyo na eyayicelela iSilo es ibekwayo kubanikazi besihlalo ukuba bamdedele umzukulu wabo ahl ale esigqikini sabo. Ukubekwa kweNgonyama ngaleyo ndlela kwagc in a ngeS il o uDin gane.

AmaBhunu amgcoba uMntwana uMpande qede ayesethi ku ye um a eqini sil e ukuthi ubalekela iSilo uDingane ayezobona ngokuba ahl omi se impi yakhe ay ibheki se ekhaya. UMntwana uMpand e wabethembisa ukuthi uzo bambi sana nabo ngawo onke amandl a anawo. [sil o uDingane sathumela induna uDambu za Nzobo to mbe la kaSobadli , ukuba ayoxoxisana ngokuba kwakhiwe uxolo phakathi kukaZ ulu na maB hunu . UMntwa na uMpand e wathi

- 144- akubulawe uDambuza ngoba nguye owayehamba phambili ukukhuthaza iSilo uDingane ukuba sibulale amaBhunu ayeholwa uPiet Retief.

Nebala amaBhunu ayibulala induna uDambuza nanxa yabe iyisithunywa seSilo okwakungenziwa neze lokho kwaZulu. Indawo abambulalela kuyo yaqanjwa igama elisha kwathiwa kukwaDambuza. Ngale nkathi izwe lakwaZulu labuswa yiZilo zobukhosi ezimbili uDingane noMpande. ISiio uDingane kwathathwa ngokuthi sesibusa kuphela izwe elisenyakatho yoThukela. (Silo uMpande sona sathi sesilidlile lonke eliseningizimu noThukela. ISiio uMpande sabeka induna uMpangazitha owayezalwa yiNkosi lIPhakathi Mncwango ukuba aphathe impi yaso. Impi yeSilo uDingane yehllliwa kanzima ngamaBhllnll eNcome. Isilo uMpande sayihlomisa eyaso sathi ayiyobhekana neyeSilo lIDingane eMaqongqo. ISiio uMpande sehlula iSilo lIDingane empini yaseMaqongqo.

Kwathi lIkuba kubulawe induna uNdlela ngonya nesihluku esasesabeka, uMntwana uMaphitha nezikhulu zombuso wakwaZu lu bah lela uzungu lokuba iSilo uDingane sibulawe naso. Kwathi uma sesibulewe iSilo uDingane ngamabutho akwaNyawo kanye nawamaSwazi, amabutho kaZulu ayesecela uMntwana uMaphitha kaSojiyisa ukuba awahole ukuze akwazi ukuqhubeka alwe nempi yoMntwana uMpande.

UMntwana uMaphitha wathi angeze akwenza lokho ngoba iSilo uMpande nanxa sibekwe ngamaBhunu kodwa yisona esesisele ol ibeni IweNgonyama uSenzangakhona. Wayesethi impi kungakuhle ihambe iyokhonza eSilweni esesibekiwe. Wasethumela eNgonyameni uMpande e-yoyibikela ukuthi umfowabo iSilo uDingane ubulelwe ngamaSwazi. UMntwana uMaphitha wathi ubecela ukuthi noma bekuliwa kepha iSilo uMpande sibemukele abantu bakayise iSilo uSenzangakhona. INgonyama uMpande yethembisa ukuthi amabutho ayelwa ohlangothini IweSilo uDingane siyowemukela ngezandla ezimhlophe uma ebuya ezokhonza kUyo. Nebala impi yonke yaqoqwa wayeseyitshela uMnt~ana uMaphitha ukuthi kayihambe ibuyele kwaZulu iSilo uMpande sesiyilindele ukuyamukela embusweni waso omusha. Amabutho ayesekhukhula abuyela eSilweni uMpande.

- 145 - Kwathi ekufikeni kwamabutho eSilo uDin gane abaland eli beSi lo uMpande bawabiza ngokuthi angumdidi kaNdlela. IN gonyama uMpande ya kukhu za kakhulu lokho ithi kungashiwo kubantu bakaPhunga noMageba. ISiio uMpande sathumela izikhathi eziningi sicela uMntwana uMaphitha ukuba abuye azo hl ala naso. Ekugcineni uMntwana uMaphitha wakwemukela ukuthi iNgonyama uMpande ay isoze yamb ulala.

Wasehamba eyohlangana nayo. Kwathi ekufikeni kwakhe phambi kweSilo uMpande samemukela ngenkulu intokozo. Sathi kuye, "Mfowethu Maphitha, ngiyazi ukuthi un givikele kangakanani olakeni IweSilo uDingane. Ngakho anginawo amazwi enele engingakubonga ngawo. Ngikunikeza nazi izintombi zoMnd lunkulu weSilo uDingane. Futhi ngikuqembulela nazi izinkomo efeni leS il o uDingane ngikhombi sa ukubonga kwami. Mfowethu Maphitha ngiyazi ukuthi uMndlunkulu ngelinye il anga uyop hela, kanti nezinkomo nazo ziyophela, kepha ngikunika izintaba zezwe owawuzisikelwe yiN go nyama uShaka ukuba uqhubeke uzibu se."

Umntwana uMaphitha waqhubeka walib usa kanjalo izwe lakwaNdwandwe. Kwathi ukuhamba kwesikhathi iSilo uMpande sa mcela ukuba ak hele iNdlunkulu uN gqumbazi umu zi wakwaGqikazi. Amabutho ayeholwa uMntwana uMaphitha ayaziwa ngokuthi uGqikazi isibaya esikhulu. IN go nyama uMpande ya ngena esihlal weni sobukhosi ezinye izikhulu zezwe lakwaZulu zingenakho ukuyenamela. Kwathi ngendlela eyahlalisana ngayo ngokuthula nabantu bakayise yagcina isiyisil omo kubo. Yabusa imin yaka engamashumi amathathu nambili.

IN gonyama uMpande iyo na eyabutha amab uth o amaningi kunaMakhosi onke oHlanga. Amabutho anqunywa iSi lo uMpande yilawa: iNdabakawombe uMdlenevu iZingwegwe IziNgulube iziN kone uMkhuze uMziwengwenya uMzinyathi uNongamulana iSangqu uThulwanaiaMamboza iSibabule

- 146- iziNkonkoni iNdlondlol Ushisizwe uDlokol uGqikazil uDudlidu iQwa uMxhapho/uHlwayi uMlambongwenya iziPikili iNslikamngeni uBhewula iNdwali iShudu uNokhenke iNdluyengwe iKwentu iMvemnyama uKhandampemvlll uMcijo

Sewuveziwe ullliando weNkosi uMpande, sekuzoqhathani swa ukwethulwa komlando weN kosi uMpande.

4.5.2 OKUFANAYO EZIBONGWENI KANYE NASENOVELINI

• Ingxabano phakathi kweNkosi uMpande neNkosi uDingane

Esahlukweni sokuqala senoveli kllkhlllllnywa ngengxabano eyaba khona ngesikhathi iNkosi uDingane ithumela icela ukuba iNkosi lIMpande ithulllele iblltho lIHlolllendlini ukuba li yo kwelekela lapho iNkosi lIDin gane isihl asela amaSwazi. rNkosi uMpande yenqaba. INkosi uDingane yenza iSlI lokliclipha iNkosi lIMpande lIkll ze imblilale. Umthllmelela izithole okuzothi uma esezozibonga bese eblilawa. UNd lela kaSolllpisi uyayexwayisa iNkosi lIMpande. INkosi lIMpande yabe seyibalekela esillingwini nabantu bayo. Ezibongweni kllvela ngokuthi:

UMsilllude owavela nges illlba, Phakathi kwamaNgisi namaQadasi.

- 147 - Inkonyane edukel 'ezulwini, uNowelamuva wawoShaka Mdayi! Sabela kweliphesheya (Nyembezi , 1958 :63)

Uma kukhulunywa ngamaQadasi kushiwo amaBhun u. INkosi uMpande yawelela ngap hesheya koThukela. UNyembezi ( 1958) uthi abantll abawela neNkosi lIMpande babeyizi-17 000.

• Umhlangano phakathi kweNkosi uMpande namaBhunu

Esahlukweni sesibili kukhlliunywa ngomh langano owaba khona mhla ziyi -15 kuMasingana we-1839 owawuphakathi kweNkosi lIMpande namaBhunu embuza ngokubaleka kwakhe. Emva kokumpheka ngemibuzo eminingi efuna nezimfihlo zakwaZlIllI abe esemamukela. Ezibongweni kuvela lapho kuthiwa:

UMnguni wahlala phansi Wavum'izindaba ezilukhllni, Ezikhlliunywa kllbo kwaMalandela. (Nyembezi , 1958 :64)

• Impi yaseMaqongqo

Esahlllkweni sesithathu kukhlliunywa ngempi yaseMaqongqo eyayiphakathi kweNkosi uDingane neNkosi uMpande mhla zingama -29 kuNdasa we-I 840. Kule mpi iNkosi lIDingane yehlulwa khona. Ezibongweni kuvela lapho kuthiwa:

Izul 'elidume phezu kwaMaqongq 'omabili, Laduma lazithath ' izihlangu zoMbelebele, Lazithath ' izihlangu zeZinyos i, Lazithath ' izihlangll zoD lambed lu , Lazithath'izihlangu zikaNondayana, Lazithath'izihlangu zoMgumanq a (Nyembezi , 1958:73) - 148 - Lapha kubalwa amabutho eNkosi uDin gane aphelela eMaqongqo. Kuso les i sahluko kuvezwa nokuthi kwafa iqhawe elikhllill likaD in gane uNozishada kaMaqhoboza kuthiwa ezibongwe ni .

Wamudl'uNozishada ezalwa uMaqhoboza. (Nyembezi, 1958:77)

• Ukubulawa kwamanxusa eNkosi uDingane

Esahlukweni sesithathu senove li kukhulunywa ngesehlo esi ngazange senzeke eml and weni sokubulawa kwamanxusa ayethun ywe yiNkosi uDingane ukllba ayotshela amaBhunu ukuthi uzimi sele ukuhlawul a ngezinkomo. Lawo manxlIsa kwabe kunguDambuza noS ikhombaza na kuthiwa yiNkos i uMpande eyabhebhezela ukuba babulawe.

Lesi sigameko ezibongweni sivela ngokllthi:

Usongo Iwensimbi yakond ikidi , Elidl ' uDambli za benoSikhombazana (Nyembezi, 1958 :74)

• Ukubulawa koMntwana uGqugqu

Esahlukweni ses ihlanu senoveli kukhullinywa ngokllbulawa komnewabo weNkosi uMpande uGqu gq u okun gll yena kuphela owayesesele emadodaneni eNkosi lI Senzangakhona. Wabulawa ngo ba kuthiwa um a ethimliia abantu babethi "thuthllka Mageba: iNkos i lIMpand e yabe seyesabela ukllthi uzoyibulala. UMasiphu la kuthiwa lIyena owah loh la iNko si uMpande lIkllba ibulale uGqll gq ll .

UNyembezi (1958:70) uku veza ngokuthi lIGqugqu wayesenza uzungu lokubulala iNkosi uMpande yi ngakho nj e ezibongweni kuthiwa:

Us ima yedwa nj engelanga, Lona limi lodwa ezul wini , Ngeqanda elilodwa, - 149- N gelakoka N gotsha. Ntonga yethusi , Eyasala kweziny' izinduku. (Nyembezi , 1958:68)

4.5.3 OKUTHOLAKALA ENOVELINI KUPHELA

Kusenovelini kuphela esahlukweni sokuqala lapho kuchazwa khona igama leNkosi uMpande ukuthi ukwethiwa kwakhe lona kwakusho ukuthi nguye oyozala andise umuzi weNkosi uSenzangakhona, nguye oyoba yimpande yesizwe sakwaZulu.

Esahlukweni sokuqala senoveli yilapho sichazelwa kabanzi ngesllTlO seN kosi uMpande. UDhlomo (19:21) uthi yathi iNkosi uMpande isifike entangeni yazimuka kakhulu, yaba yimbube nje. Ebusweni imnyama bhuqe.

Kusenovelini kuphela esahlukweni sokuqala lapho kuphathwa khona umama weNkosi uMpande okuthiwa uNgotsha wakwaHlabisa.

Enovelini kuvezwa isenzo esihle seNkosi lIMpande eyasenza emva kokllba isithe amaBhllnll awabulale uDambuza noSikhombazane okwakungamanxuxa ayethunywe yiNkosi uDingane. INkosi uMpande yondla abantwana bakaDambuza, nabakaNdlela uGodide noMavumengwane kanye nabanye. Lokhu kutholakala esahlukweni sesithathll.

Kusenovelini kuphela esahlukweni sesithathu lapho kuvezwa khona ukubekwa kweNkosi uMpande mhla lullinye kliMbasa, lIkllba ibe yinkosi yalabo bantu eyayiqembllke nabo. Klize kuvezwe nokuthi amaBhunu amnikeza imithetho ellliningi okwakulllele abuse ngaphansi kwayo. Omunye wawo kwakungowokuthi an gabulali Illuntu. INkosi uMpande yaze yadonswa ngendlebe nangodaba Iwendlalifa lapho athi alllaBhunu oyobusa elllva kwakhe uyokhethwa ngemvullle yabantu kllvume wona alllaBhllnu. Wabizwa ngokllthi "Yinkosana ebusayo lIZulu oqelllbukile."

- 150 - Kuso isahluko sesithathu kuvezwa ubuqili bamaBhunu lapho eseqhwaga izwe eNkosini uMpande ngoba ethi kumele akhokhe isikweletu sokulekelelwa empini yaseMaqongqo elekelelwa yiwo. Lokhu kwakungamallga aluhlaza ewe ukuthi amaBhunu ayelekelele empini yaseMaqollgqo, uZulu wayezilwela yedwa.

Kusenovelini kuphela esahlukwelli sesll1e lapho kuvezwa ukuthi emva kokukhothama kweNkosi uDingalle bonke abantu ababellgabalalldeli bakhe base bebizwa kuthiwa "Ngomdidi kaNdlela" kuthiwa iNkosi uMpallde yabaphatha kahle laba bantu ngoba uNdlela wayeyisindise kanillgi ekufeni.

Kusenovelini kuphela lapho kukhulunywa khona Ilgesigodlo seNkosi uDillgane eMpheqaneni. Lokhu kusesahlukweni sesille. Nezinye izigodlo kuyakhulunywa ngazo IljellgakwaMahambehlala, eSiklebheni kallye nakuLallgazalla.

Esahlukwelli sesihlanu kukhulullywa IlgoMawa ullillakazi weNkosi uMpande owawela way a esiLullgwilli eNatali emva kokufa kukaGqugqu. Ballillgi abantu abawela belandela uMawa. Kulesi sahluko kukhulunywa ngoMnu Cloete owaloba ebika eNgilandi ukuthi uMpande uyinkosi embi ebulala abantu. Kwaze kwabaleka noMfulldisi uGrant, noMfundisi u-Adams owayethi uzoqhuba ukholo wenqatshelwa yinkosi uMpande. Kuvezwa ukuthi iNkosi uMpande yabaphatha kahle labo ababethengisela abantu bayo.

Esahlukweni sesithupha kuvezwa ukuthi Isaga esithi "Sobohla Manyosi" sasuswa lapho uManyosi ehlubuka eNkosini uDingane lapho ayesutha khona eya eNkosini uMpande. Kuthiwa uManyosi wayeyisikhulu kwaZulu kusabusa iNkosi uDingane. Kuthiwa wayeyindoda eyayidla kakhulu, ISlyaze yaba nesisu esikhulu. Wayenethezekile kangangokuba akukho noyedwa owayengaeaballga ukuthi uMallyosi angahlubuka eNkosini uDingane. Yikho lokho okwabanga ukuthi uma esehlubuka eseya eNkosini uMpande bese kuthiwa "Sobohla Mallyosi" bebhillqa isisu sakhe esikhulu bethi njengoba eseshiya umbuso weNkosi uDingane eselandela iNkosi uMpande sizoneipha leso sisu esikhulu.

- 151 - Esahlukweni sesikhombisa kuthiwa iNkosi uMpande yaqhatha aBantwana bayo uCetshwayo noMbuyazwe ifuna balwe baqedane lIkuze kusale uMkhungo bese ebusa. Kusesahlukweni sesikhombisa lapho kllkhulunywa ngondlllnkulll beNkosi lIMpande uMonase wakwaMntungwa amsiselwa yiNkosi uShaka esekhulelwe owafike wazala uMbuyazi, uNgqumbazi wakwaZlIngu amlotsholelwa yiNkosi uShaka owazala uCetshwayo naye ezalwa inkosi, bese kuba uNomatshali wakwaNtllli unina kaMthonga.

Kusesahlukweni sesikhombisa lapho kukhlliun ywa ngob uxoki beNkosi uMpande lapho itshela khona amaBhunll ukuthi ozoba yi kosi lICetshwayo. Ekhaya ibatshela ukuthi uMbuyazi khona lapho ibuye iveze igama likaMthonga nakuba yayihleba ngoba wayezalwa yintandokazi lINomatshali. UZlIlu wayefllna kube uCetshwayo ngoba ezalwa yinkosikazi eyalotsholwa yiNkosi lIShaka ngezinkomo.

Esahlukweni sesikhombisa kuvela amabutho ayelwa: ElikaMbllyazi iziGqoza nelikaCetshwayo lISuthu mhla zi-02 kuNgcela ngonyaka we-1856. Kuso lesi sahluko kukhulunywa ngokuphelelwa yisithunzi kweNkosi uMpande lapho izinto sezibuzwa kuCetshwayo yena esaphila.

Ukufa kwaBantwana eNdondakusuka bebulawa uCetshwayo. INkosi uCetshwayo ithola isiqalekiso kllyise iNkosi lIMpande, kusesahlukweni sesikhombisa.

Esahlukweni sesishiyagalombili kukhulunywa ngoNomatshali owabulawa ngoba ethandwa yiNkosi uMpande sekuthiwa uyathakatha. INkosi uCetshwayo yathuma amabutho ukuba ayombulala emzini wakhe eMdumezulu. Awamficanga, wayesebaleka waya kwaNodwengu. Ambulala phambi kweNkosi uMpande.

Esahlukweni sesishiyagalolunye kukhulllnywa ngokomisa kwezulu kwaZulll. Inyanga uMbethe Ngcobo wazama ukulinisa esebenzisa imithi yakhe nenyamazane iqhina. Lutho ukuna izulu. Wagcina esebhuqwa ngalokho, wasabela impilo yakhe wabaleka, wabaleka nabantu abaningi. Kuso lesi sahluko kukhulunywa ngokushaywa komthemtho wesibalo

- 152- ngonyaka we-1858. Wawuthi wonke umuntu ongena esiLlI ngwi ni kllmele asebenze ngaphansi komlungll iminyaka emithathll ngaphambi kokuba akhlllllieke.

Esahlukweni seshumi kukhlliunywa ngendawo eyakhonjwa yiNkosi lIMpande eyabizwa ngokuthi yizwe labathakathi lapho bonke ababenukwa yizanllsi zibanllkela into engekho babethllnyelwa khona lIkuze baphephe. INkosi uMpande waphungula izanusi eziningi ngokuzicindezela ukuba zibuthwe uku ze ziyo lwa izimpi.

Esahlukweni seshumi nanye kukhulllnywa ngoSobantu ehalllbeia uMpande, lolu hambo lukaSobantu wayehamba nezinsizwa ezintathu ayezifundi sa ekllkhanyeni. Baqala babona iNkosi uCetshwayo base bedlulela kwaNodwengu, uSobantll wayezocela ukuthi kuvunyelwe abefundisi bangene kwaZlIlu.

Esahlukweni seshullli nambili kukhulllnywa ngoNyambose okwabe kuliqhawe futhi iNkosi uMpande imthanda kakhuill . Abantu bathi uN yambose ukhuluma kabi ngesigodlo. Inkosi yenza ubulima yathi akabaleke aye eSi lungwini , wenqaba, walinda impi ukuba ifike imbulale nebala kwenzeka kanjalo-ke.

Esahlukweni seshumi nantathu uSomtsewu wafika kwaZulu ezokhalela iNkosi uMpande ngabantwana bayo abaphela eNdodakusuka. USomtsewu wayezocelela abantwana bakaMpande ukudla, wacishe wabulawa yiNkosi uCetshwayo ngoba icas ulwe ukuthi wayeye eNkosini uMpande.

Esahlukweni seshumi nane kukhulunywa ngamabutho eNkosi uMpande ayemaningi, kuvela nokuthi inkosi yabe inesandla esilukhuni ngoba amabutho uma eyolwa yay ingawanikezi ukudla njengoba kwakwenza iNkosi lIShaka futhi yayi ngawaklomelisi uma ehlabanile empini.

UMasiphula uye owayehlohla inkosi ezenzweni ezimbi eyayizenza. Ukllblilawa kwesikhulu esathi sihlaba imvlI yakhalisa okwelllbuzi kwathiwa ulllhioia masiblilawe. Kulesi sahluko seshumi nanhlanu umkhosi wokweshwallla lIyachazwa.

- 153 - Esahlukweni seshumi nesithupha kukhulunywa ngoMatshana owabaleka esilungwini wabalekela kwaZulu ngoba ebulele abathakathi ababegcwele ezweni lakhe. Uhulumeni wahluleka ukumbopha esebalekile.

Esahlukweni seshumi nesishiyagalombili kukhulunywa ngokwehlulwa kukaMbuyazi ehlulwa uCetshwayo ngoba ayeguqe phezu kwesihlangu sikaMbuyazi eyalelwe yinyanga uManembe.

Esahlukweni seshumi nesishiyagalolunye kukhulunywa ngoNosimilo iqhawekazi , indodakazi yomnunzane othile kwaZulu owanqaba ukuganisela isikhulu amadodakazi akhe amabili mahhala ngoba wayesesebenzela iNkosi uMpande wathi akawathathe. UNosimilo weqa yena wabaleka elibangise esilungwini. Wafika uNosimilo watholana nesoka lakhe elidala uNkomeni. UDhlomo uyasikhipha nje kancane eNkosini uMpande usexoxa ngoNosimilo. Wahamba uNosimilo wayoziganisa kubo kaNkomeni waze walotsholwa. Kukhombisa isibindi Ie ntombazane eyayinaso.

Esahlukweni samashumi amabili kukhulunywa ngokukhothama kweNkosi uMpande lapho kuthiwa yakhothama ngonyaka we-I 872. INkosi uCetshwayo yayingekho ngesikhathi kutshalwa iNkosi uMpande.

4.5.4 OKUTHOLAKALA EZIBONGWENI KUPHELA

Ezibongweni zeNkosi uMpande kokhona lapho kuthiwa:

Abakithi ngibasolile, Inkosi yakith 'abayitshelang' izibuko, Bayiweze ngelezimvubu nelezingwenya. (Nyembezi, 1958:65)

Lokhu akutholakali enovelini. Lapha kukhulunywa ngesikhathi iNkosi uMpande ibaleka nabantu bayo iya ngaphesheya koThukela. Kuvezwa ukuthi babehamba ngokubaleka bangathatha indlela engumendo, kuze kuthiwe ngokungayazi indlela babehambe bebuza:

- 154- Wabuz'iMpofana neNdaka, Wathi'lIMzinyathi Ngiyakuwllbllza phambili (Nyembezi , 1958:64)

Ziningi izigameko ezivezwayo zeNkosi uMpande nabantll bakhe ngesikhathi bebaleka beya eSilungwini ezingekho enovelini. Uma kuthiwa:

Usibasandleleni zabamukayo nabahleliyo, Bathi'abahleliyo Ikhona bezosala besokh ' umlilo (Nyembezi, 1958:67)

Kuthiwa iN kosi uMpande nabantll bayo babehamba babuye bame, kubaswe kudliwe.

Ezibongweni kuze kuchazwe nokllthi izindlll zabo bazakha ngendlela engajwayelekile lapho kllthiwa: Wakh ' izindlu ngezinzala zotshani , Wakha amagllma ngomsingizane. (Nyembezi , 1958:64)

Ezibongweni kuphawlliwa ngesigameko lapho iNkosi uMpande ihlasela amaSwazi. Kuthiwa amaSwazi afihla izinkomo emihhumeni nawo ayesecasha khona el11ihhul11eni. Impi yeNkosi uMpande yehluleka yahamba kanti iNkosi uMpande izobuye ithumele iblltho uBulawayo ukuba ayolanda izinkomo. Nebala bazithola sezikhishiwe emhhllmeni. Lesi sigameko sivela kanye ezibongweni:

Inhlehlanyovane kaNdaba, Ihlehlele futhi ngoBlIlawayo, Ihlehlel ' izinkol11o zamaSwazi . (Nyembezi, 1958:65)

Ezibongweni zeNkosi uMpande kukhulunywa ngokuhlaselwa kwabeSuthll okungekho enovelini. Kuthiwa iNkosi lIMpande yathi ihlasela amaSwazi okokuqala yangathola lutho.

- 155 - Yabe seyedlulela kubaPedi inkosi yabo okwakuwuSikwata ezalwa uThulwane. Kuthiwa nakhona kubaPedi akatholanga lutho. Lokhu ezibongweni kuvela kanje:

Wamudl'uMtshikila kubeSuthu bakwaPhahlaphahla, Othukuthele wawel'uBhalllle ngemvula yezinyembezi, Way'enqabeni kaSikwata kllbeSuthu. (Nyembezi, 1958:76)

Ezibongweni kllbllye kuvezwe isigameko esididayo lapho kuvela khona ukllthi liNd lela wayenonya, ngoba sazi ukuth i uNdlela wakwaNtllli uyena owamela iNkosi uMpande kwaze kwaba sekugcineni. Lokhll sikuthola lapho kuthiwa:

Umdayi ubalekela unya IwakwaNtuli , Nolwakwa Ntombela, Babulal'umuzi kaNdaba, Bathi bawunikiwe, Bawunikwe uPhunga, Bawunikwe uMageba (Nyembezi , 1958:78)

Kuyezwakala okllkaNtombela ngoba yena wayethembekile eNkosini lIDingane, akakaze avikele iNkosi uMpande.

Ezibongweni kukhulunywa ngempi eyayiyohlasela eNyakatho eSwazini yabuya namantombazane amabili ayethunyiwe ayefana nondiunklliu weNkosi uMpande, uNomampo noNoziqubll. KlIvela kanje:

Weza nezibhaxa zizibili, Esinye sengathi singuNomampo, Esinye sengathi singllNoziqubll. (Nyembezi, 1958:79)

Kukhulunywa ngamaSwazi anele athunjwa ayesethatha amasiko amaZulu. Kuthiwa amaSwaz' akhawul'ukumfllng'uSomhlola,

- 156- Ayihulul'imfibinga Ngaphakathi kwaNodwengu. (Nyel11bezi , 1958:79)

Uma kukhulunywa ngoSomhlola kushiwo iNkosi yal11aSwazi kanti il11ftbinga ubuhlalu obabuthandwa kakhulu yiNkosi uMpande. Kusezibongweni kuphela lapho kukhulunywa khona ngoTokotoko noMaphitha okwakungal11adodana kaSojiyisa ul11newabo weNkosi uSenzangakhona. Kuthiwa:

Gijimani ngazo zonke izindlela, Niyobikel ' uMaphitha noTokotoko, Nith'il11pi kayibizwa yithi, Nith ' ibizwa nguMadela, Ngowakithi kwaMadela. (N yel11bezi, 1958:80)

Kusezibongweni lapho kuchazwa khona lIkuthi ukllftka kwal11aBhunu , kwaletha nezinqola. Kuze kuchazwe nokuthi ngisho nayo iNkosi uMpande yayithwalwa ngenqola ngenxa yokuzimuka kwayo. Kuvela kuthiwa:

Umgwaqo wezinqola, Ul11ashishiliza, Umunt' emu landela, Angaz'aftke kwaHlathikhulu. (N yel11bezi , 1958:80)

KwaHlathikhulu kushiwo eSwazini.

Kusezibongweni kuphela lapho kllvezwa khona ukuthi ukuftka kwamaBhunu kwaveza nokuphawulwa kwezinkomo ngokuthi zilotshwe. Lokhu kulotshwa kwezinkomo inkosi uMpande yayingakuthandi. Kuvela kuthiwa:

UMpande kazithand'izinkol11O Ezilotshiwe ngencwadi ,

- 157 - Ngob'izinkomo ezinencwadi ezamaBhunu (Nyembezi , 1958:80)

Kusezibongweni kuphe1a lapho kuvezwe inkolelo yokuthi amakhosi akwaZlIlu ayekwazi ukuni sa im vula. Kwakuthi lapho lomi si le inkosi ithathe izinkabi ezimn yama iyoce la im vul a kuNkosinkulu. Ngesikhathi seN kosi uMpande izimvula zazifika kahle. Kuvela kanj e:

Wabhoboz'umthombo wemv lll a, Imvula sasingesakwaz' ukll yibona Kithi kwaMalandela. (Nyembezi , 1958:81)

Ezibongweni kugqanyiswa kakhlliu izikhathi zokufika kwabeillngll ukuthi kwasekuphuzwa ogologo. Akuchaziwe enovelini lokhu . Sizwa kllthiwa:

Utshwala bukago lo go, Babungaphllzwa muntu kwaMalandela, Babuphuzwa yimihlambi yezi nyamazane. (Nyembezi, 1958:8 1)

Akukho enovelini lapho kukhlliun ywa ngesenzo seNkosi uMpande lap ho kwakuthiwa yay ithi uma ihamba phakathi kwendawo ithathe izinkomo kubamnuzane, umn yatheli so. Ezibongweni kuvela kuthiwe:

Imamb'ebamb' izinhla, YenYll s' iVuna, lmihlambi yamaduna yagugud eka, Ku gugud ek'ezawoMaphitha, Kwagu gudek'ezawo Tokotoko, Owad1'izinkomo zawoPhalane zonkana, EzoMbelebele zamuka nomoya. (Nyembezi, 1958:8 1)

- 158 - Kunesigameko esididayo esibalulwa ezibongweni kuphela okungaqondakali ukuthi zikhuluma ngayiphi impi ngoba eyaseMaqongqo yalwa ngoMasingana. Ezibongweni kuthiwa Ie mpi yalwa phakathi kukaNhlaba noNhlangulana. Kuvela ngokuthi:

Wathukuthela phakathi kwezinyang'ezimbili, Phakathi kukaNhlangula noNhlangulana, Wayophuma phakathi kweDlinza neShowe, Iziqu zemithi zabheka phezulu, Waphuma phakathi kukaMpewela noMaqhwakazi , Iziqu zemithi zabheka phezulu. (Nyembezi , 1958:64)

Sekuqhathanisiwe ukwethulwa komlando weN kosi uMpande. Kuqale kwabhekwa umlando weNkosi uMpande, kwabe sekubhekwa lokho okufanayo ezibongweni kanye nasenovelini, kube sekubhekwa lokho okutholakala enovelini kuphela kanye nalokho okutholakala ezibongweni kuphela. Sekuzoqhathaniswa ukwethulwa komlando weNkosi uCetshwayo.

4.6 INKOSI UCETSHWAYO

Umlando weNkosi uCetshwayo uzokwethulwa ngokulandela izihlokwana ezilandelayo: ukukhula kwayo; umbango wobukhosi; umbuso wayo; ukungahloniphi kwebutho leNgcugce; Impi yamaNgisi namaZulu; impi yaseRorke's Drift; ukuqedwa koLundi; ukuboshwa kwenkosi uCetshwayo; inkosi ihlangana neNdlovukazi yamaNgisi; ukubuya kweNkosi kwaZulli kanye nokllkhothama kweNkosi uCetshwayo.

Ukuze ucwaningo lulandeleke kahle kuzoqale kuvezwe 1I1111ando ngeNkosi uCetshwayo, okushiwo ababhali abehlukene ngeNkosi uCetshwayo bese kubhekwa okufanayo enovelini yom lando weNkosi uCetshwayo kanye nezibongo zayo iNkosi uCetshwayo. Kuzobe sekubhekwa okutholakala enovelini kuphela kanye nalokho okutholakala ezibongweni kuphela. Ekugcineni kuzobe sekuphawulwa ngokuthi yimuphi umehluko okhona phakathi kwenoveli ebhalwe uR.R.R. Dhlomo (1936) ngeNkosi uCetshwayo kanye nezibongo zeNkosi uCetshwayo njengoba ziqoqwe lINyembezi (1958). - 159 - 4.6.1 UMLANDO WENKOSI UCETSHW AYO

4.6.1.1 UKUKHULA KW A YO INKOSI UCETSHW A YO

UCele (1997:33) uthi ngesikhathi sokubusa kweNkosi uShaka, iNkosi uMpande okungomunye wabafowabo beN kosi uShaka wayalelwa yiNkosi uShaka ukuba aganwe yinoma ngamangaki amakhosikazi. Undlunkulu omdala weNkosi uMpande uNgqumbazi , iNkosi uMpande yamlotsholelwa yiNkosi lIShaka ngoba ibonga ukuba yinduna yebutho lakhe. UNdlunkulu uNgqumbazi wayeyindodakazi kaMbonde kaTshana wakwaZlIngu. Indodana endala yakhe kwabe kunguCetshwayo. Kukholakala ukuthi wazalwa ngemllva kokufa kweNkosi uShaka ngonyaka we-1828, kodwa-ke imibono iyehluka ngokuyilona lona suku azalwa ngalo. UCetshwayo wakhulela emzini kayise eMlambongwenya. Ngenkathi iNkosi uMpande ibalekela iNkosi uDingane iya eMgungundlovu iyocela usizo emaBhunwini wethula iNkosi uCetshwayo emaBhunwini njengendodana kandlunkulu wakhe omdala futhi njengendlalifa. Ukuze amaBhunu angamdidi nabanye abantwana benkosi abaningi, ambeka uphawu ngokusika indlebe yakhe.

Kwavele kwabonakala nJe ngesikhathi lICetshwayo ekhula ukuthi ngempela simfanele isikhundla sobukhosi. Ngesikhathi sempi yaseNcome ngo-1838 iNkosi lICetshwayo yayisencane ukuthi ingalwa kepha yona yayiwudibi lukayise. UCele (1997:34) uthi ngonyaka we-18S3 iNkosi uMpande yaya kohlasela amaSwazi , ngaleso sikhathi iNkosi uCetshwayo yayiseyibhungu futhi isebuthweni aMamboza. Yaveza ubuh lakani bayo ekulweni kanye nasekubeni umholi. Kwabonakala kakhulu ubuqhawe beNkosi uCetshwayo.

4.6.1.2 UMBANGO WOBUKHOSI

UCele (1997:33) uthi uNdlunkulu wesibili weNkosi uMpande uMonase wayengomunye wondlunkulu beNkosi uShaka. Abanye bathi wayesevele ekhulelwe ngenkathi egana iNkosi uMpande. Wathola uMbuyazi , owayelingana neNkosi uCetshwayo kepha yena ezalwa ngasekhohlo. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kwaqala uklldideka eNkosini uMpande ukuthi uyena bani oyothatha lIbukhosi emva kwayo. Kepha inkosi yabe isibonakala lIkllthi yayisididwe

- 160- undlunkulu uMonase ngoba efun ela indodana yakhe uMbuyazi. Kuthiwa iN kosi uMpande, undlunkulu uMonase yabe il11th and a ngaphezu kwabo bonke ondlunkulu. Lokhu yikho okwenza inkosi igcine isibona uCetshwayo nj engol11u ntu odelelayo futhi ongenanhlonipho ngakho-ke okungal11fanele ukuba abe yinkosi.

Ul11ban go phakathi kukaCetshwayo noMbuyazi wahlukani sa phakathi ISlzwe sal11aZulu . Kwaba khona al11aqel11bu al11abili iZigqoza okwabe kungezeNkosi uMpande kan ye noMbuyazi kanye noSuthu okwabe lu ngo lukaCetshwayo. Inkosi uMpande yaxosha uCetshwayo esigodlweni sakwaNodwengu ngoba ethi ul11 ehli sa ukudul11a ayesenakho. Kwenzeka indida ngo ba el11zini wayo ol11 usha oNdi ni uCetshwayo wad ul11a nakakhulu.

US uthu ibutho leNkosi uCetshwayo landa led lul a elikaMbuyazi iZigqoza. INkosi uMpande yawaqhatha kaninginingi al11adodana ayo uMbu yazi noCetshwayo ngoba ifuna aphul11elele uMbu yazi. Il11pi yaba khona phakathi kwala l11adodana eNdondakusuka lapho uCetshwayo ehlula khona uMbu yazi.

Nakuba uCetshwayo ehlula uMbu yazi kepha waq hubeka nokun gal11ukeleki eNkosini uMpande njengendlalifa. INkosi uMpand e yaqala yakhonza uMthonga owayezalwa undlunkulu wakhe ol11ncane uNol11 atshali. UCetshwayo wanele wakuzwa lokho wabe esethul11 ela uBhejane kaNol11ageja ukuba ayoh lasela isigodlo saseMd ul11 ezulu sikaNdlunkulu uNol11atshali . Kwafa uNdlunkulu uNol11atshali nendodana yakhe uMpoy isana ikhona iNkosi uMpand e. UMthonga noM gidlana baphul11elela ukubaleka.

Ngonyaka we-1867 iNkosi uMpande yavul11ela aMal11boza okwabe kuyibutho leNkosi uCetshwayo ukuba aganwe. Indodana yokuqala yeNkosi uCetshwayo yazalwa ngo nyaka we- 1868 eyithola kuNol11vil11bi wakwaMsweli owayekade engokaMbuyaz i. Wabe esethathwa yiNkosi uCetshwayo il11letha esigodlweni sayo eMangweni .

- 161 - 4.6.1.3 UMBUSO WENKOSI UCETSHW A YO

UCele (1997:35) uthi ukunqoba koMntwana uCetshwayo eNdondakusuka nokubulawa kukaNomatshali kwenza kwacaca ukuthi akekho owayengavimba uMntwana uCetshwayo ukuba alandele uyise ekuthatheni ubukhosi. Ngon yaka we-1868 uTheophilus Shepstone waftka eNkosini uMpande ezobona indlalifa, em va kwalokho amaBhunu abe esethatha indawo eseNingizimu yakwaZulu. UMntwana uCetshwayo wabona ukuthi amaBhunu anomona ngomhlaba wakubo, wafunga wagomela wathi ngeke lokho kwenzeke uma sekubusa yena.

Emva kokukhothama kweNkosi uMpande ngon yaka we-1872, uShepstone wabe esegcoba uMntwana uCetshwayo njengeNkosi yamaZulu ngonyaka we-1873. Wabe eseshaya eyakhe imithetho ezobusa Ie nkosi ebekwayo. ULaband (1995: 177) uthi omunye wale mithetho ukuthi ukuchitheka kwegazi makuphele, akukho muntu okumele ahlulelwe lingaqulwanga icala lakhe futhi lingadluliselwanga enkosini. Akukho muntu okumele abulawe inkosi ingazi futhi ingavumanga kanye nokuthi emacaleni amancane enziwa abantu akumele babulawe kepha bajeziswe. Kwakushiwo ukuthi uma iNkosi uCetshwayo ihlulwa ukuthobela Ie mithetho iNgilandi yayiyobona ukuthi yenzenjani ngaye. Le nkulumo kaShepstone yayehlisa iNkosi uCetshwayo isithunzi (umuntu eyayingamethembi). Lokhu kwakusho ukugxambukela kwamaBhunu embusweni wamaZulu, kodwa iNkosi uMpande nje owaqala waya kuwona ebalekela ulaka IweNkosi uDingane.

Ngonyaka we-1875 amaBhunu akha umngcele owenza athatha indawo eningi yaseZungeni enyakatho yomfula uPhongolo. Le ndawo yabe ibuswa amakhosi esizwe samaZulu kusukela . ngesikhathi sokubusa kweNkosi uShaka. Lesi senzo samaBhunu sayicasula kakhulu iNkosi uCetshwayo. fNkosi uCetshwayo yabe isibonakala njengenkosi engabahloniphi abamhlophe.

4.6.1.4 UKUNGAHLONIPHI KWEBUTHO LENGCUGCE

lsiko lokubuthwa elaqalwa yiNkosi uNdaba neNkosi uCetshwayo yalilandela. Kwabuthwa amabutho abesilisa kanye nawabesifazane. Imi sebenzi yayehlukana ngokobulili. Amabutho - 162- abesilisa ayethathwa njengamasosha avikela inkosi kanye nesizwe. Babelwa izimpi zesizwe kuthi labo abahlabene baphiwe izinkomo yinkosi. Amabutho abesifazane wona ayenza imisebenzi eyahlukene ezigodlweni zenkosi. Babelekelela ondlunkulu kuyo yonke imisebenzi yasesigodlweni. Lokhu kwakungekona ukwenziwa kwabantu izigqila. Amabutho ayebuthwa ngokweminyaka. Imishado yay ibhekwa ngokucophelela ngoba abantu abash a babethathwa njengekusasa lesizwe elidinga ukunakekelwa.

Umshado wawuthathwa njengenkokhelo kulabo abebehambe kahle phambi kwenkosi isikhathi eside. Inkosi yayikhethe amabutho abesifazane ukuze abesilisa bakhethe kuwona. Kwakuvamile ukuba intombazane encane ishade nendoda endala cishe eyishiya ngeminyaka engamashumi amathathu. La mabutho ayenabaholi bawo, abesifazane abangaholi babenamasoka abo, ngakho-ke umsebenzi wabo kwakuwukubheka ukuthi uthando luqhutshwa ngendlela yini kulabo ababaholayo. Ucansi Iwalungavumelekile kulabo abangashadile.

Ngonyaka we-1875 iNkosi uCetshwayo yanikeza ibutho iNdlondlo noDloko ilungelo lokuba lizikhethele omakoti ebuthweni iNgcu gce. ULaband (1995: 176) uthi , amalungu ebutho iNgcugce ayezalwe phakathi konyaka we-1850 nowe-1853. Lokhu kwakwenza abe mancane kakhulu kunamadoda okwakumele awagane wona ayezalwe ngonyaka we-1837. Izintombi zeNgcugce zenqaba ukugana iNdlondlo zasho zathi "Ucu Alulingani". INkosi uCetshwayo yakubona lokho njengokuyidelela okukhulu. INkosi uCetshwayo yabe seyithumela ukuba zonke lezi zintombi ezeye izwi layo kan ye nabazwelana nazo babulawe. Isenzo seN kosi uCetshwayo samcasula kakhulu uTheophilus Shepstone lokhu kwagcwalisela ngempela ukuthi iN kosi uCetshwayo inesihluku futhi ayinabo ubuntu ngakho-ke ubuholi bayo kumele buhlale buqashiwe. UDhlomo (1952:25) uthi lokhu kubulawa kwamantombazane kwenziwa abamhlophe kwaba yihaba ngoba kwabulawa ayi-12 kuphela.

NgokwamaNgisi ukugcotshwa kweNkosi uCetshwayo nguShepstone kwakungasho ukuthi kwamukelwa ubukhosi bakwaZulu. Kunesehlakalo esinye esagqamisa isihluku seNkosi uCetshwayo. Lokhu kwenzeka emzini kaSihayo sekuzophela unyaka we-I 878. USihayo wayewushifu wesizwe sakwaNgobese eNquthu. Wayengomunye wezinduna zenkosi futhi - 163 - esebuthweni elilodwa neNkosi lICetshwayo, aMamboza. Amakhosikazi amabili kaSihayo abanjwa amadodana kaSihayo uMehlokazulu noMkhumbikazulu bephinga namadoda aseNatali. Labo mama bazama ukubaleka baye eNatali kodwa la madodana kanye nomfowabo kaSihayo babadubllia bafa okwaba lIkwephula lImthetho wamaNgisi. Illkosi uCetshwayo yacelwa ukuba ilethe laba bablliali bazoqula icala eNatali kepha inkosi yancama ukubakhokhela inhlawulo yezinkomo ezingama-50. Inkosi ayicabanganga ukuthi lokhu kungayibangela amazinyo abushelelezi Ilakakhulu.

4.6.1.5 IMPI YASESANDLWANA

Ukubulawa kwamakhosikazi kaSihayo eNatali kallye nokwenqaba kweNkosi uCetshwayo ukuletha izigilamkhllba zizoqula icala kwallikeza uHlIlumelli wamaNgisi ithuba owawukade ulilindele. AmaNgisi ayefuna ukuthola amaphutha enziwa yiNkosi lICetshwayo ukuze kube lula ukuba bathathe iNatali ngenxa yokllngaphathi kahle kweNkosi uCetshwayo. NgoZibandlela we-1878 uHulumeni waseNatali wathllmela lInqamlajuqll owawunemibandela ethile okwathiwa uma iNkosi uCetshwayo ingakulandeli lokho kuyosho ukuthi isifuna impi. UHulumeni wathi ufuna izinkomo ezingama-600 Ilgokuchithwa kwegazi eNatali kanye nokuthi ababulali bamakhosikazi kaSihayo balethwe kuzoqulwa icala labo eNatali. INgilandi yabuye yathi akuqedwe amabutho futhi inkosi iyeke lIkubulala abantu bengenze lutho. INkosi uCetshwayo yabuye yacelwa ukuba iyeke ukuphatha kabi abefundisi abamhlophe ezweni layo.

Kwaba khona ukungaboni ngaso linye phakathi kweNkosi uCetshwayo kanye namaNgisi. NakwaZulu kwaba khona okukhulu ukuphikisana ngalolu daba. Ezinye izinduna zeN kosi uCetshwayo zazithi awahanjiswe amadodana kaSihayo, kepha kwathi udaba selucutshungulwa kahle kwathiwa mawangahanji swa. UHhamu kaNzibe wathi akabulawe uSihayo. Wakubeka kwacaca ukuthi ngeke aze alwe elekelela iNkosi uCetshwayo uma ilwa namaNgisi. UHhalllu ngllye yedwa owasebukhosini owayehalllbisana nalllaNgisi. Mhla zingallla-22 kuMasingana we-1879 kwalwa impi yamaZulu nalllaNgisi eSandlwana lapho alllaNgisi ehlulwa khona.

- 164 - 4.6.1.6 IMPI YASERORKE'S DRIFT NEMIPHUMELA YAKHONA

Ngesikhathi amaNgisi eyolwa eSandlwana noZulu aman ye ayesele eRorke's Drift evikele izinqaba zawo. Kwathi ngokufika kom yalezo wokuthi amaNgisi asehluliwe eSandlwana kanti futhi amaZulu ayeza, kwaba nokuthukuthela okukhulu emaNgisini. Amabutho amaZulu ayeza kwabe kungamaMboza, iNdlondlo, iNdluyengwe kanye noDloko. La mabutho wona ayengalwanga eSandlwana. Umholi wabo kwabe kunguMntwana uDabulamanzi. UZulu wanqotshwa eRorke's Drift. Kuthiwa kwafa amaZulu angama-600. fNkosi uCetshwayo kwayiphatha kabi lokhu kwehlulwa kukaZulu kanje.

4.6.1.7 UKUQEDWA KOLUNDI

Ngelanga lempi yaseSandlwana uGodide okwabe kuyi sikhulu seNkosi wehlulwa entabeni yaseNyezane eduze naseShowe. UWood okwabe kungumholi wamaNgisi enyakatho­ ntshonalanga yekwaZulu wayehambisana noHhamu nabanye abantu baseBaqlllllsini. Mhla zingama-24 kuNdasa ngonyaka we-1879 bah,ya noZulu bawllnqoba. INkosi uCetshwayo yathi uma ikuzwa lokho yase icela ukuba kllxoxi swane ngoxolo. UChelmsford owayengumholi omkhulu wamabutho eNatali wakunqaba lokho. Babllye balwa namaNgisi eHlobane lapho kwafa khona amaNgisi amaningi. Mhla ziyi-5 kuMbasa ngonyaka we-I 879, uZulu walwa namaNgisi eGingindlovu. Kwafa uMbilini owabe elwa kakhulu esifundeni sasoPhongolo. UMbilini wadlltshulwa kepha wakwazi lIkllbaleka. Emva kwezinsllku ezimbalwa wafa ebulawa yinxeba lokudlltshlliwa.

Mhla zizine kuNhlangulana amaNgisi aWll shi sa umuzi weNkosi uCetshwayo owabe unamaqhllgwana angama-640. Ngenhlanhla iNkosi uCetshwayo yayingekho ngesikhathi sishiswa isigodlo.

4.6.1.8 UKUBOSHW A KWENKOSI UCETSHW A YO

Ngesikhathi iNkosi uCetshwayo izwa ukuth i impi yayo yehluliwe, yabalekela emahlathini aseNgome. Abaholi abaningi bamaZulu babeka phansi izikhali banikela nangezinkomo zabo - 165 - emaNgisini ukwenza uxolo. INkosi uCetshwayo yayingasenawo amabutho ngakho-ke uWolseley wambopha emkhipha ehlathini laseNgome mhla zingama-28 kuNcwaba ngonyaka we-1879. Inkosi yazinikela ngesizotha. ABaqulusi bona babengafuni ukubeka phansi izikhali kepha inkosi yathumela induna yayo uMahabulana ukuyobatshela ukuba babeke phansi izikhali. Inkosi yabe isitshelwa ukuthi yehlulekile ukuthobela imithetho eyayibekelwe yona ngakho-ke umbuso wayo wabe usuzohlukaniselwa amakhosi amancane. Inkosi yona yabe isizoboshwa. Mhla zi-4 kuMandulo iN kosi uCetshwayo yaboshelwa eNatali, kwathi mhla ziyi-15 kuye uMandulo yadluliselwa eKapa. INkosi uCetshwayo yaboshwa nomeluleki wayo omdala uMkhosana kaZangqana. INkosi uCetshwayo yaphatheka kabuhlungu izwa ngomndeni wayo kwaZulu, kwakuthiwa uZibhebhu uthathe zonke izinkomo zakhe kanye nomdlunkulu wakhe.

4.6.1.9 INKOSI IHLANGANA NENDLOVUKAZI Y AMANGISI

INkosi uCetshwayo yayilangazelela ukubuyela kwaZulu. Kwazanywa imizamo emll1l11gl yokuba aziyele ngokwakhe ayobonana nendlovukazi yamaNgisi. Watshelwa mhla zingama- 26 kuMandulo ngonyaka we-1881 ukuthi imvume yokuba ahambe isiphumile, kepha ngenxa yokubambezela kwezikhulu waze wawela mhla ziyi-12 kuNtulikazi ngonyaka we-1882.

Mhla ziyi-5 kuNcwaba ngowe-1882 iNkosi uCetshwayo yafika eNgilandi iphelezelwa uMkhosana kanye nedlanzana labantu. Inkosi yahlangana neziphathimandla eZll1l11gl zaseNgilandi. Lwabe seluqulwa udaba Iwenkosi . Imigomo yokubuyiselwa kwakhe yabekwa. Kuthiwa okwaphazamisa umoya wenkosi ukuthi ngeke isawuphatha wonke umbuso wakwaZulu, kepha wawusuzohlukaniswa unikezwe amakhosi amancane.

Ngesikhathi inkosi iboshiwe amabutho aziganelwa ngaphandle kwemvume yenkosi. Ukubuthwa kwabantu kwavalwa amaNgisi . Wonke umnotho wenkosi oyimfuyo yephucwa wona okwabe sekukhomba ukuwa kwayo.

- 166 - 4.6.1.10 UKUBUY A KWENKOSI KW AZULU rNkosi uCetshwayo yafika kwaZulu ngoMasingana ngowe-1883. Yafika eMthonjaneni yalindela ukudunyiswa njengenkosi ngabantu bayo. Yayiphelezelwa uShepsto ne. Akungabazeki ukuthi amakhosi amaningi amancane awakuthokozelan ga ukubu yiselwa kwenkosi ngoba abona esezolahlekelwa yinku luleko. UZibhebhu wafika yedwa eMthonjaneni engezile ukuzobinge lela inkosi kepha ezohlonipha uShepstone. Lokhu kukhombisa ngokusobala ukuthi iNkosi uCetshwayo yayi ngasahlonishwa. Kwaba ukuqala kokungahlonishwa kwamakhosi akwaZulu. Umcimbi wokubuyiselwa kwenkosi waba mhla zingama-29 kuMasingana ngowe-1883, wakhombisa ngokusobala ukuthi inkosi yayisenabalandeli abaningi ngoba:3wakukhona uMntwana uNdabuko, uMnyamana kanye nabantu abadumile ababebalelwa phakathi kwezinkulungwane ezinhlanu ku ya kweziyisithupha.

Inkosi yabe ithembisile eNgilandi ukuthi ngeke ilwe namakhosi amancane ayebekwe uWol se ley kepha yehluleka uku gc ina lesi sethembiso. UZib hebhu wayehlukul1leza labo ababengaseNkosini uCetshwayo. UNdabuko noMnyamana bathi uma bekuzwa lokho base behlasela uZibhebhu . USuthu Iwehlulwa uM andlakazi. Ngenkathi uHhamu ezwa ukunqoba kukaZibhebhu wabe esehlangana naye nebutho lakhe uNgenetsheni. UZ ibhebhu noHhamu babulala konke esifundeni saseNyakatho .

USuthu Iwabe seluhlela ukuthi luzoqala ngoHhamu kuqala bese lugcina ngoZibhebhu. UZibhebhu washeshe wezwa ngalokhu wayesehlasela kuqala. UMandlakazi wahlasela oNdini. Ngesikhathi ehlasela abantu abaningi babelele. Inkosi yatshelwa ukuthi ibaleke esigodlweni. UZibhebhu waqotha imbokodwe nesisekelo oNd ini.

4.6.1.11 UKUKHOTHAMA KWENKOSI UCETSHW AYO

Ibona ukuthi izitha zayo ziyayilandela iNkosi uCetshwayo yabalekela ehlathini laseNkandla ned lanzana labantu bayo. ULuhungu Shezi wakha isigodlo senkosi esabi zwa ngo kuthi iseNhlweni . Ngisho naseNkandla iNkosi uCetshwayo yazizwa ingaphephile. Inkosi yabe

- 167 - isicela uHulumeni waseNatali ukuba umvikele. Inkosi yabe isitshelwa ukuba isondele ezakhamuzini ezimhlophe ukuze ivikeleke. Mhla ziyi-17 kuMfumfu ngowe-1883 inkosi yabekwa ngaphansi kovikelo lukaKhomishani eShowe. Abantu bayo inkosi babeza ukuzoyibona khona eShowe. Abamhlophe abazithandanga izivakashi zenkosi, babona ukuthi zingahle zihlanganise impi fu thi. U-Osborn owayengukhomishana eShowe wagxeka iNkosi uCetshwayo ngokuthi izocela ukuvikelwa nje kanti ngoba ifuna ukuvusa umbuso wayo futhi. rNkosi uCetshwayo yasho ukuthi lokhu kubekelwa imibandela ngokuvakashelwa kwayo kuyayihlukumeza futhi kuyibeka obala ezitheni zayo.

Mhla ziyi-8 kuNhlolanja ngowe-1884, u-Osborn wazl swa ukuthi iNkosi uCetshwayo iqulekile endlini yayo yase ikhothama njalo. Lokhu kwamethusa futhi kwaba yifu elimnyama kuZulu. Isizwe samaZulu sakholelwa ekuthini inkosi yadliswa ubuthi ngoba ekuseni kwangalelo langa inkosi yavuka iphila yazihambela nje ingaguli. Kwathi emini isidle inyama eyayingenzelwangwa abantu bayo yase iyakhothama. Bathi-ke yalandwa eNkandla ukuze izobulawa.

Sekuphawuliwe ngomlando weN kosi uCetshwayo, sekuzoqhathaniswa ukwethulwa komlando weNkosi uCetshwayo ezibongweni kanye nasenovelini yom lando weNkosi uCetshwayo. Kuzoqale kubhekwe okufanayo enovelini kanye nasezibongweni, bese kubhekwa okutholakala enovelini kuphela bese kugcinwa ngalokho okutholakala ezibongweni zeNkosi uCetshwayo kuphela.

4.6.2 OKUFANAYO EZIBONGWENI KANYE NASENOVELINI

• Umbango wabantwana beNkosi uMpande

Esahlukweni sokuqala sithola umbuso odungekileyo wakwaZulu lapho sithola ukuthi iNkosi uMpande yenza ubuxoki ngokuthi ubani oyolandela uma isikhotheme. UDhlomo (1952:7) uthi "UMbuyazwe wabe ezalwa isixebe seN kosi uShaka uMonase wakwaNxumalo asabela iNkosi uMpande okuvela ukuthi akazange alotsholwe uMonase. INkosi uCetshwayo yona yabe izalwa uNgqumbazi wakwaZungu yena owalotsholwa ngezinkomo zeNkosi uShaka. - 168 - UDhlomo uqhubeka athi ngenkathi amaBhunu ebeka iNkosi uMpande ukuba abuse uZulu ambuza ukuthi ubani inkosana yakhe eyobusa mhla esekhotheme wawakhombisa uCetshwayo.

Isaqhubeka nokuxova kwayo iNkosi uMpande yathi oyobusa emva kwayo uMthonga owabe ezalwa yintandokazi yakhe uNomantshali kaSiguyana. Konke lokhu kwenza umbuso wakwaZulu wadungeka. Kuso lesi sahluko sithola impi yaseNdondakusuka lapho kwalwa khona uSuthu iqembu likaCetshwayo kanye neziGqoza iqembu likaMbuyazwe. Wehlulwa uMbuyazwe yabe isithatha ubukhosi iNkosi uCetshwayo. Lesi sigameko ezibongweni sivela lapho kuthiwa:

Umsind ' okuNtilingwe ngowani? Ubangwe ngabaseNtengwen i nabakwaKhinya, Bexokozelel' indlondlo yakokaTshana. (Nyembezi , 1958:84)

Uma kukhulunywa ngoNtilingwe kushiwo ukhalo oluthile olukwaZulu. INtengweni noKhinya okukhulunywa ngayo lapha yimizi kaMbuyazwe. INkosi uCetshwayo bayibiza ngendlondlo yakokaTshana. OkaTshana unina weNkosi uCetshwayo.

• Ukufika kukaSomtsewu KwaZulu

Esahlukweni sesibili senoveli sithola khona ukufika kukaSomtsewu kwaZulu okokuqala ngqa ngonyaka we-1861 ephelezelwa uNgoza. Ufika nje uqala eNkosini uMpande eyabe ingasakwazi nokuhamba ngenxa yokuzimuka. Kuthiwa wacelela uMonase nabantwana ukudla okwenza yacishe yabenzakalisa iNkosi uCetshwayo kepha bagcina sebekutholile lokho. Uma sivezwa ezibongweni lesi sigameko sivezwa kanje:

UJininind' omnyama (Nyembezi, 1958:87)

Kuthiwa ngesikhathi uSomtsewu efika kwaZulu wayehamba nenduna yabantu bakhe uNgoza. Nakho-ke uNgoza ezosuka aye esigodlweni ethi uyokhonzela uMonase. Ithe lapho ikuzwa - 169 - iNkosi uCetshwayo yathukuthela yathelwa ngamanzi. INkosi uCetshwayo yayiphenya lona lolu daba lukaNgoza lapho ifulathela lISomtsewli. Ukujinininda kuchaza ukllfulathela.

• Ukuzondwa kweNkosi uCetshwayo ngamaNgisi namaBhunu

Esahlukweni sesithupha senoveli kuvela lIkuthi amaBhllnu namaNgisi iNkosi uCetshwayo abe eseyibophele amanqina enyathi ethi yiyo exova izwe lonke. Babethi eNtilasifali kwakuliwa nje ngenxa yakhe ehlohla uSikhukhllni kanti eKipi nakhona kwakulwa amaXhosa namaNgisi.

Ezibongweni zeNkosi uCetshwayo lesi sigameko sivela kanje:

Ibululll likaPhunga noMageba Elidond' ukllsllka, Kwaze kwasuka awezindlwana, OShele kaDolofli kllmaQhadasi , OSomtsewli kaSoncinza kumaNkinsimana. (Nyembezi, 1958: 102)

Uma kukhulunywa ngamaQadasi kukhulunywa ngamaBhunu kanti amaNkinsimana kushiwo amaNgisi.

• Ukuqanjelwa amanga kweNkosi uCetshwayo

Esahlllkweni sesishiyagalombili sithola amanga ayeqanjwa ngeNkosi uCetshwayo ebhebhezeleka. Sithola ngisho nabefundisi bevangeli, beqamba amanga bethi iNkosi lICetshwayo isibliiale abantu abaningi. Ezibongweni kllvezwa kakhulll lokhll kllbanyamanambana kweNkosi lICetshwayo lapho kuthiwa: Inzima lenyama, Engabllbende bengonyama, Ibiqhutshwa uMseleni benoNongalaza, - 170 - Beth ' ifanel ' lIkll yakll sikw' izi hl angll EMkh weyantaba, Bathi , Iyekeni , Ubllmnyama bayo bll yesabeka, Ifanel 'lIkll yaklicel ' imvlIla kliNkosinklllli. (Nyembezi, 1958 :83)

Lokhu kllveza ngokllsobala lIkllthi banin gi ababengayifiseli okllhle iNkosi uCetshwayo.

• Impi yaseSandlwana

Esahlllkweni seshllmi nanye sichazelwa kabanzi ngemp i yaseSandlwana eyayiphakathi koZlIllI kanye namaN gisi. UDhlomo ( 1936: 56) uthi Ie mpi yalwa zingama -22 ku Janll wari ngonyaka we-I 879. Kwaba impi enkulu kakhulu kepha uZulu wabanqoba abeillngli emva komshikashika.

Ezibongweni zeNkosi uCetshwayo lesi siga meko sivela lap ho kuthiwa:

(zul ' elidume phezlI kweSandlwana, Umbane lawuhlab' eMankamane. (Nyembezi, 1958: 103)

• Impi yaseNqabeni kaHawana

Esahlukweni seshllmi nantathu kllkhulunywa ngempi eyayi phakathi kwamaZulu namaNgi si eyayisenqabeni kaHawana kubll ye kukhullinywe ngokuhamba kukaHhamu eyozihlanganisa namaN gisi ehamba nezinkomo zeNkosi uCetshwayo, uZlIllI wabuye walwa namaN gisi eHlobane naseS howe. Ez ibongweni les i siga meko sivela lapho kllthiwa:

(siziba sikaHhamu benoZiwedu, Es ibhllklldi s' izihlangu zaseMkhweyantaba lIanga li yawushona. (Nyembezi, 1958:88)

- 171 - • UZibhebhu kaMaphitha

Esahlukweni samashumi amabili nanye kukhulunywa kakhulu ngoZibhebhu kaMaphitha kaSojiyisa wakwaMandlakazi owabe eyisitha esikhulu seNkosi uCetshwayo, uZibhebhu 10 wabe eyiqhawe elikhulu kwaZulu. Ezibongweni lokhu kuvela lapho kuthiwa:

Thambekeka wen' owaliwayo, Thambekeka wewus' iNtam banana Nangezinyembezi. (Nyembezi, 1958 :95)

Sekukhulunyiwe ngalokho okufanayo ezibongweni kanye nasenovelini ethi "UCetshwayo", manje sekuzoxoxwa ngalokho okutholakala enovelini.

4.6.3 OKUTHOLAKALA ENOVELINI KUPHELA

Esahlukweni sesibili sithola ukunqoba kweNkosi uCetshwayo futhi inabalandeli abaningi. Kukuso lesi sahluko lapho sithola ukushintshashintsha kukaJantoni (John Dunn) ngoba sithola ukuthi ngenkathi uMbuyazwe eyocela usizo kubelungu uJantoni uyena owamamukela futhi wamsiza. Uma esehluliwe uMbu yazwe simthola esesondela kuCetshwayo aze aganiselwe nokuganiselwa kepha uma abelungu sebezohlasela uCetshwayo usebuyela kwabakubo.

Kukuso lesi sahluko lapho kuvela khona ukubulawa kukaNomantshali ulllna kaMthonga ngoba kuthiwa kuzwakale ukuthi iNkosi uMpande ithe akubekwe uMthonga abe yiNkosi yakwaZulu. INkosi uCetshwayo yakhipha elithi akubulawe uNomantshali nabantwana bakhe kepha babathola sebebalekile abantwana kwabulawa uNomantshali yedwa.

Esahlukweni sesithathu sithola khona ukukhothama kweNkosi uMpande ngonyaka we-I 872. USomtsewu ethunywe uHulumeni wabeka iNko si uCetshwayo esikhundleni ngonyaka we- 1873. Lokhu kwenzeka eMlambongwenya. INkosi uCetshwayo yabekwa phezu kwemithetho emine eyamiswa uHulumeni waseNatali. - 172- Esahlukweni sesine sithola iNkosi uCetshwayo ibutha amabutho yengeza kulawo ayebuthwe yiNkosi uMpande. Esewonke amabutho eNkosi uCetshwayo aba yishumi nesithupha. Lapha kungabalwa iNgobamakhosi, uVe, uFalaza namanye amaningi. INkosi uCetshwayo yabuye yabutha namabutho ezintombi. Kukuso lesi sahluko lapho sithola khona ukuthi iNkosi uCetshwayo yajuba amabutho uDlokwe neNdlondlo ukuba baganwe ibutho lezintombi iNgcugce, kuthiwa izintombi zeNgcugce zala zaphetha okwaphetha ngokuthi lezo ezadelela izwi lenkosi zibulawe.

Esahlukweni sesihlanu sithola ukuxabana kwezinduna zamabutho uHhamu webutho uThulwana kanye noSigcwelegcwele webutho iN gobamakhosi, kuthiwa la mabutho alwa ngelanga lomkhosi. UThulwane kwabe kuyibutho lamadoda kanti iN go bamakhosi yo na kwabe kuyibutho labafana. UDhlomo (1936:29) uthi kwagobhoza igazi kulwa abafana beNgobamakhosi noThulwana. Kuthiwa abafayo babelinganise lwa emashumini ayisikhombisa.

Esahlukweni sesikhombisa sithola iNkosi uCetshwayo icetshwa eNgilandi icetshwa abelungu bethi usebaqedile abantu kwaZulu. Yikho lokhu kucetshwa okwaphemba impi yabelungu noZulu.

Kulesi sahluko sesishiyagalolunye kukhulunywa ngesehlakalo lapho abafazi bakaSihayo owabe eyisikhulu kwaZulu ebulawa ngamadodana kaSihayo uMehlokazulu noBhekuzulu ngoba bephingile. Lesi sehlo sathukuthelisa kakhulu uHulumeni ngoba wayesethe kungabulawa muntu kanti futhi babulawelwa eSilungwini. Lesi sellZO samadodana kaSihayo sabe sesithathwa ngokuthi bathunywe yiNkosi uCetshwayo. INkosi uCetshwayo yabe isibekwa amacala sekuthiwa ayihlawule fu thi ilethe uSihayo namadodana akhe. Kukulesi sahluko lapho uHhamu awelela eSilungwini eyozihlanganisa nabelungu. NgoZibandlela we- 1879, amaNgisi ahlasela kwaZulu.

Esahlukweni seshumi kukhulunywa ngokubuthwa kwempi yakwaZulu ukuthi yabe ibuthwa kanjani. Lonke lolu Iwazi lokuhlelwa kwempi yakwaZulu Iwase Iwaziwa abelungu ngoba

- 173 - sebenezinhloli ezazibatshela konke kanye namambuka ayede eqa kwaZulu eya kubeLungu. Lokhu kutholakala kwinoveli kuphela.

Kusenovelini kuphela esahlukweni seshumi nambili lapho kuthiwa emva kwempi yaseSandlwana amabutho ayengalwanga eSandlwana alwa nabelungu ezibukweni. La mabutho eqa umyalelo weNkosi uCetshwayo wokuthi angalubeki eSilungwini kepha wona alwela khona. Zaba ndala zombili kule mp i.

Esahlukweni seshumi nane senoveli kukhulunywa ngemizamo yeNkosi uCetshwayo izama ukugwema impi phakathi kwamaZulu namaN gisi kepha leyo mizamo ayiphumelelanga ngoba sithola ukuthi amabutho ayengezwa lutho esenukelwa yimpi. UDhlomo (1952:74) uthi iNkosi uCetshwayo yakhuluma amazwi amakhulu kubantu bayo yath i " Ezimpin i ezimbi Ii enizilwe nabeLungu nibanqobile kodwa kwezine ezilandela lezo banehlula. Kumanje abelungu basizungezile eMpumalanga, eNtshonalanga, eNyakatho kanye naseNingizimu. Uma idumelana ngomuso nizobaleka nonke banisukele abelungu baze bangibambe, bahambe nami." La mazwi ayekhombisa ngokusobala ukuthi iNkosi uCetshwayo yabe isikhathele ukulwa nabeLungu kepha isifuna uxolo.

Esahlukweni seshumi nanhlanu sithola kuliwa impi yakwaNodwengu eyayiphakathi kukaZulu kanye namaNgisi. UZulu weh lulwa ngoba wayesephele amandla kanti futhi baningi abakwaZulu abase beqembukele ebelungwini njengoHhamu, oZibhebhu kanye nabanye. UDhlomo (1952:79) uthi abelungu bashisa yonke imizi yeNkosi uCetshwayo kwaNdabakawombe, Ondini eMlambongwenya kanye noNodwengu. Kuthe ukuba iNkosi uCetshwayo ibone ukuthi yehluliwe kwaNodwengu yeqa yayocasha. Inkosi uCetshwayo yabanjwa mhla zingama-28 kuMfumfu ngo nyaka we-I 879. Yathathwa yakhweliswa esitimeleni samanzi okwakuthiwa yi "Natal" zizine kuZibandlela yasiwa eKipithawini lapho yafika yavalelwa khona.

Esahlukweni seshumi nesithupha kukhulunywa ngokwehlukaniswa kwezwe lakwaZulu. Lokhu kwenziwa uNdunankulu wamaNgisi uSir Garnet Wolseley ngonyaka we-I 879. Wathi izwe lakwaZulu lizocandwa lahlukaniswe ngezigodi eziyi-13 okuzoba nabaholi bazo. USir - 174- Melmoth Osborn ye na wa nikezwa isikhundla sokuba umlomo nezindlebe zikaHulumeni . Kukuso les i sahluko lapho sithola khona ukuxoveka kombuso wakwaZulu lapho sithola khona ukuthi ababethanda iNkos i uCetshwayo baya kocela ukuba inkosi ibu yiswe kepha kabaze baphumelela.

Ku senove lini kuphela esahlu kwe ni seshumi nesikhomb isa lapho kukhulunywa ngohambo lukaSobantu kanye nend odakazi yakh e uDlwed lwe beyobona iNkosi uCetshwayo eKipithawini . USo bantu waze waba nyamanambana kubeLun gu ekhulumela iNkos i uCetshwayo ukuba id edelwe ibu ye le kwaZul u.

Esahlukweni seshumi nes ishi yagalombili kuvela isicelo seN kos i uCetshwayo lapho yayicela khona ukuba iye eNgil andi iyo bonana ubu so nob uso neNdl ov ukazi yamaNgisi. Isicelo seN kosi uCetshwayo samukeleka nakuba iziphathimandl a zaziza ma ukum cindezela. Kukuso les i sahluko lapho kuchazwa kabanzi ngempi yamaBhunu kanye na maNgisi ngonyaka we- 1880 lapho amaBhunu anqoba khona amaNgisi athatha izwe laseTransvaa l. Isahluko seshumi nes ishi yagalolun ye siqala ngokuveza ukuthi iNkosi uCetshwayo yawela yaya eNgil andi ngo nyaka we-1 882. Yathola ukwam uke leka okuhl e eNgil and i neN dl ovukazi yay iphath a kahl e. Yabe seyixoxa nenkos i uKimberley. INkos i uCetshwayo yabe isicela ukuba ibu yise lwe kwaZulu keph a yabekelwa imithetho enzi ma ey ishumi nantathu . INkosi uCetshwayo yakhala ngo kuphath wa kab i uJ antoni.

Esahlukweni samashumi amabili kukhulun ywa ngokubu ya kweNkosi uCetshwayo eNgil and e. IN kos i uCetshwayo yafike yahl ala isikhashana eKapa kusatikatikwa udaba lokubuyiselwa kwayo kwaZulu . Yagc in a ibuyiselwa kwaZ ulu ibu yiselwa uSomtsewu ngaphansi kwemithetho eminingi eyabe iyicindezela.

Esahlukweni samashumi amabil i nambili kukhulu nywa ngemp i yaseMsebe lapho kwakul wa khona uSuthu noMandlakazi. Le mpi ya lwa mhl a zingama-30 kuNhl aba ngo nya ka we-1 883 . Emva kwale mp i uZibhebhu noHhamu bahl ase la emzini weNkosi uCetshwayo, Iwehlul wa uSuthu . INkos i uCetshwayo yabaleka yayobhaca ehlathin i lap ho yagwazwa amabutho

- 175 - akwaHlabisa. Umuzi weNkosi uCetshwayo washishwa amabutho kaZibhebhu. Yabaleka inkosi yaya eNkandla lapho bayakhela khona amadlangala.

Kule mpi kwafa izikhulu eziningi zakwaZulu. Inkosi bayiyisa enqabeni kaDlaba eNkandla beyicashisa khona. UMalimathi wathumela ukuba inkosi ilandwe ize eShowe, yenqaba. Yaze yancengwa uGwalagwala ukuba ize eShowe. Njengesifiso sikaHulumeni yafike yahlala emzini kaKhekhe eduze nakwaGqikazi.

Esahlukweni samashumi amabili nantathu senoveli kuvezwa ukuhlabeka kweNkosi uCetshwayo. Yabeka uMntwana uDinizulu ukuba ayiphathele. UDhlomo(1936: 123) uthi ngalo lelo langa ngehora lesine mhla ziyi-8 kuNhlolanja ngonyaka we-1884 yakhothama inkosi. Odokotela abamhlophe bathi inkosi ibulawe yisifo senhliziyo. Abalobokazi bathi ibulawe uMalimathi nabeLungu.

Esahlukweni samashumi amabili nane senoveli kukhulunywa ngokutshalwa kweNkosi uCetshwayo. Yatshalwa eNkandla emva kwezinyanga ezintathu ikhotheme. Esahlukweni samashumi amabili nanhlanu kubalwa amaqhawe akwaZulu ayeyibamba ngesikhathi seNkosi uCetshwayo. Singabala oDabulamanzi, Mehlokazulu, Manembe, Ndabuko, uMnyamana kanye namanye amaqhawe. Lokhu kuvezwe enovelini kuphela.

4.6.4 OKUTHOLAKALA EZIBONGWENI KUPHELA

Kusezibongweni kuphela lapho kukhulun ywa khona ngoM laba owayeyinyanga yemikhonto. Nguye uMlaba owayenzela iNkosi uCetshwayo. Kuthiwa:

Uye wadabula kuMlaba, Obezalwa wuKhwani , Wafike wamnik' inyanda yem ikhonto, Wathi , MntakaNdaba, Uz' ubahlabe nasemehlweni . (Nyembezi , 1958:96)

- 176 - Akukho enovelini lapho kuvezwa khona ukuthi kunabalandeli beNkosi uCetshwayo ababeyeluleka ngokuthi ingalwi noMbu yazwe, becabanga ukuthi ngeke iphumelele ngoba inkosi uMpande ingakuMbuyazwe. Ezibongweni lokhu kuvela kanje:

Impunzi kaNdaba, 8ayibambe ngendlebe Phezu kukaLangazana; Yadlamuluka yadl' amadoda. (Nyembezi, 1958: 100)

Kusezibongweni zeNkosi uCetshwayo kuphela lapho kukhulunywa khona ngokuthi iNkosi uCetshwayo yayike ihambele izigodi ngezi god i. Kuthiwa yafika eNdliwayini okwakuwumuzi kaMbuyazwe lapho yafika yahlaba ngisho nezi nkol11o zikagogo wayo uLangazana. Kuvela ezibongweni kanje:

Washikizel' uMashikizel ' omnyal11a Edondolozela ngenhlendla yakh' ebil11athatha, Il11pi yakh' eyakuyibuthis' eNdliwayini, Wazihlaba kanye nal11athol ' azo; Kwathiwa ziyeke lezo mntakaNdaba, Ngezikanyokokhulu, NgezikaLangazana. (Nyembezi, 1958: 10 I)

Kusezibongweni kuphela lapho kukhulunywa khona ngokuthi el11pini yaseSandlwana ngesikhathi iNkosi uCetshwayo ilwa namaNgisi, amaNgisi ayesizwa abeSuthu. Kuvela kanje ezibongweni: Uwaba Iwezinkomo zakwaMshweshwe. (Nyembezi, 1958 : I 03)

Sekuqhathanisiwe ukwethulwa komlando weNkosi uCetshwayo. Kuqale kwabhekwa umlando weN kosi uCetshwayo, kwabe sekubhekwa lokho okufanayo ezibongweni kanye nasenovelini, kube sekubhekwa lokho okutholakala enovelini kuphela kanye nalokho okutholakala ezibongweni kuphela. Sekuzophethwa les i sahluko.

- 177 - 4.7 ISIPHETHO

Lesi bekuyisahluko lapho bekuqhathaniswa alllanoveli ollliando abhalwe ngllDhlolllo ngeNkosi uShaka, uDingane, uMpande kanye neNkosi lICetshwayo. Lokhll bekllqhathaniswa nezibongo zala Illakhosi njengoba ziqoqwe 1I yelllbezi (1958). KlIvezwe 1I1lliando ngala Illakhosi akhethiwe, kwase kubhekwa okufanayo elllanovelini ollliando walllakhosi kanye nezibongo zawo alllakhosi. Kube sekuvezwa lokho oklltholakala elllanovelini kuphela kanye nalokho okutholakala ezibongweni kuphela. Esahlukweni esilandelayo okuyisahluko sesihlanu kuzobe sekubhekwa okutholakele ngesikhathi kuqhathaniswa alllanoveli ollliando kanye nezibongo zalllakhosi. Kuzophawulwa nangollltheleia wesakhiwo selllibhalo YOlllibili ekwethulweni kokllqukethwe, bese kllbukwa ubllqiniso bokllqukethwe alllanoveli ollliando nezibongo kuqhathaniswa nezincwadi ezibhalwe ngollliando kanye nabantu okuxoxiswane nabo.

- 178- ISAHLUKO SESIHLANU

UKUHLAZIYW A KOL W AZI OLUTHOLAKELE

5.1 ISINGENISO

Kulesi sahluko kuzohlaziywa lokho oklltholakele nokwethuliwe esahlukweni sesine. Lokhu kubandakanya ukuqhathaniswa kwamanoveli omlando abhalwe ngamakhosi akhethiwe kulolu cwaningo kanye nezibongo zala makhosi njengoba zibhalwe uNyembezi (1958). Kuzobukwa ubuqiniso bokuqukethwe amanoveli buqhathaniswa nezincwadi ezibhaliwe zomlando wala makhosi kanye nokutholakale ngesikhathi kwenziwa izingxoxo zalolu cwanlllgo. Kuzobe sekubhekwa umthelela wesakhiwo semibhalo yomibili eqhathaniswayo ekwethulweni kokuqukethwe. Ekugcineni kuzobe sekubhekwa lImthelela wesiko laseNtshonalanga emibhalweni kaDhlomo.

5.2 OKUTHOLAKELE NGESIKHATHI KUQHATHANISWA INOVELI ETHI "USHAKA" KANYE NEZIBONGO ZENKOSI USHAKA.

Uma kuhlaziywa okutholakele, kutholakale lIkuthi kokubili inoveli kanye nezibongo kwethula umlando weNkosi uShaka kepha ukhona umehluko. Umehluko ukllthi inoveli iqala ekuqaleni kwempilo yeNkosi uShaka iyiqhllbe ngokukhula kwayo ize iyofika ekukhothameni kwayo. Khona enovelini kubuye kwande kakhulu izindatshana ezinenkulllmo mpendulwano okubonakalayo ukuthi zisetshenziselwe lIkuyolisa nje indaba lIkuze ihehe phela nakuba singezwa lutho ngazo ngomlando njengasesahlukweni seshumi nambili lapho kllthiwa iNkosi uShaka yathi emabuthweni izwa kuthiwa ulwandle alumfuni umuntu othakathayo. Ukuze kubonakale ukuthi ubani umthakathi athi izinsizwa ezithile aziphonse izinduku zazo olwandle lezo ezingeke zibuye ezabathakathi. Nebala kukhona ezingabuyanga abanikazi bazo babulawa. Nakuba kllnjalo kodwa ziningi izehlakalo ezingamaqiniso ngokomlando weNkosi uShaka.

- 179 - Uma kuhlaziywa okutholakele ezibon gweni zeN kosi uShaka kuvela ukuthi nazo ziyawethula umlando ngeNkosi uShaka kepha zisebenzisa izifengqo nezithombemagama. Nakuba umlando nezi gameko zeNkosi uShaka zikhona ezibon gweni kepha kubonakele ukuthi azilandelanisiwe ngokulandelana kwazo. Kubonakele ukuthi imbon gi iqala nganoma yisiphi isigameko. Lokhu ku gqamisa ubu-ephiki ezibongweni . Izibon go zeN kosi uShaka zigxile kakhulu ekunqobeni kwayo kanti inoveli ibu ye iveze nalapho iNkosi uShaka yayihluleka khona. Izibongo ziveza ubuhle nobubi benkosi. Sekuphawuliwe ngo kutholakele nges ikhathi kuqhathaniswa inoveli ethi uShaka kanye nezibongo zeNkosi uShaka.

Sekuzobhekwa ubuqini so bokuqukethwe yinove li ethi "UShaka" nezibongo zeN ko si uShaka buqhathaniswe nezincwadi ezibhalwe ngo mlando wamakhos i.

5.3 UBUQINISO BOKUQUKETHWE YINOVELI ETHI "USHAKA" NEZIBONGO ZENKOSI USHAKA BUQHA THANISW A NEZINCW ADI EZIBHALWE NGOMLANDO WAMAKHOSI

Imibhalo yomibili izibongo kan ye nenove li nakuba ziwethula umlando ngenkosi uShaka kepha kukhona lapho ku salel a khona. Uma sibheka izibongo zazin gabhalwanga ph ansi zazedluliswa ngomlomo. Lokhu kwakwenza ukuthi omunye uml ando ulahleke uma sezedluliswa. Izibongo zigxile kakhulu eNkosini uShaka bese zi ngavezi lutho ngendawo okwakuphilwa kuyo kanye nabantu inkosi eyayiphi la nabo. Ub uqini so bomlando oqukethwe yizibongo bungeke buqinisekiswe ngo ba azivezi ngokugcwele impilo ye nkosi kepha zikha phezulu. Inoveli ngeNkosi uShaka ay ivezi uml ando ogcwele ngoba ibu ye ifake kakhulu izigameko zokukhulisa indaba. Okuningi ok ubh alwe uDhl omo ( 1937) noNyembezi (1958) kususelwe kakhulu encwadini kaStuart ( 1925). Muningi umlando owabhalwa yiningi labamhlophe ngeN kosi uShaka ongelona IqIllISO. UZu lu (2005:67) uthi kunokushaqisayo okushiwo ngababhali ngeSilo uShaka lapho bethi indlovukazi emzalayo uNandi yabulawa yiso isilo ngonya olwesabekayo. Lokhu kwavela khona end lunkulu ngoba base befuna ukuba basibulale, okwagcina kufezekile. UMsiman g ( 1982: 141 ) uyakuveza ukuthi indlovukazi uNandi yabulawa yilo iLembe lapho eveza inkulumo yeNkosi uDin gane ikhuluma nenkosazana uMkabayi ithi: "Okokuqala nj e, Mageba, uShaka ubhuq e isizwe ngo ba ethi - 18 0- kasimkhaleli ebhujelwe ngunina. Babuzile abantu ukuthi bazoyikhalela kanjani inkosi kuyiyona ebulele unina na ... " UZulll (2005:) uthi iqiniso yileli, iNdlovlIkazi uNandi yagula kakhulu kangangokuthi kwaze kwathun ye lwa isigijimi sayobikela iNgonyama lIShaka eyayisekuzingeleni ngaleso sikhathi. Kwaba ukufika kweNkosi uShaka indlovukazi yase iyakhothama njalo.

UBiyela (1998: 148) uthi kukhona okllkhulu lIkudideka ngegama leNkosi uShaka. Ngaphandle kwaleli gama lakhe elithi uShaka kukhona amanye amagama asetshenziswayo Izibonelo, Sikithi noma Sigidi, Lembe kanye noNodllmehlezi. Phakathi kwelikaShaka, Sikithi noma Sigidi akwaziwa ukuthi yiliphi alethiwa kuqala futhi elethiwa ngubani? UZulu (2005:55) uthi uMntwana uShaka Sikithi Sigidi uyingane yokllqala ezalwa yiSilo lISenzangakhona entombini uNandi .

Kunezigameko ezibalulekile emlandweni weslzwe samaZulu ezingekho enovelini kan ye nasezibongweni. Lezi zigameko zikhombisa ngokuso bala ukuthi iSilo uShaka sasiyiNyandezulu lIqobo Iwayo. UZlIlu (2005:65) uthi iSilo uShaka sasisemalungelweni amakhulu okuba izizwe lezi esasesizinqobile zibizwe ngokuthi zingamaShaka kepha asikwenzanga lokho, sedlula sazethula koyinsika yenhlabathi nabantu in gonyama uZulu kaMalandela.

UZulu (2005:65) uqhubeka athi umkhonto esasinqoba ngawo izizwe isilo sasiwakhelwe yiNkosi uMabhodla wesizwe sakwaMbonambi, okuthiwa yaphuma namadoda bayohlala entabeni yeMihlwathi ephezll kolwandle bezile ukudl a. Benza imihl atshelo yezinkomo ezimnyama khona lapho entabeni bece\a ukuba abap hansi baveze in simbi yokwenza lowo mkhonto wesilo. Emva kwesikhathi bavuka bayithola insimbi incibilikile phezu kwesihlabathi. Lokho kwakukhombisa ngokusobala lIkllthi yay ilethwe yiziNyandezulu. Lobu buNyandezulu uZulu (2005:74) ubuveze kakhulll lapho ethi emva kokllblllawa kweNkosi uShaka umzimba wesilo walala ubusukll bonke es ibaye ni kepha izimpisi aziwudlanga kodwa phansi emqubeni kwakubonakala izidladla zezimpi si lapho zazinyathela khona zizungeze umzimba wesilo. Okwakumangalisa ukuthi yini eyenza zingawudli.

- 181 - Izincwadi eziningi zomlando ziveze iNkosi uShaka nj engenkosi eyayinonya nesihluku. U­ Isaacs (1936:37) uma simcaphuna ehunyushelwe esiZlIlwini uthi iNkosi uShaka yayomele igazi, inesihluku, undlovukayiphikiswa futhi ongumcindezeli ongenabuntu umuntu ongazange abe khona kulo mhlaba.39 UFarrer ( 1879) um a ecashunwa ehunyushelwa esiZlIlwini unikeza izibalo okllngezona ezazikhomba ukuthi mukhulu umonakalo owenziwa yiNkosi uShaka owenza ukuncipha okllkhulll kwabantll. Ngesikhathi sekuftka abeLungu bafika sekusele abantu ababalelwa emakhul wini amathathu ku ya kwamane. 40 Lesi sibalo sin gaman ga uqobo ngoba uZulu (2005:67) uthi nges ikhathi indlovukazi uNandi ikhothama iNkosi uShaka yafika ihamba nomlun gu uFynn okukhomba ukuthi base befikile abelungll. UZulu (2005:68) uqhubeka athi emva kokukhothama kwendlovukazi abantu bakwaZulu baqhamuka zonke izinkalo. Baqala isililo beyizinkulungwane eziyishumi nesihlanu, kepha kwathi kusa babebalelwa ezinkulungwaneni ezingamashumi ayisithupha. Yibaphi-ke laba okuthiwa base benciphile.

Kunin gi okukhombisa lIkuthi abamhlophe babebhala lokho okuthandwa yibo ngeslzwe samaZulu. Yin gakho indlela yohlaziyo lokllqukethwe kube yiyo na esebenzile klli olu cwaningo ngoba bekusetshenzi swa yona ekuvundu luleni yonke imibhalo enomlando wala makhosi akhethiwe kulolu cwaningo. UB ird ( 1888: 103) uma ecashun wa ehunyushelwe esiZulwini uthi abekho abantu abanikezwe ngoklliin ganayo umqondo nokuhlakanipha kepha abangawazi umlando wabo njen gamakhaful a. Um untu omhlophe kuphela ohlale la eNingizimu Afrika onolwazi olugcwele onganikeza izehlakalo ezicacile futhi eziyiqiniso. 41 Lokhu kuyaphikisana nokwashiwo uWyli e (2006: I) lap ho ethi ku yiqiniso kakhllill ukuthi kuncane kakhulu es ikwazi yo ngeNkosi uShaka. Asi mazi ukuthi wayezalwe nini . Asimazi ukuthi wayebukeka kanjani . Asazi kahle hi e ukuthi wabul awa nini futhi eblllawa kanjani. Alukho ulwazi oluphathekayo ngo ml ando wenkos i ngoba abekho ababhala umlando

39 King Shaka was depicted as blood-thirsty, brutal, repressive tyrant, the most in satiable and inhuman monster ever kn own on earth. (Isaacs, 1936:37) 40 The destruction caused by Shaka had reduced the local population to a total of three or four hundred peopl e when th e whites arrived. (Farrer, 1879) 4r There are probably no people, possessing an equal amount of intellect and intelli gence who are less acquainted with their own hi story than the Kaffirs. It is the wh ite man alone who, having li ved many years in this porti on of South Africa, is in possession of many sources of information and can give a clear, correct and connected narrative of events. (Bird 1888: I 03) - 182 - ababephila nges ikhathi se Lembe. Lokhu kuyaphikisana noBird ngoba ngisho nabo abamhlophe babebhala ngenzwabethi .

Sekuzobhekwa okutholakele ngesikhathi kuqhathani swa inoveli ethi "U Din gane" kan ye nezibongo zeNkosi uDingane.

5.4 OKUTHOLAKELE NGESIKHA THI KUQHA THANISW A INOVELI ETHI "UDINGANE" KANYE NEZIBONGO ZENKOSI UDINGANE.

Emva kokuba sekuqhathaniswe izibongo zeNkosi uDin ga ne kanye nenove li ethi "UDingane" kutholakele ukuthi kokllbili kwethula umlando weNkosi uDingane kepha ukhona umehluko. Umehluko ukuthi inoveli iqale yaveza lIkufa kweNkosi uShaka ku ze kuba kun ge na inkosi uDingane esihlalweni sobukhosi. Inove li iqhubeka njalo ize iyogcina ekugcineni ekukhothameni kweNkosi uDingane. Iveza imibono eyahlukene ngo kukhothama kweNkosi uDingane. Inoveli isebenzise kakhulu inkulumo mpendulwano uku ze inandise inoveli. Ziningi kakhulu izehlakalo ezingamaqiniso zomlando weNkosi uDingane nezi gameko ezenzeka ngesikhathi sokubusa kweNkosi uDin gane.

Uma sibheka izibongo zeN kosi uDin ga ne izigameko az il andelani siwe nj engo ba kwen ziwe enovelini, kllyabonakala ukuthi imbongi iq ala nganoma yisiphi isigameko. UReeves (1965: 157) uma simcaphuna ehunyushelwe es iZu lwini uthi izibongo zinolimi olungaba nemibono kepha zibe zingewona umbono, zin gaxoxa indaba keph a zibe zingeyona indaba.42 UMaphumulo nabanye (1992:67) bathi izibongo ngenye indlela yokusebenzisa ulimi. Izibongo yisikhali sokuthomblllllia okusezibilini zabantll. Okubalulekile ezibongweni kuwukwethulwa komqondo ojiyile. Ubunkondlo ab llkho endleleni ehleleke ngayo kepha busengqikithini ecashile. Okuphawuleka kakh ulll ukuthi in oveli iveza yo nke impilo yenkosi ukllzalwa, ukunqoba, ukwehlulwa kwayo ngisho ukufa kwayo kanti izibongo zona zigxile kakhulu ekunqobeni kwayo inkosi.

42 Poetry is language that is inescapabl e. It may contain ideas, but it is not ideas, It may tell a story, but it is not stori es. It may express the whole of human emotion, but unless its language is vital, fresh and surpri sing, those emotions will be blurred and ineffectual. Poetry then is vital, fresh and surpri sin g language, common place language will have no impact. - 183 - Omunye umehluko ophawuleka kakhulu ukuthi inoveli ayigxilile enkosini kuphela njengezibongo kepha ikhuluma ngisho nangabantu abasondelene nenkosi okanye abaphila noma abanabakwenzayo okuthinta inkosi leyo. Ezibongweni zeNkosi uDingane imbongi iveze iNkosi uDingane njengegwala uma ithi:

UNomashikizela umashiy' impi yakhe. (Nyembezi, 1958:46)

Imbongi iphawula kakhulu ngomzimba omkhulu weNkosi uDingane, hhayi ngamandla ayo.

Ngesikhathi kuqhathaniswa la manoveli om lando kanye nezibongo kutholakele ukuthi uDhlomo waqala ngokubhala inoveli yom lando weNkosi uDingane lapho ayechaza khona ukuthi iNkosi uDingane yathola ubukhosi ngokubulala kakhulu. Yazama ukuvimba amaBhunu ukuba angazinzi kwaZulu. Uyakuveza ukuthi iNkosi uDingane yabulawa ngonyaka we-1940 eSwazini.

Sekuzobhekwa ubuqiniso bokuqukethwe yinoveli ethi "UDingane" nezibongo zeNkosi uDingane buqhathaniswa nezincwadi ezibhalwe ngomlando wamakhosi.

5.5 UBUQINISO BOKUQUKETHWE YINOVELI ETHI "UDINGANE" NEZIBONGO ZENKOSI UDINGANE BUQHATHANISW A NEZINCW ADI EZIBHAL WE NGOMLANDO W AMAKHOSI

Uma sibheka izibongo ngokukaNyembezi (1958) kanye nenoveli ethi "UDingane" (1936) uma kuhlaziywa, kutholakele ukuthi nakuba kokubili kuwethula umlando weNkosi uDingane kepha kubuye kube khona ukushayisana ngoba izibongo zigxile kakhulu ezehlakalweni ezithinta ukunqoba kweNkosi uDingane. Inoveli yona ibuye ibe nezigameko eziningi ezifakelwe ukukhulisa indaba.

UNyembezi (1958) noDhlomo (1936) abavezi ngokugcwele ukuzalwa nokukhula kweNkosi uDingane. UZulu (2005) uthi iNgonyama uDingane izalwa iSilo uSenzangakhona kuNdlunkulu lIMpikase okaMlilela waseMaqllngebeni. Kwathi ngokllzalwa kwakhe - 184- wasuswa esigodlweni kwaNobamba wayokhul ela kwaQwabe. Igama layo eyayaziwa nga lo kwakunguNjunju woHlanga. Ku zwakala ukuthi iNd lunkulu uMpikase yayithandwa kakhulu ngumntwana uMkabayi kaJama. UN dlunkulu uMpikase kwakungowesithupha ekugcagceleni oNgangezwe. UNjunju woHlanga usiwa kwaQwabe nj e uyofundi swa amahubo kan ye nokusina. UBecker (1964:20) uma simcaphuna eh un yushelwe esiZulwini uveza okungazange kuvezwe ngabanye ababhali ngoku ya kweNkosi uDingane kwaQwabe. Uthi ukuxabana kokuqala kweNkosi uDingane neN kosi uShaka babebanga ukuthi iNkosi uDin gane yayithandana nephovela. Lokhu kwayicasula iNkosi uShaka, yabe isibaleka iNkosi uDin gane yaya kwaQwabe. Emva konyaka isizwe sakwaQwabe ses inqotshwe uZulu, iNkosi uDin gane yabuyiswa ekhaya. rNkosi uShaka yamxo lela.43

Ubunjalo beN kosi uDingane sibuvezelwe kahle uB ecker ( 1964: 17) uma simcaphuna ehunyushelwe esiZulwini uthi uDin gane wabe ek hul e engumhambawodwana. 44

Indaba yokubulawa kukaMbopha kaSithayi aY lvezlwe ngokugcwele enovelini okwenza kungacaci kahle umlando wokuthi kungani abul awa. UDhlomo ( 1936) akanikezi imininingwane egcwele ngokubulawa kukaMbopha kaSithayi. UZ ulu (2005) uthi kwathi lapho uMbopha ebuya kwaWambaza uMn twana uDingane wasemsusa eduze kwakhe ethi akayophatha isi godlo sasOdwini phansi eMhl ath uze. Wasuka lapho wayo bhun ga nobabekazi wakhe uMkabayi kaJama. Bavumelana ngokuthi umuntu oyingozi kakhulu nokumele asheshe agudluzwe nguMbopha kaSithayi. Bathi nguye onesibindi esibi sokuba ubengaze achithe igazi lobukhosi abulale ingonyama yakhe ebimondla. Futhi uMbopha wayesekhombisile ukuthi yena usebenze la phezu kokubekwa koMntwana uMhlangana

43 King Din gane's first known clash with king Shaka came in 18 17. It was the outcome of a love affair in which king Dingane was said to be in volved with a seragli o woman. King Shaka was furious and ordered hi s brother's immediate arrest and execution. King Dingane was on a point of being put to death when, by some strange chance, he managed to slip unnoti ced out of the kraal , to escape into the bushy regions of the south and hence into Qwabe country. A year later, when the Qwabe were invaded by the Zulu army, king Dingane was captured, ~~'o u g ht b~ck to hi s homeland .and then t.o the surprise of all ,. pardoned by king Shaka. (Becker, 1964:20) Accordlllg to present-day tribal chrolllcies of Zululand, DlIlgane was not a happy boy. In contrast with the other princes of esiKlebeni who carelessly frolicked, romped or squabbl ed about the huts, he was res~r~ed and sullen. ~e s n ~pped at those who ventured to tease him but seldom became in volved in fights, lackadaIsIcal and unassertI ve, DlI1 gane was often assurd of shirking hi s duties and then reprimanded or beaten by hi s elders. (Becker, 1964: 17) - 185 - esihlalweni sobukhosi. Nebala aphuma amahalanjonjo akhona aphikelela Odwini afike ambulala uMbopha kaSithayi.

UZulu (2005:80) uveza okubalulekile okungavezwanga uDhlomo (1936) noNyembezi (1958). Uthi iNkosi uDingane kwakuyigagu elikhulu. Ukuhlabelela amahubo yiyona nto eyayizithokozisa ngayo empilweni yayo. Kwakuthi uma kufika abelungu bezoyibona ibemukele ngokubakhethela ngamahubo ayeqanjwe yiyo uqobo. Yayisinela izivakashi zaso inoMndlunkulu wayo kanye namaphovela noma izixebe zayo.

Umlando ngokukhothama kweNkosi uDingane ovezwe uDhlomo (1936) uyefana nalowo ovezwe uZulu (2005). UZulu (2005) uthi kwathi ngelanga eyayizobulawa ngalo iNgonyama uDingane, izinduna zakhipha amabutho zathi awayotheza izinkuni. Impi kwathiwa ayiphume iyozingela izinyamazane. Kwathi lapho sekuthe cwaka angena amabutho akwaNyawo afika ayigwaza iNgonyama uDingane ayibulala endaweni yaseKwaliweni, eNgwavuma. Yabulawa kanye nenceku yayo uLugolo wakwaMthiyane. ISiio uDingane satshalwa ngenhla kwedlinza likaNdunankulu waso uNdlela kaSompisi.

UBallard (1988:37) yena uveza okwehluki le kakhulu ngokukhothama kweNkosi uDingane. Uma simcaphuna ehunyushelwe esiZulwini uthi iNkosi uDingane yabalekela ukubanjwa ngamabutho amaBhunu yabe isibalekela ukuyofuna ukukhoseliswa ngaphansi kwabantu bakwaNyawo ngaphansi kukaSilivana owayeyibambankosi likaSambana. Isizwe sakwaNyawo sabe sazi ukuthi ulaka lukaMpande namaBhunu luyokwehlela phezu kwabo ngaloku kucashisa kwabo uDingane endaweni yabo.

Kwathi ziyi-I9 kuNdasa ngonyaka we-I 840, uSilivana, uSambana nomfowabo uZulu Nyawo nenduna yamaSwazi uNandawana bahlasela indlu kaDingane eduze kwaseKwaliweni bamlinda ukuba aqhamuke, okwathi ukuba aqhamuke bamshaya kabuhlungu bamgwaza bephindelela. Isilimele iNkosi uDingane yabaleka iquma kabuhlungu ibalekela ehlathini elaliseduzane, lapho yakhothamela khona. Yatshalwa eduze kwendawo eyayikhothamele kuyo, itshalwa yibo abakwaNyawo. Njengosiko lokuhlonipha inkosi, ababulali baphonsa itshe elibeni layo. Lawa matshe namhlanje asethandelwe izimpande zesihlahla somdoni - 186- esimile kule ndawo. UGerard (1971: 223) ubalula okungazange kushiwo muntu ngokukhothama kweNkosi uDingane lapho ethi iNkosi uDingane yabulawa abalandeli beN kosi uMpande, owayebekwe amaBhunu ukuba abe yinkosi yesizwe samaZulu.

Sekuzobhekwa okutholakele ngesikhathi kuqhathaniswa inoveli ethi "U Mpande" kanye nezibongo zeN kosi uMpande.

5.6 OKUTHOLAKELE NGESIKHATHI KUQHATHANISWA INOVELI ETHI "UMP ANDE" KANYE NEZIBONGO ZENKOSI UMP ANDE.

Emva kokuba sekuqhathaniswe izibongo zeNkosi uMpande kanye nenoveli ethi "UMpande" kutholakele ukuthi kokubili kwethula umlando weNkosi uMpande kepha ukhona umehluko. Inoveli isebenzise kakhulu inkulumompendulwano ukuze inandise inoveli.

Ziningi kakhulu izehlakalo eZll1gamaqll1lso zomlando weN kosi uMpande nezigameko ezenzeka ngesikhathi sokubusa kweNkosi uMpande. Nakuba inoveli ingagxilile kakhulu ekukhuleni kweNkosi uMpande kepha Iyas lveza ISlmo sakhe ebuncaneni ukuthi wayephathwa ngumchoboko futhi ezimukile emzimbeni. Kokubili inoveli kanye nezibongo akukho okuveza ukukhula kweNkosi uMpande kepha kuqalwa esekhulile sekubusa iNkosi uDingane. Okuphawuleke kakhulu ukuthi izibon go zeNkosi uMpande zigcwele kakhulu ukubalisa kunokubabaza ubuqhawe. Zimbalwa kakhulu izigameko ezibalulekile emlandweni ezikhona ezibongweni zeN kosi uMpande. Imbon gi ikukhombisile kakhulu ukuthi iNkosi uMpande yabe ingenamandla.

Njengawo wonke amakhosi iNkosi uMpande ufani swa nezilwane ezinamandla ezibongweni. Simthola efaniswa nendlovu, nokhozi njll. INkosi uMpande kubuye kwavezwa uhlangothi lokuba yinkosi enokuthanda abesifazane. Lokhu kuvezwe lapho kuthiwa:

USomnandi kaNdaba Woza ngang' umlomo (Nyembezi, 1958:70)

- 187 - Kuzo zonke izibongo zeNkosi uMpande imbongi isebenzise ulimi olunothiswe yizithombemagama kanye nolimi olusezingeni eliphezulu.

Sekuzobhekwa ubuqiniso bokuqukethwe yinoveli ethi "UMpande" nezibongo zeNkosi uMpande buqhathaniswa nezincwadi ezibhalwe ngomlando wamakhosi.

5.7 UBUQINISO BOKUQUKETHWE YINOVELI ETHI "UMPANDE" NEZIBONGO ZENKOSI UMPANDE BUQHATHANISWA NEZINCWADI EZIBHAL WE NGOMLANDO W AMAKHOSI

Akukuningi okuzophawulwa ngeNkosi uMpande njengoba okuningi okubhalwe enovelini kuthinta kakhulu umbuso weN kosi uDingane kanye neNkosi uCetshwayo. Kutholakele ukuthi nakuba inoveli iwethulile umlando weNkosi uMpande kepha kukhona ezinye izigameko uDhlomo abebuye angazifaki enovelini ezibalulekile emlandweni. Esahlukweni sesithathu senoveli uDhlomo uchaza uku bekwa kweNkosi uMpande ibekwa amaBhunu. Lokhu ukuchaza agcine lapho. UZulu (2005:93) uyenaba ngalolu daba aze aveze nokuthi ukubekwa kweNkosi uMpande kwaba isikhathi soguquko olunzima esizweni sikaZulu ngoba kwakungakaze kwenzeke ngaphambilini ukuba iSilo soHlanga sibekwe abezizwe esihlalweni sobukhosi.

Sekuzobhekwa okutholakele ngesikhathi kuqhathaniswa inoveli ethi "UCetshwayo" kanye nezibongo zeN kosi uCetshwayo.

5.8 OKUTHOLAKELE NGESIKHATHI KUQHA THANISW A INOVELI ETHI "UCETSHW A YO" KANYE NEZIBONGO ZENKOSI UCETSHW AYO

Emva kokuba sekuqhathaniswe izibongo zeNkosi uCetshwayo kanye nenoveli ethi "UCetshwayo" uma kuhlaziywa, kutholakele ukuthi kokubili kwethula umlando weNkosi uCetshwayo kepha ukhona umehluko. Enovelini sithola ukuthi uDhlomo uxoxa izindaba ezahlukene isahluko nesahluko. Akazilandelanisi izi gameko njengoba enzile kulawa amanye amanoveli esesike saphawula ngawo. - 188 - UDhlomo (1952: I) ukucacisa ngokusobala ukuthi iNkosi uCetshwayo yaba nazo zonke izinkinga eyaba nazo ngoba iNkosi uMpande yabe seyinike abamhlophe izwe elikhulu ngoba kuyibo ababembeke esikhundleni. Enovelini yakhe uDhlomo kuyavela ukuthi ubona sengathi isenzo seN kosi uCetshwayo sokusondeza uJohn Dunn owabe engakuMbuyazi yikona okwenza wehlulwa eNdondakusuka.

UDhlomo ukucacise bha ukuthi zonke izinto ezimbi ezazishiwo ngeNkosi uCetshwayo zazingamanga. Yingakho simthola ethi "Kepha kukho konke lokhu kasilizwa nelilodwa izwi nesenzo esenzlwa nguCetshwayo esikhomba ububi bakhe nokukhohlakala kwakhe."(Dhlomo, 1952: 13)

UDhlomo enovelini yakhe wayezama ukukuveza ukuthi iNkosi uCetshwayo yayingeyena umbulali njengoba babesho abamhlophe. Uma kungabhekwa udaba lokubulawa kwezintombi zeNgcugce, uDhlomo uyakuveza ukuthi kwakun geyona intando yeNkosi uCetshwayo kepha wayeqhuba lokho okwakwenziwa yiNkosi uMpande yokujubela amabutho ibutho elithile lezintombi njengoba kwenzeka ezintombini zeNgcugce zijutshelwa uDlokwe neNdlondlo. UDhlomo uyakucacisa ukuthi inani lezintombi ezafa aledlulanga eshumini. Uyakuveza uDhlomo ukuthi lezi zintombi zenqaba ukugana la mabutho ngoba zazazi ukuthi inkosi uCetshwayo ngeke izenze lutho ngenxa yemithetho eyabe seyibekelwe yona. UMazibuko (2007) ephepheni lakhe elisihloko sithi "The Importance of Preserving The HistolJ! of Zulu Kings as part of our Indigenous Knowledge with Special reference to King Cetshwayo" uyakucacisa ukuthi akuyona iNkosi uCetshwayo eyabulala izintombi zeNgcugce kepha oyise bazo abazibulala becasulwa ukuthi zedelela izwi lenkosi. UDhlomo ubuye aveze ukuthi olunye udaba olwenziwa ihaba yilelo lokulwa kwaMamboza neNgobamakhosi, okwenza ukuba kufe abantu ababengamashumi ayisikhombisa kuwo womabili amabutho. Abamhlophe babekubuka ngokuthi iNkosi uCetshwayo yayizijabulela zonke lezi zinto ukuze ibone abantu bebulalana.

KuDhlomo iNkosi uCetshwayo yaYlvezwe njengenkosi eyayithanda ukuthula, eyayilwa kuphela uma iphoqelekile. Uma sekwenzekile yalwa yayiqinisekisa ukuthi yenza uxolo kulabo ebikade ilwa nabo. Kuyavela enovelini ukuthi abantu ababenza iNkosi uCetshwayo - 189- ibukeke iyinkosi embi yilabo ababesondelene nayo kakhulu ngoba babebuye ban gay il aleli . Empini yaseRorkes Drift iNkosi uCetshwayo yayishilo ukllthi abantll bayo ban ga lu we li uThlikela baye eRorkes Drift, kepha abaze bamlalela. NaseHlobane iNkosi uCetshwayo yayitshele uMn yamana ukuba angavumeli impi yakhe ukllba ihlase le amaNgisi esenkanjini yawo, kepha abaze bamlalela.

Okuphawulekayo ukuthi izibongo zeNkosi lICetshwayo zigx il e kakhulu ekllnqobeni kweNkosi uCetshwayo ikakhulukazi emp ini yaseNdond akusuka kanye neyaseSandlwana. Imbongi ibongela kakhulu iNkosi uCetshwayo nobuhlakani bayo ekllweleni kwayo uMhlathuze iya eNdondakusuka nakuba iziGqoza zazicabanga ukuthi bayokwesaba ukll we la. Kube sezibon gweni lapho klltholakale khona lIkuthi iNkosi uCetshwayo ibizwa ngazo zonke izilwane ezesabekayo ngenxa yesithun zi sayo. Ibizwa ngemamba okuyinyoka eyingozi. INkosi uCetshwayo ibuye ibi zwe ngethole ukugqamisa amandla eyayinawo. Ezibongweni kuvezwe ukwexwayi swa okuningi kweNkosi lICetshwayo kepha in galaleli . Sikuthola lapho iNkosi uCetshwayo yenqaba ukllthobela abeilin gu ukll ze kllngabi bikho impi. INkosi uCetshwayo yabona ukllthi akllsekho okwakusengavimba impi . Lokho kwenza ukuba kube nempi yaseSandlwana.

Sekuzobhekwa lIbllqini so bokuqllkethwe yi nove li ethi "UCetshwayo" buqhathaniswa nezincwadi ezibhalwe ngo mlando wamakhosi.

5.9 UBUQINISO BOKUQUKETHWE YINOVELI ETHI "UCETSHWAYO" NEZIBONGO ZENKOSI UCETSHWAYO BUQHATHANISWA NEZINCWADI EZIBHAL WE NGOMLANDO W AMAKHOSI

Mliningi umlando oSllbhaliwe ngeNkosi uCetshwayo otholakale enovelini yo mlando kan ye nasezibongweni zayo iNkosi lI Cetshwayo. UCele ( 1997: 124) uthi uma kuqhathaniswa namanye amanoveli om lando, kli Cetshwayo lIDhlomo waqoqa 1I1wazi kubantu abangamaZulu ababephila nayo iNkosi lICetshwayo. Nakuba kllbhaliwe ngeN kos i lI Cetshwayo kepha kunamaqini so abhalwe ezincwad ini natho lakal a klilabo okwaxoxiswana nabo. - 190 - UDkt Reggie Khumalo okungomunye wabantu okwaxoxwa nabo, ephawula ngokuzalwa kweNkosi uCetshwayo wathi ukllzalwa kweNkosi uCetshwayo kwaba yisiphrofetho ngoba iNkosi uMpande yaba nephupho elithi kubantwana bakhe abazelwe ngaleso sikhathi, omnyama njengokhamba nguyena oyoba yi nkosi uma yena (uMpande) esekhotheme. Uma kuyobhekwa emizini yakhe lapho kllkhona oNdlunkulu bakhe abazithwele kwatholakala ukuthi eMlambongwenya lapho kwakukhona okaMbondi kutholakale umfana omnyama njengephupho lenkosi ("UJininindi omnyama, Obunyama bakhe buyesabeka"). Ukuze izwakale kahle indaba yokllzalwa kllkaMagwegwana ngokll gwegwa abakayise, kasiyiqale kanje: INkosi uMpande yay ithethe inoNdlllnkulu aban in gi, ifuze uyise lIMjokwana kaNdaba, uMenzi , ngoba naye wayenondlunkulll abaningi.

Uma elanda uKhumalo uqhubeka athi , kllthiwa iLembe lalimkhonzile kakhulu uMpande, kasilizwa limkhuza ukuthi lI ganelwani kakhlliu nokuthi uzalelani ngoba yena wayengabathandi abantwana yize ayenawo uMndlunkulu. Lapha kasiqaphelisise ukuthi iLembe lalinemiNdlunkulu, hhayi oNdlllnkulu. ImiNdlunkulu, zintombi nje zokuthi inkosi izithokozise uma izwa idinga umuntu wesifazane. Ngithanda ukukubalula lokhu ngoba kweminye yale miNdlunkulu, uMpande wathola abantwana. Kanjani? Njengoba kwakwaziwa ukuthi iLembe lalingafune mntwana, lize li sho lithi umbango usuka emlotheni liqonde ukuthi li yobangiswa ngabantwana balo kanye nabafowabo. Nempela kwaba nj alo, kodwa iqini so lithi ngaphakathi iLembe lafuna ukuba nomuntu ozalwa yi lo kodwa kube yimfihlo. Wayezokwenza kanjani lokhu? ILembe lathatha enye yomNdlunkulu walo, bathi wayesesoleka, lahamba layomlobola lilobolela uMpande. Nguyena yedwa 10 Ndlunkulu obekade enguMndlunklllu weLembe esizwa ukuthi walotsholwa ngezinkomo zeLembe.

Omunye uMndlunkulu wesulelwa kuMpande naye okuthiwa wayesoleka, yena-ke kasizwa kuphuma izinkomo zikaDlungwana wombelebele ziyom lobola. Kondlunkulu bonke abagana iSilo sakwaNodwengu sizobalula abane kuphela, labo abathintekayo ekuzalweni koMntwana uCetshwayo, nokwasuka umbango nga madodana abo. Sizobaklelisa kanje:

- 191 - • UNgqumbazi kaMbondi kaTshana Zungu

Yilo ndlunkulu esithi walotsholwa ngezinkomo zeLembe. UNgqumbazi uzalwa nguMbondi umfowabo kaMkhonto kaTshana kaZungu kaNcwana. Wangena esigodlweni seLembe ekuqaleni kokubusa kwalo. Okusho ukuthi un go munye wezintombi ezindala zikaDlungwane. UMpande-ke wamfaka emzini waseMlambongwenya ayewakhele iNdlovukazi uSongiya kaNgotsha engudadewabo kaWolizibi Hlabisa. NguNdlunkulu uNgqumbazi owazala iNkosi uCetshwayo.

• UMonase kaMntungwa kaMkhatshwa

Lo ndlunkulu ungowesibili futhi un gudadewabo kaMalusi uyise kaSothondose benoMawewe. Uzale uMntwana uMbuyazwe (Indl ov' enesihlonti), uMantantashiya noMkhungo.

• UNomatshali kaSiguyana wakwaNtuli.

Lo undlunkulu wesithathu, yena uzale umntwana uMthonga. UNdlunkulu uNomatshali kwathi ukuba umntwana uMbuyazwe abulawe yiNkosi uCetshwayo noNdlunkulu uMonase abalekele kuSobantu (B ishop Colenso), uthando IweNkosi uMpande Iwenabela kuNdlunkulu uNomatshali unina kaMthonga. Yilokho okwaqhatha uMntwana uMthonga neNkosi uCetshwayo ngoba yayisi liphimise ngomlolllo wayo iNkosi uMpande ukuthi asembona ezothatha ubukhosi nguMntwana uMthonga. Lokho kwenza ukuthi uMntwana uMthonga nomfowabo umntwana uMgidlana babalekele esilungwini.

• UNozibhuku wakwaNxumalo kaQunwane.

Yena-ke ungunkosikazi wengeno. Kwakungundlunkulu kaNzibe ulllfowabo, noma sithi umnakwabo weNkosi uMpande, owaphuma impi yeLembe yokugcina, wasala oBhalule eshiye umcekeceke womlobokazi ekade esinelwa nguye. UNzibe wayakhe umuzi wakhe wakwaMfemfe. UNdlunku lu uNozibhuku wazala uMntwana uHhamu . Bonke labo ndlunkulu bakhululeka cishe ngesikhathi esisodwa.

Nakuba kuveziwe ezibongweni zeNkosi uCetshwayo kanye nasenovelini ukuthi iNkosi uCetshwayo yayinyalllanambana kuyi se iNkosi uMpande kepha uKhumalo uyenaba kulokhu. - 192 - Uveza ubuthakathaka ben kosi uMpande lapho enikeza amaphuzll ayeveza ubuthakathaka beNkosi uMpande: • Ukuphikisa iphupho elalivela kwabaphansi , ebeseba nephupho-mbllmblliu elikhomba iNdlov'enesihlonti njengomlandeli wakhe ebukhosini, ngoba esebhokelwe uthando kukaMonase lokllzenzisa.

• Ukukhipha uMntwana uCetshwayo ukllba ayokwakha umllzi wakhe, lokho uJininindi kwamnika izimpiko ngoba wakha owasOndlini, okusho ukuphakama. Umllzi ongangezintaba zoNdi noKhahlamba.

• Uklliambisa uSuthll (abalandeli bakaCetshwayo) ababelandelwa kakhulu yibutho elingontanga yakhe amaMboza, ekwenza lokho kunembizo esibayeni lapho ayezobulala khona iguqa okwakuzothi oliphakamisayo akhuzwe ngesaho esithi "Bayede"

• Ngenxa yokuthi amaMboza (lISuthll) ayelalllbile, ayengezwakali noma ehuba. Inkosi yakwaNodwengu yabhuqa yathi "Ake nlYlzwe inkiyankiya ulllchwayo walllaMboza", esho ekloloda ebheke eZigqozeni (abalandeli bakaMbuyazwe).

• Ullla sekuphakanyiswa iguqa, uMpande ujuba iNdlov' enesihlonti ukllba iqale iliphakalllise kuqala enelllicabango elllibili :

UMbuyazwe lIyisidlakela kanti uCetshwayo ulubabavana olunamagwegwe (Ulllagwegwana ngokugwegwa abakayise). Wabona ukuthi lIMbuyazwe lIzothatha kalula.

- Wayecabanga ukuthi njengoba inkolllo ingakaqulllbi nJe, uzozithathela kalula nJe uMbllyazwe, kanti akabuzanga elangeni limtshele ukuthi inkomo uma isashisa iyasinda kodwa uma isipholile ilula ngoba igazi elisindayo lisllke lingasekho sekukhona umantshu kanye nOllloya.

Ekwehlulekeni kukaMbuyazwe ukuphakamisa isilwane nokuthi ulllagwegwana asiqukule, kwayicasula iNkosi uMpande. Inkosi yabeqhatha abantwana okwasiza izinduna ngokuba zikhuze.

- 193 - Enkulumweni eyethulwa yiSilo Samabandla uGoodwill mhla ziyisithupha kuMasingana ngonyaka we-2006 esithangamini sempi yaseSandlwana, sacacisa kabanzi ngempi yaseSandlwana lapho sathi impi yaseSandlwana ayiliwanga kuphela ngamaNgisi okuthiwa ayeyingcosana, ephethe izibhamu, kodwa futhi ayelekelelwa ngabantu abase bewelele ngakuwo, abase bekholiwe, ababephoqwa ngoba sebakhe ngaphesheya koThukela abase bezidephunele lona.

Lokhu kwafakazelwa nanguSolwazi Maphalala khona esithangamini lapho athi "Impi yaseSandlwana ibhalwe ngemfundisoze nangokubuka umlando ngeso laseNtshonalanga ngoSomlando babelungu, yaphendukezelwa. Labo SOllllando bayakufihla ukuthi amabutho kaZulu avela eNatali nabaTlokwa yiwona ayengaphezulu kwaweSilo uCetshwayo enyakatho yoThukela noMzinyathi. Bayakufihla ukuthi ukuba alllabutho abaTlokwa namaZulu aseNatali ayenqobile, ulllbuso walllaNgisi wawungeke uzihluphe ngisho nangokudubula njengoba naseMaqongqo ngowe-1840 alllabutho alllaBhunu ayeholwa ngu-Andries Pretorius engazange adubule kodwa abukela alllaZulu ebulalana wodwa wona eme Ie kude. NaseNdondakusuka ngowe-1856 alllabutho alllaNgisi ayeholwa ngu-John Dunn aze azilllbandakanya nelllpl ngoba sekusobala ukuthi ekaMntwana uCetshwayo idla umhlanganiso.

Sekuzobhekwa ullltheleia wesakhiwo selllibhalo YOlllibili ekwethulweni kokuqukethwe.

5.10 UMTHELELA WESAKHIWO SEMIBHALO YOMIBILI EKWETHULWENIKOKUQUKETHWE

Kungeze kwaba yiphutha ukukholelwa ukuthi ukuze kubhaleke inoveli yomlando umbhali wayo ulwazi oluningi ulutho la ikakhulukazi ezincwadini asuke ezifundile zOllllando eziphathelene nalokho abhala ngakho, kungaba allladayari njalonjalo. Izincwadi zikaDhlomo zibhalwe ngollliando wakudala ngisho abalingiswa bakhe kuyasho ukuthi abantu angabazi kepha ezwa ngendaba ngabo. Kucacile kule noveli ukuthi ngenxa yokwedlula komlando kubantu abaningi ugcina ungasagcwali kahle njengoba kubonakele kula Illanoveli. Ziningi nezinye izizathu ezibanga lokhu. Esinye sazo ukuthi okuningi okuwumlando walllaZulu

- 194 - kwaqoshwa abamhlophe nabo ababengalwazi 1I1imi IwamaZlIllI ababesizwa ngabahllmushayo okwenza ukuthi umlando ophelele ugcine uSlllahlekile.

Okumele kuqikelelwe ukllthi uDhlomo wayexoxa indaba. Uma sibheka imibhalo yasemandulo kuyaziwa ukuthi indlela eyayisetshenziswa yokudlulisa 1I1wazi kwabe kungukuxoxelana. Ngesu lokuxoxa uGraham (1965: 121) ulichaza kanje45 Kuyabonakala ukuthi uDhlomo wabhala Ie noveli yom lando emuva kokuba esefunde izincwadi ezabhalwa uStuart (1916). Konke lokhu osekubaliwe kwenza bungabibikho ubuqiniso born lando otholakala kule noveli ngoba uma uDhlomo ayebhale esusela kuStuart owayemhlophe kuyabonakala ukuthi naye uStuart wayebeka umlando ngendlela eyayithandwa uyena. Lokhu uDhlomo ukucacise kakhulu esethulweni senoveli ethi "UShaka" lapho simuzwa ethi " Into ebelukhuni kim ina ukuba ngilandelanise kahle konke ukuhamba kukaShaka impela, kllsuka ekuzalweni kwakhe kuze kuyofika ekufeni kwakhe. Lokho kwenziwe ukuba ngingawutholanga umthombo obungangisiza kulokho, ngase-ke ngimelwa ukuthatha lapha ngithathe laphaya, ngihlanganise indaba ezwakalayo". Yinoveli ebhalwe ngomlando weNkosi uCetshwayo lapho uDhlomo ekuvuma ukuthi wasebenzisa izincwadi eziningi kanye nezingxoxo. Lokhu sikuthola esethulweni lapho ethi "Ukuze ngiphumelele ekuhloleni kahle inkambo yeNkosi uCetshwayo ngafunda izincwadi eziyishumi nesihlanu ezilotshwe ngaye, ngaxoxa nabanumzane abaningi bakwaZulu abanokwazi okuthile ngoCetshwayo. Kodwa phezu kwakho konke lokho mhlawumbe kukhona okusilele, ikakhulu okwaziwa ngabantu."

Okubonakele ezibongweni zamakhosi ukuthi ziveza okuningi ngenkosi leyo ebongwayo. Ziqale zisitshele ngomlando kanye nozalo Iwenkosi njengoba luvela ezincwadini zomlando, zibuye ziveze ubllqhawe kanye nokuhlabana kwenkosi, zibuye ziqwashise isizwe ukuba sihlangane futhi siyihloniphe inkosi. Izibongo zamakhosi zigxile kakhulu ezimpini ezaziliwa amakhosi kanye nokunqoba kwawo. Yingakho ezibongweni efaniswa kakhulu nezilwane ezesabekayo njengamabhubesi njalonjalo. lzibongo ziveza umlando wamakhosi futhi zibuye ziveze nenkolo kaZulu uma kukhulunywa ngamathongo amakhosi kanye nesizwe sonke samaZulu.

45 ...... the narrative method, that of the omniscient author, who writes predominantly in the third person, perhaps with some first person commentary of his own ...... at an y time that suits him , the author can cast off his invisible cloak and show himself (Graham, 1965: 121). - 195 - Okuphawulekayo ukuthi izibongo zamakhosi akukho okungathiwa umbhali wazo ngoba noNyembezi wathola iqoqo lazo. UBrown ( 1999:71) uma ecashunwa ehunyushelwe esiZulwini, uthi uCope wazibhala izibongo ezisusela kuStuart owayeqoqe izibongo zeNkosi uShaka ezazihaywa izikhathi ezingengaphansi kwezingamashumi amathathu nantathu. UBiyela (1998:4) uthi izibongo zinikeza umlando ofinyeziwe. Zibalulekile ngoba kukholakala ukuthi zinikeza umlando oyiqiniso ngoba ziqanjwa umuntu osuke ezibonele futhi ehlala nenkosi nsuku zonke. Injulalulwazi ye-Orality ibaluleke kakhulu kulolu cwanmgo ngoba ngokwayo okwakushiwo ngomlomo kubalulekile futhi kunamandla amakhulu. UTurner (2003:82) uyakufakazela lokhu uma ethi esikhathini lapho izinto zazisadluliswa ngomlomo ukugcina into emqondweni kwakubaluleke kakhulu. Uqhubeka akhulume ngokubaluleka kwalokho okugcinwe emqondweni ukuthi akukhohlakali ngoba kusuke kusetshenziswe iphethini ye-mnemonic ukulekelela ekukhumbuleni. UJousse (2000: 576) uthi uma kusetshenziswa iphethini yokukhumbula neye-mnemonic kusetshenziswa ukuphindaphinda kakhulu okwenza ukuba lokho okufakwa emqondweni kugxile kakhulu kungakhohlakali. Lokhu kulekelelwa ukusebenzisa kakhulu imvumelwano, ukuxhumana, impindwa kanye nefanamsindo.

Okufike kube kubi ngezibongo ukuthi nakuba ziyiqiniso kepha zibuye zisebenzise ulimi olushubile futhi lufake nemikhuba yakudala engasenziwa namuhla. Izibongo azilethi isithombe esigcwele ngenkosi ngoba ezibongweni azibalwa izinto ezimbi ngenkosi leyo. Abantu abangabalulekile akukhulunywa ngabo ezibongweni. Lokhu kwenzeke kwalula ngoba Ie mibhalo icutshungulwe kakhulu . Kuhambi sane kakhulu nepharadaymu eqondayo okuyiyona ebe yisisekelo salolu cwaningo njen goba kufakazelwa uNeuman (2000:68) uma ethi enye yezimpawu zepharadaymu eqondayo ukuthi igcizelela ukufunda okunzulu, noma ukuhlolwa kwendikimba yombhalo noma indikimba yokukhulunywayo noma izithombe.

Sekuzobhekwa umthelela wesiko laseNtshonalanga kuDhlomo kugxilwa kubalingiswa emanovelini kaDhlomo.

- 196 - 5.11 UMTHELELA WESIKO LASENTSHONALANGA KUDHLOMO

Okutholakele ngenkathi kuqhathaniswa izibongo zamakhosi kanye namanoveli om lando abhalwe uDhlomo ukuthi isiko laseNtshonalanga libe nomthelela omkhulu kula manoveli. Okuningi okubhalwe kula manoveli kukholl1bisa ngokusobala ukuthi uDhlomo wafunda kakhulu umlando wamakhosi owawubhalwe uStuart nabanye abamhlophe. Ukuncika kakhulu kukaDhlomo ezincwadini zomlando kwenze abalingiswa abaningi kula ll1anoveli izenzo zabo zihambisane nobllnjalo babo emlandweni. Nakuba bekhona abalingiswa uDhlomo aziqambele bona kepha abagqamile njengalabo abaziwayo emlandweni. Abalingiswa abaningi abasetshenziswe uDhlomo bangabalingiswa abakhona emlandweni.

UKhoza (200 1:43) uthi kwakulula kllDhlomo ukuba izincwadi zakhe zishicilelwe ukuba zifllndwe ezikoleni. Okuyiyona noveli kaDhloll1o eyaba nezingqinall1ba ekushicilelweni yilena ethi "UCetshwayo" ngoba ingamllkelwa ngokwenkolo kanye nakwezepolitiki. UCouzens (1975: II) uveza incwadi eyabhalwa uDhloll1o echaza ukllthi kungani incwadi yakhe ethi "UCetshwayo" ingashicilelwanga. Ifllndeka kanje:

Mnu

Ngifisa ukuchazela abafllndi , ikakhulukazi labo asebeke bafunda eZll1ye izincwadi zami phambilini. Incwadi ethi lICetshwayo engiyibhale ngonyaka odlule ngayithumela kubashicileli bakwaShuter eMgungundlovll njengoba ngiyaye ngenze nakwezinye izincwadi zami. Bayinikeza ikomidi lemibhalo ukuba liyicubungule okllyikomidi elincoma izincwadi okllmele zifundwe ezikoleni. Leli komidi liholwa umfund isi F. Shuter wakwaDumisa.

Emva kwezinyanga ezine 10 msebenzi ngawedllliisa kwabakwaShuter ngathola umbiko owawuvela kubashicileli owawunomyalezo owawubhalwe umfundisi Shuter lapho ayegxeka khona Ie ncwadi yami. Wayeyigxeka ngalezi zizathu: Angikhulumanga kahle ngabamhlophe kanye nabaholi bezenkolo. Waqhubeka washo ukuthi akayazi imbangela yokubhalwa kwale ncwadi futhi akllyona incwadi enhle okumele ifundwe. Wabe esewubuyisa lImbhalo ugcwele izinto eziningi ezilungisiwe. Ngabe sengithumela 10 msebenzi ePitoli bakuveza ukuthi nakuba ubuye ufake nezinto ezipolitikayo kepha lImbhalo omllhle. Bathi bangawuthenga njengomnyango kodwa hhayi ukllthi ushicilelwe. Angikholwa ukllthi amaZulu ayoke ayifllnde Ie ncwadi ebhalwe ngesikhathi esiballilekile emlandweni wabo, sen kosi uCetshwayo eyayigxeka lokho eyayikubona ukuthi kwakudala impi. UMfundisi Shuter wayeze wabuza nezinjongo zami zokubhala - 197 - Ie ncwadi. Waze wabuza nokuthi lolu Iwazi ngangiluthole kubani. Ngangibhale njengoba ngangenzile nakwezinye izincwadi ngoba ngibona ukuthi amaZulu ayayidinga imibhalo ebhalwe ngolimi Iwawo. Ngiphetha ngokuthi ngisho ukuthi sesinephephandaba elisiza ababhali njengoba kwenza nelamaXhosa iLovedale. (ilanga LaseNatali, 1938:4)

Le ncwadi ikhombisa ngokusobala lIkuthi oDhlomo babebhala ngaphezu kwengcindezi enkulu. Yingakho Ie ncwadi ethi "UCetshwayo" abakwaShuter baze bayishicilela ngonyaka we-19S2. Lokhu kukhombisa ngokusobala ukuthi ababhali abamnyama babecindezelwe kangakananani. Kuhambisana kakhulu nenjulalulwazi ye-Post Colonialism egxila ekuthini abantu okuthathwe umbuso wabo basuke befuna lIkuthatha izindawo zabo zakudala. Lokhu uDhlomo wakwenza ngokubhala amanoveli omlando lapho ayeveza khona konke ngamakhosi. Ingcindezelo iyahambisana nalolu cwaningo ngoba omunye usuke ephoqelekile ukuba enze okufunwa abanye. Lokhu kubonakele ngesikhathi kuhlaziywa imibhalo lapho kutholakele ukllthi amakhosi akwaZulu ayephoqwa ukwenza izinto ayengazithandi njengoba kwakuphoqwe iNkosi uMpande ukuba inikeze amaBhunu umhlaba ukllze alekelelwe ekulweni neNkosi lIDingane. Konke lokhu kwakungenxa yengcindezelo.

Kuzobhekwa indlela ethule ngayo abalingiswa bamanoveli om lando, lIDhlomo.

5.12 ABALINGISW A ABASEMQOKA EMANOVELINI KADHLOMO

5.12.1 INOVELI ETHI "USHAKA"

Uma uDhlomo eveza iNkosi uShaka enovelini yakhe umveza njengenkosi eyayinonya. Uma esekugqamisa kahle lokhu uDhlomo uxoxa indaba yendoda eyafa ngoba izama ukulwa nelanga. INkosi uShaka yakuthokozela lokhu. UGolan (1994:89) uma simcaphuna ehunyushelwe esiZulwini uthi iNkosi uShaka yathi, "Kuyadabukisa ukuthi lIseze wafa kodwa kube yinhlanhla yakhe ukuthi azifele nje engabulawanga muntu ngoba bengizombulala vele. Mphoseni ngaphandle kothango Iwesigodlo bese kuthi bonke labo abahamba ngendlela nibabulale bazomphekezela 10 muntll obulawe yilanga. Ngiyawabona amanqe endizela

- 198 - phezulu ukuthi alambile.,,46 Isihluku seNkosi uShaka sichazwa ngokuthi sabangelwa yindlela akhula ngayo ehlukumezeka. Yikho-ke lokhu okwamenza ukuba aphile impilo yokuziphindiselela.

UGolan (1994:5) uthi iNkosi uShaka ayimele kuphela amandla kepha nobumbano. Wayebuye achazwe njengenkosi ehlakaniphile futhi kuyinkosi yabantu. Uchazwa njengenkosi emele i-Afrika ehlangene okumele ikhululwe ezandleni zabamhlophe. UDhlomo uchaza iNkosi uShaka njengenkosi esatshwayo futhi okumele ihlonishwe.

5.12.2 INOVELI ETHI "UDINGANE"

UDhlomo encwadini yakhe ethi uDingane usebenzise izindlela ezimbili ukuveza abalingiswa bakhe. Ubaveze ngokubachaza wabuye wabakhulumisa. UDhlomo uma ethula iNkosi uDingane, uyethula ngokusebenzisa izibongo zayo. Lezi zibongo zisebenzise ulimi olujulile olucebe ngezifengqo. Lolu limi lubuye lube lukhuni ngisho kumuntu ongumZulu. Umethula athi: Uvezi uNonyanda uMgabadeli! Owagabadela inkundla yakwaBulawayo. UMbomboshe omnyama Uvemvane lukaPhunga noMageba Uvemvane olumabala azibhadu Ngabe ngiyaluthinta luyahwaqabala Isiziba esiseMavivane Dingane. Isiziba esinzonzo, sinzonzobele Siminzisa umuntu ethi uyageza Waze washona nangesicoco. (Dhlomo, 1936:4-5)

46 " I~ is a pity he died but he was lucky to die of natural causes as I had intended to kill him. Throw him away outside the fe~ce of the homestead go and intercept those people who are go ing along the pathway and kill them. They will accompany and make it bad for thi s man who had been killed by the sun. I can see the birds ravenous flying above. I notice that they are hungry (Golan, 1994:89) - 199- Ezibongweni uDhlomo uveza iDkosi uDingane njengombulali owabulala iNkosi uShaka. UBulawayo kwabe kuyisigodlo seNkosi uShaka, kepha kulesi siqeshana sezibongo sisho iNkosi uShaka yona uqobo. Kuzo lezi zibongo kuchazwa ubunjalo beNkosi uDingane. Kuthiwa umnyama. Ufaniswa novemvane okuthi uma luthintwa luvele luthukuthele. INkosi uDingane kuzo lezi zibongo ibuye ichazwe njengomuntu ofana nesiziba esijulile esiyingozi njengoba abulala umfowabo uMhlangana.

Akukho lapho uDhlomo eveza khona ubunjalo bomzimba weNkosi uDingane. Enovelini iNkosi uDingane ivezwa isindala isisetshenziswa uyisekazi wayo uMkabayi ukuba ithathe ubukhosi. INkosi uDingane kule noveli ivezwe njengomlingiswa oyisicaba. Uvela eyinkosi engakwazi ukusebenzisa kahle umqondo ngoba ngesikhathi eqala nje ebusa wayebulala nje futhi enesihluku.

5.12.3 INOVELI ETHI "UMP ANDE"

UDhlomo enovelini uyakucacisa ukuthi igama leNkosi uMpande lalikhuluma ngoba lalisho ukuthi yiyo eyozala yandise umuzi wenkosi uSenzangakhona. Kwakuthiwa uMpande nje ngoba ezoba yimpande yesizwe sakwaZulu. Le noveli ikhulume kancane ngempilo yeN kosi uMpande yabe seyigxila embangweni wobukhosi emadodaneni eNkosi uMpande uMbuyazi kanye neNkosi uCetshwayo.

5.12.4 INOVELI ETHI "UCETSHW A YO"

UDhlomo ukucacisa ngokwakhe ukuthi iN kosi uMpande ngesikhathi yetha iNkosi uCetshwayo yayibikezela ukuthi ngelinye ilanga uyocetshwa eNgilandi. UDhlomo uyakuchaza lokhu enovelini. UDhlomo uveza iNkosi uCetshwayo njengomuntu onokuthula ofisa ukuthi kuboniswane ngaphandle kokuthi kuliwe. INkosi uCetshwayo yacela uSomtsewu ukuba abeke amaNgisi phakathi kwamaBhunu namaZulu ukuze abantu bakhe bangalwi namaBhunu kepha uSomtsewu akazange alalele.

- 200- UDhlomo uveza iNkosi uCetshwayo njengomuntu owayekholelwa ekuthini umuntu azilwele futhi abantu bafe empini. UDhlomo ubuyisa isithunzi sokuvezwa kweNkosi uCetshwayo emlandweni. Inkosi yenqaba ukuthatha umuthi en yangeni yaseBlIthonga ukuba afake ubuthi emanzini ukuze kubulawe bonke abamhlophe. Lokhu inkosi yayikwenziswa ukuthi yayikholelwa kakhllill ekuthini umuntu kllmele azilwele.

5.13 ISIPHETHO

Kulesi sahluko kuhlaziywe lokho okutholakele ngesikhathi kuqhathaniswa amanoveli om lando abhalwe ngamakhosi akhethiwe kllloill cwaningo kanye nezibongo zala makhosi njengoba zibhalwe uNyembezi (1958). Kuvezwe ubllqiniso bokuqukethwe amanoveli buqhathaniswa nezincwadi ezibhaliwe zomlando wala makhosi. Kubuye kwahlaziywa nokutholakale ngesikhathi kwenziwa IZlllgXOXO zalolll cwaningo. Kube sekubhekwa umthelela wesakhiwo semibhalo yomibili eqhathaniswayo ekwethlliweni kokuqukethwe. Ekugcineni kllbhekwe lImthelela wesiko laseNtshonalanga emibhalweni kaDhlomo.

Esahlukweni esilandelayo okuyisahluko sesithupha kllzophethwa lolu cwaningo.

- 201 - ISAHLUKO SESITHUPHA

ISIPHETHO SOCWANINGO

6.1 ISINGENISO

Esahlukweni esedlule kuhlaziywe okutholakele ngesikhathi kuqhathaniswa amanoveli omlando kanye nezibongo zamakhosi. Lokhu kubhekwe kusetshenziswa nezincwadi zorn lando ezibhalwe ngawo la makhosi. Kubhekwe nokuthi lolu cwaningo luxhumana kanjani nepharadaymu eqokiwe kanye nezinjulalulwazi ezisetshenzisiwe.

Lesi yisahluko sokugcina socwaningo esizoqoqa senze izincomo bese siphetha ucwaningo lonke. Umcwaningi uzoqala ngokusonga okwenziwe esahlukweni ngasinye salolu cwaningo. Kuzohlaziywa lokho okutholakele kulolu cwaningo. Lokhu kuzokwenziwa ngokuphendula imibuzo nezinhloso zocwaningo. Yikona okuwumgogodla wocwaningo. Kuzobhekwa neqhaza elizobanjwa yilolu cwaningo. Ekugcineni kuzobe sekuphonswa inselelo kwabanye abacwaningi ukuba baqhube lolu cwaningo.

6.2 UKUBUYEKEZW A KWEZAHLUKO ZALOLU CWANINGO

Isihloko socwanmgo sithi: "Ucwaningo Lokuqhathanisa Amanoveli Omlando ka R.R.R. Dhlomo kanye Nezibongo Zamakhosi aK waZulu Eziqoqwe uNyembezi (\958). Ucwaningo lulonke luhlelwe lwayizahluko eziyisithupha.

Isahluko sokuqala kube yisahluko ebesethula ucwaningo. Kube sekuhlaziywa amagama aqukethwe yisihloko socwaningo. Kubhekwe okuyizona zinhloso zokwenza lolu cwaningo. Kubhekwe isidingo kanye nenkuthazo yokwenza lolu cwaningo. Kubuye kwabhekwa umklamo wokwenza lolu cwaningo kanye nemibuzo yalolu cwaningo. Kuye kwavezwa namagama abedinga ukuchazwa ukuze ucwaningo lulandeleke kahle. Njengoba lolu cwaningo luthinta ubukhosi bakwaZulu kubhekwe umlando wobukhosi baKwaZulu. Kunikezwe nom lando kaDhlomo kanye nokaNyembezi okuyibona obekuqhathaniswa

- 202- illlibhalo yabo kulolu cwaningo. Ekugcineni kubhekwe izinkinga ezibe khona ngesikhathi kuqhutshwa lolu cwaningo.

Esahlukweni sesibili kubuyekezwe illlibhalo ethintana nalolu cwanll1go. Kubhekwe lokho osekubhaliwe kanye nalokho osekucwaningiwe ngalllakhosi akwaZulu. Kucashunwe illlisebenzi yabacwaningi abehlukahlukene asebeke bacwaninga ngamakhosi akwaZulu. Kubuye kwabhekwa lokho osekuke kwabhalwa ngenoveli YOllllando kanye nezibongo zalllakhosi.

Esahlukweni sesithathu kuphawulwe ngezinhlobo ezahlukene zamapharadaYlllu kwase kugxilwa kuleyo esetshenzisiwe kulolu cwaningo okuyipharadaYlllu eqondayo. Kubuye kwaxoxwa nangezindlela ezisetshenzisiwe ukuqoqa ulwazi oluqondene nalolu cwaningo ezingena ngaphansi kwekhwalithethivu okuyizingxoxo kanye nohlaziyo lokuqukethwe. Ekugcineni kubhekwe izinjulalulwazi ezisetshenzisiwe kulolu cwaningo okuyinjulalulwazi ye-Post-Colonialism kanye nenjulalulwazi ye-Orality.

Esahlukweni sesll1e kuqhathaniswe alllanoveli ollliando abhalwe ngllDhlolllo ngeNkosi lIShaka, lIDingane, lIMpande kanye neNkosi lICetshwayo. Lokhu kuqhathaniswe nezibongo zala Illakhosi njengoba ziqoqwe lINyelllbezi. Kuqale kwavezwa ullliando wala Illakhosi akhethiwe, kwase kllbhekwa okllfanayo elllanovelini ollliando walllakhosi kanye nezibongo zawo alllakhosi akhethiwe. KlIbe sekubhekwa oklltholakala emanovelini kllphela kanye nalokho okutholakala ezibongweni kuphela.

Esahlukweni sesihlanu bekllhlaziywa konke okutholakele ngesikhathi kwenziwa lolu cwaningo. KlIbllkwe lIbuqiniso bokllqllkethwe alllanoveli buqhathaniswa nezincwadi ezibhaliwe zOllllando wala Illakhosi kanye nokutholakale ngesikhathi kwenziwa izingxoxo zalolu cwaningo. Kube sekllbhekwa ullltheleia wesakhiwo selllibhalo yomibili eqhathaniswayo ekwethulweni kokllqllkethwe. Ekugcineni kube sekllbhekwa 1I1lltheleia wesiko laseNtshonalanga elllibhalweni kaDhlolllo.

- 203 - 6.3 UKUPHENDUL W A KWEMIBUZO NEZINHLOSO ZOCWANINGO

Esahlukweni sokuqala kwethulwa izinhloso zocwaningo kanye nemibuzo okuyiyo eyinsika yocwaningo. Njengoba ucwaningo Iwalunemibuzo emine, kepha okuzogxilwa kuyo yile emibili:

• Yimuphi umunxa owethula umlando ogcwele phakathi kwamanoveli omlando kanye

nezibongo zamakhosi?

• Ngabe kukhona yini ukuhlanekezelwa komlando wobukhosi baKwaZulu?

6.3.1 YIKUPHI OKWETHULA UMLANDO OGCWELE PHAKATHI KW AMANOVELI OMLANDO KANYE NEZIBONGO ZAMAKHOSI?

Sekuphawuliwe esahlukweni sesihlanu ukuthi uma sibheka umlando wamakhosi akhethiwe kulolu cwaningo, kukhona okutholakala ezibongweni kuphela kanti okunye kutholakala emanovelini omlando kuphela. Izibongo ziveza umlando wenkosi ngendlela enobunkondlo. Lolu limi lobunkondlo lalihambisana nesikhathi leyo nkosi eyayiphila ngaso futhi zidluliswa ngomlomo okwenza umlando ungapheleli wonke. Imbongi yayisebenzisa ulimi olwaluqondwa ababesuke beyilalele ihaya ngaleso sikhathi. Lokho-ke kwenza ukuthi kudingeke izincwadi zomlando ukuchaza izinto ezazenzeka ngaleso sikhathi ukuze zizwakale kahle izibongo. lzibongo azinikezi ulwazi oluphelele ngezindawo kanye nabantu abakhona ezibongweni. Ukuze kutholakale wonke umlando awukwazi ukufunda izibongo kuphela

ngoba zona zifana nohlaka nje oludinga ukugcwaliselwa ukuze luzwakale kahle.

Nakuba kunjalo kepha izibongo zinikeza umlando futhi lowo mlando wethulwa yimbongi esuke izibonele ngokwayo zonke izigameko zenzeka phambi kwayo. Lokhu kufakazelwa uHadebe (1992:90) uma ethi ekutholeni ulwazi imbongi ithembela kakhulu kulokho ezibonela yona khona kanye nalokho ekuxoxelwayo. Imbongi ihlala njalo iseduze nenkosi. rbheka zonke izenzo zenkosi , indlela inkosi ebhekana ngayo nezinkinga ehlangabezana nazo kanye nobudlelwano benkosi kanye nabantu bayo. Lapho imbongi yayisuke ingekho khona

- 204- njengasezimpini, ulwazi yayillithoia kwabazibonele ngokwabo. 47 Izibongo zingumthombo womlando othembekile ubuqiniso bazo obungangatshazwa. Nakllba izibongo zingaphakamisi izigameko zokwehlllieka, kodwa ziyaziqeketha impela izigameko zesihlllkli kwabegazi, lapho lImuntu ehlasela abakayise, zichaze nobllhle nobllbi ekwakhekeni kwenkosi , kanye nezinye izigameko okungenzeka ukllthi zabajabhisa abanye. Izibongo ziyincwadi yempilo yenkosi kanye nesizwe sayo. Kaziphezi ukliballiia amagama amaqhawe nawalabo abenzakaliswayo, imvamisa kuze kushiwo nezizathu zokwenza lokhu. Yingakho izibongo zibambe iqhaza ekwethlileni lImlando wamakhosi. Zibuye zibe nolimi oilinothile olusebenzisa kakhulu imifanekisomqondo kanye nezifengqo.

Uma sibheka amanoveli omlando kuyabonakala ukuthi uDhlomo waqala ukubhala emva kokllba esefunde izincwadi ezazibhalwe uJames Stuart. Ukuthi lIDhlomo wabhala ngoba egqllgqllzelwe yimibhalo kaJames Stuart sikubona ngoba kllkhona ukwefana okukhona. Njengezincwadi zikaStuart sithola nakhona emanovelini kuxoxwa izindaba eziningi ezingahlanganise lutho nenkosi leyo okubhalwa ngayo. Klikho konke lokhu uDhlomo wawubhala umlando wamakhosi kula manovel i om lando. UDhlomo wayekllveza ukuthi nakllba izincwadi zakhe zazinobunoveli kakhulu kepha wayekucacisa lIkuthi zazethliia lim lando okllyiwona wamakhosi akwaZulu. jengoba uDhlomo ayeyintatheli yephephandaba nanga laseNatali waloba ephephandabeni iLanga lamhla zingama-28 kuDisemba 1923 lapho simcaphuna ethi: "Ubuciko bethu bomlomo nemibhalo yomlando kumele kulondolozwe lIkllze kungafi, lokhll kllzokwenziwa ngemibhalo. Uma lokho kungenziwa kuyokhohlakala lonke imuva lethu. 48

47 " In getting information, the imbongi relies on personal experience, eyewitness and hearsay . The imbongi is always in close contact with the king or chief. He monitors hi s activities, hi s reactions to problems and hi s relations to his subjects and neighbours. Where the imbongi was not present, like durino the war expeditions he relied on eyewitneses. (Hadebe, 1992:90) "' , 48 "Our folklore and historical records must be preserved from dying out, must be preserved by means of literature, otherwise these will be lost forever and our connecti on with th e past forgotten" (llanga laseNatali, 29 December 1923) - 205 - 6.3.2 NGABE KUKHONA YINI UKUHLANEKEZEL W A KOMLANDO WOBUKHOSI BAKW AZULU?

Kukhulu ukuhlanekezelwa okukhona emlandweni wamakhosi akwaZulu. Lokhu kucace bha ngesikhathi kuqhathaniswa amanoveli omlando kanye nezibongo zamakhosi. Lokhu kuze kwabhekwa nangeso elibanzi sekubukwa neminye imibhalo yom lando ebhalwe ngamakhosi akwaZulu. Uma singabheka nje enovelini yom lando sithola ukuthi iNkosi uCetshwayo ivezwe njengomllntll owayengafuni lIkllbona abantll bakhe bexabana nabamhlophe. UDhlomo (1952: 13) uthi "kepha konke lokhll kasilizwa nelilodwa izwi nesenzo esenziwa nguCetshwayo esikhomba ububi bakhe nokukhohlakala kwakhe".

Kukhona osomlando abawuhlanekezela umlando wesizwe samaZulu. Lokhu kuvela kahle kuPreston (1973:93) uma ecacisa ukuthi kwathi ngesikhathi amaZulu ebuza ukuthi ngabe yini ayeyenzile kwabamhlophe ukuthi babengaze bathathelwe inkosi yabo. UWolsely ehunYllshelwe esiZlIlwini waphendula wathi, "AmaNgisi awazange axabane nabamnyama kepha umuntu axabene naye uCetshwayo onesihluku kubantu bakhe ngokubabulala. Embusweni wakhe akukho lutho oillphephile. Wenqabela abantll lIkllba baganane nokllthi basebenze bese behlala ngokuhlllpheka. Ngakho-ke akllmele aphinde abe yinkosi yakwaZulll. Lokhu kwakungelona iqiniso ngoba iN kosi lI Cetshwayo yayingafllni lIkllba lImbllso wakwaZlIlu lIphathwe abamhlophe njengoba benza. Akllyona nje kuphela iNkosi lICetshwayo okuhlanekezelwe lim lando wayo kepha onke amakhosi akwaZulu lImlando wawo lIhlanekezelwe. Uma sibheka lImlando wenkosi lIShaka sizwa kuvela lIkuthi iNdlovllkazi uNandi yablllawa yilo iLembe. Kepha uZulu (2005) uyakuchaza lokhu ukuthi iLembe alizange limbulale ngoba ngesikhathi iNdlovukazi uNandi idunguzela laliyozingela . ILembe laba ukufika nje lihamba nomlungu uFynn yayihamba indlovukazi emva kokuba iNkosi uShaka isicele uFynn ukuba ake azame ukumelapha ngokwesilungu. Okunye kwalokhu kuveziwe esahlukweni sesihlanu.

- 206- 6.4 IQHAZA ELIZOBANJW A YILOLU CW ANINGO

Likhulu iqhaza elizobanjwa ucwaningo Iwalolu hlobo ikakhulukazi olimini IwesiZulu kanye nakwezomlando. Lolu cwaningo luqhathanise izinhlobo zemibhalo okuyinoveli yomlando kanye nezibongo. Kucacile ukuthi kunokwehluka okukhona kule mibhalo okwenza nokuthi uma sekubhekwa nomlando oqukethwe yile mibhalo ungefani. Lolu cwaningo luzosiza kakhulu ekuvezeni ukuthi kuningi okusamele kucwaningwe ngobukhosi bakwaZulu.

Abantu abaqondene nokulondolozwa komlando bazosizakala ngoba lolu cwaningo lukuvezile ukuthi kusamele kekubhalwe kakhulu izincwadi zomlando ezibhalwe ngobukhosi bakwaZulu ukuze umlando wamakhosi ungashabalali. Makungathenjelwa kuphela emanovelini omlando kanye nasezibongweni zamakhosi.

Abasendlunkulu yakwaZulu nabo bazohlomula kulolu cwaningo ngoba kutholakele ukuthi

uma kubhalwa incwadi yom lando wasebukhosini bakwaZulu kuhle ihlanganyelwe ngabasezindlini zombili. Lapha kushiwo ukuthi akuvele ilaka lendlu yasendlunkulu okuwuSuthu kanye neyasekhohlwa okuwuMandlakazi ukuze umlando uphelele.

Lolu cwanmgo luzokwelekelela kakhulu iKomidi Lokulungiswa Kwamagama Ezindawo ZaKwaZulu-Natali ngoba muningi umlando wamagama ezindawo ongenayo uma kuvezwa umlando wamakhosi. Kungasiza ngisho nakulawo magama okudingeka abizwe ngendlela efanele njengaseGingindlovu okumele ngabe kuthiwa yikwaGingindlovu ngoba uMazibuko (1999:82) uthi Ie ndawo yethiwa emva kwesigameko lapho iNkosi uCetshwayo yehlula umntwana uMbuyazi empini yaseNdondakusuka. INkosi uCetshwayo yathi ngiyigingile indlovu enesihlonti isho uMntwana uMbuyazi. Le ndawo kukhulunyiwe ngayo kulolu cwanlllgo.

Lolu cwaningo luzolekelela nalabo ababhala izincwadi zomlando ezifundwa ezikoleni ukuba babhale ngomlando okuyiwona. Kunephutha elivezwe yilo lolu cwaningo elenziwa ezincwadini zomlando lapho kwakuvezwa khona ukuthi aBantwana oMbuyazi noCetshwayo balwa ngoba beqhathwe yiNkosi uMpande. Lokhu kuyavela ukuthi impi yaseNdondakusuka

- 207 - yamhla zi-2 kuZibandlela ngowe-1856, yayihlelwe yiyo iNgilandi ukuze kufe uMntwana uCetshwayo ngoba babembona ukuthi ufana neLembe eleqa amanye amaLembe ngokukhalipha, iSilo uShaka ngobungozi.

Lolu cwaningo luzokwelekelela nabemboni yezokuvakasha kuleli ngoba abantu abavakashela lapha eNingizimu Afrika, uma sebetshengiswa izindawo ezinomlando njengeSandlwana bayobe betshelwa umlando okuyiwonawona.

6.5 IZINCOMO

Kuningi kakhulu okumele kulungiswe ekubhalweni komlando wamakhosi akwaZulu. Kuhle lokhu kwenziwe ngabantu abangamaZulu bebhala ngomlando wabo. Abantu abanjengoDhlomo noNyembezi bayibekile induku ebandla. Kuhle-ke kususelwe kulokho okukhona ukuze 10 mlando ungashabalali. Kuningi nokwabhalwa ngamakhosi kepha okwakudicilela phansi isithunzi sawo.

Kungakuhle uma izincwadi zomlando wobukhosi baKwaZulu zibhalwa ababhali abamele nhlangothi zombili, ekhohlwa okuyindlu yakwaMandlakazi kanye nasendlunkulu okuyindlu yaSosuthu. Lokhu kungenza ukuba amaqiniso atholakale nxa zombili. Ngokuwazi umlando sazi ukuthi kwakunenkinga enkulu phakathi kweNkosi uCetshwayo kanye noZibhebhu wendlu yasekhohlwa. UZulu (2005: 125) uxoxa indaba engaziwa muntu emlandweni lapho ethi uZibhebhu wayezwana kakhulu neNkosi uCetshwayo. Kuyacaca ukuthi nakuba awubhala kahle umlando wamakhosi uZulu (2005) kepha naye wayezama ukuveza okuhle kodwa ngendlu yakwaMandlakazi.

Nakuba kwenziwe ucwanll1go olunzulu ngesikhathi kuqhathaniswa amanoveli omlando kanye nezibongo zamakhosi kepha luseluningi olunye ucwaningo okusamele Iwenziwe. Kusamele kekubhekwe nje ukubhalwa ngendlela en gefani kwamagama abantu, ngisho nawezindawo njengoba ebhalwe ezincwadini ezahlukene ezihlaziywe kulolu cwaningo. Isibonelo salokhu igama lenkosi uDingane. Uma sibheka uDhlomo (1936) uthi Dingane kanti uma sibheka uZulu (2005) yena uthi Dingana. Singabuye sibheke nokuthi uNyembezi (1958) - 208- uthi umntwana uMbuyazwe kanti uZulu (2005) uthi uMbuyazi. Lokhu kusadinga ucwaningo olunzulu.

Luningi kakhulu nocwaningo olungenziwa ikakhulukazi ngeNkosi uCetshwayo. Kukhona okukhulu ukudideka ngodaba lokufa kwezintombi zeNgcugce njengoba labo abalwela amalungelo abesifazane begxeka isilo uCetshwayo ngonya lokubulala lezo ntombi. Kepha kuyavela ukuthi lezo ntombi zabulawa oyise ngoba becasulwa ukuthi zedelela umyalelo wesilo wokugana ibutho ezijutshelwe lona. Namuhla sekunamaqembu ezintombi ezindala ezizibiza ngezintombi zeNgcugce. Lezi zintombi zisesiFundazweni saKwaZulu-Natali. Lokhu kuphambene nom lando ngoba uma kulinganiswa kuthiwa lezi zintombi zazineminyaka engaphansi kwengamashum i amabili. Kungakuhle lucwaningisiswe lolu daba.

6.6 ISIPHETHO

Kungakuhle uma kungahlanganiswa konke lokho okubhaliwe ngamakhosi kanye nokushiwo ngabawaziyo umlando wobukhosi bakwaZulu, okungaxoxiswana nabo. Izibongo kanye namanoveli kuyisisekelo okungasuselwa kuso ngoba nako kuyawethula umlando ngezindlela ezahlukene. Umlando uyingxenye yamagugu ethu okumele uhlale ulondoloziwe njalo. Uma sicaphuna inkulumo yeSilo uGoodwill Zwelithini ephephandabeni Isolezwe la mhla zingama- 23 kuMasingana ngonyaka wezi-2008 lapho sithi " Sesifunde okuningi, kepha kusele kakhulu

ngathi uqobo. Nokunye esithi siyakwazi, sakuthola sekunogcobho noma kungelona nhlobo iqiniso ngesizwe samaZulu namaqhawe aso. Asifukule 10 mkhankaso wokulungisa umlando ngokubambisana ukuze izizukulwane ezizayo zingaluhluphekeli ulwazi ngemvelaphi yazo eyiyo, bese zikhala ngathi."

UZulu (2005:67) naye uyakufakazela lokhu uma ethi kuningi okushiwo ngababhali ngaMakhosi oHlanga kanye neNdlunkulu, okunye kwakho kube kungelona neze iqiniso. Kepha nanxa kunjalo kufanele sedlule sibancome futhi ababhali bezomlando ngomsebenzi

omningi abawenzileyo wokuba bakubhale phansi lokho abakuzwileyo ngomlando weNdlunkulu kaZulu. Iningi labantu abakhele iNingizimu Afrika ekhululekileyo, baqinisa ngokuthi umlando wale lizwe kuhle ubhalwe kabusha. Ababhali bezomlando, nalabo

- 209- abanentshisekelo yemvelaphi yethu, kufanele bayophenya emlotheni, ezaleni, emqubeni, ezimpundwini zamanxuluma kanye nasemanxiweni ukuze bathole umsuka oyiqiniso.

Ababhali bakithi abangandi ngokusola okwenziwe ngabanye izolo. Kepha okubhekwe umhlaba kubo ukuba bazike, bajule, ezinzulwini zolwandle lobuchopho babo, baninge bahlaziye konke lokho abakutholayo. Ukwenza njalo kuyobenza baftnyelele engqikithini yengonyuluka emtoti eyokwenanyelwa izizukulwane zethu esikhathini esizayo.

Inselelo enkulu esibhekene nayo ngeyokuba kekubhalwe kabusha umlando ngamaKhosi ethu oHlanga. Kuningi okubhaliweyo ngawo kepha kube kubonakala kamhlophe ukuthi inhloso yakho kwabe kuwukudicilela phansi isithunzi saw~. Namanje Ie nkinga isinkulu ngoba isize yangenwa nangababhali bakithi abansundu.

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- 225 - IZITHASISELO A. IZIBONGO ZAMAKHOSI

(i) IZIBONGO ZENKOSI USHAKA IMBONGI: UMXHAMANA KASOSHAY A SIBISI"

UDlungwane kaNdaba! UDlungwane woMbelebele! Odlung'emanxulumeni! Kwaze kwasa amanxuluma esebikelana

UMjokwane kaNdaba Usalakutshelwa usalukunyenyezelwa Usishaka kasishayeki UNodumehlezi kaMenzi lIembe eleq 'amanye Amalembe ngokukhalipha

Igawu bazakuliluma Bazakuliphimisa Bakhumbule amagawll abebesi Uteku Iwabafazi bakwaNomgabhi Ababetekula behlez'emlovini Beth ' uShaka! Akayikubusa, kayikuba 'Nkosi Kanti kuyinyakana UShaka ezakunethezeka

UShaka ngiyesaba ukuthi nguShaka UShaka kwakuyiNkosi yaseMashobeni Umlilo wothathe kaMjokwane Oshise izi khova eziseDlebe Kwaze kwasha neziseMabedlana

Inkom'ekhal 'eMthonjaneni Izizwe zonke ziyizwile lIkulila Iziwe nguDunjwa waseLlIyengweni Yeziwa nguMangcengeza wakwaKhayi Yaye yeziwa ngamaNtungwa akwaSokhumalo

Intethe egolwe ngazinti zamkhonto kwaMalandela Yathi ukllsuka yajubalala - 226- Ungezwa bethi vale\a njalo Solunjase Kanti kabasho kuwe Wena kaNdaba!

Basho unyoko uMbulazi Vena ovalele iNgonyama endlini Odabule kuNdima noMgovu Abafazi abanendeni baphuluza Imikhubulo bayishiya izinqindi Imbewu yasala emanxiweni

Odabule kuBhuzane phezulu Wakhethelwa lIdwendwe Iwamaza Wadlula kuMcombo zigoduka Wabuz'indlela kliDlInjwa Kanti ngabe lIyibuze kuBhuzane Owandulele ukuya kwaNomagaga Lafika iqhude lamvimbela

ILanga eliphume linsizwa Lathi liphezulu lansasa Ngoba li funa ukothiwa Yimizimbazimba ILanga eliphahle elinye ngemisebe Ngoba liphahla elaseMthandeni

OZlIlu lizayo khwezani abantwana Ngabadala bodwa abazozibalekela UDunjwa yedwa limkhandanisile Uye wakha amanxiwa oThukela Lapho kucllshwa isilo ngomwowane

Ohamba ebasa amakloba Ophehlwe weva wanjengomlilo Imamba edl'lImuntli bathi iloyelwe

Okhangel'ezansi naMadungele Izinkomo zawoSihayo zamlandela Kwaze kwalandela nezawoMafongosi Ebezisengwa yindiki yakwaMavela

Ungangencumbe yamabele engakadliwa Ungangembiza yamashongololo Uphekwe ngembiza enklilu Ebipheka aMakhosi akwaNtombazi Kavuthwa uShaka kaqedwa

- 227 - Wayilanda inkomonye Ilandwa ku Makhedama Ekhaya konina Izulu elidume emva komuzi eKuqobekeni Laduma lazithatha izihlangu zaMaphela

Wamudla uNomahlanjana ezalwa nguZwide Wamudla uNqabeni ezalwa nguZwide Wamudla uMphepha ezalwa nguZwide Wamudla uDayingubo ezalwa nguZwide

Wamudla uNombengula ezalwa nguZwide Wamudla uMpondophumelakwezinde emaPheleni Wamudla uMtimona ezalwa nguGaqa emaPheleni

Wamudla uMdandazi ezalwa nguGaqa Wamudla lIMakhwela ezalwa ngllGaqa Wamudla uNozigaba kaTatho Wamlldla uNkayishana eCwecweni

Ondande ngokhalo, wabllya ngokhalo Waya ngoBhoyiya kwaMdakula Wandanda ngokhalo olude Wadabllia emathanjeni abantabakaThayi Ababegodola beya kllMacingwana eNgonyameni

rNdlovlI ethimllka babeyixokozelela abaElangeni Ibllyise inhloko yadla amadoda USilwane helele! Emizini yabantll USilwane ubengeilltho Ubeyinduna kwaDibandlela

OZihlandlo kaGcwabe ngibasolile Abasokoco! INkosi kabayitshelanga izibuko Bayiweze ngelisaconsa amathe Ebelisasuka kuphela UNtllbe wakwaMajola

Amanzi omthombo wakwaNobamba Engiphllze kllwO ngaze ngagangatheka

- 228 - Ngaphos'ukudliwa zimamba UMlunguzi wezingoje lzingoje zilunguzelane

IN yathi esihamba isengama amazibuko INyathi ejame ngomkhonto phezu koMzimvubu AmaMpondo ayesaba nokuyehlela Nani boGambushe Nani boFaku Ningamhlabi okaNdaba Ukuba nimhlabile Kobe senihlabe uPhunga Nahlaba uMageba

Wahlangana nodwendwe Iwamankankane Mhla eyakudla amaMpondo iziphukuphuku INtaba emagwaqa kaMjokwane Ebingadli mihlambi yankomo Ebidla imihlambi yezinyamazane Obesixhokolo singamatshe aseNkandla Abekade ephephela izindlovu ukuba liphendul a

ULusiba gojela ngale kweNkandla Lugojela njalo ludla madoda INdlondlo yakithi kwaNobamba INdlondlo ehamba ibangamacala UNdaba ocaba ngomkhonto Amanye aMakhosi ecaba ngamazembe

Ubhiyoze kuNomangci phezulu Eyakunqamula umbango wakwaNyuswa Kwakungabangwa lutho kwaNyuswa Kwakubangwa izinhlakuva emanxiweni Bethi nteke nteke Lindani amajuba

Umxoshi womuntu amxoshele futhi Nakhu lapha ngimthanda khona Ngimthanda exosha uZwide ezalwa nguLanga Emthatha lapha liphuma ngakhona Ems ingisa lapho Iishona ngakhona UZwide wampheq'amahlonjan'amabili Ukuma kwakhe Umuntu omdala Ukwethuka okusha

- 229- Buya Mgengi! Indaba usuyenzile UZwide umphendule isigcwelegcwele Namuhla futhi usumphendula indodana

Izindaba ngazizwa ngesalukazi Sona singumasala emanxiweni Izindaba ngazizwa ngexhegu Lona lingumasala emzileni UMaswezisela omnyama Wakithi kwaBulawayo Oswezisele uZwide ngamagqangula

USishaya ndlondlo kaMjokwane Ubusika nehlobo bahlukene ObakwaNtombazi nobakwaLanga INkonyane ekhwele phezu kwendlu kwaNtombazi Bathi iyahlola Kanti yibona abahlolayo

Uthi Iwempundu oluhlala izikhova Oluhlal'uPhungashe wakwaButhelezi Ubhincakade waze wafunyaniswa Ovunulel 'ezimfundeni zamanzi Izinto zakho zomuka namanzi

Mgengi pheza izitha kusehlobo Utshani bude buzokugibanisa UKlebe engimbone ukwehla kwezikaMangcengeza Kwathi kwezikaPhungashe wanyamalala

Kwakungasakhali nkomo kwaNtombazi lnkomo yayisikhala kithi kwaBulawayo UGasane kade lubagasela LlIgasele uPhungashe wakwaButhelezi Lawagasela uSondaba woMthanda Ehlezi ebandla

Lwagasela lIMacingwane eNgonyameni Lwagasela uNxaba kaMbekane Lwagasela uGambushe emaMpondweni Lwagasela uFaku emaMpondweni

UDlondlwane luya luhlezi

- 230 - Luya ludlondlobele Luyadla lubeke isihlangu emadolweni Isidlllkula dlwedlwe Uhlanya olusemehlwen'amadoda

Unkomo zabantll inkelenkele Zikhungethe izingobo emashobeni UMasukwana kus'onjengeNgonyama UMasukli ubehamba kwaMadilika

Uhlumayo lumananga, uDlungwane Uhlumayo lumananga lunkone UMananga ubengelutho UMananga ubeyinduna kwaJiyampondo

Siphuphuma simadel ' imiyalo Obhoboze isikhala emaNclibeni Weza noMvakeli ezalwa nguDlaba Weza noMaqobho ezalwa nguDlaba Weza noKhwababa ezalwa nguDlaba

Msingi wazansi wosinga nasenhla Woze usinge lapho kushona khona ilanga Ovuso eladla umntwana osesiswini UMavuso ubeyinduna kwaNomgabhi

Odie imihlambi kllngeyabahwebi UNgelengele kalingani nantaba Wena oMkhulu kakhlliu ONgangezwe lakho

OngangoMpehlela noMaqhwakazi Ongangesihlahla esisokhalweni kuMaqhwakazi Esasihlala amaNdwandwe namaNxlImalo

UQangabhodiya wawoMkabayi Ungisize Maphitha ninoNgqengelele Umnike nkomonye afunde ukukleza Umnike ukhande lokuzimbela

Osifuba sinenqaba UBayethe kaNdaba UNdaba ngiyameba, ngimuka naye Ngimbuka kwehla nezinyembezi Kliba sengathi ngibuka isihlahla soMd lebe

- 231 - IGwija likaMdlaka ligwegwe Lijiyeza abasini bengoma UNdaba ulududu emanxulumeni UDlungwane ongenamthekelel i

UShaka ufumanise izilwane zimbili Zihlangene phakathi kweNsuze noThukela Izilwane kunguThondolozi soSihayo Wafika waphonsa ihawu zahlukana

Ogcagce emagcekeni koPhuthile Wadla uMsikazi koNdimoshe Wadla umfazi umkaSukuzwayo Wadla uSukuzwayo nendodana UHlabahlungu bazoshumayezana Nabasezitheni nabasemakhaya Uhlaza Iwangayinyongo yenyamazane UVemvane lukaPhunga noMageba Olumabala azizinge sengathi abekiwe

UMzizima ongamathunzi ezintaba Khona kuhlwa kuhamba abathakathi Ubhidi elimathetha nangezinyembezi INgqayingqayi kaPhunga noMageba Engiyibuke ngaze ngayejwayela

UMasengo mahle inkonyane yenkomo Kwangixaka ukukhaba kwale nkomo Yakhaba osengayo yadela umbambi Umoya womzansi womngenela Ohleze ubangela nangomnyango

Oth'esadla ezinye wadlezinye! Wath'esadl'ezinye wadlezinye! Oth'esadl 'ezinye wadlezinye! Wath'esadl'ezinye wadlezinye! Bayethe! Hlanga Iwamakhosi!

- 232 - (ii) IZIBONGO ZENGONYAMA UDINGANE

IMBONGI: UMAGOLWANA KAMKHATHINI JIYANE

UYezi uNonyanda uMgabadeli Owagabadel ' inkundla yakwa8ulawayo Odonswe ngezintab'ezimakhelekethe UYezi wakwaSimangalunyawo UMbombosh 'omnyama

UYemvane lukaPhunga noMageba UYemvan 'olumabal 'azibhadu Ngibe ngiyaluthinta Iwahwaqabala LunjengolukaPhunga waseBulawini Lunjengo Yuma kubangoma

Obuz'amanz'eMbozamo andukuwela Amanz'eMbozam'osal 'ebabaza Owel ' iMbozamo ngumntakaJama Wawel ' iMbozamo kwash ' iziziba

Ebigez' uDukuza neNkinsimana Beyigeza bebheke kithi kwaZulu Nanamuhlanje abanini beMbozamo Basamangele Kumangel ' u Manqondo wakwaSh iyaban ye Kwamangala uPhampatha wakwaNkinsimana

Isizib'esiMavivana Dingana Isiziba esinzonzo sinzonzobele Siminzise umuntu ethi uyageza Waze washona nangesicoco Ngobucoco ngimbonile Ubephuma laphaya kwaSodlabela UNgama yena waseMaphiseni angavuma

Uqambi lankomo Ukuba zilahlekile Ziyakufa uMdlebe kwaSoshangane Ezinye ziseMatikhulu Ezinye ziseMkhumbane

INkone ethi isenkone kwephuk' isihlalo UGweMbesh 'ongamanz'okuhlalela UNomashikizela - 233 - Umashiyimpi yakhe UMziziny'ungamathunz'ezintaba UFipha luyindlov'enamanxeba ULuhlaza Iwangayinyongo yenyamazane UMhlophe owakhanya ukusa kwadabuka Wangangabazingeli bakwaMavela Ababezingela izimbongolwana

USeia lintongande lawoBaleka Lithabathe umshiza lawetshatha Liyakugalela ngawo emaNkenganeni INdlov'ekulala kungqwambayiya Ezinye ziyalala ziyathokoza

UMvusi omnyama wawoSikhakha Ovusel'abant' ukuhlatshwa INkom'ekhal'osizini kwaNhlapho Umlomo yawubhekisa kithi kwaZulu

Izizwe zonke ziyizwil'ukulila Yezwakala kuNhlapho kwaMlambo lye yaziwa ngamaNtungwa akwaSokhumalo AmaNtungwa odwa esab' ukumehlela

IZichwe uVezi azimhlabang'eya phambili Zalibal'umkubuk'izinyawo Zathi ziyakumhlab'esegoduka Kuth 'esegoduka zase zilibele Ukubamb' izingxangx'emfuleni

Bantu ninemihlola ngaseNsingweni Gijimani niyotshela abakwaMashobane Nifike nithi lukhulu luyeza luyanyelela Silufanisa noNdaba wakoBayeni Silufanisa noPhunga noMageba

AbakwaMashobana belelesi Ie Bazibukule itshe linemamba Sebejiyelwe nokulisibekela

Ohlangane nodwendwe IwamaQhikiza Wadla uNginani kuMakhosazana Wadla uNgiyalile kuMakhosazana Wadla uNozipho engowaseNdinaneni

Wadla uNtanase noNozinyanga

- 234 - kwaMashobana Wathi bayobona inkundla Yakith 'eMgungundlovu Wadla uMahabulangweb' isashisa kwaMashobana Wadla uNsizwazana unina kaMzilikazi kwaMashobana Wadla uKhwababa esambath' impaka kwaMashobana Wadla uMlomodlelemaveni njengembuzi kwaMashobana Wadla uMhlane beleth ' igudu kwaMashobana

Wadla uMlomo wezinqaba kwaMashobana Wadla uGundane kumitha kwaMashobana Wadla uNkomo ikulala kulukhuni khona kwaMashobana

Ngikhuluma nje nanamuhla Akuphekwa kwaMashobana UMashewulana ongazembe loMlungu Ubengababele lutho kwaMashobana Ubeyocel'inkwelo eMhlahlandlela Ethi kumbe bangamtshela

Isihlangu sikaMzilikazi Sasal ' entaben' ende yeM pam a Sesiswele nendoda esithathayo UMancwaba wezwe lamaphethelo Lona lincwaba ngemikhemezelo

UVezi bath' umoya mnandi Ngokunuk' inyama UBhungebhu ongaboya bengonyama UVezi uyadlal'umhlane uvele Ngokuswel ' iqoq 'elimsithayo

IZibuko likaNdaba EI imadwal' abushelelezi Lashelel'uPiti nendodana Owadla uPiti kumaBhunu Wamudla wamshwabadela

Odie uMzibhelibheli kumaBhunu Wadla uPhuzukuhlokoza kumaBhunu Wadla uHwahwini kumaBhunu

- 235 - Wadla uJanomude kumaBhunu Wadla uJanejembllluki kumaBhunll

Wadla uMazinyansakansaka kllmaBhunu Wadla oSisini kumaBhunll Wamfimfitha wamkhafula Wathi bayababa kabananyongo Kabanamehlo

Wadl ' iMihloph 'emibili Omllnye kungllPiti Omunye kunguNoziwanga UMkhwamude wangisik' isilevu Usungulo Iwangithung' impumulo

INdiha lebabayo enjengesibhaha Sona simabala kuMahashanga UVezi ngimfumene bemzila Ngafike ngamudla Kanti ngizifaka iloyi esiswini

Vezi! Korabantu Kosal ' izibongo Yizona zosala zibadalula Yizona zosala zibalilela emanxiweni

UJonono ongantonga yezulu Ibhaka lamanzi lawoNdikidi Lisibekel ' izinkomo zamaSwazi zanyamalala Nezimpondonde zanyamalala NoNgwane kaZikode wanyamalala

Ofingq 'amehlo ethunzini lentaba Wangangabazingeli bakoNogenya Ababezingel ' izimbongolwana

USobathintela! UMalamlela! Owalamulela abafazi namadoda Walamulela izintombi namasoka

IMbuzi kaDambuza benoNdlela Abayibambe ngendlebe yabekezela AyinjengekaMdlaka ngaseNtshobozeni Yona ayibambe ngedlebe

- 236- Yadabliia yaqed'amadoda

Obhambathe iNgome phezllill Izinkomo zikaBheje zaphllma zamlandela Ziphllme zinqini zonkana Wadl'lIMabhede kwelikaBheje Wadl ' lINgazana kwelikaBheje Wadl ' lIMabelengiphela koNontshosho

UPheqe ongakllmana kwamaqhikiza UMsllthli owadla izinyosi zemllkela Abanye bezidla ziyazalela UVezi owadl'ezivezayo emaZimeleni Owadl 'ezikaMananga nezikaMandekli Wadl'ezowomagcekeni kwaNonkokhela Wadla nezasoPhondweni emaZimeleni lDingwa lezinkomo zawoBlIthikazi NezawoNomaphela UBhaxa liyakhula Bayosala baphathelela NabawoNoqongqo nabawoNkwali NabawoDladlana wakwaMajola

Ithole elinsizwa lakokaDonda Elihamba liwakhahlela Amany'amathole Izingazi zaphuma ngezimpumulo

Ngoba lakhahlela elakwaBulawayo Lakhahlela uMagaye kwaDibandlela Lakhahlela uNzwakele kwaKhllshwayo Lakhahlela uMadlanga waSekuvukeni

UMakhonjwa ngendololwane Konj'iminwe izakukhomb'abanjani UMshingili ongaziNdlovu Zihlatshwa ngabanini mahlanga Obeyaye ngapho wabalekelwa Ngokuswel ' iqoq 'elimsithayo

UMkhont'owadum 'ekuseni eSwazini Wadl ' uNdomba induna kaMswati eSwazini Wadl'uGebhuzizulu ezinduneni zikaMswati Wadl ' inceku kaMswati uNdibindwane Ed l' iminkantsha

- 237 - Wadl'uNzimanzana eLudidini Wadl ' uHhohho eSwazini Wadl'uSiphika eSwazini Wadl'uPhambana nabahluzayo Wadla uNoziwawa

UBhelekeqe ungayinkomo ekhalimayo Kungathi bayibangile nabakwaZulu Umpha nkomo inabele Umgud 'ungazindlela eziya eNhlengeni

Sigquma khuluma bawuzwe umoya Abasezithen i nabasemakhaya USigquma kakhulumi kanamlomo AkanjengoDlondlwane Iwakithi kwaBulawayo Lona olwaqed' umuzi ngokunkenkeza

Owamemez'amaNtungw'akwaSokhumalo Kwasabela uMdleleni kwasabela uMakhatha UMalunguz' izindonga kandukuwela Ogeze izandla zaze zomel 'eBandla Ngokuba nhliziyonhl'emadodeni

INzima leyikwena koMkhumbane Khona kwena kungafakwa lunyawo Ugaga ngamanzi angawes' umlomo Al1lanzi odwa asal'ebabaza

Mlung'ungaphesheya kOl1lfula Omunye enganeno KukaMpehlela noMaqhwakazi UNdaba ungithul1le phezulu Ngabuya ngaqangqatheka Nangolwangol1lhlol1lunye

Gijimani ngazo zOl1lbili izindlela Nil1le phezu kwal1ladwala Niyobikela uNsil1lbini noMahlekeza Ukuthi kabal1lazi uVezi Ukuthi yiNsizwa kubi Angah I' athathe isih langu Asihlom 'ul1lgobo Al1le ngasel1lnyango kwaMpikase NakwaBhibhi kuze kuse evevezela Engasalalanga nabuthongo

- 238 - Idabane belimzimba muhle Nangendlala enkulu INdlandlana yakithi eMgungundlovu Inkone evele ngobuso eMantiyane Yadla ezawoGuluzana kaManaba Uvivi lungamnyama wokusa Uyishaye iziyingi Phesheya kweMpofana Kwasabel ' uSithungu noSithulu Bathi zishaye ngezelongwe Zibizwe yiNduku yeThusi Yakithi eMgungundlovu

UPhondo Iwendlovu uMashiqeka Belushiqel 'uMand langa ngasoFasimba Inhlabathi yoNdi noKhahlamba Ngifice abakwaMalandela beyihlela Nami ngafika ngahlala phansi ngahlela

ISilwan'esibanga izililo SakokaMlilela Samxosh 'uMzilikazi Sayombeka lapho ilanga Lingasashoni khona

Wadl 'uNkayishana kaMashobana Wadl ' uNokufa emakhosikazini KaMzilikazi aseNsingweni Wadl'uGijima emakhosikazini aseNsingwen i Wadi 'uNothando emadodakazi Ezigodlweni zikaMzilikazi

Wadl 'uNozinhlwathi inkosazana kaMzilikazi Wadl 'uNomabhunu kwaMashobana Wadl 'uNomabhudle kwaMashobana Wadl 'uDambuza-mthabathe Ezinduneni zikaMzilikazi Wadl 'uDumaphansi ezinduneni zikaMzilikazi

Wadl 'uDidiza ezincekwini zikaMzilikazi Wadl ' uNdengezimashumi Ezincekwini zikaMzilikazi Wadl 'uMginqilizana kwaMashobana Wadl'uGolela kwaMashobana

Wadl ' uChachaza kwaMashobana

- 239- Wadl 'uNokufa emakhosikazini KaMzilikazi aseNsingweni Wadl ' uGijima emakhosikazini aseNsingweni Wadl 'uNothando emadodakazini Ezigodlweni zikaMzilikazi

Alidume! Alidume leyame ngentaba Aleyame ngoMpehlela noMaqhwakazi Ophendule onyana bezindlwana Ubhungebhu ongaboya bengonyama Vona ibineziyephunga nasemlenzeni

Ntong'enzimande uMalamlela Ntong'enzimande ngokushay'amadoda Uze noNolube ezinyangeni zaseSwazini Uze noSamvu ngakubaLondolozi ngaseSwazini Udl'uMthunz'ohlal ' abalondolozi ngaseSwazini.

Uthathel 'uThekwane ezalwa nguSobhuza Uze noNomaphela waseNtabathweni Uze noNgiyaphela ngakwaGcwensa kwaMagonondo Ngqongqo yemikhonto ibang' izililo

INkomo eyabuya yodwa kwaSoshangana Ezinye ziyokufa umdlebe UNjunju weziTholatholi USimakade saMakhosi

USomnandi wami Woza ngang' umlomo Ngingaze ngisale Ngibe nomngandeni

IHwanqa eladl 'amanye aMahwanqa Ngoba ladla uPiti kwawaseMgungundlovu UKlebe engimbone ukwehla kwezikaMagaye Uth 'eseMhodi wanyamalala

Unyamalala ngakhona uKlebe Ubengenaso isiphuku sokwembatha Sasisele kwaMashangisa Wayembethe ubuyiyane bezinyoni

- 240- Wadl'uZihlandlo kaGcwabe Ethi ukuwela ukweyama Wadl'uMashukumbela kaGcwabe Eth ' ukuwela ukweyama Wadl'uMagaye kaDibandlela Eth 'ukuwela ukweyama

UBhelekeqa ongankom'ekhalimayo Kungathi bayibangile nabakwaZulu UMpha-nkomo yenabele Ngoba uVezi Ungiph ' izinkomo zifana zonkana Nyakamumbe uVezi Uzakungipha neph'ithole

USingqungqu kakhulumi kanamlomo KanjengaShaka Yena waqeda umuzi ngokunkenkeza Amanzi kaMalinga abeyiziwolokohlo Abengenjengawo awakwaBulinganto Wona abengesiwolokohlo

Mnguni ngubande nakwesendlovlI INkonyan'ekhwele phezll kwendlu bayihawuza Kwangalokhu bahawuza ezawonina INtandane kaMpehlela noMaqhwakazi Evele uMkhindi wanyamalala

Umjele ogubaze amadlebe Emva komuzi waseZimpukaneni Izinkomo zaphuma zamlandela

Ungangisiza Madlokovu Uye kwaMthanuntengayo Utshani bakhona kabushi BlIsala iminyele

Langa phuma bakothe abaKwaZulu Abezizwe kodwa bazokubalekela INsukamini yakith 'eMgungundlovu Bayizwa ngendaba rNsukamini bayakhela imikhanyo Nabasezitheni nabasemakhaya

Dada lodudu nothobothi Gijimani ngazo zonke izindlela

- 241 - Nibikele uMancaka noNxumalo Nithi uVezi mhlanzeni izinyawo zonakele Uliyekil'ebeliwel'aBantwana

Phond'olumnyama IwakoKhubazi Ludl'uMxhamama kaSoshaya eZibisini Ludl'uNtendeka kwaDlangezwa Ludl'uNxazonke ezalwa uMbhengi USilwane vukel'abant'ekweneni USilwane ubeyinduna kwaGibixhegu Uze noMdlaka eNtshobozeni Tshelani uSiphingo kwabakwaHlengwa Nith'iZilo zikaJama zibulelene EsakwaDukuza nesakwaKhangelaqha

Mngun 'unabele nakweseNdlovu Munt'onesihlobo eSichasheni Gijima ngazo zonke izindlela Niyobikela uMthezuka eSichasheni

Nithi igama likaMagugu Umthezuka kaliyeke UMagugu ngowakith 'eMgungundlovu UManyelela ongantomb'iyesokeni UManyelela njengevezimanzi

Uyajabula mfazi waseNsuze Wen'oyakubon'uManyelela Eyakllbulal'izitsha zaseNdinaneni

UMthakath' osi bi nd i Simnyama nakwabaka Vise Uze noMhlangana kwabaka Vise Uze noMgqojana kwabaka Vise

Uze noMdungazwe kwabakaYise Uze noSomajuba kwabaka Vise Uze noSophane kwabaka Vise Uze noMfihlo kwabaka Vise

Uze noNxazonke ezalwa nguMbhengi eLangeni Uze noZikhllngweni ezalwa uMbhengi Elangeni Uze noMkhweco ezalwa uNxazonke eLangeni Uze noNkomo ezalwa uDube eLangeni Kazi wenzani ngaseLangeni

- 242 - Uze noNqetho ezalwa uKhondlo kwaQwabe Uze noNgwadi ezalwa uGendeyana kwaQwabe Uze noNomafu weNkosi Uze noSomponjwana kwaQwabe Uze noKhawuze kwaBhekanyawo kwaQwabe

Uze noNzwakele ezalwa uKhushwayo Uze noNogele ezalwa uKhushwayo Uze noNgiyaphela ezalwa uMandeku

Ujulubez'amathaf'akulungele Ogudl 'amahlathi engayi kuwo Ogudl'iNtumeni wagudla iShowe Uvunulela kade kukulungela Ovunulela ezingunjini zomfula Wesaba izinto zakho Zingaze zemuke namanzi

UDledle ongankomo zacala Zona zimabuya nasekwalukeni Inkom'ezungez'umuzi nangezinyembezi IMamba eyath ' iphansi yayiphezulu

UMjikiza ungamashoba eziNyathi Uze noGaqa ezalwa eMendameli Uze noZikhawu ezalwa nguQumbubethe Uze noNobanda ezalwa nguDubo

Uyithathe wayaba oDlambedlwini Wamhahabuza uSigwebana eza:lwa nguMud li Wawel ' iMfolozi esegijima Uye wayibuthisa eMahlabaneni

KuMkabayi ezalwa nguyisemkhulu Uwele ngomnyama eMahlabaneni Izalukazi zakoPhuthule Ziyithwala iminqwazi Uwel'uSuthu ngezinyembezi

Uyakubuthisa koMagonondo noMyando Udabule kwaNtabakayikhonjwa Izichwe zayithwala imilomo Kwabathi , "Qha, bo bo bo bo bo bo bo! "

Izimpangele ziyawulabalabela

- 243 - Uzulu ladum 'ekuseni Ladum 'ekhaya Umnyama wendlu ya koPhuth ile Ukhethelwe zimbongolwana phezu kweGwa Udabule kuLubisana esegijima

Uhamba ngokhalo Iwamathafa Lukwadedangend lale Waye wayibuthisa oBhalule Uth'ephuma oBhalule Waye walal'eNkuthu Waye wawela uBulinga kwaMzilikazi

INyok'eqoph ' umqala yashiya izibili Yathi izoqedela ngomhla izovela Insimu ethi ukuvuthwa yaxholoba Yakhanga izinyoni Yathi ukusuka Zayidl'amanhla zayishiy'amazansi

Unkomo zinezisini emlonyeni Zinqundeke ziyokuphuza eMhlahlandlela UMgabadeli onjengebhubesi Odonswe ngezintaba ezimakhelekethe Injonjololo engaziziba zolwandle

UVezi uMaphakamela Owaphakamela iNkunzi yakwaBulawayo UQhamana! UNdabende wamakhanda USigongonono esiyinkabi legodla Ebikhethe iziqhozama kungezako Yengwa

Indab 'engiyizwe ngikude Engiyizwe ngisoBonjeni Iwezinyathi Ngabheka emuva Ngajiyelwa lapho ngiya ngakhona

Ngendaba kaMbopha benoNkunziyezindlovu UMzaca ongwegwe NgokaMbopha benoNkunziyezindlovu Othukllzelwe futhi eMahlabaneni Bawufihle nami ngaze ngathanda Bathi bayogalela ngawo kwaBulawayo

UDingana omnyama ngabomu Ukhanya phakathi kllkaFojisa

- 244- BenoNomagomba Impunga engene ngamahlashana onkana Kanti ibiyobulala umuzi kungokaGendeyana

Ungezwa bethi "Olula! Olula! Pheqe kaNdaba Kanti basho oVemvaneni Ngemuva kwakho bakugodlele Amaklwa kanye nezinqindi

Odazule kuZulu umfo kaNogandaya UZulu wabaleka wabhangazela Ukuma kweqhawe lethuka inkosi Ukuma kweSilo sethuka esinye iSilo Ukuma kweZilo ziyethllkana

Inkonjan 'ebuwaba busephikweni Engenjengazinkonjane zasendulo Zona zibuwaba buseqolo INhlendla yeThllsi kaMjokwane

UMbomb'oye wakhanya KuMsalela kwaNxumalo UHlahla lomnqawe nelomqokolo Bathi lIkulivllla kwabo balihlohloloza UMsontane ongantambo yomnxeba Ngisho ngamazwi Abakusontela wona abakwaZulu

UOingabantll emanxulumeni Kwaze kwasa amanxuluma esibekelana Kubikelana uMzilikazi kaMashobana NoSoshangana ezelwe uZikode

Mdingi kaMpikase USo linkonyeni zabantu Induku emnyama kaPhunga noMageba Eshay'amanzi kwavela udaka Emuva kodaka kwavela izinkomo

UNtakansinsi zinqwamene phezulll Angiqedi nezophuka iphiko USomkhanda ngokubakhandisa INyoni kaMahllbe uMashulubeza

US hikila limuva muhle

- 245 - Unkomo zimakhekheba Ngokuhamba zihlala

Uaha elinamandla nasemandleni Uzulu libeth ' izihlambi ULanga laphum 'endlebeni eNdlovu Nyakamumbe liyakuphuma kweyeNgonyama

Yaminz' iNdlovu! Ulibinda Zul 'eliphezulu! Ulibinda Ngonyama! Ulibinda Silo! Ulibinda Ndlovenkulu!

- 246- (iii) IZIBONGO ZENGONYAMA UMPANDE

IMBONGI: UMAGOLWANA JIYANE

UMsimude! Owavela ngesiluba Phakathi kwamaNgisi namaQadasi [Nkonjane edukel 'ezulwini Unowela muva wawoShaka

Mdayi sabela kweliphesheya Izalukazi ziyosala emanxiweni Amaxhegu ayosala emizileni

ISikhukhulane sikaNdaba Esikhukhul 'omame sabetshatha Saze sababeka ezinkwazini zemifula EZinkwazini zoThukela

UNdaba uwele ngelasoDlokweni UGagangamanzi angawesi mlomo Amanz ' od w' azosal ' ebabaza

Izimvubu zayikhex' imilomo Izingwenya zaphephel 'ezintabeni UMnguni wahlala phansi Wavumis' izindaba ezinkulu Ezikhulunywa kubo kwaMalandela

Wakhand ' izihlangu Wazikhandel 'enkamangweni Wakh ' izindlu ngezinzala zotshani Wakh 'amaguma ngomsingizana

Wabuz' iMpofana neNdaka Wath 'uMzinyathi Ngiyowubuza phambili koSilevu

Wathukuthela phakathi kwezinyanga ezimbili Phakathi kukaNhlangula noNhlangulana Wayophuma phakathi kweDlinza neShowe Iziqu zemithi zabheka phezulu Waphuma phakathi kukaMpehlela noMaqhwakazi Iziqu zemithi zabheka phezulu

- 247 - INkwenkwezi kaNdaba Ephume izilwane zabikelana Kubikelane iKhwezi neSilimela

Gijimani ngazo zonke izindlela Niyobikela uMaphitha noTokotoko Nithi impi kayibizwa yithi Nithi ibizwa nguMadela Ngowakithi kwaMalandela Wadel ' izinkomo Wazinik'amadoda

Wathi yiwona ayomhlabanela Wathi ayihlathi lokuphephela Wathi linjengelaseDlokweni Wathi lingubaba lingumama Wathi linguNongogo

Ngeqand 'elilodwana ngelakokaNgotsha INtonga yethusi Eyasala kweziny'izinduku

Abakithi ngibasolile INkosi yakithi kabayitshelanga izibuko Bayiweze ngelezimvubu nelezingwenya Isikhoth' esish ' eThokazi Kwaze kwash 'esiseGudunkomo

IZulu elidume phezu kwaMaqongq 'omabili Laduma lazithath'izihlangu zoMbelebele Lazithath'izihlangu zikaBulawayo Lazithath ' izihlangu zeZinyosi Lazithath ' izihlangu zoDlambedlu Lazithath ' izihlangu zikaNodayana Lazithath ' izihlangu zoMgumanqa

INhlehlanyovane kaNdaba Ihlehlele futhi ngoBulawayo Ihlehlel ' izinkomo zamaSwazi

Lalelani Iowa muntu omemezayo Umemeza sengathi uyakhala Sengathi ukhal ' isililo UMalambule benoSidubelo Banonina kaPhenduka

- 248- Bamemeze behlez'eMfihlweni Bathi godl'ekhwapheni Lukhozi lukaNdaba olumaphikw'abanzi Lufulel'uSomahhashi koFabase Lufulel'uNdengezi ezalwa uMayibuka Nkomo zay'eHluhluwe zabuyelela Zabuya sezinembali yamazwi Nkomo zakhuphuka zithwel ' iNingizimu Nangezimpondo Ziyabuya sezithwel ' iNyakatho nangezimpondo

Weza nezibhaxa ezimbili Esinye sengathi singuNomampo Esinye sengathi singuNoziqubli

Weza noMalambula kwabakaSobhllza Weza noSidubelo kwabakaSobhuza Weza noThekwane kwabakaSobhllza Weza noMgidla kwabakaSobhuza

AmaSwaz'akhawlila ukumfunga uSomhlola Ayihulula imfibinga Ngaphakathi kwaNodwengu UMakhalimakhande njengezulu Lona limakhalima limandindizela Isikhaphukhaphll singamanz'oMkhuze UMkhuze siwuwele siwukhaphuza

Umfaki waMajomel 'ezimpophomeni Kuze kuse aMajomel 'ebikelana nemiqhele USongo Iwensimbi yakoNdikidi Elidl ' uDambuza benoSikhombazana Inzingelezi kaNdaba Emabal 'azi zi nge Sengathi abekwe ngabomu Inzillgelezi kaNdaba Ngokuzingelezel ' izinkomo zikaMswazi kaSobhuza Wazingeleza izinkomo zikaJobe kaGece

Umgwaqo wezinqola uMashishiliza Umuntu eWlIlandela Angaze afike kwaHlathikhulu Uhlasele libalele koMleshe Wahlasela libalele koFabase Wahlasela libalele koSikwata

- 249- Wabhoboz'umthombo wemvula Imvula sasingasakwazi ukuyibona Kithi kwaMalandela Utshwala bukaGologo Babungaphuzwa muntu kwaMalandela Babuphuzwa yimihlambi yezinyamazane

Usibasa ndleleni kwabemukayo nabahleziyo Bathi abahleziyo Yikhona bezosala besokh'lImlilo Umhlane kaMama Hamba simuke Siqonde phesheya Laph'abantu bakhona bangangemihlambi yezinyamazane Indab'engiyizwe ngiphesheya Bathi nakwaMalandela Izwe limangqephungqephll Eminy'imithwalo iqonde kwaVuma Eminye iqonde kwaNyawo Imamba ebamba izinhla Yenyus'iVuna

Imihlambi yamaduna yagugudeka Kugugudeke ezawoTokotoko Kwagugudeka ezawoMaphitha Owadl ' izinkomo zawoPhalane zonkana EzoMbelebele zamuka nomoya

USibamba siyaphula siliBhubesi Isihlahla sentshungll sombhelebhele Sigawlliwe ngllKlwana WaseMbongombongwen i Amazembe anqundekile

UMzingeli kadinwa lihawu Ingan'abadala libadinile Ube ngumsingi wasenhla Engumsingi wasezansi

INtakansinsi kaNdaba Okade kwasa besisitheka Abakithi kwaZulu Izinkomo zayithwala imilomo Zaqonda eSibubulungu

USimayedwa njengelanga

- 250 - Lona limi lodwa ezulwini Usanda sithebeni njengensonyama Umhlophe ophandlayo Kithi kwaNodwengu

INkonyane kaNdaba Eyakhula beyizonda Njengesixhumo senyamazane

Isimemezane! Simenyezwe ngamaSwazi Athi zaphela izinkomo zikaMswazi Azinqum 'amashoba Azibon'ukugeza

UMpande kazithand ' izinkomo Ezilotshwe ngencwadi Ngoba izinkomo Ezinezincwadi ngezamaBhunu

Ubesaqonde kwezikaSomcuba Uthe engakagezi nokugeza Esahlezi noNongalaza noSondoda Wasethatha isihlangu Esihloma umgobo Ngoba yiNkosi yakosihlangu

Khawuleza nkuna kaNdaba Uzoyifica imizi emaphethelweni NgeyawoDambuza kaNtombela NgewawoNdlela kaSompisi

Ungabafumanisa behlezi endlini Besakhe izithanga Uwufake entombini Uwufaka endodeni Kuyaya kwaHlathikhulu sekulushongolo

UMdayi ubalekel 'unya LwakwaNtuli nolwakwaNtombela Ababulal'umuzi kaNdaba Bathi bawunikiwe Bathi bawunikwe nguPhunga Bawunikwa nguMageba

UMakhalima khande onjengezulu

- 251 - USomnandi kaNdaba Woza ngange Umlomo uyangiwa Kithi kwaMalandela Othukuthele wawela uBhalule Ngemvula yezinyembezi Eqonde enqabeni kaSikwata kubeSuthu

- 252 - (iv) IZIBONGO ZENGONY AMA UCETSHW AYO

IMBONGI: UMAHLANGENI KHUMALO

UZul 'eladum'obala Lapho kungemunga, kungemtholo UHlamvana bhul'umlilo eNdulinde Ubaswe uMantshonga benoGqelebana

Inzima lemnyama Engabubende bezingwe nezingonyama Ibiqhutshwa uMseleku benoNongalaza Bethi ifanele ukuyosikwa izihlangu EMkhweyantaba

Bathi iyeke Ubumnyama bayo buyesabeka Ifanele ukuyocela imvula KuNkosinkulu

Unqabel'abantu ukudonsa Umanz'aphum'ezimbotsheni zoMtshezi Isiguqa esizifulele ngamahlamvu AseNdondakusuka

Umsindo wobuntilingwe ngowani Ubangwe ngabaseNtingweni BenabakwaKhinya Bathi baxokozelela iNdlondlo yakokaTshana Bathi Ndlondloni lena engabhuli amaphiko Izindlondlo zonke ziyawabhula amaphiko

Ozingel ' izwe laseNhlungwana ngombhumbuluzo Amavaka aseNgwegweni nawaseNdlondlweni Abaleka abhangazela Zingel'ugcine nganeno koThukela mtakaNdaba Ngaphesheya kukhon 'abamhlophe abelungu USigwembe esal ' ukulanyulwa ngabamhlophe

Ikhaba elimile lodwa ngaseNhlungwana Amany 'amakhaba emila izixexelegu Thambekeka mfazi owaliwayo Thambekeka wewuse iNtambanana Nangezinyembezi

Mhla eyakudabula ngakwaNgxangaza

- 253 - Abafazi bakwaNgxangaza Bazakulal'ezibayeni njengamathole Kazi amathole azakulalaphi

Uye wadabula kuMlaba Obezalwa nguKhwani Wafike wanika lnyanda yemikhonto Wathi MntakaNdaba Uz' ubahlabe nasemehlweni rNyathi kaNdaba Empondo zimakhenkenene Bayivimbele ngamaphanda emikhonto Bethi uMhlathuze kayikllwuwela Uthe esewllwela Wasewllwela ngamakhanda amadoda Washikizela lImashikizel'omnyama Edondolozela ngenhlendla yakhe ebimathatha Impi yakhe eyakllyibuthisa eNdliwayini

Wazihlaba kanye namathole azo Kwathiwa ziyeke lezo MntakaNdaba Ngezikanyokokhulu, NgezikaLangazana

Washikizela lImashikizel 'omnyama Edondolozela ngenhlendla yakhe Eyakllshona ngesikhala SikaMpehlela noMaqhwakazi Eya ngoNohadll ezalwa ngllMsweli Uyakllwllkhokha lImnyatheliso

Iqabi lakwabo lezinkabi elimpunga Uya ngoMphepha obezalwa nguNdengezi Uyakulikhokha iqabi lakwabo Elimnyama lezinkabi

Uya ngoGawozi obezalwa ngllSilwane Uyakuwukhokha umnyathel iso Iqabi Iwakwabo elinkone lezinkabi Washikizela umashikizela omnyama Eyakushona ngesikhala Samahlathi amabili IShowe kanye neDlinza Eya ngoSikhonyana

- 254 - Obezalwa nguNgqungqulu Uyakuwukhokha lImnyatheliso Iqabi lakwabo elixube imibala

Udondolozela ngenhlendla Ngoba umuzi wakhe kuseziNhlendleni Uye wedlula kuMankayiyana Obezalwa nguMenziwa Uyakuwllkhokha umnyatheliso

ISiio esimaduna sakokaTshana Esikhangel'abantu baduka nolwandle Nanamllhla basadukele Abafana ababili

Baphonseke kwesinezimvubll nezingwen ya UNdaba kazimudli zimbukani? Zimbona ngoba ekhafulwe yiNdlovll ISiio esimaDlIna Esimenyezwe nguMzwili Ezalwa nguSiniswayo

Wathi ningayihlabi leyo Ndlovll Ningayihlaba niyobe niyibangile Iyakuvusa imilando emidala Eyayenziwa ngoyihlo

Uhlohloloza ngeNdlovu enohlanya INdlovu ethi imllka babeyixokozelela Uzitho zimagwegwe Ngokugwegwa abakayise

UJininindi omnyama Ongabende bezingwe nezingon ya ma Ongangamabllya eziziba Zolwandle noThukela Usakha Ilikhalweni enhlanganisweni Lapha kuhlangana khona imifliia Kanye neyabafo Kanye neyabafokazana Ugaqa libomvu lawoBathonyile Isibllko sikaMaphitha benoNzibe Abebezibuka ngaso beya kwaNkosinkulu

Ohlathi limnyama Limnyama konke nemizi yalo

- 255 - Ebelinjengebelihlala izindlovu EzikuMakhele

19walagwala likaMenzi Elisuke eNtumeni kwabhej'iNdulinde Kwabhej'iShowe Kwaze kwaya kwabheja Ulwandle noThukela

Isigllqa sikaNdaba Abasifulele ngamashoba Sath'ukuvuka sadl'amadoda Izulu elidume phezulll eNdlilinde Lazithatha izihlangll zamadoda Indaba yenziwe ngliManqina Obezalwa ngliNkontshela

Nguyena othathe izinkomo zaseMangweni Waye wayozithela ndawonye NezaseMkhweyantaba Ngoba ethathe uNxaba kaMkhonto lsiziba sikaHhamli benoZiwedli Esibhukudise izihlangu zaseMkhweyantaba lIanga Iiyakushona Abantll baseNtengweni Ngiyabesaba ngibasolile Bazibukule itshe

Itshe linemamba Imamba yathi lIkuvuka Yangena ehlathini Ihlathi linembube

Yamaphula uBusobengwe kaNongalaza Ungalo ezinjengezengonyama Imbube elishoba liyisilikithi

Umthunduluka ovuthwe eNdulinde Izigqoza ziyawulabalabela Udl ' uNomsimekwana Obezalwa nguBhikwayo Wamshaya phansi koludumayo eziNqungeni Akwaze kwaba ndaba zailitho

Wamudl'lIMashayayishllkllle

- 256- Obezalwa nguSiphingo Wamshaya phansi eziqungeni Koludumayo akwaba ndaba zalutho

Wamudl ' uFaku Obezalwa uMatshana Wamshaya phansi koludumayo Ezikhambeni Akwabindaba zalutho

Uwaba lenkomo zakwaMshweshwe Udunusel'uNdi noKhahlamba Umzingela kaShaka benoDingana Uz'uzingele ubuye nganeno MntakaNdaba Ngaphesheya kukhona abaMhlophe Uzuyesab' imilando emidala Eyayenziwa ngoyihlo

Ibululu likaPhunga noMageba Elidonde ukusuka Kwaze kwasuka awendlwana Oshel a kaDolofu kllmaQadasi Ozitshani kumaQadasi OSomtsewu kaSonzica kumaNkinsimana Amabululwana ezindlwana

UMagwaz'eguqile njengethole Usinikiniki singamashoba oSuthli Ingqamungqamu likaShaka Elingamlil'oshayo Bathi kush'umlilo Kanti kuvuth ' umuzi waseKlIweleni lzinhlansi zabaqhashela Ziqhashele oMthondo

Ubhukudise abantu Bengasathandi ukubhukuda Ngoba ebhllkudise amadoda amadala Ngoba ebhukudise lINongalaza Obezalwa nguNondela

Wabhukudisa uThemana Obezalwa nguNohaye Wabhuklldisa uMgebisi Obezalwa uJokwe Wabhukudisa uMatshekana

- 257 - Obezalwa uMaqhoboza

Umamba yeVuna Umaqhamusela Umamba eth ' ukuvuka Yadla abakayise

Wamudla uMbheduka kwabakayise Umbheduka njengesona Uphaqa njengelanga Utakasa njengebhoyi Inyathi yaseNhlakanhlakeni Indlovll enezihlonti lkhwani elisikwa lihluma Ngengxenye linguPhllnga Ngengxenye linguMageba

Amakhubalo adliwa ngllCetshwayo KwabakaMpande Wamudla uShonkweni Obezalwa nguMpande Amakhubalo adliwa nguCetshwayo KwabakaMpande

Wamudla uMantantashiya Obezalwa nguMpande Amakhubalo adliwa ngllCetshwayo KwabakaMpande Wamlldla uSomklawana Obezalwa nguMpande Amakhubalo adliwa nguCetshwayo KwabakaMpande Wamudla uMdomba Obezalwa nguMpande Amakhubalo adliwa nguCetshwayo KwabakaMpande Wamudla lIDabulesinye Obezalwa nguMpande Amakhubalo adliwa nguCetshwayo KwabakaMpande

Unozila kudla kwamagwala Amagwala adl 'ubllbende lIanga elaphuma endlebeni yeNdlovu Nyakamllmbe liyakuphuma kweyengonyama

- 258 - Impunzi kaNdaba Bayibambe ngandlebenye Phezu kukaLangakazi Yadlamuluka yadlamadoda

(zulu likaNdaba lithukuthele Liyokwehla ngoMagula Laqumb ' isichotho Liyakwehla ngoMagula Lapha kwehla khona elinye

(zulu elidume phezu kweSandlwana Umbane lawuhlaba eMankamane Bayamemeza bathi nans ' iNdlovu Belungu ningayishayi ngesibhamu Noba niyibangile

Anoyiphathela amaphanda Angawezinhlandla Yaphel ' imibhobho yamaphoyisa Yaphuk'ubumohlomohlo Yaphulwa yiJaha elidala

Yebo thambekeka MntakaNdaba Wen'ongasilambalala Ngimfumane egeza kwelamadwala Ubenzipho zimhlophe njengeNgonyama Uguqa badele Inhlambamasoka

Odl ' uMvemve oncokazi kwabaMhlophe Wadl'uZitili obezalwa nguSotobe Wadl ' uSigwabugwabu ezinyangeni Wadl 'uGqoboyiya kwabathwal ' imvokwana Untaka yeVuna Zala umhlanga zikhothame Oze noNdumundumu ezalwa nguNotatela Weza noQhongolo ezalwa nguNgede

Umsusi wezigebengu eNdondakusuka UGuqa bathokoze! Inhlambasoka Usigenyana somqubula Odl ' uKhathaza ezalwa nguSiyabandiya Wadl 'uNhlanhlanhla ngaseMaphiseni NguNgudumana ngaseMaphiseni

- 259 - Undondela kuyalwa Ingani nabanoyise bayayalwa Ngoba udlule kuMpande ekllyala Wadlula kllSomtsewu ekuyala Washo uMpande wathi "Kuze wabusa Mfana kaNgqumbazi Liyohanjwa zinkonjane Lokhu udlula ukuyalwa kokubusa"

Usakha mizi ngemikhonto Abanye beyakha ngokunikezelana Uguqa badele iNhlambamasoka Onjengeziziba zomfula

Sengathi ngamabuya Olwandle noThukela Oshise owakwaSibatha Kawungenwa ngasango Wawufohlwa ngecele

Zethllk' izibhaxa Zaphoseka kwabaMhlophe Wawushisa owaSenzanazo Hawu washa owaseKuweleni Usofllkuzelwa oyinsonyama Ingonyama enohlonza emhlane

Insukamini kaMjokwane ESllke ilanga liphezulu Wadl 'uPhoyiphoyi ngaseNdondakusuka Wadl ' uMzimuzimu ngaseNdondakusuka Izingwazi zabola ngakwaNyoka Usal 'ukutshelwa usal'ukunyenyezelwa Mshisi wesikhotha esiseDlebe Kuze kllshe esiseMalalen i

Uzandla zimnyama Ngokuphatha imisebe yelanga Wamudl 'uHabana kuMaphoyisa Wamudl ' uMahlangwana ngaseMkhweyantaba Wamudl ' uSiphingo ngaseMkhweyantaba Wamudl ' uMagazukana eSwazini Wamudl 'uMdumela ngaseSwazini

Umvuleli wezinkomo

- 260- Zingakwazi ukuvulelwa Ngoba uphume nezinkomo Onke aMakhosi aKwaZulu Engakaze azikhiphe

Uze noMajumba kaLugagane ngaseSwazini Weza noMhlanganiso ngaseSwazini Ukhande amaSwazi Akhawula ukudla izinkomo zakwaZulu Usenzele amanqe ngaseSwazini

Umbhubhulo! Obhubhule zonke izinkomo zaMakhosi Ngoba ubhubhule izinkomo zamaSwazi Wabhubhula izinkomo zakwaMzilikazi UMzilikazi kabe esahlasela

Oze nobhelu ngakwaMzilikazi Odie uSenzenje ngakwaMzilikazi Wadla uQabana ngakwaMzi likazi Udlamvuzo! 8ayede! Ungangezintaba!

- 26 1 - B. Incwadi yokucela ukuqhuba ucwaningo

\{ It UNIV ERSITY Of ~. '(' KWAZUlU·NATAl ""..,.

INCW ADI YOKUCELA UKUQHUBA UCW ANINGO

Ngiyakubingelela Mayelana nokuba yingxenye yocwaningo Ngibonga kakhulu ngokuba ube yingxenye yalolu cwaningo. Le ncwadi icacisa kahle ukuthi yini elindelekile njengoba sizobe sisebenzisana. Ucwaningo Iwami lugxile kakhulu emlandweni wamakhosi aKwaZulu kusukela enkosini uShaka kuze kube yinkosi uCetshwayo.

Uqokwe ukuba ube yingxenye yalolu cwaningo ngenxa yolwazi ngezinto ezithinta umlando wesizwe samaZulu. Ngiyoqinisekisa ukuthi uma sesixoxisana nawe angizothatha isikhathi esiningi sakho. Kuyosetshenziswa isiqophamazwi ukuqoqa ulwazi ukuze kongeke isikhathi. Uma uzizwa ungakhululekile ukuba yingxenye yalolu cwaningo unelungelo lokungabi yingxenye yalo. Uma ngokuqhubeka kocwaningo usubona ukuthi awusathandi ukuqhubeka uvumelekile ukuhoxa noma nini. Ngeke uthole ukuhlukumezeka ngenxa yalokho.

Uma ucwaningo seluphothuliwe uyonikezwa nawe ukuze ulubone. Uma kukhona imibuzo onayo ngalokhu ungaxhumana nomeluleki wami e-UKZN, eSikoleni Sezifundo ZesiZulu (Howard College Campus), uDokotela Hlongwa kulezi zinombolo : 031-2602207 (Eyasemsebenzini), 031-2602816 (Eyefeksi) noma kwi-email [email protected]. Ngiyokuthokozela kakhulu ukuphendula imibuzo ongaba nayo ngalokhu.

Yimina ozithobayo

\

, - 262 - c. ISIFUNGO

Mina ...... (amagama aphelele obu zwayo) ngiyaqiniseki sa ukuthi ngikuzwa konke okubhalwe kul e ncwadi kanye nocwaningo olwenziwayo. Ngiyaz ibophezela ekubeni yin gxenye ya lolu cwaningo.

Ngiyakuqonda ukuthi ngin gayeka noma nin i ukuba yin gxenye yalolu cwanin go um a ngifi sa kanj alo.

ISIGINESHA YOBUZW A YO USUKU

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