Introduction to Ecology
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Bloomsbury Scientists Ii Iii
i Bloomsbury Scientists ii iii Bloomsbury Scientists Science and Art in the Wake of Darwin Michael Boulter iv First published in 2017 by UCL Press University College London Gower Street London WC1E 6BT Available to download free: www.ucl.ac.uk/ ucl- press Text © Michael Boulter, 2017 Images courtesy of Michael Boulter, 2017 A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. This book is published under a Creative Commons Attribution Non-commercial Non-derivative 4.0 International license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). This license allows you to share, copy, distribute and transmit the work for personal and non-commercial use providing author and publisher attribution is clearly stated. Attribution should include the following information: Michael Boulter, Bloomsbury Scientists. London, UCL Press, 2017. https://doi.org/10.14324/111.9781787350045 Further details about Creative Commons licenses are available at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ ISBN: 978- 1- 78735- 006- 9 (hbk) ISBN: 978- 1- 78735- 005- 2 (pbk) ISBN: 978- 1- 78735- 004- 5 (PDF) ISBN: 978- 1- 78735- 007- 6 (epub) ISBN: 978- 1- 78735- 008- 3 (mobi) ISBN: 978- 1- 78735- 009- 0 (html) DOI: https:// doi.org/ 10.14324/ 111.9781787350045 v In memory of W. G. Chaloner FRS, 1928– 2016, lecturer in palaeobotany at UCL, 1956– 72 vi vii Acknowledgements My old writing style was strongly controlled by the measured precision of my scientific discipline, evolutionary biology. It was a habit that I tried to break while working on this project, with its speculations and opinions, let alone dubious data. But my old practices of scientific rigour intentionally stopped personalities and feeling showing through. -
1 Relevance of Green Marketing on Environmental Degradation
UNIVERSITY OF MAURITIUS RESEARCH JOURNAL – Volume 21 – 2015 University of Mauritius, Réduit, Mauritius Relevance of Green Marketing on Environmental Degradation: An Empirical Study of Consumers’ of Green Products in Benin- City, Nigeria R A Gbadeyan * Department of Marketing University of Ilorin Nigeria E-mail: [email protected] O J Omolekan Department of Business Administration University of Ilorin Nigeria, E-mail: [email protected] Paper accepted on 04 June 2015 Abstract Business organisations need to contribute significantly to healthily environment through the adoption of green marketing. The activities of some of this business may result to environmental pollution which makes the environment becomes inimical to human habitation. Green marketing is the marketing of products that are presumed to be environmentally preferable to others through product, process, packaging and advertising modification(s). Most times, products’ remnants and packages pose serious danger to our environment. This paper examines the effect of green marketing on environmental degradation. Non- experimental descriptive research method was used and the data gathered were analysed. It was observed that the concept of green marketing is not popular among selected consumer in Benin metropolis of Nigeria and thus appropriate strategies for effective application of green marketing are lacking. Besides, adaptability, compatibility and relative advantage by consumers of green products remains the hiccups to the successful application of green marketing in Nigeria. Applicable recommendations were made for business enterprises to produce ecological products which not only must not pollute the environment but should protect it and even liquidate existing environmental damages. 1 Relevance of Green Marketing on Environmental Degradation: An Empirical Study of Consumers’ of Green Products in Benin- City, Nigeria Also, ecological packaging (i.e. -
Plant Identification and Mapping in the Digital Age: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives
THE MEDIATED CITY CONFERENCE Architecture_MPS; Ravensbourne; Woodbury University Los Angeles: 01—04 October, 2014 PLANT IDENTIFICATION AND MAPPING IN THE DIGITAL AGE: HISTORICAL AND CONTEMPORARY PERSPECTIVES NATHAN HEAVERS VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE AND STATE UNIVERSITY ABSTRACT This paper discusses the variety of recent digital media available for the identification and mapping of plants in cities in relation to the history of plant guides and maps. It raises the question: how has our focus on plants- especially their identification and mapping- evolved over the centuries and how might new digital media extend and/or limit our relationships with plants? The paper begins with an historical perspective on the processes of identifying and mapping plants and describes the development of plant books and their changing purposes within the general development of Western culture through a scientific lens. It touches on Theophrastus’ Enquiry into Plants, Dioscorides’ De Materia Medica, Linneaus’ Systema Naturae, and Tansley’s work in ecology. Next, the paper discusses the recent proliferation of locative media for identifying and mapping plants, which use face recognition software, crowd-sourcing, and location-based-services through GIS. These include Leafsnap for plant identification and i-Tree for ecological investigations of vegetation in cities. The paper concludes that in every era, human interests in plants and the media we’ve devised to investigate plants have been knit together. The 21st century is no different and the new digital media will be of great use in addressing issues as complex as climate change and as basic as identifying fresh fruit in cities. Overall, the new media have the potential to deliver knowledge to people about plants that was formerly hard to get, which may lead to an increase in plant literacy, especially in cities. -
Experimental Ecosystem Accounting Revision Draft Glossary of Terms
DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL AFFAIRS STATISTICS DIVISION UNITED NATIONS ___________________________________________________________________________________ System of Environmental-Economic Accounting 2012 - Experimental Ecosystem Accounting Revision Draft glossary of terms V4.0 July 2020 Disclaimer: This draft glossary has been prepared under the auspices of the SEEA Experimental Ecosystem Accounting Technical Committee as part of the work on the SEEA EEA Revision being coordinated by the United Nations Statistics Division. The views expressed in this paper do not necessarily represent the views of the United Nations. 1 Note This glossary has been drafted to support the global consultation review of draft ecosystem services chapters (Chapters 6 & 7) for the revised SEEA EEA. This version focuses on terms of most relevance for discussion of monetary valuation of ecosystem services and ecosystem assets. The definitions have been drawn from draft chapters and other supporting materials. However, they are not considered final definitions and revisions are expected as a result of the global consultation process. New terms will be added to the draft glossary as the remaining chapters are being drafted. _______________________________ B Benefits: Goods and services that are ultimately used and enjoyed by people and which contribute to individual and societal well-being. Two broad types of benefits are described in ecosystem accounting - SNA benefits and non-SNA benefits. Biodiversity: The variability among living organisms from all sources including, inter alia, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part; this includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems (Convention on Biological Diversity, article 2, entitled “Use of Terms”). C Capital services: The sum of consumption of fixed capital and the value of the return to capital (SNA2008, 6.245). -
Implications for Biogeographical Theory and the Conservation of Nature
Journal of Biogeography (J. Biogeogr.) (2004) 31, 177–197 GUEST The mismeasure of islands: implications EDITORIAL for biogeographical theory and the conservation of nature Hartmut S. Walter Department of Geography, University of ABSTRACT California, Los Angeles, CA, USA The focus on place rather than space provides geography with a powerful raison d’eˆtre. As in human geography, the functional role of place is integral to the understanding of evolution, persistence and extinction of biotic taxa. This paper re-examines concepts and biogeographical evidence from a geographical rather than ecological or evolutionary perspective. Functional areography provides convincing arguments for a postmodern deconstruction of major principles of the dynamic Equilibrium Theory of Island Biogeography (ETIB). Endemic oceanic island taxa are functionally insular as a result of long-term island stability, con- finement, isolation, and protection from continental invasion and disturbance. Most continental taxa persist in different, more complex and open spatial systems; their geographical place is therefore fundamentally distinct from the functional insularity of oceanic island taxa. This creates an insular-continental polarity in biogeography that is currently not reflected in conservation theory. The focus on the biogeographical place leads to the development of the eigenplace concept de- fined as the functional spatial complex of existence. The application of still popular ETIB concepts in conservation biology is discouraged. The author calls for the Correspondence: Hartmut S. Walter, integration of functional areography into modern conservation science. Department of Geography, University of Keywords California, Los Angeles, P. O. Box 951524, CA 90095-1524, USA. Functional areography, geographical place, eigenplace concept, island biogeog- E-mail: [email protected] raphy, insularity, continentality, conservation biology, nature conservation. -
Effects of Scale and the Biophysical Environment on Sense of Place in Northeastern Wisconsin's Bioregions Francis R
Bates College SCARAB All Faculty Scholarship Departments and Programs 2018 Effects of scale and the biophysical environment on sense of place in northeastern Wisconsin's bioregions Francis R. Eanes Bates College, [email protected] Janet M. Silbernagel Patrick Robinson Follow this and additional works at: https://scarab.bates.edu/faculty_publications Recommended Citation Eanes, F.R., J.M. Silbernagel, and P. Robinson. (2018). Effects of scale and the biophysical environment on sense of place in northeastern Wisconsin's bioregions. Human Ecology Review. 24(1). This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Departments and Programs at SCARAB. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Faculty Scholarship by an authorized administrator of SCARAB. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Effects of scale and the biophysical environment on sense of place in northeastern Wisconsin's bioregions Francis R. Eanes1, Janet M. Silbernagel2, Patrick J. Robinson3, and David A. Hart4 1Program in Environmental Studies, Bates College 2Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin-Madison 3Environmental Resources Center, University of Wisconsin Extension 4University of Wisconsin Sea Grant Institute Abstract: Understanding individuals’ and groups’ sense of place can provide insights into how people interact with and treat both natural and built environments, and inform understandings of proenvironmental behavior, place-protective action, management of regional amenities, participatory landscape planning, and environmental education initiatives. Notwithstanding these invaluable contributions, the empirical place scholarship has paid relatively little attention to several key dynamics, including the existence and implications of broad-scale sense of place, whether sense of place occurs in low- or mixed-amenity areas, and the biophysical (and bioregional) dimensions of sense of place. -
Marx's Ecology in Historical Perspective
Issue 96 of INTERNATIONAL SOCIALISM JOURNAL Published Winter 2002 Copyright © International Socialism Marx's ecology in historical perspective JOHN BELLAMY FOSTER 'For the early Marx the only nature relevant to the understanding of history is human nature... Marx wisely left nature (other than human nature) alone.' These words are from George Lichtheim's influential book Marxism: An Historical and Critical Study, first published in 1961.1 Though he was not a Marxist, Lichtheim's view here did not differ from the general outlook of Western Marxism at the time he was writing. Yet this same outlook would be regarded by most socialists today as laughable. After decades of explorations of Marx's contributions to ecological discussions and publication of his scientific-technical notebooks, it is no longer a question of whether Marx addressed nature, and did so throughout his life, but whether he can be said to have developed an understanding of the nature-society dialectic that constitutes a crucial starting point for understanding the ecological crisis of capitalist society.2 A great many analysts, including some self styled eco-socialists, are prepared to acknowledge that Marx had profound insights into the environmental problem, but nonetheless argue that these insights were marginal to his work, that he never freed himself from 'Prometheanism' (a term usually meant to refer to an extreme commitment to industrialisation at any cost), and that he did not leave a significant ecological legacy that carried forward into later socialist thought or that had any relation to the subsequent development of ecology.3 In a recent discussion in the journal Capitalism, Nature, Socialism a number of authors argued that Marx could not have contributed anything of fundamental relevance to the development of ecological thought, since he wrote in the 19th century, before the nuclear age and before the appearance of PCBs, CFCs and DDT--and because he never used the word 'ecology' in his writings. -
On the Nature and Nomenclature of Ecology's Fourth Level
Biol. Rev. (2008), 83, pp. 71–78. 71 doi:10.1111/j.1469-185X.2007.00032.x Levels of organization in biology: on the nature and nomenclature of ecology’s fourth level William Z. Lidicker, Jr.* Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA (Received 30 May 2007; revised 15 October 2007; accepted 22 October 2007) ABSTRACT Viewing the universe as being composed of hierarchically arranged systems is widely accepted as a useful model of reality. In ecology, three levels of organization are generally recognized: organisms, populations, and communities (biocoenoses). For half a century increasing numbers of ecologists have concluded that recognition of a fourth level would facilitate increased understanding of ecological phenomena. Sometimes the word ‘‘ecosystem’’ is used for this level, but this is arguably inappropriate. Since 1986, I and others have argued that the term ‘‘landscape’’ would be a suitable term for a level of organization defined as an ecological system containing more than one community type. However, ‘‘landscape’’ and ‘‘landscape level’’ continue to be used extensively by ecologists in the popular sense of a large expanse of space. I therefore now propose that the term ‘‘ecoscape’’ be used instead for this fourth level of organization. A clearly defined fourth level for ecology would focus attention on the emergent properties of this level, and maintain the spatial and temporal scale-free nature inherent in this hierarchy of organizational levels for living entities. Key words: ecoscape, landscape, ecosystem, ecological system, spatial ecology, hierarchy theory, community ecology, emergent properties, holism, spatial and temporal scales. CONTENTS I. Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... -
Protecting the Crown: a Century of Resource Management in Glacier National Park
Protecting the Crown A Century of Resource Management in Glacier National Park Rocky Mountains Cooperative Ecosystem Studies Unit (RM-CESU) RM-CESU Cooperative Agreement H2380040001 (WASO) RM-CESU Task Agreement J1434080053 Theodore Catton, Principal Investigator University of Montana Department of History Missoula, Montana 59812 Diane Krahe, Researcher University of Montana Department of History Missoula, Montana 59812 Deirdre K. Shaw NPS Key Official and Curator Glacier National Park West Glacier, Montana 59936 June 2011 Table of Contents List of Maps and Photographs v Introduction: Protecting the Crown 1 Chapter 1: A Homeland and a Frontier 5 Chapter 2: A Reservoir of Nature 23 Chapter 3: A Complete Sanctuary 57 Chapter 4: A Vignette of Primitive America 103 Chapter 5: A Sustainable Ecosystem 179 Conclusion: Preserving Different Natures 245 Bibliography 249 Index 261 List of Maps and Photographs MAPS Glacier National Park 22 Threats to Glacier National Park 168 PHOTOGRAPHS Cover - hikers going to Grinnell Glacier, 1930s, HPC 001581 Introduction – Three buses on Going-to-the-Sun Road, 1937, GNPA 11829 1 1.1 Two Cultural Legacies – McDonald family, GNPA 64 5 1.2 Indian Use and Occupancy – unidentified couple by lake, GNPA 24 7 1.3 Scientific Exploration – George B. Grinnell, Web 12 1.4 New Forms of Resource Use – group with stringer of fish, GNPA 551 14 2.1 A Foundation in Law – ranger at check station, GNPA 2874 23 2.2 An Emphasis on Law Enforcement – two park employees on hotel porch, 1915 HPC 001037 25 2.3 Stocking the Park – men with dead mountain lions, GNPA 9199 31 2.4 Balancing Preservation and Use – road-building contractors, 1924, GNPA 304 40 2.5 Forest Protection – Half Moon Fire, 1929, GNPA 11818 45 2.6 Properties on Lake McDonald – cabin in Apgar, Web 54 3.1 A Background of Construction – gas shovel, GTSR, 1937, GNPA 11647 57 3.2 Wildlife Studies in the 1930s – George M. -
Sir Arthur Tansley, FRS, 1871-1955
third comes from private sources and two-thirds from the government in various grants and contracts for specific tasks. Washington, D. C. Herbert C. Hanson April 12, 1956 Representative of the Ecological Society of America to the National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council. RESOLUTION OF RESPECT SIR ARTHUR TANSLEY, F. R. S. 1871-1955 Sir Arthur Tansley, one of the founders and past president of the British Ecological Society, died on November 25, 1955. For over fifty years he was a leader in British botany and ecology and early was acclaimed interna tionally. In 1902 he initiated the periodical, The New Phytologist, both edit ing and publishing it during its early years. From 1916 to 1937 he edited the Journal of Ecology. He wrote several books ("Types of British Vegetation," "Elements of Plant Biology," "Aims and Methods in the Study of Plant Ecology" (with T. F. Chipp), "Practical Plant Ecology," "The British Isles and Their Vegeta tion," "Our Heritage of Wild Nature," and others) which became widely known and used. His book "The New Psychology" written after a period in Vienna with Prof. Freud did much to publicize the Freudian theories. He was educated at Highgate School, University College, London and Trinity College, Cambridge. He taught at University College of London, then at Cambridge, and in 1927 was elected Sherardian professor of botany and fellow of Magdalen College at Oxford. Following his retirement in 1937, he devoted himself to writing and in 1943 became head of the British Nature Conservancy. He was honored by election to the Royal Society in 1915, to an honorary fellowship at Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1944 and received a knighthood in 1950. -
Glossary and Acronyms Glossary Glossary
Glossary andChapter Acronyms 1 ©Kevin Fleming ©Kevin Horseshoe crab eggs Glossary and Acronyms Glossary Glossary 40% Migratory Bird “If a refuge, or portion thereof, has been designated, acquired, reserved, or set Hunting Rule: apart as an inviolate sanctuary, we may only allow hunting of migratory game birds on no more than 40 percent of that refuge, or portion, at any one time unless we find that taking of any such species in more than 40 percent of such area would be beneficial to the species (16 U.S.C. 668dd(d)(1)(A), National Wildlife Refuge System Administration Act; 16 U.S.C. 703-712, Migratory Bird Treaty Act; and 16 U.S.C. 715a-715r, Migratory Bird Conservation Act). Abiotic: Not biotic; often referring to the nonliving components of the ecosystem such as water, rocks, and mineral soil. Access: Reasonable availability of and opportunity to participate in quality wildlife- dependent recreation. Accessibility: The state or quality of being easily approached or entered, particularly as it relates to complying with the Americans with Disabilities Act. Accessible facilities: Structures accessible for most people with disabilities without assistance; facilities that meet Uniform Federal Accessibility Standards; Americans with Disabilities Act-accessible. [E.g., parking lots, trails, pathways, ramps, picnic and camping areas, restrooms, boating facilities (docks, piers, gangways), fishing facilities, playgrounds, amphitheaters, exhibits, audiovisual programs, and wayside sites.] Acetylcholinesterase: An enzyme that breaks down the neurotransmitter acetycholine to choline and acetate. Acetylcholinesterase is secreted by nerve cells at synapses and by muscle cells at neuromuscular junctions. Organophosphorus insecticides act as anti- acetyl cholinesterases by inhibiting the action of cholinesterase thereby causing neurological damage in organisms. -
Deception in Environmental Advertising: Consumers’ Reactions to Greenwashing
DECEPTION IN ENVIRONMENTAL ADVERTISING: CONSUMERS’ REACTIONS TO GREENWASHING By STACI ANN STOKES B.A., Kansas State University, 2007 A THESIS submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree MASTER OF SCIENCE Department of Journalism and Mass Communications College of Arts and Sciences KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY Manhattan, Kansas 2009 Approved by: Major Professor Charles Pearce Abstract The present research explored whether consumer reactions to a deceptive environmental ad differs from consumers’ reactions towards a similar true green ad. The deceptive ad used in this study violates all FTC regulations for acceptable environmental claims. The practice of deceptive environmental advertising, known as greenwashing, is an increasing problem for consumers and advertisers as environmental products and services are offered at an increasing rate in the marketplace. Undergraduate college students participated in the experiment testing four hypotheses. As predicted, consumers were not able to identify a greenwashed ad as deceptive. Similarly, a measurement of consumers’ perceived overall ethics associated with the ad revealed low ethical concerns towards both greenwashed and true green ads. Attitudes towards greenwashing were also measures, and, as hypothesized, consumers have equally positive attitudes towards greenwashed and true green ads and brands. Additionally, stronger levels of environmental concern decreased the consumers’ ability to detect deception in greenwashed ads. Implications indicate that consumers cannot perceive