CARPATHIAN JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

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CHARACTERIZATION OF ACID SOLUBLE COLLAGEN FROM THE SKIN OF SNAKESKIN GOURAMI (TRICHOGASTER PECTORALIS)

Piyaporn Sukkon1, Ali Muhammed Moula Ali1, Sitthipong Nalinanon1*, Hideki Kishimura2, Sirima Takeungwongtrakul3

1Faculty of Food Industry, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Ladkrabang, Bangkok, 10520, Thailand 2Laboratory of Marine Chemical Resource Development, Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hakodate, Hokkaido, 041-8611, Japan 3Department of Agricultural Education, Faculty of Industrial Education and Technology, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Ladkrabang, Bangkok, 10520, Thailand *[email protected] https://doi.org/10.34302/crpjfst/2020.12.2.8 Article history: ABSTRACT Received: The present study was aimed to isolate and characterized acid soluble 23 February 2020 collagen (ASC) from the skin of snakeskin gourami (Trichogaster Accepted: pectoralis). ASC from gourami skin had a yield of 9.43% and 34.65%, 22 May 2020 based on wet and dry weight basis, respectively. The purity of ASC was Keywords: superior with a distinct absorption peak at wavelength (WL) of 230.7 nm. Characterization; Based on the electrophoretic pattern, gourami skin ASC was classified as Collagen; type I collagen, as it comprised α1 and α2 as major components and higher Trichogaster pectoralis; molecular weight (MW) components γ, β were distinctly observed. ASC Skin; exhibited high Tmax value of 33.43°C, which could correspond to its imino Snakeskin gourami. acids content of 188 residues/1000 residues. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum and circular dichroism (CD) revealed that ASC extracted from gourami skin had greater structural integrity in its triple-helical form. Solubility of ASC was high at the pH range of 2-4 in which zeta potential exhibited highly positive charge. The highest solubility of ASC in the presence of NaCl was observed at 2% (w/v). Therefore, with all the characteristic features, ASC from snakeskin gourami skin can be a value- added product in the fish processing industry.

1. Introduction of seabass (Paralabrax spp.) (Sinthusamran et Fish processing generates up to 70% of al., 2013). Collagen is a major structural organic by-products, depending on species. protein present in connective tissues (skin and Increasing interest has been paid from the fish bone) of animal. Collagen has wide range of processors to effectively utilize these by- applications ranging from cosmetic, products to produce value added products, biomedical, pharmaceutical, leather to film especially collagen and gelatin industries (Nalinanon et al., 2011; Ogawa et (Kittiphattanabawon et al., 2019). Collagens al., 2003). Fish skin being rich in collagenous with different properties have been extracted protein, can serve as an excellent source for from bone, skin and scales of common carp collagen production alternative to mammalian (Cyprinus carpio) (Duan et al., 2009), skin of counter parts, which is mostly associated with bigeye snapper (Lutjanus lutjanus) (Benjakul et several disadvantages such outbreak of mad al., 2010), scales of golden carp (Probarbus cow disease and religions constraint, mainly jullieni) (Ali et al., 2017) and the swim bladder 75 Sukkon et al./ Carpathian Journal of Food Science and Technology, 2020, 12(2), 75-87

Islam and Judaism (Ali et al., 2018; Nalinanon 2.2. Preparation of fish skins et al., 2011). Freshly available snakeskin gourami Snakeskin gourami (Trichogaster (Trichogaster pectoralis) was purchased from pectoralis) is one of the common fish species the local market situated in Samut Prakan province of Thailand. Fish were packed in a of Thailand, habitat in shallow, sluggish or polyethylene bags, loaded in ice with a standing water with a lot of aquatic vegetation sample:ice ratio of 1:2 (w/w) and transported to and in rice paddies and swamps. Due to its the Faculty of Agro-Industry, King Mongkut's taste, it is highly valued for food and has been Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok exported to other countries (Froese, 2014), and within 1 h. The skins were manually removed is one of the five most important aquacultured with a filleting knife and washed with cold distilled water. Cleaned skins were cut into freshwater species in Thailand (Pongsri, 2005). small pieces (0.5 × 0.5 cm2) using scissors. The Its flesh is appreciated for its good eating prepared skins were placed in a polyethylene quality, and is eaten in the form of fried, bag and stored at −20 °C until used for collagen grilled, fish soup or dried from (Froese, 2014). extraction. Due to its wide availability and acceptability, 2.3. Extraction of acid soluble generation of its processing by-product, collagens (ASC) especially skin is in the significant amounts. Acid soluble collagen (ASC) was extracted This skin can be effectively utilized for the following the method of Kittiphattanabawon production of value-added products particularly et al. (2019) with slight modification. collagen or gelatin which can be of highly All processes were carried out at 4 °C significant as well as benefit the fish under continuous stirring condition. Non- processers. Therefore, the objective of this collagenous proteins were removed by soaking study was to extract and characterize the acid the prepared skin in 0.1 M NaOH at a skin/ soluble collagen (ASC) from the skin of alkali solution ratio of 1:15 (w/v). The snakeskin gourami in order to evaluate its mixture was continuously stirred for 6 h possible use as an added value by-product for and the alkali solution was changed for every the fish processing industry. 2 h. The treated skins were then washed in cold water to achieve neutral pH. Followed 2. Materials and methods by defatting in 10% butyl alcohol at a 2.1. Chemicals sample:solvent ratio of 1:10 (w/v) for 18 h, All chemicals were of analytical grade. the solvent was changed for every 6 h. The Bovine hemoglobin, β-mercaptoethanol (β- defatted skin was then washed with cold ME), standard collagen type I were purchased water. Collagen was extracted by soaking from Sigma Chemical Co. (St Louis, MO, the pretreated skin in 0.5 M acetic acid at a USA). Trichloroacetic acid, disodium hydrogen solid:solvent ratio of 1:15 (w/v) for 48 h. phosphate, sodium citrate, acetic acid, Folin- After extraction, the mixture was filtered Ciocalteu’s phenol reagent and using two layered cheese cloth and the residue tris(hydroxylmethyl) aminomethane were was re-extracted under the same condition. obtained from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Both, the extracts were combined, and Coomassie Blue R-250 and N,N,N',N'- collagen was precipitated by adding NaCl at a tetramethylethylenediamine (TEMED) were final concentration of 2.6 M in presence of 0.05 procured from Bio-Rad Laboratories (Hercules, M Tris-HCl (pH 7.5). The resultant CA, USA). Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and precipitate was collected by centrifuging bovine serum albumin were obtained from at 15,000 g for 1 h (Heraeus Primo, Fluka (Buchs, Switzerland). Thermo Scientific, Germany) and was dissolved in a minimum volume of 0.5 M acetic acid, 76 Sukkon et al./ Carpathian Journal of Food Science and Technology, 2020, 12(2), 75-87 followed by dialyzing against 0.1 M acetic acid (v/v) acetic acid. Gels were imaged using a for 2 days. Thereafter, dialyzed against distilled scanner (MFC-L2700DW, Brother, UK) and water for 2 days by a changing the solution for band intensities were quantified with the public every 12 h. The dialysate was freeze dried and domain digital analysis software, ImageJ was referred to as “ASC”. (ImageJ 1.51t, National Institutes of Health, Hydroxyproline content of ASC was Bethesda, USA). High molecular weight determined according to the method of marker (Sigma Chemical Co., USA) was used Nalinanon et al. (2007). The yield of ASC was to estimate the molecular weight of proteins. calculated based on the dry weight of prepared Type I collagen from calf skin was used as a skin using the following equation: standard.

Yield (%) = (Weight of ASC (g)/Dry weight of 2.4.3. Amino acid composition prepared skin (g)) x 100 (1) Collagens were hydrolyzed under reduced pressure in 4.0 M methanesulfonic acid 2.4. Characterization of ASC containing 0.2% (v/v) 3-2(2-aminoethyl) indole 2.4.1. UV absorption at 115°C for 24 h. The hydrolyzates were The samples were solubilized in 0.5 M neutralized with 3.5 M NaOH and diluted with acetic acid to obtain a final concentration of 2 0.2 M citrate buffer (pH 2.2). An aliquot of 0.4 g/L. UV absorption spectra of collagens were mL was applied to an amino acid analyzer measured using a spectrophotometer (V-730, (MLC-703; Atto Co., Tokyo, Japan). Jusco Co., Japan). Prior to measurement, the baseline was set with 0.5 M acetic acid. The 2.4.4. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) spectra were obtained by scanning the DSC was conducted using a differential wavelength in the range of 200–300 nm with a scanning colorimeter model DSC 7 (Perkin scan speed of 50 nm/min at room temperature. Elmer, Norwalk, CT, USA). The denaturation temperature (Tmax) and enthalpy (ΔH) 2.4.2. Sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacerylamide calibrations were determined using indium. gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) ASC were rehydrated in a 0.05 M acetic acid SDS-PAGE was performed according to solution with a sample:solution ratio of 1:40 the method of Laemmli (1970). The collagen (w/v). The mixtures were allowed to stand for 2 samples were dissolved in 5% SDS and heated days at 4 °C. The sample (5-10 mg) was at 85 °C for 1 h. The mixtures were centrifuged accurately weighed into aluminium pans and at 4000 × g for 5 min to remove undissolved sealed. The sample was scanned at 1 °C/min debris. The solubilized samples were mixed at over the range of 20-50 °C using iced water as a 1:1 (v/v) ratio with the sample buffer (0.5 M the cooling medium. An empty pan was used as Tris-HCl, pH 6.8, containing 4% SDS, 20% the reference. The maximum transition glycerol) in the presence or absence of 10% β- temperature (Tmax) was estimated from the mercaptoethanol. Samples (15 µg protein) were thermogram. Total denaturation enthalpy (ΔH) loaded onto a polyacrylamide gel (4% stacking was estimated by measuring the area of DSC gel and 7.5% separating gel) and subjected to thermogram. electrophoresis at a constant current of 15 mA per gel, using an electrophoresis apparatus 2.4.5. Secondary structure (AE-6440, Atto Co., Tokyo, Japan). After Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra electrophoresis, the gel was stained with 0.25% of collagen from the skin of snakeskin gourami Coomassie brilliant blue R-250 in 15% (v/v) was obtained using Bruker Model EQUINOX methanol and 5% (v/v) acetic acid then 55 FTIR spectrometer (Bruker, Ettlingen, destained with 30% (v/v) methanol and 10% Germany). Collagens samples were placed onto 77 Sukkon et al./ Carpathian Journal of Food Science and Technology, 2020, 12(2), 75-87

the crystal cell. The spectra were acquired over Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was the range of 4000-800 cm-1 with a resolution of performed on the data and differences between 4 cm-1 for 32 scans against a background means were evaluated using the Duncan’s spectrum recorded from the clean empty cell at multiple range test. SPSS Statistic Program was 25°C. Analysis of spectral data was carried out used for data analysis. using the OPUS 3.0 data collection software programme (Bruker, Ettlingen, Germany). 3.Results and discussions Circular dichroism (CD) spectra of 3.1. Yield of ASC collagen was determined by dissolving the The yield of ASC extracted from the skin of samples in 0.5 M acetic acid to obtain a snakeskin gourami was 9.43% on a wet weight concentration of 0.5 mg/mL The spectra of all basis and 34.65% on a dry weight basis, similar the solutions were recorded from the results were reported by Jongjareonrak et al. wavelength of 300–190 nm (Jasco J-815, Japan (2005). Kittiphattanabawon et al. (2005) Spectroscopic Co., Japan). reported that the yield of ASC from the skin of brownstripe red snapper was 9% (wet weight 2.4.6. Solubility of ASC basis) whereas collagen from skin and bone of 2.4.6.1. Effect of NaCl on collagen solubility bigeye snapper yielded 9.38%. The The samples were dissolved in 0.5 M acetic hydroxyproline content of the ASC extracted acid at 4 °C for 24 h to produce a final from the skin of snakeskin gourami was concentration of 6 mg/mL. Next, 5 mL of 23.2±1.24 mg/mL which was about 3 times prepared solutions were mixed with 5 mL of higher than that of its fresh skin (7.22±0.6 0.5 M acetic acid containing various mg/mL). The skin raw material could not concentrations of NaCl (0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, totally solubilize by 0.5 M acetic acid, 5% and 6% (w/v). The mixture was stirred indicating the present of high molecular continuously at 4 °C for 30 min, followed by crosslink components in the skin matrix. The centrifugation at 20,000 g at 4 °C for 30 min. differences in extraction yield might be Protein content in the supernatant was attributed to the differences in fish species, measured by the method of Lowry et al. tissue structure and composition, biological (1951), using bovine serum albumin as a conditions, and preparative methods (Ali et al., standard. Relative solubility was calculated as 2018; Jongjareonrak et al., 2005; above. Kittiphattanabawon et al., 2019; Sinthusamran 2.4.6.2.Zeta potential et al., 2013). ASC were dissolved in 0.5 M acetic acid at a concentration of 0.5 mg/mL. The mixture was 3.2. UV absorption spectrum stirred at 4 °C for 12 h. The zeta potential was Maximum UV absorption spectrum of ASC measured using a zeta potential analyzer from snakeskin gourami was 230.7 ± 0.3 nm (ZetaPALS, Brookhaven Instruments Co., (Figure 1), which was similar to those of Holtsville, NY, USA). The zeta potential of collagens from the skins of ornate threadfin ASC adjusted to different pH values with 1.0 M bream (230 nm) (Nalinanon et al., 2011), nitric acid or 1.0 M KOH using an Autotitrator channel catfish (232 nm) (Lui et al., 2007) and (BI-ZTU, Brookhaven Instruments Co.) was Rutilus Frisii Kutum (240 nm) (Naderi determined. The isoelectric point was estimated Gharagheshlagh et al., 2019). Generally, the from pH rendering zero zeta potential. absorption wavelength of protein is from tyrosine, tryptophan, and phenylalanine in the near UV region of 260-290 nm. Generally, the tyrosine and tryptophan residues are known to 2.5. Statistical analysis absorb UV light at 280 nm (Ali et al., 2017). 78 Sukkon et al./ Carpathian Journal of Food Science and Technology, 2020, 12(2), 75-87

But the amount of tyrosine in ASC was 3 absorption at 220 nm, which was related to the residues per 1000 residues. In addition, C=O, -COOH, -CONH2 groups in polypeptides Edwards et al. (1997) found that ASC from chains of collagen. Oreochromis niloticus skin showed a maximum

Figure 1. UV absorption spectrum of ASC from the skin of snakeskin gourami.

3.3. Protein patterns intensity ratios of ASC from snakeskin gourami Protein patterns of ASC and skin of skin (Figure 2A), Ornate threadfin bream, snakeskin gourami are shown in Figure 2. The Deep-sea redfish, Black drum fish and calf skin result revealed that both the samples contained (Table 1) show high population of cross-linked a1-chain and a2-chain at a ratio of chains (g and b). The results are in accordance approximately 2:1, suggesting that type I with collagen from the skin of Ornate threadfin collagen was the major protein component in bream (2.18) and Deep-sea redfish (2.47) the skin. It was noted that ASC mainly reported by Nalinanon et al. (2011) and Wang contained the highest band intensity of b-chains et al. (2007). ASC from the skin of snakeskin and g-chain,which is consistent with findings gourami found band intensity ratio of β/(α1 + reported for type I collagen from the skins of α2) was 1.18 that was lower than in ASC from hake and trout (Montero et al., 1990), golden the skin of Ornate threadfin bream (1.39), and carp (Ali et al., 2018) and bigeye snapper black drum fish (1.59) (Nalinanon et al., 2011; (Kittiphattanabawon et al., 2005). Collagen Ogawa et al., 2003). The different band from the swim bladder of seabass was also intensity ratios of α1/α2, β/(α1 + α2), γ/(α1 + reported to be type I collagen (Sinthusamran, et α2) and HMC/(α1 + α2) were specifically al., 2013). The ratio between α1-chain and α2- observed in collagen and could identify the chain of snakeskin gourami was 2.37, which is proportion of monomer chain and cross-linked similar to that from skin of ornate threadfin chain. bream (2.18) (Nalinanon et al., 2011). Band

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Figure 2. Protein patterns of the skin of snakeskin gourami (SS) and its acid soluble collagen (ASC) counterpart [A] and densitogram of ASC [B]. M denotes high-molecular weight protein markers. HMC is high molecular weight component.

Table 1. Band intensity ratios of collagens from the skin of snakeskin gourami (ASC) in comparison with ornate threadfin bream, deep-sea redfish, black drum, and calf skin.

Components Band intensity ratio ASC Ornate threadfin Deep-sea Black drum(c) Calf (c) bream(a) redfish(b) α1/α2 2.37 2.18 2.47 ND ND β/(α1 + α2) 1.18 1.39 1.52 1.59 1.26

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γ/(α1 + α2) 0.45 0.33 1.1 1.32 0.75 HMC/(α1+ α2) 1.15 0.62 ND ND ND D = Not determined. Sources :(a) Nalinanon et al. (2011); (b) Wang et al. (2007) and (c) Ogawa et al. (2003).

3.4. Amino acid composition (proline and hydroxyproline) content of type I The amino acid composition of ASC was collagen and ASC were 225 and 188 expressed as “residues per 1000 total amino residues/1000 residues, respectively. ASC was acid residues” (Table 2). Type I collagen and relatively higher than those of ASCs from ASC from the skin of snakeskin gourami were ballon fish skin (179 residues/1000 residues) rich in glycine, alanine, proline, and (Huang et al., 2011), cod skin (179 hydroxyproline and had low or no residues of residues/1000 residues), carp skin (179 cysteine, tyrosine and hydroxylysine (Singh et residues/1000 residues) (Duan et al., 2009), al., 2011). Glycine was the most abundant swim bladders of seabass (128 residues/1000 compound with 332 and 313 units of the total residues) (Kaewdang et al., 2014) but was amino acids present in type I collagen and slightly lower than cobia skin (203 ASC, respectively. Generally, glycine in residues/1000 residues) (Zeng et al., 2012), collagen represent almost one third of the total brownbanded bamboo shark skin (204 residues and occurs every third residue in residues/1000 residues) (Kittiphattanabawon et collagen except for the first 14 amino acid al., 2010), striped catfish skin (206 residues from N-terminus and the first 10 residues/1000 residues) (Singh et al., 2011). residues from the C-terminus (Foegeding, The imino acid content was used to determine 1996). Both collagens had proline (130 and 115 the thermal stability of collagen and the residues/1000 residues), alanine (108 and 124 formation of junction zones via hydrogen residues/1000 residues) and hydroxyproline (95 boding (Sinthusamran et al., 2013). The and 73 residues/1000 residues). Alanine was pyrrolidine rings of proline and hydroxyproline the second most abundant amino acid in all impose restrictions on the conformation of collagens. All collagens contained no cysteine polypeptide chains and help to strengthen the and negligible tryptophan. The imino acid triple helix (Wang et al., 2007).

Table 2. Amino acid composition of acid soluble collagen (ASC) from the skin of snakeskin gourami and calf skin type I collagen (residues/1000 residues) Amino acid Type I collagen ASC Alanine 108 124 Arginine 49 55 Aspartic acid/asparagine 45 49 Cysteine 0 0 Glutamic acid/glutamine 73 75 Glycine 332 313 Histidine 5 6 Isoleucine 12 12 Leucine 24 27

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Lysine 27 28 Hydroxylysine 7 6 Methionine 6 11 Phenylalanine 12 16 Hydroxyproline 95 73 Proline 130 115 Serine 34 33 Threonine 16 28 Tyrosine 3 5 Tryptophan 0 0 Valine 20 24 Total 1000 1000 Imino acids * 225 188 * Imino acids include proline and hydroxyproline.

Figure 3. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) [A] and circular dichroism (CD) [B] spectra of ASC from the skin of snakeskin gourami.

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3.5. Thermal stability of ASC al., 2018). The amide B was found at a wave -1 The Tmax and DH of ASC estimated from number of 3067 cm , associated with the DSC thermogram were 33.43 °C and 1.15 J/g, asymmetrical stretch of CH2 (Muyonga et al., respectively. Thermal stability of collagen was 2004). The wave number of amide I, amide II governed by pyrrolidine rings of proline and and amide III bands are directly associated with hydroxyproline and partially by hydrogen the configuration of collagen. The amide I band bonding through the hydroxyl group of with the characteristic strong absorbance in the hydroxyproline (Benjakul et al., 2010). range of 1600-1700 cm-1 was mainly related to However, the Tmax value might also be the C=O stretching vibration along the determined by the conformation and amino polypeptide backbone, and it could be a acid sequence of collagen (Ali et al., 2018). sensitive marker of peptide’s secondary Tmax values of ASC from snakeskin gourami structure (Sinthusamran et al., 2013). The were higher than those previously reported for amide I band of ASC was found at the -1 collagens from several fish species. Tmax of wavenumber of 1631 cm . The amide II band ASC from the skin of snakeskin gourami was of ASC was situated at a wave number of 1546 in accordance with those of cold-water fish cm-1, while the amide III band of ASC was such as cod (15 °C), Alaska pollack (16.8 °C), located at wave number 1232 cm-1. The amide Japanese seabass (30 °C), skip jack tuna (29.7 II and amide III bands represent N-H bending °C) and ayu (29.7 °C) (Sinthusamran et al., vibration and C-H stretching, respectively 2013; Yu et al., 2014) or collagen from the skin (Naderi Gharagheshlagh et al., 2019). As a of tropical fish such as brownstripe red snapper consequence, ASC was still conserved in its (31.5 °C), bigeye snapper (30.4 °C), black secondary structure. The CD spectrum of ASC drum fish (34.2 °C), sheepshead seabream (34 scanned in the range of 190-250 nm is shown in °C) (Jongjareonrak et al., 2005; Figure 3B. The CD curves showed a rotatory Kittiphattanabawon et al., 2010; Ogawa et al., maximum at 222 nm and minimum at 197 nm, 2003). The differences in Tmax amongst and a consistent crossover point at about 214 collagens from different species were nm, which is a typical characteristic of triple correlated with different imino acid contents, helical conformation of collagen (Ikoma et al., body temperature and environmental 2003). CD spectra represents backbone temperature (Duan et al., 2009; configuration of protein through absorption Kittiphattanabawon et al., 2005). regions of peptide linkage (Ogawa et al., 2004). ASC exhibited distinct positive and negative 3.6. Secondary structure of ASC absorbance for a native collagen, while The FTIR spectrum of ASC from the skin denatured collagen has a more distorted of snakeskin gourami exhibited characteristic spectrum, reflected by the disappearance of a peaks of amide A and B, as well as amide I, II, positive peak at 221 nm as well as negative III (Figure 3A). The major peaks found in ASC peak shifts to lower absorption than 198 nm as were similar to those of collagens isolated from reported by Ali et al. (2017). The results other fish species (Kaewdang et al., 2014; confirmed that ASC had high structural Kittiphattanabawon et al., 2010; Li et al., integrity without denaturation. 2020). The amide A was found at a wave numbers of 3288 cm-1 and associated with N-H 3.7. Solubility of ASC stretching vibration, which occurs in the wave The effect of NaCl on collagen solubility is number range of 3400-3440 cm-1 (Purna Sai shown in Figure 4A. The high solubility of and Babu, 2001). Also, when the NH group of ASC in 0.5 M acetic acid was maintained in the a peptide is involved in a hydrogen bond, the presence of NaCl up to 1-2%. Solubility of position is shifted to a lower frequency (Ali et ASC decreased gradually when the NaCl 83 Sukkon et al./ Carpathian Journal of Food Science and Technology, 2020, 12(2), 75-87 concentration exceeded 2% and was also snakeskin gourami at different pH levels is reduced when the NaCl concentration was 6%. shown in Figure 4B. At pH 2-6, collagen This result is in accordance with the reports on sample were positively charged, and negatively the solubility of collagens from the skins of charged between a pH of 7-10 with the net yellowfin tuna, dusky spinefoot, sea chub, charge of zero at pH of 6.23. When pH values eagle ray, red stingray, yantai stingray, were above or below pI values of the proteins, brownstripe red snapper, bigeye snapper and the repulsion between the protein chains striped catfish in acetic acid solution generally increased resulting in a high net charge and the decreased with an increase in NaCl solubility of protein molecules. When the net concentration (Jongjareonrak et al., 2005; charge of a protein was zero, hydrophobic- Kittiphattanabawon et al., 2005). This effect hydrophobic interactions increased, resulting in could be due to the “salting out” of collagen, protein precipitation and aggregation (Ali et al., which occurred at relatively high concentration 2018). Collagens extracted from various fish of NaCl (Singh et al., 2011). According to have been shown to exhibit different pI values. Matmaroh et al. (2011), at low concentrations For example, the pI value of collagen from of NaCl, salt ions are bound weakly to the striped catfish skin was 4.27 (Singh et al., charged groups on the protein surfaces without 2011), collagen from spotted golden goatfish affecting the hydration shell on those domains. scales had a pI of 4.96 (Matmaroh et al., 2011), These results support the use of collagen from and the pI of bamboo shark skin collagen was fish scales and skin as an alternative source for 6.12 (Kittiphattanabawon et al., 2010). The use in food, pharmaceutical and nutraceutical slight differences in pI between collagens from industries. various fish species might be caused by the The zeta potential is a key indicator of the slight difference in their amino acid sequences stability of colloidal dispersions. ASC from and distribution of amino acid residues.

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Figure 4. Solubility at different NaCl concentrations [A] and Zeta potential at different pHs [B] of ASC from the skin of snakeskin gourami.

4. Conclusions Benjakul, S., Thiansilakul, Y., Visessanguan, Collagen from the skin of snakeskin W., Roytrakul, S., Kishimura, H., gourami was simply extracted by using acetic Prodpran, T., Meesane, J. (2010). acid. Based on SDS-PAGE and amino acid Extraction and characterisation of pepsin- composition, ASC was characterized to be type solubilised collagens from the skin of I collagen. The structural integrity of ASC was bigeye snapper (Priacanthus tayenus and well preserved as determined by FTIR and Priacanthus macracanthus). Journal of the circular dichroism. The solubility of ASC was Science of Food and Agriculture, 90(1), depended on pH and NaCl concentration. Since 132-138. collagen has a wide range of commercial uses, Duan, R., Zhang, J., Du, X., Yao, X., Konno, and based on obtained results, ASC from skin K. (2009). Properties of collagen from of snakeskin gourami can be a promising skin, scale and bone of carp (Cyprinus means of alternative source to produce collagen carpio). Food Chemistry, 112(3), 702-706. mainly from the fish processing industries. Edwards, H.G.M., Farwell, D.W., Holder, J.M., Lawson, E.E. (1997). Fourier-transform 5. References Raman spectroscopy of ivory: II. Ali, A.M.M., Benjakul, S., Kishimura, H. Spectroscopic analysis and assignments. (2017). Molecular characteristics of acid Journal of Molecular Structure, 435(1), and pepsin soluble collagens from the 49-58. scales of golden carp (Probarbus jullieni). Foegeding, E., Lanier, T.C., Hultin, H.O. Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture, (1996). Characteristics of edible muscle 29(6), 450-457. tissue In: 3 (Ed.), Food Chemistry. Marcel Ali, A.M.M., Kishimura, H., Benjakul, S. Dekker, New York, pp. 879-942. (2018). Extraction efficiency and Froese, R.a.P., Daniel, eds., (2014). characteristics of acid and pepsin soluble Trichopodus pectoralis in FishBase., collagens from the skin of golden carp Accessed February 2017. (Probarbus Jullieni) as affected by Huang, Y.R., Shiau, C.Y., Chen, H.H., Huang, ultrasonication. Process Biochemistry, 66, B.C. (2011). Isolation and characterization 237-244. of acid and pepsin-solubilized collagens 85 Sukkon et al./ Carpathian Journal of Food Science and Technology, 2020, 12(2), 75-87

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