ISLAMOPHOBIA STUDIES JOURNAL Volume 1 / Issue 1 Fall 2012 2 ISJ 1:1(2012) About the ISJ The Islamophobia Studies Journal is a bi-annual publication that focuses on the critical analysis of Islamophobia and its multiple manifestations in our contemporary moment. ISJ is an interdisciplinary and multi-lingual academic journal that encourages submissions that theorizes the historical, political, economic, and cultural phenomenon of Islamophobia in relation to the construction, representation, and articulation of “Otherness.” The ISJ is an open scholarly exchange, exploring new approaches, methodologies, and contemporary issues. The ISJ encourages submissions that closely interrogate the ideological, discursive, and epistemological frameworks employed in processes of “Otherness” – the complex social, political, economic, gender, sexual, and religious forces that are intimately linked in the historical production of the modern world from the dominance of the colonial / imperial north to the post-colonial south. At the heart of ISJ is an intellectual and collaborative project between scholars, researchers, and community agencies to recast the production of knowledge about Islamophobia away from a dehumanizing and subordinating framework to an emancipatory and liberatory one for all peoples in this far-reaching and unfolding domestic and global process. The Islamophobia Studies Journal is a collaborative venture between the following centers and institutions: • Islamophobia Research and Documentation Project for the Center for Race and Gender at the University of California, Berkeley; • Arab and Muslim Ethnicities and Diasporas Initiative for the School of Ethnic Studies at the San Francisco State University; • Center for Islamic Studies at the Graduate Theological Union; • International Centre for Muslim and Non-Muslim Understanding at the University of South Australia; • and Zaytuna College. 3 Advisory Board Members Hishaam Aidi Columbia University Zahra Billoo CAIR-San Francisco Bay Area Chapter (CAIR-SFBA) Sohail Daulatzai University of California, Irvine Nadia Fadil Catholic University of Leuven Sr. Marianne Farina Dominican School of Philosophy and Theology Jess Ghannam University of California, San Francisco Sandew Hiro International Institute of Scientific Studies Suad Joseph University of California, Davis Monami Maulik DRUM-Desis Rising Up and Moving Mahan Mirza Zaytuna College Tariq Ramadan Oxford University Junaid Rana University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign Salman Sayyid University of South Australia Imam Zaid Shakir Zaytuna College 4 ISJ 1:1(2012) Editorial Board Members Hatem Bazian University of California, Berkeley Maxwell Leung California College of the Arts Munir Jiwa Graduate Theological Union Rabab Abdulhadi San Francisco State University Ramon Grosfoguel University of California, Berkeley Student Interns Taqwa Elhindi University of California, Berkeley Ashwak Hauter University of California, Berkeley Hira Khanzada University of California, Berkeley Paula Thompson University of California, Berkeley Rasheeda Plenty Zaytuna College Administrative Support Alisa Bierria, Assistant Director, Center for Race and Gender University of California, Berkeley Gazi Saief Mahmud, IT Support University of California, Berkeley 5 Disclaimer: Statements of fact and opinion in the articles, notes, perspectives, etc. in the Islamophobia Studies Journal are those of the respective authors and contributors. They are not the expression of the editorial or advisory board and staff. No representation, either expressed or implied, is made of the accuracy of the material in this journal and ISJ cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made. The reader must make his or her own evaluation of the accuracy and appropriateness of those materials. 6 ISJ 1:1(2012) Table of Contents ABOUT THE ISJ 2 ADVISORY BOARD MEMBERS 3 EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS 4 SUPPORT STAFF AND INTERNS 4 DISCLAIMER 5 EDITORIAL STATEMENT 7 RAMON GROSFOGUEL, THE MULTIPLE FACES OF ISLAMOPHOBIA 9 NASAR MEER AND TARIQ MODOOD, FOR “JEWISH” READ “MUSLIM”? ISLAMOPHOBIA AS A FORM OF RACIALISATION OF ETHNO-RELIGIOUS GROUPS IN BRITAIN TODAY 34 MOHAMMAD H. TAMDGIDI, BEYOND ISLAMOPHOBIA AND ISLAMOPHILIA AS WESTERN EPISTEMIC RACISMS: REVISITING RUNNYMEDE TRUST’S DEFINITION IN A WORLD-HISTORY CONTEXT 54 PETER GOTTSCHALK AND GABRIEL GREENBERG, COMMON HERITAGE, UNCOMMON FEAR: ISLAMOPHOBIA IN THE UNITED STATES AND BRITISH INDIA, 1687-1947 82 KHALDOUN SAMMAN, ISLAMOPHOBIA AND THE TIME AND SPACE OF THE MUSLIM OTHER 107 SUAD JOSEPH AND BENJAMIN D’HARLINGUE, THE WALL STREET JOURNAL’S MUSLIMS: REPRESENTING ISLAM IN AMERICAN PRINT NEWS MEDIA 131 HATEM BAZIAN, MUSLIMS – ENEMIES OF THE STATE: THE NEW COUNTER-INTELLIGENCE PROGRAM (COINTELPRO) 163 7 Editorial Statement The cover of this inaugural issue of the Islamophobia Studies Journal features a photograph taken at the Al-Alhambra Palace in Granada, Spain with text that translates into “No One is Truly Victorious Except God!” This inscription is found almost everywhere on the palace complex. It is more than just an aesthetic motif or an archaeological artifact. It is a philosophical, spiritual, and Islamic declaration rooted in the idea of governing oneself with humility and justice. It is both a historical reminder from the period that power is divinely inspired, and a call for self-reflection on the nature of power, our humanity, and the conditions that make domination, subordination, and dehumanization possible. It is about committing to our deepest sense of justice, and it speaks to the eternal demands for our individual and collective perseverance. We found the inscription appropriate for the cover of this issue as a call to historicize and transform the ways in which constructions of the “Other,” both Muslim and Jewish, and the “West” as a geographical and epistemological space, ushered in the modern world. In 1492, Granada and Spain sat at the crossroads of the “new world,” and its consolidation of social, political, economic, and religious power through new modes of racial formations that constructed the Black, White, African, Muslim, Arab, Jewish, and Orient as the “inferior” global other. We believe that studying Islamophobia in our contemporary moment should not be done at the expense of a deeper and more historical engagement with Othernesss in European and American contexts. But studying Islamophobia is also a complex project that requires multidisciplinary, innovative methodologies, and collaborative partnerships in order to deconstruct a vast global network of institutionalized and interconnected power relationships. This inaugural edition of the Islamophobia Studies Journal is an attempt to forge the bonds for strengthening our commitment to justice, to be accountable and responsible for the work that we produce, and more importantly, to focus our passions – the basis of the human condition – as we strive to work in our collective and related projects for justice. This issue presents our first step in defining not only a field of study, but also a critical engagement in the historical, economic, cultural, social, and political production of Islamophobia in the context of the reproduction of Otherness in history. We endeavor to produce quality works that reflect and puts forward the needs of the community – domestic and international – and to place them at the center of our discourse. We hope to articulate a vision of justice and praxis at a time when the will to speak power to truth is most needed. On behalf of the Editorial Board and the Advisory Committee, we are 8 ISJ 1:1(2012) deeply grateful to all the contributors to this inaugural issue. The journal is in its infancy, and we solicit and encourage engagement from scholars, activists, and members from the community on this project as our work continues to improve and evolve. Thank you. Hatem Bazian University of California, Berkeley Maxwell Leung California College of the Arts 9 The Multiple Faces of Islamophobia Ramon Grosfoguel University of California, Berkeley ISLAMOPHOBIA STUDIES JOURNAL VOLUME 1, NO. 1, SPRING 2012, PP. 9-33. Published by: Islamophobia Research and Documentation Project, Center for Race and Gender, University of California, Berkeley. Disclaimer: Statements of fact and opinion in the articles, notes, perspectives, etc. in the Islamophobia Studies Journal are those of the respective authors and contributors. They are not the expression of the editorial or advisory board and staff. No representation, either expressed or implied, is made of the accuracy of the material in this journal and ISJ cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made. The reader must make his or her own evaluation of the accuracy and appropriateness of those materials. 10 ISJ 1:1(2012) The Multiple Faces of Islamophobia Ramon Grosfoguel University of California, Berkeley Reprinted with permission from Human Architecture (Volume 1, Issue 1, Fall 2006). Any discussion of Islamophobia today has to depart from a discussion about the cartography of power of the “world-system” for the past 518 years. If we understand the “modern world-system” as a system organized solely in terms of an international division of labor and a global inter-state system, Islamophobia would then be an epiphenomenon of the political-economy of the world-system and, in particular, of the ceaseless accumulation of capital at a world-scale. However, if we shift the geopolitics of knowledge and the body-politics of