The City’s water supply consists of surface water (CO River) via one of the branches of the All- American Canal (pictured). FINAL DRAFT

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FINAL DRAFT URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT PLAN 2015 n o i t c e S 2 WATER SOURCES & SUPPLIES

The All-American Canal system (pictured) is still the only reliable drinking water source for the

2.1 INTRODUCTION system, which runs through the City adjacent to the City’s raw water reservoir. This Section describes the current and The City treats the raw water at its Water projected potable water resources available Treatment Plant to meet state and federal to the City over a 25-year period (through drinking water standards before distribution. 2040). As discussed brieflyFINAL in Section 1, the DRAFT City of Calexico has been supplying potable 2.2 CURRENT WATER SUPPLY SOURCES drinking water since the early years of the 1900’s when water became available from Water Supply History the Colorado River. The City of Calexico uses only potable water to meet its water The Colorado River begins as far north as needs, and does not have access to recycled Wyoming, with multiple tributaries from water at this time. The City’s sole source of seven States feeding the Colorado River’s water is the Colorado River, which is branch system. The watershed of the supplied to the City via the Imperial Colorado River encompasses 246,000 Irrigation District’s (IID) All-American Canal square miles, which is the seventh largest in

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FINAL DRAFT

Figure 2.1: Colorado River Basin

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North America. Most of the river’s water that early canal was actually located in source is produced during winter seasons, Mexico. After some modifications were with snow above 5,000 feet and rainfall at made in 1904 in response to silt deposits lower elevations in the Rocky, Uinta, and that restricted flow capacity of the Alamo Wind River Mountains. The snowmelt and Canal, modifications were made to the rainfall occurring in and nearby these Canal to increase the flow capacity. mountains are the primary origination or Flooding of the Colorado River in the source point of the Colorado River’s water. succeeding years occurred, and the improperly constructed improvements led Prior to the construction of major dams and to the river’s flows canals, the Colorado River dumped about being diverted into The 16.3 million acre-feet (MAF), or 5.3 trillion the Canal, which then was created gallons, of water into the Gulf of flowed into the accidentally as on an annual basis. The river is also and part of improperly historically known to be very volatile, with created the Salton fixing the Alamo summer flows, known for their flood Sea. The flooding was Canal. potential, far surpassing winter flows by corrected and the margins of over 50 to 1. Historically, this Alamo Canal modified in 1907 to prevent volatility was the cause of flooding concerns future incidents. Within a few years, the for the areas lying within the floodplain of Imperial Valley farmers formed the Imperial the river. Irrigation District to assume responsibility and control of the Alamo Canal, and plans Early Canal Systems for its replacement were soon underway.

As mentioned in Section 1, the Colorado All American Canal River was tapped as a sourceFINAL of supply in DRAFT the early 1900s. The early canals were built The concept of an all-American canal mostly by and for private land owners, followed the footsteps of the Alamo Canal. particularly for agricultural purposes. This In 1912, Mark Rose, a pioneer farmer, went included the Alamo Canal (aka Imperial to Washington, D. C., seeking funding for a Canal), which was the earliest major canal. canal on his land in Imperial Valley's East Built in 1900-1901, the Alamo Canal Mesa. In 1917, IID's chief counsel, Phil connected the Colorado River to the head Swing (who later became a U.S. of the , and supplied water to Congressman), successfully negotiated an the Imperial Valley area. The majority of agreement between the US Bureau of Recla-

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Figure 2.2: : Beginning of All-American Canal

mation (USBR) and the IID to investigate the 80-mile stretch run through sand dunes. Imperial Valley's need for an All-American The Canal is a gravity controlled system, canal. The early pioneers' efforts paid off dropping a total of 175 feet throughout its and the All-American Canal was authorized path. About 23 miles of the Canal were along with the Imperial Dam and the lined in 2009 due to seepage/water loss Hoover Damby the 1928 Boulder Canyon concerns. Project Act. The All-American Canal was constructed by the USBR during the 1930s As a result of the gravity-flow, IID operates and, in 1940, the first waterFINAL was delivered DRAFTa series of “Drops” along the path of the All- to Imperial Valley. In 1942, the All-American American Canal to generate electric power. Canal became the sole water source for This was allowed as part of the provisions of Imperial Valley residents and area the Boulder Canyon Project Act in 1928, farmlands. which called for local guarantees for repayment of the construction costs for the Since its initial service began in 1942, the All-American Canal, among other projects. 80-mile gravity-flow All-American Canal still IID recognized that the people of the retains its original route, which begins at Imperial Valley could repay their share of Imperial Dam about 20 miles northeast of the construction loans as long as they were Yuma, Arizona. About 14 miles out of the given the right to use the power generated

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Table 2.1 All-American Canal Summary

ALL-AMERICAN CANAL

Dimensions

Overall length 80 miles

Width 150-200 feet

Depth 7-20 feet

Total Drop 175 feet

Capacity From Imperial Dam to 15,155 cfs Siphon Drop Power Plant From Siphon Drop Power Plant 13,155 cfs to Pilot Knob From Pilot Knob 10,155 cfs to Drop No. 1 Diversion points

Yuma Project: Diverts 2,000 cfs through Siphon Drop Power Plant and other turnouts on the canal upstream from Siphon Drop.

Coachella Main Canal: Diverts 2,500 cfs at Drop No. 1, 20 miles west of Yuma. FINALCost/Financing DRAFT $25,020,000

The All-American Canal was built by the USBR. The IID made semi-annual payments, as part of a 50-year contract ending in 1994, to the U.S. Government to repay the construction loan on the All- American Canal. Construction Unlined in mostly shifting silt and sand Soil & Concrete Except for 23-mile concrete lined stretch.

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Figure 2.3: All-American Canal (Newly lined Canal on Left; Original Earthen Canal on Right)

on the All-American Canal. Drops 3 and 4 flowed to Mexico unordered. The Brock were the first power-generating facilities Reservoir is located adjacent to the Offline and were completed in 1941. Drop 2 was Storage Reservoir (above Drop 2) and has installed in 1953, Drop 5 in 1982, and Drop two 4,000 acre-feet storage cells. The Brock 1 and East Highline Turnout hydro plants Reservoir began service in 2010. were commissioned in 1984. “Law of the River” (Water Rights) There are two major storage reservoirs along the All-American Canal (theFINAL Offline Storage DRAFTThe right to water from the Colorado River Reservoir and the Warren Brock Reservoir). is governed by numerous compacts, state The Offline Reservoir is located between and federal laws, court decisions and Drops 1 and 2 and replaced most of the decrees, contracts, and regulatory system storage lost by the lining of the All- guidelines collectively known as the "Law of American Canal (the original All-American the River." These documents apportion the Canal between Drops 1 and 2 was lined and water and regulate the use and converted into a 1,000 Acre Foot Reservoir). management of the Colorado River among The Offline Reservoir began service in 2009. the seven basin states and Mexico. A The Warren Brock Reservoir was constructed summary of the court decisions is as to capture excess water that would have follows:

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Colorado River Compact (1922): priority of the CAP water supply An interstate agreement giving each basin subordinate to California's apportionment perpetual rights to annual apportionments in times of shortage. of 7.5 million acre-feet (MAF) of Colorado River water to the States of Arizona, Quantification Settlement Agreement (2003) California, and Nevada. The Quantification Settlement Agreement (QSA) settles disputes among the United Boulder-Canyon Project Act (1928) States, the State of California, Imperial Further defined the lower basin's 7.5 MAF Irrigation District (IID), Metropolitan Water apportionment split, with an annual District (MWD), Coachella Valley Water allocation of 2.8 MAF to Arizona, 4.4 MAF District (CVWD) and the to California, and 0.3 MAF to Nevada. San Diego County Water The 2003 QSA Authority (SDCWA). The affirms rights of CA Seven Party Agreement (1931) agreements resolve, for 3.1 MAF per Prioritized California water rights of 4.4 a period of 35 to 75 year to IID for MAF, with agricultural entities using 3.85 years, issues regarding 35 to 75 years MAF of that total. The remaining priorities the reasonable and are defined for years in which the Secretary beneficial use of Colorado River water; the declares that excess waters are available. ability to conserve, transfer and acquire conserved Colorado River water; the Arizona v. California (1964 & 1979) quantification of Priorities 3 and 6 (CA The 1964 decision defined Arizona’s rights Seven Party Agreement) within California to the Colorado River and paved the way for for the use of Colorado River water; and the the Central Arizona Project. The 1979 obligation to implement and fund decision addressed Present Perfected Rights environmental impact mitigation related to (PPRs) previously mentionedFINAL in past DRAFTthe above. agreements. These rights are entitlements essentially established under state law, and As a result of the QSA and Related have priority over later contract Agreements, IID will be able to more entitlements. efficiently deliver Colorado River water to the Imperial Valley. Imperial Valley water CO River Basin Project Act (1968) users will be able to more effectively Authorized projects in both the upper and irrigate their farms, thus preserving lower basins, including the Central Arizona Imperial Valley water rights and agricultural Project (CAP) in 1968. The act made the output, with costs and impacts

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compensated by the payments to IID for the Under the terms of the QSA’s Delivery conserved water. IID will face minimum Agreement, the Secretary of the Interior future risk from challenges to the purpose shall deliver IID’s Priority 3(a) consumptive or reasonableness of IID’s water use, and use entitlement as follows: thus enable the Imperial Valley to rely upon the large senior Colorado River water rights Table 2.2 IID possesses. IID’s Water Rights and Obligations Limit Delivered to At In short, the QSA and Related Agreements (AF) IID’s Priority 3(a) provide the methods and the means to Total 3,100,000 allow IID to elevate its Colorado River water Imperial CVWD Dam 103,000 use to efficient 21st Century standards and MWD 1 Lake Havasu 110,000 ensure its continued availability. SDCWA 2 Lake Havasu 56,200

IID’s Water Rights SDCWA 3 Lake Havasu 200,000

SLR 4 Various 16,000 IID has a longstanding right to import Misc. & Indian Various 11,500 Colorado River water, and holds legal title Benefit of Lake Havasu 145,000 to all its water and water rights in trust for MWD/SDCWA 6 Imperial landowners and water users within the IID Dam Remainder District’s service area (California Water Code §§20529 and 22437; Bryant v. Yellen, The 3.1 MAFY cap and the water efficiency 447 U.S. 352, 371 (1980), fn.23.). With conservation and transfer programs present execution of the QSA/Transfer Agreements, unique challenges as data prior to 2003 IID’s Priority 3(a) consumptiveFINAL use was DRAFTQSA/Transfer Agreements cannot always be capped at 3.1 MAFY for the 45-year term of compared or averaged as some data is absent the IID/SDCWA transfer agreement, with and additional data requires rectification or possible extension for an additional 30 benchmarking. Nevertheless, as a result of years. Apportionment of Colorado River the QSA/Transfer Agreements, IID will be water to California signatories is contained able to more efficiently deliver Colorado in the Colorado River Water Delivery River water to the Imperial Valley. Imperial Agreement: Federal QSA for purposes of Valley agricultural water users will be able to Section 5(b) Interim Surplus Guidelines more efficiently use their irrigation water; (CRWDA). thus, preserving Imperial Valley agricultural output while reducing their use of Colorado

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Figure 2.4: City of Calexico’s 25 MG Raw Water Reservoir

River water. The voluntary on-farm Municipal water is not a large portion of the efficiency conservation program will total water delivered by the IID. It financially compensate participants for the represents less than of the total water water they conserve. delivered. Although the Imperial Valley Cities, including the City of Calexico, are 2.2.1 IID’S DISTRIBUTION OF SUPPLIES developing, the total municipal use has not significantly changed over the past decade, The Water Control Section of the IID’s nor is it expected to change significantly in Water Department is responsibleFINAL for the DRAFTthe next decade. transmission of water through the main canal system and its diversion to the IID Distribution to City laterals for distribution to the users. Water distribution is a complicated task that Water is supplied to the City from IID’s All- involves adjusting check, delivery, and other American Canal through the Central Main structures. There are approximately 3,400 Canal. The supply point to the canal in the check structures and 5,600 irrigation City is near the Southern Pacific Railroad, delivery structures within the system. where the City maintains a 25 MG raw water reservoir. Although IID is paid for the

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FINAL DRAFT

Figure 2.5: All-American Canal and Branches in City

2 - 10 2015 URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT PLAN SECTION 2: WATER SOURCES & SUPPLIES URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT PLAN 2015 water supply to the City, the City is responsible for providing the means of After treatment, the City pumps the water intake from the canal. The City pumps the into one of three storage tanks located in raw water via a 42-inch intake pipeline and the City (as mentioned in Section 1). stocks the raw water reservoir with water for a short period of time (less than a The City has one finished water pump week). The total capacity of raw water that station which maintains water pressure in can currently be supplied to the City via the the City. The pumps have a combined total pipeline and storage tank system is 31.6 capacity of 17,500 gpm or 24 MGD, and MGD (35,755 acre-feet per year to be ensure a pressure of about 55 pounds per exact), which is a fraction of the total square inch (PSI). A total of eight pumps capacity of the canal at that point. transfer potable water from the storage tanks to the City’s distribution system. Also City Distribution to Customers as mentioned in Section 1, these pumps are solely responsible for pressure in the City, Although the raw water reservoir can hold due to the City’s flat terrain (i.e. no gravity enough water to supply the City with about pressure). The water distribution system a week’s worth of water (during winter includes over 75 miles of pipelines ranging months), the raw water reservoir acts as from two inches to 30 inches in diameter, the City Water Treatment Plant holding which supply about 8,300 water service tank as opposed to an emergency supply customers of various types. source. That is, the water in the reservoir is constantly being fed by the All-American 2.2.2 SUMMARY OF WATER SUPPLY Canal while also feeding the City’s Water Treatment Plant. The City pumps the raw The City’s water supply network is water to its Water TreatmentFINAL Plant, located DRAFTsummarized in Figure 2.6 on the following about one mile south of the raw water page. reservoir, via a 30-inch pipeline. The Water Treatment Plant is capable of producing up to 14 MGD of drinking water.

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Colorado River Imperial Dam Opened in 1938 along the CA/AZ Originates as far north as Wyoming. border near Yuma. Operated by the Several smaller tributaries in seven Bureua of Reclamation, the states feed the Colorado by the Imperial Dam is the starting point time it reaches California. of IID's water supply.

All American Canal 25 MG Reservoir Completed in 1942, it starts at the City of Calexico maintains a 42-inch Imperial Dam, then parallels the pipeline intake to one of the Canal CA/Mexico border, ultimately branches. This water is then stored ending in the northwestern parts of temporarily in a 25 MG raw water the Imperial Valley. reservoir.

Water Treatment Plant Distribution System Treated water is then stored in one The City's Water Treatment Plant of three storage tanks of 16 MG draws raw water from the 25 MG total capacity. Water is then reservoir via a 30-inch pipeline and pumped into larger transmission treats up to 14 MG daily. FINAL DRAFTpipelines.

Figure 2.6: Basic Breakdown Deliveries to City Customers of City Water Supply Water from the transmission pipelines is fed into smaller (usually 12 inches or less) distribution pipelines. The distribution pipelines feed metered water service connections.

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2.3 SUPPLY PURCHASES/VOLUMES to the City from IID during the past five years. This average volume is lower than As mentioned previously in this Section, the the previous five years before it, although City’s sole source of supply is imported the first three years (2011, 2012, 2013) surface water (Colorado River) from the started out high due to the drought. Table Imperial Irrigation 2.3 below provides the supply volumes District (IID). Due to from 2011-2015: There are no IID’s long-standing and contractual limits Table 2.3 with IID that limits ample water rights, 2011-2015 Imported (Surface) Water the amount of there are no terms in Intake/Production water available to place which limit the Year (AF) the City amount of water 2015 5,753 available to the City 2014 6,182 (except during severe droughts -see Section 2013 6,436 6.6). As a result of this arrangement with 2012 6,698 IID, the City’s production capacity is its only 2011 6,701 limitation. This Section analyzes the amount Average: 6,354 (volumes) of water that IID has provided 2010 Supply 6,417 and is expected to provide to the City. The last year of the period (2015), was Recent & Current Water Supplies when Gov. Brown issued his Statewide 25% reduction mandate (see Section 6). In 2014, The City keeps track of the water supplies Statewide water eergency was issued. This provided from IID via the City’s intake helped the average for the past five years to pipeline. The City’s records indicate that, be lower than the previous five years before due to the recent droughtFINAL coupled with the DRAFT it (2006-2010). City’s development, the volume of supply provided to the City from IID during the Projected Water Supplies past five years have been fairly steady, even as other agencies throughout California The provisions of the 2003 QSA secure IID’s have imported or pumped less water. This water supplies for the next 35-75 years. indicates the City’s demands (discussed in Thus, it is reasonable to estimate that IID’s Section 5), have not been cut back. The supplies will remain intact during the course City’s records indicate that an average of this UWMP planning period (through volume of 6,354 AF per year was supplied 2040). Since the City is not limited to the

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amount of supply it can pump from the All- Planned/Projected Supply Projects American Canal (except during severe droughts), the only constraint to the City’s The City’s 2015 General Plan identifies the water supply is the City’s own water need to update the City’s Water Master treatment and distribution infrastructure. Plan, which was last updated in 2003. The As of this 2015 UWMP, the City has a City’s 2003 Water Master Plan was available treatment plant capacity of 14 MGD, which during the preparation of the 2010 UWMP, supplies all of the City’s drinking water. which did not list any planned or projected Thus, the City’s projected available supplies water supply projects. Once the City will be based off of its current annual prepares an update to its Water Master capacity (5.1 billion gallons per year or Plan (scheduled for 2018), planned or 15,682 AF per year). If the City’s Treatment projected supply projects will be known. Plant remains as-is (i.e. no expansion), the City’s projected water supply volumes 2.4 RELIABILITY OF SUPPLIES (available supply) will be as follows: The reliability of water supplies with regard Table 2.4 to regular threats to reliability, including Projected Available Water Supply droughts and competition for supplies, is discussed in detail in Section 6. The Max. Avail. Supply Likely Avail. Year (Max. Production) (80%. Production) reliability of supplies with regard to (AF) (AF) irregular threats to reliability, including 2020 15,682 12,546 catastrophic events or emergencies 2025 15,682 12,546 (earthquake/power outage) is discussed in 2030 15,682 12,546 Section 8. 2035 15,682 12,546 2040 15,682 FINAL12,546 DRAFT2.5 ALTERNATIVE WATER SOURCES Avg: 15,682 12,546 This section provides an overview of It is reasonable that the City will make alternative water sources, including expansions and/or modifications to its groundwater, desalinated water, recycled water production capacity in the next few water, and transfers and exchanges. decades. In fact, the City anticipates that a second water treatment plant will be built 2.5.1 GROUNDWATER on the East side of the City. Thus, the future available water production capacity will The Imperial Valley Groundwater Basin is exceed the current capacity of 14 MGD. located in the southeastern part of

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California at the international border with source of groundwater recharge occurs Mexico. The Imperial Valley Groundwater along the lower reaches of the New River, Basin is a sub-basin of the Colorado River near the City of Calexico. As for surface Hydrologic Region. The basin is bounded on runoff, the principal surface runoff areas the east by the Sand Hills and on the west are in the East Mesa and West Mesa, where by the impermeable rocks of the Fish Creek the surface deposits are more permeable and Coyote Mountains. To the North, the than in the central valley. As for underflow basin is bounded by the Salton Sea, which is into the basin, the primary underflow into the discharge point for groundwater in the the basin is from Valley to the basin. The physical groundwater basin south and through the alluvial section extends across the border into Baja between the Cargo Muchacho Mountains California where it underlies a contiguous and Pilot Knob to the east. part of the Mexicali Valley. Within the Colorado River HR, groundwater The basin has two major aquifers, which accounts for only 8 percent of supply, consist mostly of alluvial deposits. Average mostly because of the poor quality of the thickness of the upper aquifer is 200 feet groundwater. Although water quality varies with a maximum thickness of 450 feet. The extensively throughout the basin, the lower aquifer averages 380 feet thick with a groundwater is known maximum thickness of 1,500 feet. The to be very saline. Although aquifers are separated by a semi-permeable Historic TDS content groundwater aquitard that averages 60 feet thick and ranges from 498 to desalination is reaches a maximum thickness of 280 feet. 7,280 mg/L in the possible, it is The total storage capacity of the basin is basin. Fairly recent simply cost- estimated to be about 14 MAF. sampling from five prohibitive due to the extreme FINAL DRAFTactive public supply groundwater Recharge is primarily from irrigation return. wells show an average salinity. Other recharge sources are deep TDS counts of 712 percolation of rainfall and surface runoff, mg/L and a range underflow into the basin, and seepage from from 662 mg/L to 817 mg/L. Also, in a unlined canals which traverse the valley. As number of test wells, TDS values often for seepage from unlined canals, the total exceeded 2,000 mg/L. Also, groundwater in seepage from the All-American Canal and areas of the basin has higher than from the is estimated to be recommended levels of fluoride and boron. over 2 million acre feet (MAF). Another As such, groundwater in the basin is

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unusable for domestic and irrigation groundwater). As mentioned in the purposes without treatment. Since IID’s previous section (Section 2.5.1), the option supply of surface water more than meets of groundwater desalination simply is not the needs of those living in the City and the economical for the foreseeable future. If Imperial Valley, and since the cost of desalination of groundwater becomes groundwater treatment exceeds the costs economically feasible in the future, the City of Colorado River water treatment, the is open to the production and use thereof option of groundwater use is simply not either on a Citywide or regional-wide basis. feasible for the City in the foreseeable future. 2.5.3 RECYCLED WATER Groundwater Banking Programs Although the City has not used nor does it Groundwater banking programs involve foresee the use of recycled water for the storing available surface water supplies terms of this UWMP planning period, the during wet years in groundwater basins. City acknowledges that recycled water Water would be stored either directly by opportunities may be on the horizon on a surface spreading or injection, or indirectly regional basis. Recycled water opportunities by supplying surface water to farmers for are discussed in Section 3 of this UWMP. their use in lieu of their intended groundwater pumping. During water 2.5.4 TRANSFERS AND EXCHANGES shortages, the stored water could be pumped out and conveyed to the City As evident by the previous sections, there is through pipelines, or through IID’s canals (if only one source of water supply for all allowed), which would dilute the salinity to agencies, urban and agricultural: the a small degree. However, these options are Colorado River. Further, each agency is not attainable economicallyFINAL at this time, DRAFTsupplied that source via the same system: due to the low-cost of Colorado River water. the All-American Canal. As such, agencies in the Imperial Valley are unable to transfer or 2.5.2 DESALINTATION exchange water supplies. However, as other supply opportunities arise in the future (i.e. As the City is an inland agency and groundwater or regional groundwater therefore not located near the ocean, desalination), the City will be able to make seawater desalinization is obviously not an physical transfers and exchanges as well as option for the City. The only form of conceptual agreements regarding water desalination would be groundwater rights. desalination (brackish or saline

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