Astrophysics and Space Science Proceedings Volume 36

For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/7395

Dimitris Stamatellos • Simon Goodwin Derek Ward-Thompson Editors

The Labyrinth of Star Formation

Conference Dedicated to Prof. Anthony Whitworth

123 Editors Dimitris Stamatellos Simon Goodwin Jeremiah Horrocks Institute Department of Physics and Astronomy for Mathematics, Physics and Astronomy University of Shefﬁeld University of Central Lancashire, UK Shefﬁeld, UK

Derek Ward-Thompson Jeremiah Horrocks Institute for Mathematics, Physics and Astronomy University of Central Lancashire Preston, UK

ISSN 1570-6591 ISSN 1570-6605 (electronic) ISBN 978-3-319-03040-1 ISBN 978-3-319-03041-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-03041-8 Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London

Library of Congress Control Number: 2014934573

© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein.

Printed on acid-free paper

Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) This book is dedicated to Ant from all his friends. We wish him all the best in his future quests in Astrophysics and in life.

Preface

The idea for organising a conference to celebrate Ant’s contributions to star formation has been floating around for a few years. We considered various locations and we finally chose Crete inspired by Ant’s declared love for the place. The meeting took place near Chania at the Orthodox Academy of Crete, a conference centre next to a seventeenth-century monastery. It was attended by around 120 participants from all over the world, many of which have interacted with Ant in the past. The conference theme was chosen to reflect Ant’s interests in star formation and computational astrophysics. We covered many topics: low-mass star formation, young circumstellar discs, computational methods, triggered star formation, the stellar initial mass function, high-mass star formation, and stellar clusters. Each chapter starts with a review contribution that is followed by papers focusing on recent theoretical and observational work. We would like to thank the members of the SOC (Philippe André, Matthew Bate, Ian Bonnell, Cathie Clarke, Patrick Hennebelle, Shu-ichiro Inutsuka, Ralf Klessen, Pavel Kroupa, Mark Krumholz, Mark McCaughrean, Jan Palous, Hans Zinnecker) and LOC (Annabel Cartwright Thomas Bisbas, David Hubber, Spyros Kitsionas, Steffi Walch, Richard Wünsch) for their enthusiasm to contribute to the meeting. We also thank Spyros Kitsionas for his help with the conference proceedings, David Nutter for the conference photo, Samantha Emmot and the Cardiff University Conference Centre, and Richard Frewin for his support with the conference webpage. Finally, we would like to thank Emmanuela Larentzakis and the staff at the Orthodox Academy of Crete for their help in organising a wonderful conference. It was amazing to hear and discuss new ideas, and argue over older ideas in a relaxing environment overlooking the Aegean sea. We hope that new theories and observations using new facilities will soon draw a more complete picture of star formation.

Crete, Greece Dimitris Stamatellos June 2012 Simon Goodwin Derek Ward-Thompson

vii

Contents

Part I Review of Prof. Whitworth’s Work

The Life and Times of Anthony Peter Whitworth ...... 3 Derek Ward-Thompson Working with Ant Whitworth ...... 13 Simon Goodwin

Part II Low-Mass Star Formation

The Formation of Low-Mass Stars and Brown Dwarfs ...... 17 Dimitris Stamatellos From the Companion Mass Ratio Distribution to the Planetary Mass Function: Using Multiple Systems to Constrain Models of Star and Planet Formation ...... 25 Maddalena Reggiani and Michael R. Meyer Radio Emission from YSOs: Tackling the (Reverse) Luminosity Problem ...... 31 Anna M.M. Scaife Radiation Magnetohydrodynamic Simulations of Protostellar Core Formation ...... 35 Kengo Tomida Implications of Protostellar Disk Fragmentation...... 41 Eduard Vorobyov and Shantanu Basu An X-Shooter Analysis of Chromospheric Activity of Class III Low Mass Sources...... 45 Carlo Felice Manara, L. Testi, J.M. Alcalá, E. Covino, A. Natta, S. Randich, E. Rigliaco, and B. Stelzer

ix x Contents

Part III Young Circumstellar Discs

A Review of Circumstellar Discs ...... 51 Ken Rice The Formation and Early Evolution of Protostars and Protoplanetary Disks ...... 59 Shu-ichiro Inutsuka The Lifetime of Protoplanetary Discs: Observations and Theory ...... 63 Barbara Ercolano and Christine Koepferl Protostellar Disk Formation and Angular Momentum Transport During Magnetized Core Collapse...... 69 Marc Joos, Patrick Hennebelle, and Andrea Ciardi Disc Formation in Turbulent Cloud Cores: Circumventing the Magnetic Braking Catastrophe ...... 75 Daniel Seifried, Robi Banerjee, Ralph E. Pudritz, and Ralf S. Klessen Magnetohydrodynamics with Time-Dependent Ionization Degree in Protoplanetary Disks with Grain Evolution...... 81 Yuri I. Fujii, Satoshi Okuzumi, and Shu-ichiro Inutsuka The Effect of Mass Accretion for Formation and Thermal Evolution of Circumstellar Disks ...... 85 Yusuke Tsukamoto, Masahiro N. Machida, and Shu-ichiro Inutsuka Disk Survival in the Extremely Massive Association Cygnus OB2 ...... 89 Mario Giuseppe Guarcello, Jeremy J. Drake, Nicholas J. Wright, Janet E. Drew, D. Garcia-Alvarez, R.A. Gutermuth, J.L. Hora, V. Kashyap, Robert R. King, Tim Naylor, and Chandra Cygnus OB2 Team

Part IV Computational Star Formation: Models, Techniques, and Predictions

Review of Computational Star Formation ...... 95 David Anthony Hubber Modelling Magnetised Protostellar Jets with SPH ...... 101 Matthew R. Bate, Daniel J. Price, and Terrence S. Tricco Impact of Tangled Magnetic Fields on Star Formation ...... 105 Philipp Girichidis and Robi Banerjee Contents xi

Modelling Star Formation in Ophiuchus ...... 109 Oliver Lomax, Anthony Peter Whitworth, Annabel Cartwright, Dimitris Stamatellos, and Stefanie K. Walch On the Origin of Interstellar Turbulence: Less SNe and More Galactic Dynamics ...... 115 Diego Falceta-Gonçalves The Non-linear Thin Shell Instability in Cloud–Cloud Collisions ...... 121 Andrew D. McLeod and Anthony Peter Whitworth Radiative Transfer in Star Formation: Testing FLD and Hybrid Methods ...... 127 James E. Owen, Barbara Ercolano, and Cathie J. Clarke Expected Observations of Star Formation Process: From Molecular Cloud Core to First Hydrostatic Core ...... 133 Kohji Tomisaka, Akimasa Kataoka, Masahiro N. Machida, Kengo Tomida, and Kazuya Saigo Dust Continuum Observations of Protostars: Constraining Properties with Simulations...... 139 Stella S.R. Offner Gravitationally Contracting Clouds and Their Star Formation Rate ...... 145 Enrique Vázquez-Semadeni, Manuel Zamora-Avilés, and Jesús A. Toalá Spiral Shocks, Cooling, and the Origin of Star Formation Rates...... 151 Ian Bonnell, Clare L. Dobbs, and Rowan J. Smith A New Set of Model Spectral Energy Distributions for Young Stellar Objects ...... 157 Thomas P. Robitaille and Barbara A. Whitney The Entropy Condition of GodunovSPH ...... 161 Seung-Hoon Cha Three-Dimensional Simulation of Molecular Cloud Formation ...... 165 Tsuyoshi Inoue Estimating the Galactic Coronal Density via Ram-Pressure Stripping from Dwarf Satellites ...... 167 A. Gatto, F. Fraternali, F. Marinacci, J. Read, and H. Lux

Part V Triggered Star Formation

Star Formation Triggered by Feedback from Massive Stars ...... 173 Stefanie K. Walch xii Contents

Triggered Star Formation ...... 181 Jan Palouš Filamentary Cold Structure from Colliding Supershells ...... 185 Evangelia Ntormousi, Andreas Burkert, Katharina Fierlinger, and Fabian Heitsch Triggering Star Formation: From the Pillars of Creation to the Formation of Our Solar System ...... 191 Matthias Gritschneder and Douglas N.C. Lin Triggering, Suppressing and Redistributing Star Formation ...... 195 James E. Dale, Barbara Ercolano, and Ian Bonnell Gravitational Fragmentation of the Carina Flare Supershell...... 199 Richard Wünsch A Nebula in Your Computer: Simulating the Physics and Chemistry of an H II Region ...... 205 Thomas G. Bisbas The Photoevaporation of a Neutral Structure by an EUV+FUV Radiation Field ...... 209 Veronica Lora, M.J. Vasconcelos, A.C. Raga, A.H. Cerqueira, and A. Esquivel Testing Models of Triggered Star Formation: Theory and Observation ... 213 Thomas J. Haworth, Tim J. Harries, and David M. Acreman Effects of a Momentum Driven Stellar Wind on the Surrounding ISM ...... 215 Judith Ngoumou, David Anthony Hubber, James E. Dale, and Andreas Burkert

Part VI Probing the Initial Stages of Star Formation

First Results from the Herschel Gould Belt Survey in Taurus and Comparison with Other Clouds ...... 219 Jason Kirk, on behalf of the Herschel Gould Belt Survey Consortium Unraveling the Labyrinth of Star Formation with Herschel ...... 225 Philippe André, Vera Könyves, Doris Arzoumanian, Pedro Palmeirim, and Herschel Gould Belt Survey Consortium CALYPSO: An IRAM Plateau de Bure Survey of Class 0 Protostars ...... 233 Anaëlle J. Maury, Philippe André, S. Maret, C. Codella, F. Gueth, A. Belloche, S. Cabrit, A. Bacmann, and CALYPSO Collaboration Contents xiii

Initial Results from SCUBA-2 ...... 239 David Nutter and JCMT Gould Belt Survey Consortium Surveying Dense Gas with Bolocam: There Are No Pre-stellar Massive Clusters in the First Quadrant ...... 245 Adam Ginsburg, Eli Bressert, J. Bally, and Cara Battersby Recent Star Formation in the Lupus Clouds as Seen by Herschel...... 251 Kazi L.J. Rygl, Milena Benedettini, and Herschel Gould Belt Survey Consortium Filaments and Pre-stellar Sources in the Orion A L 1641 Molecular Clouds ...... 255 Danae Polychroni, Eugenio Schisano, and Herschel Gould Belt Team Properties of Interstellar Filaments as Derived from Herschel Observations ...... 259 Doris Arzoumanian, Philippe André, Nicolas Peretto, and Vera Könyves Preliminary Results of the Herschel Gould Belt Survey in the Orion B Complex ...... 265 Vera Könyves, Philippe André, Pedro Palmeirim, Nicola Schneider, Doris Arzoumanian, and Alexander Men’shchikov HOBYS Observations of Ridges and Filaments, and the Evolution of Massive Dense Cores ...... 271 Martin Hennemann, Frédérique Motte, Nicola Schneider, and HOBYS Consortium The Filamentary Structure of the Lupus 3 Molecular Cloud ...... 275 Milena Benedettini Molecular Line Observations of Isolated Cores ...... 281 Ciara Quinn, Tyler L. Bourke, and Derek Ward-Thompson Compact Molecular Outﬂow from a Protostar at the Earliest Evolutionary Phase ...... 283 Ray S. Furuya, Yoshimi Kitamura, and Hiroko Shinnaga Magnetic Field Structure Around Class 0 Protostars NGC 1333 IRAS 4A1/4A2 on Scales of 50–3,000 AU ...... 287 Shih-Ping Lai and Tao-Chung Ching Mapping the Star Formation in Orion A/L1641 ...... 291 Ignazio Pillitteri, S.J. Wolk, S.T. Megeath, L. Allen, J. Bally, Marc Gagné, R.A. Gutermuth, L. Hartman, G. Micela, P. Myers, J.M. Oliveira, S. Sciortino, F. Walter, L. Rebull, and J. Stauffer xiv Contents

Can We Trust CO as a Probe of the Densities and Temperatures of Molecular Clouds? ...... 295 Faviola Z. Molina, Simon C.O. Glover, R. Shetty, and Ralf S. Klessen Hunting Coreshine with (Warm) Spitzer: From Grain Growth to Planet Formation ...... 299 Roberta Paladini The APEX-CHAMPC View of the Orion Molecular Cloud 1 Core ...... 301 Tzu-Cheng Peng, Friedrich Wyrowski, Luis A. Zapata, Rolf Güsten, and Karl M. Menten Spectral Characteristics of Young Stars Associated with the Sh2-296 Nebula...... 305 Beatriz Fernandes and Jane Gregorio-Hetem

Part VII The Stellar Initial Mass Function

Mapping the Present-Day Prestellar Core Mass Function into the Stellar IMF ...... 309 Katy Holman, Stefanie K. Walch, Simon Goodwin, and Anthony Peter Whitworth Astrometric and Photometric Mass Functions in Open Clusters from UKIDSS GCS DR9 ...... 317 Nicolas Lodieu, Steve Boudreault, N.R. Deacon, and N.C. Hambly The Birth of an IMF ...... 323 Rowan J. Smith The Salpeter Slope of the IMF Explained ...... 329 M. Sally Oey Recent Advances on IMF Research ...... 335 Pavel Kroupa Four-Parameter Fits to Core Mass Functions Using Stable Distributions Demonstrate Statistical Differences Between Star Forming Regions ...... 341 Annabel Cartwright and Anthony Peter Whitworth A Stochastic Model of Accretion ...... 345 Thomas Maschberger The Low Mass End of the IMF Unveiled by the WIRCam/CFHT Survey of Nearby Young Clusters ...... 351 Catarina Alves de Oliveira, Estelle Moraux, Loredana Spezzi, Núria Huélamo, Jerôme Bouvier, Herve Bouy, and Gaspard Duchêne Contents xv

Astrometric and Photometric Mass Functions of the Old Open Cluster Praesepe from the UKIDSS GCS ...... 355 Steve Boudreault, Nicolas Lodieu, N.C. Hambly, and N.R. Deacon The Evolution of the Core Mass Function by Gas Accretion...... 359 Sami Dib The Clump Mass Function in the Carina Nebula ...... 361 Stephanie Pekruhl and Thomas Preibisch

Part VIII High-Mass Star Formation

Theories of the Massive Star Formation: A (Short) Review...... 365 Patrick Hennebelle and Benoît Commerçon Molecular Gas in the Inner 500 pc of the Milky Way: Violating Star Formation Relations and on the Verge of Forming Extreme Stellar Clusters ...... 373 Steven N. Longmore A Solution to the Radiation Pressure Problem in the Formation of Massive Stars ...... 379 Rolf Kuiper, Hubert Klahr, Henrik Beuther, and Thomas Henning Star Formation Rates and Ridge Structures in High-Mass Star-Forming Regions ...... 385 Quang Nguyen-Luong, Frédérique Motte, Tracey Hill, Martin Hennemann, Fabien Louvet, Sylvain Bontemps, and Nicola Schneider GLIMPSE Extended Green Objects and the Early Stages of Massive Star Formation ...... 391 Claudia J. Cyganowski, Crystal L. Brogan, Todd R. Hunter, Ed Churchwell, Barbara A. Whitney, and Qizhou Zhang Radiation Hydrodynamics Simulations of Massive Star Formation Using Monte Carlo Radiation Transfer ...... 395 Tim J. Harries, Thomas J. Haworth, and David M. Acreman Age Spread in Galactic Star Forming Region W3 Main...... 401 Arjan Bik, Thomas Henning, Andrea Stolte, Wolfgang Brandner, Dimitrios A. Gouliermis, Mario Gennaro, Anna Pasquali, Boyke Rochau, Henrik Beuther, Nancy Ageorges, Walter Seifert, Yuan Wang, and Natalia Kudryavtseva The Impact of Outﬂows: From Low to High Mass Protostars ...... 407 Ana Duarte-Cabral, Sylvain Bontemps, Nicolas Peretto, Gary A. Fuller, and Antonio Chrysostomou xvi Contents

The Interplay Between Molecular and Ionised Gas Surrounding the Massive Embedded Star AFGL 4176 ...... 413 Katharine G. Johnston, Henrik Beuther, Hendrik Linz, P. Boley, Thomas P. Robitaille, E. Keto, K. Wood, and R. van Boekel Toward a Chemical Evolutionary Sequence in High-Mass Star Formation ...... 415 Thomas Gerner, Henrik Beuther, Dmitry Semenov, Hendrik Linz, Tatiana Vasyunina, and Thomas Henning An 80 pc Long Massive Molecular Filament in the Galactic Mid-Plane ... 417 Cara Battersby and J. Bally Probing the Earliest Stages of Massive Star Formation C Through Observations of N2D ...... 419 Francesco Fontani The Next Generation of High-Mass Stars and Clusters Traced by ATLASGAL ...... 421 Frédéric Schuller, Karl M. Menten, Friedrich Wyrowski, Yanett Contreras, Timea Csengeri, James S. Urquhart, Marion Wienen, Henrik Beuther, Sylvain Bontemps, Leonardo Bronfman, Lise Deharveng, Thomas Henning, Malcolm Walmsley, and Annie Zavagno Deuteration in High-Mass Star Forming Regions ...... 425 Javier A. Rodón, Henrik Beuther, and Qizhou Zhang

Part IX Clustered Star Formation

Clustered Star Formation: A Review ...... 431 Richard J. Parker A Galactic-Scale Origin for Stellar Clustering ...... 437 J.M. Diederik Kruijssen Young Clusters in Nearby, Grand-Design Spirals ...... 443 Preben Grosbøl and Horacio Dottori Hierarchically Clustered Star Formation in the Magellanic Clouds ...... 447 Dimitrios A. Gouliermis, Stefan Schmeja, Volker Ossenkopf, Ralf S. Klessen, and Andrew E. Dolphin MYStIX First Results: Spatial Structures of Massive Young Stellar Clusters ...... 453 Michael A. Kuhn, Adrian J. Baddeley, Eric D. Feigelson, Konstantin V. Getman, Patrick S. Broos, Leisa K. Townsley, Matthew S. Povich, Tim Naylor, Robert R. King, Heather A. Busk, Kevin L. Luhman, and MYStIX Collaboration Contents xvii

Dynamics and Multiplicity of Young Star Clusters: Getting the Most Out of Single Epoch Radial Velocity Data ...... 459 Michiel Cottaar The Dynamics of an Expanding OB Association ...... 465 Nicholas J. Wright, Herve Bouy, Jeremy J. Drake, Janet E. Drew, Mario Guarcello, and David Barrado y Navacués IRAS 20050+2720: Clustering of Low Mass Stars ...... 471 H.M. Günther, S.J. Wolk, R.A. Gutermuth, J. Forbrich, Nicholas J. Wright, L. Allen, Tyler L. Bourke, S.T. Megeath, J.L. Pipher, and B. Spitzbart Clusters Within Clusters: Star Formation in RCW 38 ...... 473 Elaine Winston, S.J. Wolk, Tyler L. Bourke, S.T. Megeath, R.A. Gutermuth, and B. Spitzbart Stellar Clusters in the Inner Galaxy and Their Correlation with ATLASGAL...... 477 Esteban F.E. Morales, Friedrich Wyrowski, Karl M. Menten, and Frédéric Schuller An HST Study of Star Formation in Star-Burst Clusters ...... 481 Giacomo Beccari, Guido De Marchi, Nino Panagia, Martino Romaniello, Elena Sabbi, and Loredana Spezzi MYStIX: Massive Young Stellar Cluster Study in Infrared and X-Rays .. 485 Eric D. Feigelson and MYStIX Collaboration Conference Photographs ...... 489

Author Index...... 519

Contributors

David M. Acreman Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK Nancy Ageorges Max-Planck-Institut für extraterrestrische Physik, Garching, Germany J.M. Alcalá INAF-Capodimonte, Napoli, Italy L. Allen National Optical Astronomy Observatory, Tucson, AZ, USA Catarina Alves de Oliveira European Space Astronomy Centre (ESA), Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain Philippe André Laboratoire d’Astrophysique (AIM) de Paris-Saclay, CEA/DSM- CNRS-Université Paris Diderot, IRFU/Service d’Astrophysique, CEA Saclay, Orme des Merisiers, Gif-sur-Yvette, France Doris Arzoumanian Laboratoire d’Astrophysique (AIM) de Paris-Saclay, CEA/DSM-CNRS-Université Paris Diderot, IRFU/Service d’Astrophysique, CEA Saclay, Orme des Merisiers, Gif-sur-Yvette, France IAS, CNRS (UMR 8617), Université Paris-Sud; Orsay, France A. Bacmann Universite Joseph Fourier/CNRS, Institut de Planetologie et d’Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG) UMR, Grenoble, France Adrian J. Baddeley School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia J. Bally Center for Astrophysics and Space Astronomy, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA Robi Banerjee Hamburger Sternwarte, Hamburg, Germany David Barrado y Navacués Centro de Astrobiologa (INTA-CSIC), Villanueva de la Cañada, Spain

xix xx Contributors

Shantanu Basu Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada Matthew R. Bate School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK Cara Battersby Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA, USA Giacomo Beccari European Southern Observatory, Garching bei München, Germany Space Science Department, ESA, Noordwijk, The Netherlands Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA INAF-CT, Osservatorio Astroﬁsico di Catania, Catania, Italy Supernova Ltd, Virgin Gorda, British Virgin Islands A. Belloche Max-Planck Institut für Radiodastronomie, Bonn, Germany Milena Benedettini INAF-IAPS, Roma, Italy Henrik Beuther Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Heidelberg, Germany Arjan Bik Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Heidelberg, Germany Thomas G. Bisbas Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London, UK P. Boley Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Heidelberg, Germany Ian Bonnell School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, Scotland, UK Sylvain Bontemps University of Bordeaux/CNRS, LAB, Floirac, France Steve Boudreault Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC), La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), E-38205 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain Tyler L. Bourke SAO-Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA, USA Jerôme Bouvier UJF-Grenoble 1/CNRS-INSU, IPAG UMR5274, Grenoble, France Herve Bouy CAB-LAEFF, Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain Wolfgang Brandner Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Heidelberg, Germany Eli Bressert European Southern Observatory, Garching bei München, Germany Contributors xxi

Crystal L. Brogan National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Charlottesville, VA, USA Leonardo Bronfman Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile Patrick S. Broos Department of Astronomy & Astrophysics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA Andreas Burkert Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Ludwig-Maximilians- Universität, München, Germany Heather A. Busk Department of Astronomy & Astrophysics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA S. Cabrit Observatoire de Paris, LERMA, Paris, France Annabel Cartwright Cardiff School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK CALYPSO Collaboration A.H. Cerqueira Laboratório de Astrofísica Teórica e Observacional, DCET- UESC, Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, Bahia, Brazil Seung-Hoon Cha Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&M University- Commerce, Commerce, TX, USA Chandra Cygnus OB2 Team Tao-Chung Ching National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan Antonio Chrysostomou Joint Astronomy Centre, Hilo, HI, USA School of Physics, Astronomy and Mathematics, University of Hertfordshire, Hatﬁeld, Hertfordshire, UK Ed Churchwell Department of Astronomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA Andrea Ciardi Laboratoire de Radioastronomie, LERMA, Observatoire de Paris, École Normale Supérieure, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UMR 8112 CNRS), Paris Cedex, France Cathie J. Clarke Institute of Astronomy, Cambridge, UK C. Codella INAF-Osservatorio Astroﬁsico di Arcetri, Firenze, Italy Benoît Commerçon Ecole normale supérieure, Paris, France Yanett Contreras Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Bonn, Germany Michiel Cottaar Institute for Astronomy, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland E. Covino INAF-Capodimonte, Napoli, Italy xxii Contributors

Timea Csengeri Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Bonn, Germany Claudia J. Cyganowski NSF Astronomy and Astrophysics Postdoctoral Fellow, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA, USA James E. Dale Excellence Cluster ‘Universe’, Garching, Germany N.R. Deacon Max-Planck-Institute für Astronomie, Heidelberg, Germany Lise Deharveng Laboratoire d’Astrophysique de Marseille, Marseille, France Guido De Marchi Space Science Department, ESA, Noordwijk, The Netherlands Sami Dib Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London, UK Clare L. Dobbs University of Exeter, Exeter, UK Andrew E. Dolphin Raytheon Company, Tucson, AZ, USA Horacio Dottori Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil Jeremy J. Drake SAO-Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA, USA Janet E. Drew CAR/STRI, University of Hertfordshire, Hatﬁeld, UK Ana Duarte-Cabral University of Bordeaux/CNRS, LAB, UMR 5804, Floirac, France School of Physics, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK Gaspard Duchêne Astronomy Department, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA Barbara Ercolano Excellence Cluster ‘Universe’, Garching, Germany A. Esquivel Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México Diego Falceta-Gonçalves Escola de Artes, Ciências e Humanidades, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil Eric D. Feigelson Department of Astronomy & Astrophysics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA Beatriz Fernandes Universidade de São Paulo, IAG, São Paulo, Brazil Katharina Fierlinger Max-Planck-Institut für extraterrestrische Physik, Garching, Germany Francesco Fontani INAF-Arcetri, L.go E. Fermi 5, Firenze, Italy J. Forbrich SAO-Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA, USA Contributors xxiii

F. Fraternali Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy Yuri I. Fujii Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan Gary A. Fuller Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK Ray S. Furuya Subaru Telescope, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, Hilo, HI, USA Current address: Center for General Education, University of Tokushima, Minami Jousanjima, Tokushima, Japan Marc Gagné Department of Geology & Astronomy, West Chester University, West Chester, PA, USA D. Garcia-Alvarez Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain A. Gatto Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Garching, Germany Mario Gennaro Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Heidelberg, Germany Thomas Gerner Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Heidelberg, Germany Konstantin V. Getman Department of Astronomy & Astrophysics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA Adam Ginsburg Center for Astrophysics and Space Astronomy, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA Philipp Girichidis Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Garching, Germany Simon C.O. Glover Zentrum für Astronomie der Universität Heidelberg, Institut für Theoretische Astrophysik, Heidelberg, Germany Simon Goodwin Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Shefﬁeld, Shefﬁeld, UK Dimitrios A. Gouliermis Zentrum für Astronomie der Universität Heidelberg, Institut für Theoretische Astrophysik, Heidelberg, Germany Jane Gregorio-Hetem Universidade de São Paulo, IAG, São Paulo, Brazil Matthias Gritschneder Astronomy and Astrophysics Department, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA Preben Grosbøl European Southern Observatory, Garching, Germany Mario Giuseppe Guarcello Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA, USA F. Gueth IRAM, Saint Martin d’Heres, France xxiv Contributors

H.M. Günther SAO-Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA, USA Rolf Güsten Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Bonn, Germany R.A. Gutermuth Department of Astronomy, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA, USA N.C. Hambly Scottish Universities Physics Alliance (SUPA), Institute for Astronomy, School of Physics & Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh, UK Tim J. Harries Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK L. Hartman University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA Thomas J. Haworth Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK Fabian Heitsch Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, NC, USA Patrick Hennebelle Laboratoire AIM, Paris-Saclay, CEA/IRFU/SAp – CNRS – Université Paris Diderot, Gif-sur-Yvette, France Martin Hennemann Laboratoire d’Astrophysique (AIM) de Paris-Saclay, CEA/DSM-CNRS/INSU-Université Paris Diderot, IRFU/Service d’Astrophysique, CEA Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France Thomas Henning Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Heidelberg, Germany Herschel Gould Belt Survey Consortium http://www.herschel.fr/cea/gouldbelt/ en/index.php Herschel Gould Belt Team http://gouldbelt-herschel.cea.fr Tracey Hill Laboratoire d’Astrophysique (AIM) de Paris-Saclay, CEA/DSM- CNRS-Université Paris Diderot, IRFU/Service d’Astrophysique, CEA Saclay, Orme des Merisiers, Gif-sur-Yvette, France HOBYS Consortium http://www.herschel.fr/cea/hobys/en/ Katy Holman Cardiff School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK J.L. Hora Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA, USA David Anthony Hubber Technical University Munich, Excellence Cluster Universe, Garching, Germany Department of Physics, University Observatory Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians- University Munich, Munich, Germany Contributors xxv

Núria Huélamo CAB-LAEFF, Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain Todd R. Hunter National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Charlottesville, VA, USA Tsuyoshi Inoue Aoyama Gakuin University, Fuchinobe, Sagamihara-city, Kanagawa, Japan Shu-ichiro Inutsuka Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan JCMT Gould Belt Survey Consortium http://www.jach.hawaii.edu/JCMT/ surveys/gb/ Katharine G. Johnston Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Heidelberg, Germany Marc Joos Laboratoire de Radioastronomie, LERMA, Observatoire de Paris, École Normale Supérieure, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UMR 8112 CNRS), Paris Cedex, France V. Kashyap Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA, USA Akimasa Kataoka National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan Department of Astronomical Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan E. Keto Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA, USA Robert R. King School of Physics, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK Jason Kirk Jeremiah Horrocks Institute, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, Lancashire, UK Yoshimi Kitamura Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan Hubert Klahr Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Heidelberg, Germany Ralf S. Klessen Zentrum für Astronomie der Universität Heidelberg, Institut für Theoretische Astrophysik, Heidelberg, Germany Christine Koepferl Universitäts-Sternwarte München, München, Germany Vera Könyves Laboratoire d’Astrophysique (AIM) de Paris-Saclay, CEA/DSM- CNRS-Université Paris Diderot, IRFU/Service d’Astrophysique, CEA Saclay, Orme des Merisiers, Gif-sur-Yvette, France Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale, UMR8617, CNRS/Université Paris-Sud 11, Orsay, France Pavel Kroupa Argelander-Institute for Astronomy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany xxvi Contributors

J.M. Diederik Kruijssen Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Garching, Germany Natalia Kudryavtseva Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Heidelberg, Germany Michael A. Kuhn Department of Astronomy & Astrophysics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA Rolf Kuiper Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA Shih-Ping Lai National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan Douglas N.C. Lin Astronomy and Astrophysics Department, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA Hendrik Linz Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Heidelberg, Germany Nicolas Lodieu Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC), La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain Oliver Lomax Cardiff School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK Steven N. Longmore European Southern Observatory, Garching bei München, Germany Veronica Lora Astronomisches Rechen-Institut, Heidelberg, Germany Fabien Louvet Laboratoire d’Astrophysique (AIM) de Paris-Saclay, CEA/DSM- CNRS-Université Paris Diderot, IRFU/Service d’Astrophysique, CEA Saclay, Orme des Merisiers, Gif-sur-Yvette, France Kevin L. Luhman Department of Astronomy & Astrophysics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA H. Lux School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom Masahiro N. Machida Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan Carlo Felice Manara ESO-Garching, Garching bei München, Germany S. Maret Universite Joseph Fourier/CNRS, Institut de Planetologie et d’Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG) UMR 5274, Grenoble, France F. Marinacci Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies, Heidelberg, Germany Thomas Maschberger Institut de Planétologie et d’Astrophysique de Grenoble, Grenoble Cédex 9, France Contributors xxvii

Anaëlle J. Maury Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA, USA Andrew D. McLeod Astrophysics Group, School of Physics, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK S.T. Megeath Ritter Observatory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA Alexander Men’shchikov Laboratoire d’Astrophysique (AIM) de Paris-Saclay, CEA/DSM-CNRS-Université Paris Diderot, IRFU/Service d’Astrophysique, CEA Saclay, Orme des Merisiers, Gif-sur-Yvette, France Karl M. Menten Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Bonn, Germany Michael R. Meyer Institute for Astronomy, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland G. Micela INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Palermo, Palermo, Italy Faviola Z. Molina Zentrum für Astronomie der Universität Heidelberg, Institut für Theoretische Astrophysik, Heidelberg, Germany Member of the International Max Planck Research School for Astronomy and Cosmic Physics at the University of Heidelberg (IMPRS-HD), Heidelberg Graduate School of Fundamental Physics (HGSFP), Heidelberg, Germany Esteban F.E. Morales Max-Planck-Institute for Astronomy, Heidelberg, Germany Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Bonn, Germany Estelle Moraux UJF-Grenoble 1/CNRS-INSU, IPAG UMR5274, Grenoble, France Frédérique Motte Laboratoire d’Astrophysique (AIM) de Paris-Saclay, CEA/DSM-CNRS/INSU-Université Paris Diderot, IRFU/Service d’Astrophysique, CEA Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France Paola Mucciarelli Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Ludwig-Maximilians- Universität, München, Germany P. Myers SAO-Harvard Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA, USA MYStIX Collaboration http://astro.psu.edu/mystix A. Natta INAF-Arcetri, Firenze, Italy Tim Naylor School of Physics, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK Judith Ngoumou Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Ludwig-Maximilians- Universität, München, Germany Quang Nguyen-Luong Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics, Toronto, Canada xxviii Contributors

Evangelia Ntormousi Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Ludwig-Maximilians- Universität, München, Germany David Nutter School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK M. Sally Oey Astronomy Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA Stella S.R. Offner Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA Satoshi Okuzumi Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan J.M. Oliveira School of Physical & Geographical Sciences, Lennard-Jones Laboratories, Keele University, Staffordshire, UK Volker Ossenkopf I. Physikalisches Institut der Universität zu Köln, Köln, Germany James E. Owen Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics, Toronto, Canada Roberta Paladini NASA Herschel Science Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA Pedro Palmeirim Laboratoire d’Astrophysique (AIM) de Paris-Saclay, CEA/DSM- CNRS-Université Paris Diderot, IRFU/Service d’Astrophysique, CEA Saclay, Orme des Merisiers, Gif-sur-Yvette, France Jan Palouš Astronomical Institute, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague 4, Czech Republic Nino Panagia Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA INAF-CT, Osservatorio Astroﬁsico di Catania, Catania, Italy Supernova Ltd, Virgin Gorda, British Virgin Islands Richard J. Parker Institute for Astronomy, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland Anna Pasquali Astronomisches Rechen Institut, Zentrum für Astronomie der Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany Stephanie Pekruhl Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Ludwig-Maximilians- Universität, München, Germany Tzu-Cheng Peng Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie (MPIfR), Bonn, Germany Université de Bordeaux, Observatoire Aquitain des Sciences de l’Univers, Floirac Cedex, France Contributors xxix

Nicolas Peretto Laboratoire d’Astrophysique (AIM) de Paris-Saclay, CEA/DSM- CNRS-Université Paris Diderot, IRFU/Service d’Astrophysique, CEA Saclay, Orme des Merisiers, Gif-sur-Yvette, France School of Physics & Astronomy, Cardiff University, The Parade, Cardiff, UK Ignazio Pillitteri SAO-Harvard Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA, USA J.L. Pipher University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA Danae Polychroni Faculty of Physics, Department of Astronomy, Astrophysics and Mechanics, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens, Greece Matthew S. Povich Department of Astronomy & Astrophysics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA Thomas Preibisch Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Ludwig-Maximilians- Universität, München, Germany Daniel J. Price Monash Centre for Astrophysics (MoCA), School of Mathematical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia Ralph E. Pudritz Department of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada Ciara Quinn Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK A.C. Raga Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México S. Randich INAF-Arcetri, Firenze, Italy J. Read University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom L. Rebull CALTECH, Pasadena, CA, USA Maddalena Reggiani Institute for Astronomy, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland Ken Rice Institute for Astronomy, The University of Edinburgh, The Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh, UK E. Rigliaco University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA Thomas P. Robitaille Max Planck Institut für Astronomie, Heidelberg, Germany Boyke Rochau Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Heidelberg, Germany Javier A. Rodón European Souther Observatory, Santiago, Chile Martino Romaniello European Southern Observatory, Garching, Germany Kazi L.J. Rygl INAF-IAPS, Rome, Italy Elena Sabbi Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA xxx Contributors

Kazuya Saigo NAOJ Chile Observatory, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan Anna M.M. Scaife Physics & Astronomy, University of Southampton, Highﬁeld, Southampton, UK Eugenio Schisano INAF-IAPS, Roma, Italy Stefan Schmeja Zentrum für Astronomie der Universität Heidelberg, Astronomisches Rechen-Institut, Heidelberg, Germany Nicola Schneider Laboratoire d’Astrophysique (AIM) de Paris-Saclay, CEA/DSM-CNRS/INSU-Université Paris Diderot, IRFU/Service d’Astrophysique, CEA Saclay, Orme des Merisiers, Gif-sur-Yvette, France Laboratoire d’Astrophysique de Bordeaux, Floirac cedex, France Frédéric Schuller Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Bonn, Germany European Southern Observatory, Santiago, Chile S. Sciortino INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Palermo, Palermo, Italy Walter Seifert Landessternwarte Königstuhl, Zentrum für Astronomie Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany Daniel Seifried Hamburger Sternwarte, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany Dmitry Semenov Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Heidelberg, Germany R. Shetty Zentrum für Astronomie der Universität Heidelberg, Institut für Theoretische Astrophysik, Heidelberg, Germany Hiroko Shinnaga Subaru Telescope, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, Hilo, HI, USA Rowan J. Smith ZAH/ITA, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany SOXS Collaboration Loredana Spezzi European Southern Observatory, Garching bei München, Germany B. Spitzbart SAO-Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA, USA Dimitris Stamatellos Jeremiah Horrocks Institute for Mathematics, Physics and Astronomy, University of Central Lancashire, UK J. Stauffer CALTECH, Pasadena, CA, USA B. Stelzer INAF-Palermo, Palermo, Italy Andrea Stolte Argelander Institut für Astronomie, Bonn, Germany Contributors xxxi

L. Testi ESO-Garching, Garching bei München, Germany Jesús A. Toalá Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, CSIC, Granada, Spain Kengo Tomida Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA Kohji Tomisaka National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan Department of Astronomical Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan Leisa K. Townsley Department of Astronomy & Astrophysics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA Terrence S. Tricco Monash Centre for Astrophysics (MoCA), School of Mathematical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia Yusuke Tsukamoto Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan James S. Urquhart Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Bonn, Germany R. van Boekel Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Heidelberg, Germany M.J. Vasconcelos Laboratório de Astrofísica Teórica e Observacional, DCET- UESC, Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, Bahia, Brazil Tatiana Vasyunina University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA Enrique Vázquez-Semadeni Centro de Radioastronomía y Astrofísica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, Michoacán, México Eduard Vorobyov Department of Astrophysics, The University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria Research Institute of Physics, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia Stefanie K. Walch Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysics, Garching bei München, Germany Malcolm Walmsley Osservatorio Astroﬁsico di Arcetri, Firenze, Italy F. Walter SAO-Harvard Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA, USA Yuan Wang Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China Derek Ward-Thompson Jeremiah Horrocks Institute for Mathematics, Physics and Astronomy, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK Barbara A. Whitney Department of Astronomy, University of Wisconsin- Madison, Madison, WI, USA xxxii Contributors

Anthony Peter Whitworth Cardiff School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK Marion Wienen Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Bonn, Germany Elaine Winston Research and Scientiﬁc Support Division, European Space Agency, Noordwijk, The Netherlands S.J. Wolk SAO-Harvard Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA, USA K. Wood School of Physics & Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK Nicholas J. Wright SAO-Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA, USA Richard Wünsch Astronomical Institute of the Academy of Sciences, Praha 4, Czech Republic Friedrich Wyrowski Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Bonn, Germany Manuel Zamora-Avilés Centro de Radioastronomía y Astrofísica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, Michoacán, México Luis A. Zapata Centro de Radioastronomía y Astrofísica, UNAM, Morelia, Michoacán, México Annie Zavagno Laboratoire d’Astrophysique de Marseille, Marseille, France Qizhou Zhang Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA, USA