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The Earliest Greek Architecture in Corinth and the 7Th-Century Temple on Temple Hill Author(S): Robin F

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The Earliest Greek Architecture in Corinth and the 7Th-Century Temple on Temple Hill Author(S): Robin F The Earliest Greek Architecture in Corinth and the 7th-Century Temple on Temple Hill Author(s): Robin F. Rhodes Reviewed work(s): Source: Corinth, Vol. 20, Corinth, The Centenary: 1896-1996 (2003), pp. 85-94 Published by: The American School of Classical Studies at Athens Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4390718 . Accessed: 28/08/2012 10:04 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. The American School of Classical Studies at Athens is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Corinth. http://www.jstor.org RobinE Rhodes 6 THE EARLIEST GREEK ARCHITECTURE IN CORINTH AND THE 7TH-CENTURY TEMPLE ON TEMPLE HILL As Greece emerges from the Dark Age three hundred and which made it possible to enlarge the supply of years after the collapse of the Mycenaean world, rec- water at those natural points of effluence. It also de- ognizable temple architecture begins to appear in termined the countenance of the city, for this poros various sanctuaries on the mainland, including the limestone quickly became the primary monumental Sanctuary of Hera Akraia at Perachora in the Corin- building material of Corinth (Fig. 6.1). thia, a region of Greece crucial to the early develop- Both the ancients and modern archaeologists as- ment of monumental architecture.' The foundations sociate the city of Corinth with the beginnings of of an 8th-century temple and associated votives were monumental architecture.5 It is no coincidence that found at Perachora, as were fragments of terracotta monumental architecture began on soil that was ev- models, almost certainly representing a building very erywhere underlain by a thick layer of easily cut, fine- similar to the temple, if not the temple itself.2 It is a grained poros limestone. Nor is it simple coincidence long road from the simple rubble and thatch struc- that this early home of monumental stone architec- tures represented at Perachora to the large-scale, solid ture was also a nation of shipbuilders-master carpen- stone, terracotta-tiled Doric temples of the 6th-cen- ters and inventors in wood.6 They soon discovered that tury mainland, but it is a direct road. the poros limestone could be worked with the same In the Corinthia that movement toward a monu- tools and techniques as those employed for wood, and mental conception of architecture begins with a tech- that it could even be used for similar purposes in con- nological advance: in the late 8th century the Co- texts normally reserved for wood. The early repertory rinthians first realized that they were sitting on top of of stone-working tools at Corinth was a simple one, a gold mine of building material, a layer of soft, fine- consisting of a quarry hammer, broad, flat chisels, and grained limestone. This poros limestone (porolithos)- an adze, used-as in carpentry-for the original, petrified from an ancient east-west sand dune-is in rough squaring of architectural members.7 The adze, many ways the prime determiner of both the physical like the flat chisels, often created the distinctive deep- organization and the look of post-Dark Age Corinth:3 grooved, "spatulaed"8surface of early Corinthian po- the "well-watered"character of Corinth4 is in large ros masonry (Fig. 6.2). measure due to the poros, for it is its consistent posi- It was a technological advance-the discovery of tion in the geology of the area, combined with the the potential uses of poros limestone-that started underlying marl, that determines the natural positions Corinthian builders on the road to monumental ar- of the springs around which the early city grew up, chitecture, and each step along the way was accompa- 1. I would like to begin by thanking Charles K. Williams II descriptions of poros, see Rhodes 1987a, p. 229, note 2; see for assigning to me the responsibilityof studying and publish- also Hayward,p. 32 in this volume. At present, an extensive ing the Greek stone architecture of the American School exca- studyof the geological nature of Corinthianlimestone is being vations at Corinth and for all the help and encouragement he carried out by Chris Hayward;see his contribution to this vol- and Nancy Bookidis have given me in my work over the past ume, including his discussion of the term "poros"(p. 32). two decades. I would also like to thank them for the marvel- 4. For the ancient references to this epithet and ancient ac- ously supportive and fertile atmosphere they have created and counts of the springs of Corinth, see CorinthI, vi, pp. 1-4. See maintained at Corinth for students and scholars alike. Finally,I also the article by MarkLandon in this collection (pp. 43-62). wish to express my deep gratitude to them for organizing the 5. Pindar, 01. 13.21-22; Pliny,NH35.43.151-152; CorinthIV, CorinthCentennial Symposium and for inspiringall of us Corin- i, pp. 5-7. thians-through their own example and through their faith in 6. For Corinth'ssignificant role in the earlyhistory of Greek us-to make our papers worthy of the hundredth anniversary shipbuilding, seeJeffery *1976, pp. 146, 159, note 2. of Corinth. 7. The earlytechnology of stone cutting at Corinth has been 2. Perachora*I, pl. 96. examined in Rhodes 1987b, 1987c; Brookes 1981. 3. For a description of this stone and references to other 8. This was Professor Henry Robinson's apt description. 86 ROBIN F. RHODES _ S ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~S .... .. FIGURE6.1. Corinth:Lechaion ~Road, Peirene (from northwest) FIGURE6.2. 7th-centuryCorinth templeblock, showing FIGURE6.3. Thresholdblock in 7th-centurycomplex on tooling TempleHill (fromsouth) nied and inspired, at least in part, by their increasing understanding of the structural capabilities of that stone. Contributing to the new "monumentality" in the post-Dark Age architecture of Greece is the prac- tical concern of creating stronger, more long-lasting structures. The Corinthia, in the late 8th and 7th cen- turies B.C.,witnesses a gradually increasing use of cut poros limestone for purposes of structural reinforce- ment in retaining walls and in traditional half-tim- bered rubble and mudbrick constructions. Thresholds (Fig. 6.3),jambs, corners, socles (Fig. 6.4)-all posi- tions traditionally occupied by wood in half-timbered construction-are more and more often constructed with stone, either as a replacement for wood or as a FIGURE Socle and cornerblock in smooth bed for it. But the of Corin- 6.4. 7th-centurycomplex superstructure on TempleHill (fromwest) EARLIEST ARCHITECTURE 87 ,| t CI TI La ANA 6 C DOV T I Lt Yti,I ?T))L'I1 i'n . tmtP.!~ a itI.k K& UOl. ot*/iI, *ulL* * L i ., _, T15:'fY L Il l 7 . 9_ ?.GU~t: ro, p. , 'Z v thian walls petrifies only in response to a second ma- jor technological advance of the late 8th-early 7th ;d'~~~~~~~~~~' century B.C.: the invention of the terracotta-tiled roof. It may be that this invention took place in Corinth. The earliest tiled roof in Greece that is well enough preserved to be reconstructed in detail is the one that was built for the 7th-century predecessor of the Ar- chaic Temple of Apollo on Temple Hill in Corinth (Fig. 6.5) .' The roof of the temple was hipped on both ends:'1 rather than sloping up to the ridge beam on LLY only the two long sides of the temple, and rather than having vertically faced pediments on each end, the roof was equally sloped on all four sides. The roof covering consisted of heavy combination tiles in which the pan and cover were of a single piece (Fig. 6.5). Ironically, though logically in the light of the early date, these tiles-except at the eaves-are not of the so-called Corinthian style, with pitched cover tiles and flanged pans, but are "Lakonian," the simplest and FIGURE 6.6. Combinationridge tilesfrom early Templeof apparently earliest style of Greek roof tile, consisting Apollo at Corinth of regularly curved pans and covers. The Corinth 9. Debris from the 7th-century temple was first recognized bris and its interpretation are discussed in Rhodes 1984; its re- by Weinberg (1939a, p. 197, note 1; 1939b, p. 595). Further lation to the development of the earliest architecture in the debris was uncovered by Carl and Mary Roebuck and is dis- Corinthia is also discussed in Rhodes 1987b, 1987c. The final cussed by the latter in Roebuck 1955; 1990, pp. 47-49. In sub- publication of the early temple at Corinth is now being pre- sequent excavations, new fragments of the temple were found, pared by the present author. and the temple is discussed in Robinson 1974a; 1976a, pp. 212, 10. In 1994 fragments of both ridge tiles that formed the 216-217, 224-235; 1976b, pp. 244-250; Williams 1978b, pp. transition with the hipped ends of the temple were identified, 346-347; and Robinson *1984. More recently, the temple de- proving that both ends were hipped. 88 ROBIN F. RHODES FIGURE6.7. Corinth early templeblocks, as sorted in 1995 FIGURE6.8. Corinth early templeblocks, as sorted in 1995 (general viewfrom northeast, with 6th-centuryTemple of (general viewfrom north) Apollo in background) temple tiles are very early, but each tile is molded as a us to restore with confidence the lines of the temple combination cover and pan, and the decorative ar- and the details of its construction (Figs.
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