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An Ethical Defense of Modern Zoos

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An Ethical Defense of Modern Zoos An Ethical Defense of Modern Zoos Jennifer Helen Gray Submitted in total fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy March 2015 Department of Arts The University of Melbourne Produced on Archival Quality Paper 2 Abstract Zoos have been a largely uncontested part of the social fabric of cities for over 2,000 years. The nature and form of zoos have changed as sentiments and wealth of nations changed. While providing a place where animals and humans come into contact, zoos continue to hold and display animals in a relationship of vulnerability and dependence. Increasing threats to wild populations, public pressure to justify captivity and shifts in attitudes, have resulted in modern zoos adding research and conservation outcomes to their traditional benefits of recreation and entertainment. Yet a lingering question remains, can modern zoos be ethically justified? This thesis describes the workings of modern zoos and considers the core ethical challenges which face those who choose to hold and display animals in zoos, aquariums or sanctuaries. Using a number of normative ethical frameworks this thesis explores impacts of modern zoos. The impact of zoos include the costs to animals in terms of animal welfare, the loss of liberty and even impact on the value of animal life. On the positive side of the argument are the welfare and health outcomes for many of the animals held in zoos, increased attention and protection for their species in the wild and the enjoyment and education for the people who visit zoos. I conclude that zoos and aquariums are ethically defensible when they align conservation outcomes with the interests of individual animals and the interests of zoo operations. The impending extinction crisis requires large scale interventions which address human values and facilitate consideration of wildlife in decision making. Considering the long term relationship zoos have with animals, their extensive reach within communities and their reliance on animals to deliver positive experiences for people, it is appropriate that zoos pay back some of humanity’s debt to wildlife by making a meaningful contribution to wildlife conservation. Compassionate conservation demands that this contribution is not at the cost of individual suffering, rather that the interests of individual animals are aligned with the actions taken to save species. 3 Declaration This is to certify that: the thesis comprises only my original work towards the PhD, due acknowledgement has been made in the text to all other material used, the thesis is fewer than 100 000 words in length, exclusive of tables, maps, bibliographies and appendices. Jennifer Helen Gray 367387 Date: 31 July 2015 4 Acknowledgments I am indebted to my husband, Richard Seddon, for taking this journey with me and always being encouraging and supportive. Richard has endured countless discussions and lectures on the ethics of zoos with grace, good humour and sage advice allowing me the luxury of a sounding board to progress or terminate lines of argument. My supervisor, Andrew Alexandra, has guided me with significant ethical advice and endless curiosity about zoos, encouraging me to write more comprehensively and argue more coherently. Lesley Gray and Sally Sherwin caught many errors and eliminated much repetition. My colleagues in the service of zoos around the world, who have disagreed with me and pushed my thinking in applying ethical constructs to our day to day operations. And finally the animals we work with every day, they deserve more than we can ever give them. Thank you. 5 Contents Foreword - Of Beetles, People and Zoos ..................................................................................... 10 Terminology ................................................................................................................................ 15 1. Introduction to Applied Ethics and Zoos ............................................................................. 16 1.1. Thesis Outline .............................................................................................................. 18 2. The Modern Zoo .................................................................................................................. 23 2.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................ 23 2.2. Definition of Zoos ........................................................................................................ 25 2.3. The History of Zoos ..................................................................................................... 26 2.4. Ownership Models ...................................................................................................... 30 2.5. Quality of Zoo Operations ........................................................................................... 32 2.6. Zoo Animals ................................................................................................................. 33 2.6.1. Ownership of Animals ......................................................................................... 34 2.6.2. Sourcing Animals ................................................................................................. 34 2.6.3. Surplus Animals ................................................................................................... 37 2.6.4. Moral Significance of Animals ............................................................................. 39 2.6.5. Caring for Zoo Animals ........................................................................................ 42 2.7. Enclosure Design and Development ........................................................................... 44 2.8. Visitors ......................................................................................................................... 45 2.9. Education ..................................................................................................................... 47 2.10. Conservation ........................................................................................................... 47 2.11. Well Run, Modern Zoos ........................................................................................... 51 3. The Moral Disquiet with Zoos ............................................................................................. 53 3.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................ 53 3.2. Public Commentary ..................................................................................................... 55 3.3. Non-Government Organisations and Interest Groups ................................................ 56 3.4. Books and Publications ............................................................................................... 57 3.5. Documentaries ............................................................................................................ 59 3.6. Ethical Discussions ....................................................................................................... 60 3.7. Moral Consideration of Animals ................................................................................. 61 3.8. Pressure to Change ..................................................................................................... 63 3.8.1. Calls for Closure ................................................................................................... 64 6 3.8.2. Calls for Reform and Improvement ..................................................................... 65 3.8.3. Reforms to Laws and Standards .......................................................................... 66 3.8.4. Legal Challenges .................................................................................................. 67 3.9. Response to Ethical Concerns ..................................................................................... 67 3.9.1. Ignore the Challenge ........................................................................................... 68 3.9.2. Defensive Strategies ............................................................................................ 68 3.9.3. Adaptive Strategies ............................................................................................. 69 3.9.4. The Zoo Response ............................................................................................... 69 3.10. A Case to be Answered............................................................................................ 71 4. Animal Welfare .................................................................................................................... 72 4.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................ 72 4.2. Current Conception of Animal Welfare ....................................................................... 76 4.3. Pain and Suffering ....................................................................................................... 79 4.4. The Humane Treatment Principle ............................................................................... 80 4.4.1. Necessity ............................................................................................................. 83 4.4.2. Animals ................................................................................................................ 84 4.4.3. Pain
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