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1 Introduction Some Ecological Properties of Pistacia Atlanticadesf 2013-06-25 DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1145.2013.00415 http://www.cibj.com/ 应用与环境生物学报 Chin J Appl Environ Biol 2013，19 ( 3 ) : 415-420 Some Ecological Properties of Pistacia atlantica Desf. in Khojir National Park of Iran Kambiz Taheri Abkenar1**, Ali Salehi1, Jalal Bagheri2, Hooman Ravanbakhsh2 (1Natural Resources Faculty, University of Guilan, Rasht 41625, Iran) (2Silviculture and Forest Ecology, University of Guilan, Rasht 41625, Iran) Abstract Khojir national park is one of the oldest protected areas in Iran that is greatly considerable in terms of biodiversity and ecological values. Pistachio (Pistacia atlantica Desf.) communities, which create some woodland in this park, are unique because they grow tolerantly in a dry land, in the vicinity of Tehran capital. This research is about some ecological properties of Pistachio woodlands. The dominant community of the area is Pistacia-Amygdalus lycioides. The density of Pistacia is 86 per hectare. The density of Pistachio trees was greater in the higher elevation than in the lower one. In addition, the collar diameter and the height of trees in the higher class were less. The average density of Pistacia in plots in northern slopes was significantly more than southern slopes (at 5% level), but the average collar diameter of them were more on the southern aspect. The distribution, diameter and height of pistachio trees were not significantly related to the percentage of slope. Among the soil variables, the saturated water percentage (SP), N (total nitrogen) and texture of soil were effective factors which played significant role in ordination of plots containing pistachio. Considering the important role of P. atlantica forest stands in soil and water conservation in Iran, we should attach more importance to their protection and conservation, as well as activities such as road and dam construction, and garden establishment in such unique ecosystems. Fig 3, Tab 4, Ref 22 Keywords Pistacia atlantica; Khojir National Park; site property CLC Q948.1 (373) 1 Introduction different land forms and they stated that Pistacia atlantica prefer southern and western aspects more than the others and its highest Pistacia atlantica belongs to the Anacardiaceae family, and it is distributed from Canary Islands and Mediterranean coastal density were seen in valleys. [6] states to Asia Minor, Syria, Caucasus, Iran, Afghanistan and Salehi and Hoveyzeh studied the Pistacia atlantica’s site Pakistan [1]. Pistacia atlantica is common across Iran in areas properties in Zagros range and introduced it as an aridity-tolerant with arid, semi-arid and semi-humid climates. Iran’s arid and species. They also stated that its distribution and density were [7] semi-arid forests are resources with national importance that play mainly in 700-2 500 m above sea level (a.s.l). Rostami Kia et al. a critical role in soil and water conservation as development base delineated forest types including Pistacia atlantica - Amygdalus of the country. However, due to some careless practices, a large lycioides and studied some of the site requirements along with area of those resources has been shrunk. In order to terminate the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of Pistacia atlantica depletion of country’s forest resources in terms of quantitative forests. Ravanbakhsh et al. [8] studied the forest sites of southern and qualitative point of view, studying the vegetative areas and slopes of Central Alborz in terms of forest type delineation introducing their values and functions is very important. In this and forest profiles and they identified Pistacia atlantica type in regards, Pistacia atlantica’s forest stands with an area of 2.4 southern slopes up to the elevation of 2 550 m a.s.l. Agnew [9] did [2-3] million hectares are among the important forest resources, and an ecological study on trees, shrubs and vegetation communities their conservation and restoration requires holistic identification in northern slopes of Iraq’s mountains and concluded that and study. Pistacia khinjuk were available in ridges and Pistacia atlantica Different researches in Iran and the other countries in in plateaus. Moslimany [10] conducted a research on forests Southeast Asia and south Europe have been done to study of western Iran and concluded that Pistacia atlantica was an Pistacia atlantica and its sites. Negahdar Saber and Fattahi [4] aridity-tolerant species but vulnerable to severe cold and in studied the Pistacia atlantica forests’ condition in Southwest of general its viability depended on dry days during summer time. Iran and they concluded that Pistacia atlantica was accompanied by Amygdalus lycioides and Rhamnus pallasii in southern and Based on a conducted study in south Chihuhuan, Ozden-Tokatli [11] eastern slopes but by Acer monspessulanum and Amygdalus et al. compared Pistacia spp. in current and protected status in scopria in northern and western slopes and by Ephedra sp. and Diyarbakr and concluded that the best way for the protection of Lonicera nummulariifolia in high elevations. Beiranvand et al. [5] Pistacia spp. was long term protection against cold. studied Pistacia atlantica’s site requirements in west of Iran in Although the above mentioned studies were in relation to ecological behavior of Pistacia atlantica, they have been less Received: 2012-10-18 Accepted: 2012-12-17 focused on soil properties of Pistacia’s sites. On the other hand ** Corresponding author (E-mail: [email protected]) the majority of these studies were in unprotected areas, where 416 Some Ecological Properties of Pistacia atlantica Desf. in ...... 3期 human activities can influence on Pistacia’s ecological behavior. of 1 400-1 500 and 1 500-1 600 a.s.l., geographical aspects We did this research in order to study Pistacia atlantica’s site in in 4 main aspects of northern, eastern, southern and western Khojir National Park and also identify the relationships between associated with slope map on 3 slope classes namely: 0-20%, its distribution and characteristics with topography and soil 20%-40% and 40%-60%. physical and chemical properties. The area of study site is around 93 hectares. The systematic random sampling was by a 100 m × 150 m grid [14] . As Zobeiri[14] 2 Material & Methods suggested, the area of plots should be selected in a way that at 2.1 Material and sites least 10-15 trees should be within the plots, so we decided the The study area was part of Khojir National Park forest with area of each plot was 1 200 square meter. low interventions in Tehran (capital of Iran). Khojir National Park In each sample plot, all tree and shrub species were counted, is a protected area and its protection goes back to 1795. Its natural and then the quantitative data of each tree recorded, including environment has not suffered much interventions. The land area collar diameter, (trees and shrubs of coppice stands with DBH), of this National Park is about 11 570 hectares and locates in east average canopy cover diameter, and height. The number along of Tehran and within the Jajroud protected area. The park consists with quality of each regeneration for Pistacia atlantica was of high mountains and undulating hills from 1 200 m to more determined. than 2 000 m a.s.l. The slopes also range from 0 to greater than For soil sampling, by considering elevation, aspect and 70%. The climate of the national park is affected by the elevation, slope, we determined 17 representative plots out of 61. In each with the average rainfall at the elevation of 1 400 m about 294 soil sampling plot, we provided 4 random soil samples at the mm and that at the elevation of 2 000 m about 439 mm. Water depth of 0-20 cm, and mixed them into one soil sample. All soil resources in the park include Jajroud River, springs and underground samples were taken to the lab and soil physical and chemical water. Soils of the national park are often immature and not very properties were analyzed, including N (total nitrogen), P (available [11-12] diverse . In general, there are 35 vegetation communities phosphorus), K (absorbable potassium), C (Organic carbon including natural and semi-natural, cultural and agronomic percentage), pH, BD (bulk density), PD (particle density), lime (anthropogenic, some of them are degraded due to overgrazing content, SP (saturation water percentage), EC and soil texture. and severe human activities). There are over 400 plant species For all data, Kolmogorov–Smirnov test (K–S test) was including several rare and threatened species in the national park. used to test normality of the data [15]. One-way analysis of Despite the vicinity of park to Tehran, it enjoys a conside- variance (ANOVA) and Least Significant Difference (LSD) test rable wildlife diversity including wild sheep, wild goat, panther, were used to compare the mean of one group with another. In wild pig, wolf, hyena, red fox, wild cat, badger, porcupine, jackal order to analyze the relationship between sampling plots and [13] and rabbit . environmental variables, we applied PCA, an effective method Unfortunately like many other areas of the country, this for environmental analysis which transforms the data to a new valuable ecosystem has suffered from unsustainable development coordinate system by environmental variables. For statistical during recent years. Human activities including road construction analysis SPSS version 18 and PC-ORD version 4.3 were used. has caused irreparable damages to Pistacia atlantica’s sites and wildlife of the park. 3 Results 2.2 Methodology 3.1 Tree and shrub cover at the study area We visited almost all parts of the park in order to have a List of observed tree and shrub species in sampling plots general reconnaissance of the park. Then, we selected the study is presented in Table 1. The number of Pistacia atlantica trees area of typical Pistacia atlantica site where deteriorating factors was 86 per hectare and 10.3 per sampling plots.
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