2013-06-25 DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1145.2013.00415 http://www.cibj.com/ 应用与环境生物学报 Chin J Appl Environ Biol 2013，19 ( 3 ) : 415-420

Some Ecological Properties of atlantica Desf. in Khojir National Park of

Kambiz Taheri Abkenar1**, Ali Salehi1, Jalal Bagheri2, Hooman Ravanbakhsh2 (1Natural Resources Faculty, University of Guilan, Rasht 41625, Iran) (2Silviculture and Forest Ecology, University of Guilan, Rasht 41625, Iran)

Abstract Khojir national park is one of the oldest protected areas in Iran that is greatly considerable in terms of biodiversity and ecological values. (Pistacia atlantica Desf.) communities, which create some woodland in this park, are unique because they grow tolerantly in a dry land, in the vicinity of capital. This research is about some ecological properties of Pistachio woodlands. The dominant community of the area is Pistacia-Amygdalus lycioides. The density of Pistacia is 86 per hectare. The density of Pistachio trees was greater in the higher elevation than in the lower one. In addition, the collar diameter and the height of trees in the higher class were less. The average density of Pistacia in plots in northern slopes was significantly more than southern slopes (at 5% level), but the average collar diameter of them were more on the southern aspect. The distribution, diameter and height of pistachio trees were not significantly related to the percentage of slope. Among the soil variables, the saturated water percentage (SP), N (total nitrogen) and texture of soil were effective factors which played significant role in ordination of plots containing pistachio. Considering the important role of P. atlantica forest stands in soil and water conservation in Iran, we should attach more importance to their protection and conservation, as well as activities such as road and dam construction, and garden establishment in such unique ecosystems. Fig 3, Tab 4, Ref 22 Keywords Pistacia atlantica; Khojir National Park; site property CLC Q948.1 (373)

1 Introduction different land forms and they stated that Pistacia atlantica prefer southern and western aspects more than the others and its highest Pistacia atlantica belongs to the family, and it is distributed from Canary Islands and Mediterranean coastal density were seen in valleys. [6] states to Asia Minor, Syria, Caucasus, Iran, Afghanistan and Salehi and Hoveyzeh studied the Pistacia atlantica’s site Pakistan [1]. Pistacia atlantica is common across Iran in areas properties in Zagros range and introduced it as an aridity-tolerant with arid, semi-arid and semi-humid climates. Iran’s arid and species. They also stated that its distribution and density were [7] semi-arid forests are resources with national importance that play mainly in 700-2 500 m above sea level (a.s.l). Rostami Kia et al. a critical role in soil and water conservation as development base delineated forest types including Pistacia atlantica - Amygdalus of the country. However, due to some careless practices, a large lycioides and studied some of the site requirements along with area of those resources has been shrunk. In order to terminate the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of Pistacia atlantica depletion of country’s forest resources in terms of quantitative forests. Ravanbakhsh et al. [8] studied the forest sites of southern and qualitative point of view, studying the vegetative areas and slopes of Central in terms of forest type delineation introducing their values and functions is very important. In this and forest profiles and they identified Pistacia atlantica type in regards, Pistacia atlantica’s forest stands with an area of 2.4 southern slopes up to the elevation of 2 550 m a.s.l. Agnew [9] did [2-3] million hectares are among the important forest resources, and an ecological study on trees, shrubs and vegetation communities their conservation and restoration requires holistic identification in northern slopes of Iraq’s mountains and concluded that and study. Pistacia khinjuk were available in ridges and Pistacia atlantica Different researches in Iran and the other countries in in plateaus. Moslimany [10] conducted a research on forests Southeast Asia and south Europe have been done to study of western Iran and concluded that Pistacia atlantica was an Pistacia atlantica and its sites. Negahdar Saber and Fattahi [4] aridity-tolerant species but vulnerable to severe cold and in studied the Pistacia atlantica forests’ condition in Southwest of general its viability depended on dry days during summer time. Iran and they concluded that Pistacia atlantica was accompanied by Amygdalus lycioides and Rhamnus pallasii in southern and Based on a conducted study in south Chihuhuan, Ozden-Tokatli [11] eastern slopes but by Acer monspessulanum and Amygdalus et al. compared Pistacia spp. in current and protected status in scopria in northern and western slopes and by Ephedra sp. and Diyarbakr and concluded that the best way for the protection of Lonicera nummulariifolia in high elevations. Beiranvand et al. [5] Pistacia spp. was long term protection against cold. studied Pistacia atlantica’s site requirements in west of Iran in Although the above mentioned studies were in relation to ecological behavior of Pistacia atlantica, they have been less Received: 2012-10-18 Accepted: 2012-12-17 focused on soil properties of Pistacia’s sites. On the other hand ** Corresponding author (E-mail: [email protected]) the majority of these studies were in unprotected areas, where 416 Some Ecological Properties of Pistacia atlantica Desf. in ...... 3期

human activities can influence on Pistacia’s ecological behavior. of 1 400-1 500 and 1 500-1 600 a.s.l., geographical aspects We did this research in order to study Pistacia atlantica’s site in in 4 main aspects of northern, eastern, southern and western Khojir National Park and also identify the relationships between associated with slope map on 3 slope classes namely: 0-20%, its distribution and characteristics with topography and soil 20%-40% and 40%-60%. physical and chemical properties. The area of study site is around 93 hectares. The systematic random sampling was by a 100 m × 150 m grid [14] . As Zobeiri[14] 2 Material & Methods suggested, the area of plots should be selected in a way that at 2.1 Material and sites least 10-15 trees should be within the plots, so we decided the The study area was part of Khojir National Park forest with area of each plot was 1 200 square meter. low interventions in Tehran (capital of Iran). Khojir National Park In each sample plot, all tree and shrub species were counted, is a protected area and its protection goes back to 1795. Its natural and then the quantitative data of each tree recorded, including environment has not suffered much interventions. The land area collar diameter, (trees and shrubs of coppice stands with DBH), of this National Park is about 11 570 hectares and locates in east average canopy cover diameter, and height. The number along of Tehran and within the Jajroud protected area. The park consists with quality of each regeneration for Pistacia atlantica was of high mountains and undulating hills from 1 200 m to more determined. than 2 000 m a.s.l. The slopes also range from 0 to greater than For soil sampling, by considering elevation, aspect and 70%. The climate of the national park is affected by the elevation, slope, we determined 17 representative plots out of 61. In each with the average rainfall at the elevation of 1 400 m about 294 soil sampling plot, we provided 4 random soil samples at the mm and that at the elevation of 2 000 m about 439 mm. Water depth of 0-20 cm, and mixed them into one soil sample. All soil resources in the park include Jajroud River, springs and underground samples were taken to the lab and soil physical and chemical water. Soils of the national park are often immature and not very properties were analyzed, including N (total nitrogen), P (available [11-12] diverse . In general, there are 35 vegetation communities phosphorus), K (absorbable potassium), C (Organic carbon including natural and semi-natural, cultural and agronomic percentage), pH, BD (bulk density), PD (particle density), lime (anthropogenic, some of them are degraded due to overgrazing content, SP (saturation water percentage), EC and soil texture. and severe human activities). There are over 400 species For all data, Kolmogorov–Smirnov test (K–S test) was including several rare and threatened species in the national park. used to test normality of the data [15]. One-way analysis of Despite the vicinity of park to Tehran, it enjoys a conside- variance (ANOVA) and Least Significant Difference (LSD) test rable wildlife diversity including wild sheep, wild goat, panther, were used to compare the mean of one group with another. In wild pig, wolf, hyena, red fox, wild cat, badger, porcupine, jackal order to analyze the relationship between sampling plots and [13] and rabbit . environmental variables, we applied PCA, an effective method Unfortunately like many other areas of the country, this for environmental analysis which transforms the data to a new valuable ecosystem has suffered from unsustainable development coordinate system by environmental variables. For statistical during recent years. Human activities including road construction analysis SPSS version 18 and PC-ORD version 4.3 were used. has caused irreparable damages to Pistacia atlantica’s sites and wildlife of the park. 3 Results 2.2 Methodology 3.1 Tree and shrub cover at the study area We visited almost all parts of the park in order to have a List of observed tree and shrub species in sampling plots general reconnaissance of the park. Then, we selected the study is presented in Table 1. The number of Pistacia atlantica trees area of typical Pistacia atlantica site where deteriorating factors was 86 per hectare and 10.3 per sampling plots. Number of dead were less active. The geographic data we used included Arc GIS trees of Pistacia atlantica in the area was around 12 per hectare. on 1:25000 scale base maps, elevation map in 2 elevation classes Considering the variations in the weather and climate condition

Table 1 List of observed trees and shrubs in the study area Number of the trees and Number of sampling plots Scientific name Family Frequency shrubs per hectare containing this species Amygdalus lycioides Spach. Rosaceae 116 56 92% Berberis sp. Berberidaceae 1 2 3% Cotoneaster spp. Rosaceae 3 10 16% Elaeagnus angustifolia L. Elaeagnaceae 1 1 2% Juniperus excelsa M.Bieb. Cupressaceae 1 1 2% Pistacia atlantica Desf. Desf. Anacardiaceae 10.34 59 97% Rhamnus pallasii Fisch & Meyer Rhamnaceae 2 9 13% Tamarix sp. Tamaricaceae 1 1 2%

应用与环境生物学报 Chin J Appl Environ Biol http://www.cibj.com/ 417 19卷 Kambiz Taheri Abkenar, et al. of the area and pest and disease outbreaks along with frequent lycioides also showed significant difference on different wild fires, we can say that it is exacerbating. geographical directions at 1% level, with Amygdalus lycioides Accompanying plant species such as Rhamnus pallasii, trees appearing significantly more on the western hillsides than Cotoneaster spp., Berberis sp. and Cerasus microcarpa were other aspects. Distribution of other species and dead Pistacia observed from the elevation of above 1 500 m asl and Juniperus atlantica trees did not show significant differences on different excelsa and Celtis caucasica were also observed from the geographical aspects. elevation of above 1 600 m (Table 1). 3.2 Distribution of species in different topographic situations The results of ANOVA for density of trees and shrubs in different elevation, aspect and slope classes are presented in Table 2. Distribution of Pistacia atlantica in two elevation classes (1 400-1 500 m and 1 500-1 600 m) had significant difference at 1% level. The number of Pistacia atlantica trees increased at elevations higher than 1 500 m (Table 2 and Fig. 1). Rhamnus pallasii and Cotoneaster spp. also showed significant difference at the mentioned elevation classes (Table 2). In fact, they appeared at elevation higher than 1 500 m. Densities of dead trees Fig. 2 The density of Pistacia atlantica and Amygdalus lycioides on sampling plots on those two elevation classes did not have on different aspects significant difference. Variance analysis results indicated that there was not a significant relationship between distribution of Pistacia atlantica and Amygdalus lycioides and dead Pistacia atlantica trees with different slope classes (Table 2). Only the distribution of Cotoneaster spp. indicated significant difference among different slopes. LSD test revealed that average number of this species on sampling plots located on 40%-60% slope class were significantly more than other slope classes. 3.3 Diameter and height of Pistacia atlantica in relationship with topographic conditions Based on ANOVA results (Table 2) there was a significant difference between Pistacia atlantica’s heights on two elevation classes at 1% level. The average height of Pistacia atlantica was 3.1 m and 2.7 m on 1 400-1 500 m and 1 500-1 600 m elevation Fig. 1 Comparing the density of Pistacia atlantica and classes, respectively. Average collar diameters of Pistacia Amygdalus lycioides in different elevation classes atlantica on the aforementioned elevation classes had significant The results indicated that Pistacia atlantica’s distribution difference at 5% level. The average collar diameters of Pistacia on different geographic aspects had significant differences at 5% atlantica in elevation classes of 1 400-1 500 m and 1 500-1 600 level (Table 2). According to the LSD test, the average number of m were measured to be 25 cm and 21 cm, respectively. Thus, it Pistacia atlantica trees on the northern hillsides was significantly showed that in the study area, both the collar diameter and height more than that of the southern hillsides (Fig. 2). Amygdalus of Pistacia atlanticae were significantly in lower elevations than

Table 2 Analysis of variance (ANOVA) for the elevation, slope and aspect Mean square Source of variation Density of Density of Dead Pistacia Density of Density of Height of Pistacia Collar diameter of Pistacia atlantica Amygdalus lycioides atlantica Rhamnus pallasii Cotoneaster spp. atlantica Pistacia atlantica Elevation classes 400.09** 46.59 4.96 3.06** 8.75** 2.04* 228.48* Error 49.11 78.91 3.05 0.32 0.6 0.15 45.90 Aspect classes 131.74** 206.64* 0.77 0.12 0.37 0.2 156.62* Errior 50.92 71.62 3.21 0.38 0.75 0.18 43.18 Slope classes 2.63 70.48 2.33 0.12 2.87** 0.3 17.86 Error 56.77 78.64 3.11 0.38 0.66 0.19 50.16 * and ** indicate the significance at 1% and 5% level, respectively

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Table 3 Mean of soil physical and chemical properties in study area Number of soil samples S.P (w/%) EC pH T.N.V C (w/%) N (w/%) 17 40.6 0.3 7.9 16.3 1.5 0.1 P (w/10 -6) K (w/10 -6) Sand (w/%) Silt (w/%) Clay (w/%) P.D. B.D 17.5 307.1 41.4 34.8 23.8 2.2 1.7

in the higher ones. But these two measurements did not show sampling plots located on positive side of the axis prefer coarse significant difference among different slope classes (0-20%, texture and the plots located on negative side enjoyed medium 20%-40% and 40%-60%). soil texture. Sampling plots number 12, 17, 23 and 6 prefer a The average height of Pistacia atlantica did not show coarser texture comparing with sampling plots number 31, 19, 10, significant difference among different geographic aspects, but 7 and 29 were categorized in this group. the average collar diameter did at 5% level. Comparison of the average figures from LSD test revealed a difference between northern (20.3 cm) and southern (27.3 cm) aspects in terms of diameter, and also on eastern and southern aspects (western: 19.1 cm). In other words, average collar diameters of trees were not significantly different on eastern and southern aspects. It should also be noted that average collar diameters of trees were not significantly different on northern, eastern and western aspects. 3.4 Soil condition The mean of soil physical and chemical properties have been presented in Table 3. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that 72% of total variance was related to four main axes and axis-1 just explained 35% of total variance. The Eigen value of this axis was calculated to be 5.5. This axis was highly correlated with SP (Table 4). Thus, this factor was more effective Fig. 3 PCA ordination diagram for environmental variables and in explaining the changes. Based on high correlation between sampling plots water and nitrogen content with axis-1, we can say these two Group 1: sampling plots 13-14-49-23-44; Group 2: sampling plots 6-12-17; factors are contributing components in separation of groups Group 3: sampling plots 7-10-19-29-31-39; Group 4: 1-20-43 along with the main axis. Groups located on the positive side of Sampling plots were studied based on environmental factor this axis (groups 13, 14, 49, 44 and 23) enjoyed soil with a higher gradient and classified as presented in Fig. 3. Groups 1 and 4 were saturated water and nitrogen content in comparison with the located along the environmental gradient of saturated water and groups on negative side of the axis (groups 1, 20 and 43) (Fig. 3). soil N and groups 2 and 3 were located along the environmental Table 4 Correlation between environmental variables and gradient of soil texture. It should be noted that the soil of the ordination axis (Pearson’s correlation coefficient) study area was coarse texture in general and the soil gradient Variable Axis 1 Axis 2 Axis 3 was a range of medium to coarse texture. Analysis of variance S.P (w/%) 0.94 0.14 -0.07 EC 0.76 0.3 0.38 for these groups (Table 2) showed no significant relationship pH -0.35 -0.54 0.26 between the groups in terms of density of Pistacia atlantica and T.N.V. 0.12 -0.49 0.08 Amygdalus lycioides and with Pistacia atlantica’s diameter and C 0.74 0.4 -0.29 N 0.81 0.4 -0.33 height. P -0.05 -0.03 0.86 K 0.64 0.35 0.29 4 Discussion Sand (w/%) -0.73 0.56 0.01 Based on the results, number of Pistacia atlantica trees Silt (w/%) 0.61 -0.59 -0.16 Clay (w/%) 0.73 -0.34 0.28 in higher elevation class was significantly more than the other P.D. -0.76 0.33 0.12 elevation class (below 1 500 m), while the collar diameter and B.D. 0.03 0.41 0.74 height is smaller in higher elevation class. Higher elevation Elevation 0.45 -0.33 0.33 Slope 0.27 0.20 0.07 areas of the study site have outcrops and shallow soil, while Aspect 0.14 0.18 0.01 the areas located on lower elevations had deep soil and fewer The second axis had the positive correlation with the sand outcrops. It seems that lower elevations were better conditions and the negative correlation with silt and pH (Table 4). Thus, it for Pistacia atlantica’s growth. Jazirei and Ebrahimi [17] cited that can be cited that the second axis is related to soil texture. The Pistacia atlantica usually establish on deep soils where ensures

应用与环境生物学报 Chin J Appl Environ Biol http://www.cibj.com/ 419 19卷 Kambiz Taheri Abkenar, et al. more water holding capacity. Although in lower elevations the aspect are the most effective factors on canopy cover of under site quality and plant resources have improved, better human story tree-like species and less effective on over-story layers. access to these areas lead to less density of Pistacia atlantica. The results of PCA related to soil properties showed that Beiranvand et al. [5]. studied the Pistacia atlantica’s site SP, N, and soil texture were effective parameters. Average soil requirements in Southwest of Iran and concluded that Pistacia sand, silt and clay content revealed that the range of soil texture atlantica was found on lower elevations and gentle slopes below is medium to coarse texture. Negahdar Saber and Fattahi [4] 12% and valleys due to fertile soils compare to higher elevations concluded that in south of Iran Pistacia atlantica often appeared and steep slopes. Arta [3] studied the distribution pattern of on deep and semi-deep soils with coarse textured soil. Batooli [21] different Pistacia species (Pistacia atlantica and Pistacia studied the Pistacio-Amygdaletum community on central of Iran khinjuk) in south of Iran and concluded that they were distributed and concluded that typical characteristics of these mountainous mainly on rocky and stony areas and Pistacia atlantica existed areas were shallow soil, rocky and stony and medium textured on elevation class of 1 500-2 500 m that the density and diameter soils. at breast height (DBH) increased with elevation. Jazirei and In Khojir Park, Pistacia atlantica were mainly associated Ebrahimi [17] revealed that Pistacia atlantica’s average collar with Amygdalus lycioides and on areas higher than 1 500 m, plant diameter on south hillsides was greater than on other aspects. It species including Cotoneaster spp. and Rhamnus pallasii and in means that due to its light demanding nature Pistacia atlantica areas higher than 1 600 m Juniperus excelsa and Celtis caucasica grow better on south hillsides where it enjoys more light and heat. could also be seen. Almost in all researches Amygdalus lycioides Mean of Pistacia atlantica’s density in sampling plots on northern was found to be the main accompanying species of Pistacia hillsides were significantly more than southern hillsides, due to atlantica. Negahdar Saber and Fattahi [4] stated that Pistacia increased soil moisture and decreased temperature (especially in atlantica formed a vegetation type with Amygdalus lycioides, warm days during dry season). Jazirei and Ebrahimi [17] cited that Acer monspessulanum and Quercus persica. Pistacia atlantica could grow on different aspects, but it favored MC Clurkin [22] cited that lack of suitable environment northern hillsides due to more moisture and appropriate soil. for re-vegetation on high elevation (1 500-1 600 m) in north Zanganeh [18] concluded that Pistacia atlantica could grow on Mississippi and south Tennessee in North America was due to northern and southern hillsides but it preferred northern hillsides. soil erosion, shallow soil, rocky, low temperature, severe winds But Ravanbakhsh et al. [8] stated that the highest land cover and cold and less good seed producing trees. All these factors of Pistacia atlantica could be observed on southern hillsides led to drop in average regeneration of Pistacia atlantica on that in forest areas of central of Iran. The differences between the elevation. mentioned results could be due to interfaces between elevation The result of the study suggested that the highest density and and aspect. It seems that the northern hillsides of lower elevations distribution, number of vegetations and vigor of Pistacia atlantica and the southern hillsides of higher elevations provide better were due to more soil water content and better conditions for environment conditions. its growth on northern aspect. Besides, the light demanding Steep slopes on mountainous areas were usually not stable nature of Pistacia atlantica decided that trees on southern slopes and thus could prevent vegetation communities’ growth and have denser canopy cover and collar diameter compared with development. The results suggested that there was a positive other aspects. On higher elevations, average number of Pistacia correlation between distribution of Pistacia atlantica and atlantica increased but the trees on lower elevations were larger Amygdalus lycioides and their average diameter and their height in terms of diameter. They were also older and in better condition with different slope classes. Steep slopes of the area were rocky in health and vigor. The number of regenerations was more on and fixed soil relatively better. On the other hand due to Pistacia lower elevations. Slope did not have much impact on Pistacia atlantica’s vigor on rocky areas, Pistacia atlantica did not show atlantica stands in quality, quantity, and existing revegetation. any reaction to changes in slope classes in the study area. Based In the present research area, the highest impact on revegetation on observations, the percentage of weak trees increased as slope associated with qualitative and quantitative properties were from increased. Beiranvand et al. [5] studied Pistacia atlantica’s site geographic aspect and elevation as the second. requirements in Southwest of Iran and concluded that Pistacia In general, we can say that Pistacia atlantica forests of atlantica could be seen more on slopes less than 12% than on Khojir national park carry high ecological value and deserve steeper ones. Vander Tol et al. [19] indicated that in Mediterranean more research. Due to the relatively complete food chain forests, topography led to changes in vegetation and thus (producers, primary consumers and carnivores) in Khojir leading to changes in absorbed solar energy, moisture and the forest, some future researches can be done on feeding chains. temperature of forest environment. Garcia et al. [20] concluded that Considering the important role of Pistacia atlantica forest stands in the forests of north-eastern Spain, elevation and geographic in soil and water conservation and biodiversity, we should attach

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