District Survey Report Bijapur

MINERAL RESOURCE DEPARTMENT DIRECTORATE OF GEOLOGY AND MINING CHHATTISGARH

DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT BIJAPUR

INTRODUCTION

Bijapur district is one of the Twenty Seven districts of Chhattisgarh State and Bijapur town is the administrative headquarters of this district. It was earlier part of Dantewada District. The Bijapur district occupies the southernmost part of Chhattisgarh state. The district is bound on north by Narayanpur district, on northeast by Bastar district, on east by Dantewada district, on southeast by Sukma district of Chhattisgarh state, on south by Telangana state and on west by Maharashtra state. The total area of the district is approximately 6562.48 km2. The four block divisions are Bijapur, Bairamgarh, Bhopalpatnam and Usoor. Most part of the district consists of hills. The loftiest peak of the district is Bailadila or the "Bullock's Hump". It is situated to the south of the Indrawati River and tilts towards north-south. The district is rich in forest.

Nearest airport is at Raipur and railway station is at Dantewada. By road, Bijapur is linked with Dantewada, Raipur and Vishakhapatnam. It's headquarter is situated at Bijapur which is approximately 90 KMs south from the District Dantewada. River Indrawati the main geographical feature of the district, flows across the southern limit of it with a tortuous course.

District survey report has been prepared as per the guidelines mentioned in appendix-10 of the notification No. S.O. 141 (E) New Delhi, 15 January, 2016 of Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change. This report has prepared by the Regional head, DGM Jagdalpur as per instructions issued by the Director, Geology & Mining (C.G.), Raipur by its letter no. 5103-05/geology-1/f.no.11/2015-16, dated 22/04/2016.

District Environment Impact Assessment Authority and District Environment Assessment Committee will utilize this report in favour of the environment concerned activities and act accordingly.

Also this report will act as reference for the lease holders of minerals and those willing to apply for lease.

OVERVIEV OF MINING ACTIVITY IN THE DISTRICT

Minerals of economic importance are found in Bijapur district mainly corundum. Building materials like aggregate, sand, murrom, ordinary stone, brick clay are also found in enough quantity.

One mine of corundum has been allotted to Chhattisgarh Mineral Development Corporation Limited.

Beside these 03 Stone quarries at Bhairamgad, Bhopalpatnam and Bijapur area have been leases out.

01 sand quarries have been leased in Mangalnar area.

Approximately 2.90 crore rupees royalty is earned from all minerals in the district in 2015-16.

DETAILS OF ROYALTY OR REVENUE RECEIVED IN LAST THREE YEAR (MAJOR MINERALS)

S. NO. MINERAL ROYALTY OR REVENUE RECEIVED 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 1 Nil Nil Nil Nil Total Nil Nil Nil

DETAILS OF ROYALTY OR REVENUE RECEIVED IN LAST THREE YEAR (MINOR MINERALS)

S. NO. MINERAL ROYALTY OR REVENUE RECEIVED 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 1 Ordinary Stone, Clay for 12,28,873.00 33,34,339.00 2,90,52,143.00 making Bricks, Sand and Murum Total 12,28,873.00 33,34,339.00 2,90,52,143.00

DETAILS OF PRODUCTION & ROYALTY OF SAND IN LAST THREE YEAR (ORDANARY SAND)

S. NO. FINANCIAL YEAR PRODUCTION OF SAND ROYALTY RECEIVED (in m3) (in Rs) 1 2013-14 Nil Nil 2 2014-15 Nil Nil 3 2015-16 Nil Nil Total Nil Nil

PROCESS OF DEPOSITION OF SEDIMENTS IN THE RIVERS

Rivers have a lot of energy and because they have energy, they do stuff. The obvious things rivers do with their energy is flow but, besides this, they also transport load, erode load and erode the channel through which they flow. Erosion is the breaking down of material by an agent. In the case of a river, the agent is water. The water can erode the river’s channel and the river’s load. A river’s load is bits of eroded material, generally rocks, which the river transports until it deposits its load.

A river’s channel is eroded laterally and vertically making the channel wider and deeper. The intensity of lateral and vertical erosion is dictated by the stage in the river’s course, discussed in more detail here but essentially, in the upper stage of the river’s course (close to the source of the river) there is little horizontal erosion and lots of vertical erosion. In the middle and lower stages vertical erosion is reduced and more horizontal erosion takes place. There are several different ways that a river erodes its bed and banks. The first is hydraulic action, where the force of the water removes rock particles from the bed and banks. This type of erosion is strongest at rapids and waterfalls where the water has a high velocity. The next type of erosion is corrasion. This is where the river’s load acts almost like sandpaper, removing pieces of rock as the load rubs against the bed & banks. This sort of erosion is strongest when the river is transporting large chunks of rock or after heavy rainfall when the river’s flow is turbulent.

Corrosion is a special type of erosion that only affects certain types of rocks. Water, being ever so slightly acidic, will react with certain rocks and dissolve them. Corrosion is highly effective if the rock type of the channel is chalk or limestone (anything containing calcium carbonate) otherwise, it doesn’t have much of an effect. Cavitations is an interesting method of erosion. Air bubbles trapped in the water get compressed into small spaces like cracks in the river’s banks. These bubbles eventually implode creating a small shockwave that weakens the rocks. The shockwaves are very weak but over time the rock will be weakened to the point at which it falls apart. The final type of erosion is attrition. Attrition is a way of eroding the river’s load, not the bed and banks. Attrition is where pieces of rock in the river’s load knock together, breaking chunks of rock off of one another and gradually rounding and shrinking the load.

Transportation, when a river erodes the eroded material becomes the river’s load and the river will then transport this load through its course until it deposits the load. There are a few different ways that a river will transport load depending on how much energy the river has and how big the load is. The largest of particles such as boulders are transported by traction. These particles are rolled along the bed of the river, eroding the bed and the particles in the process, because the river doesn’t have enough energy to move these large particles in any other way. Slightly smaller particles, such as pebbles and gravel, are transported by saltation. This is where the load bounces along the bed of the river because the river has enough energy to lift the particles off the bed but the particles are too heavy to travel by suspension. Fine particles like clay and silt are transported in suspension; they are suspended in the water. Most of a river’s load is transported by suspension.

Solution is a special method of transportation. This is where particles are dissolved into the water so only rocks that are soluble, such as limestone or chalk, can be transported in solution. Capacity & Competence Rivers can only carry so much load depending on their energy. The maximum volume of load that a river can carry at a specific point in its course is called the river’s capacity. The biggest sized particle that a river could carry at a specific point is called the river’s competence.

Deposition to transport load a river needs to have energy so when a river loses energy it is forced to deposit its load. There are several reasons why a river could lose energy. If the river’s discharge is reduced then the river will lose energy because it isn’t flowing as quickly anymore. This could happen because of a lack of precipitation or an increase in evaporation. Increased human use (abstraction) of a river could also reduce its discharge forcing it deposit its load. If the gradient of the river’s course flattens out, the river will deposit its load because it will be travelling a lot slower. When a river meets the sea a river will deposit its load because the gradient is generally reduced at sea level and the sea will absorb a lot of energy. As rivers get nearer to their mouths they flow in increasingly wide, gentle sided valleys. The channel increases in size to hold the extra water which the river has to receive from its tributaries. As the river gets bigger it can carry larger amounts of material. This material will be small in size, as larger rocks will have broken up on their way from the mountains. Much of the material will be carried in suspension and will erode the river banks by abrasion. When rivers flow over flatter land, they develop large bends called meanders. As a river goes around a bend most of the water is pushed towards the outside causing increased erosion. The river is now eroding sideways into its banks rather than downwards into its bed, a process called lateral erosion. On the inside of the bend, in contrast, there is much less water. The river will therefore be shallow and slow-flowing. It cannot carry as much material and so sand and shingle will be deposited. This is called a point bar or slip off slope. Due to erosion on the outside of a bend and deposition on the inside, the shape of a meander will change over a period of time. Notice how erosion narrows the neck of the land within the meander. In time, and usually during a flood, the river will cut right through the neck. The river will then take the new, shorter route. The fastest current, called the thalweg, will now tend to be in the centre of the river, and so deposition is likely to occur in gentler water next to the banks.

Eventually deposition will block off the old meander to leave an oxbow lake. The oxbow lake will slowly dry up, only refilling after heavy rain or during a flood. Streams lose velocity and make deposits when their gradient decreases, when the volume of water decreases, when there is an increase in cross section, when they encounter obstructions, or when they enter still water. They deposit alluvial fans, alluvial cones, piedmont alluvial plains, channel fill, bars, flood plains and deltas.

GENERAL PROFILE OF THE DISTRICT

S. NO. PARTICULARS STATISTICS 1 GENERAL INFORMATION Geographical Area 6562.48 km2 Geographical Position latitudes 18˚45’00”N longitudes 80˚41’00”E Administration Division/ No. of Tehsil 04 No. of Panchayat/ Villages 169/699 Population (as per Census 2011) 255230 Population Density (as per Census 2011) 39/ km2 2 GEOGRAPHOLOGY Major Strategraphic/ Rock Granite, Sandstone etc. Major Drainage Indaravati, Minganchal, Chintabagu and Mari River Temperature (in 0C) Minimum 12 Maximum 46 3 LAND USE (km2) Forest area 2965.189 4 Major Soil Type 5 No. of GROUND WATER MONITORING STATION OF CGWB (10.05.2016) No. of Dugwells Attached Water level Attached No. of major bridges 01 6 HYDROGEOLOGY Major water bearing formation Granite Pre-Monsoon depth of water level Attached Post-Monsoon depth of water level Attached 7 MINING SCENARIO Total No. of Mining Leases (Major Minerals) Nil Total area of Mining Leases (Major Minerals) Nil Total Royalty or Revenue Received from Major Nil Minerals in 2015-16 Total No. of Quarry Leases (Minor Minerals) 01 Total area of Quarry Leases (Minor Minerals) 3.70 Hact. Total Royalty or Revenue Received from Minor 2,90,52,143.00 Minerals in 2015-16 Total No. of Notified Sand Leases 06 Total area of Sand Leases 35.921 Hact. Total production of Sand in 2015-16 Nil No. of Quarry Lease to be extended as per Amended 01 CGMMR 2015

LAD USE PATTERN IN THE DISTRICT

FOREST LAND

S. NAME OF PROTECTED RESERVE UNDEMARCATED TOTAL NO. FOREST FOREST FOREST FOREST (km2) (km2) (km2) (km2) 1 Bijapur 1224.135 1130.379 610.675 2965.189

AGRICULTURE AND IRRIGATION LAND

1 Total Agriculture land 68752.00 Hact. 2 Name of the crops mostly cultivated Paddy 3 Source of Irrigation Canal, Tank, Tube well, Dugout well and other 4 Method of Irrigation Flood Irrigation method 5 Total Irrigation Land (in percent) 3051 Hact. (5.00%)

PHYSIOGRAPHY OF THE DISTRICT

Bijapur district is one of the Twenty Seven districts of Chhattisgarh State. It was earlier part of Dantewada District. Major part of the district falls in the Survey of India Degree Sheet No.65 B and is bounded between latitudes 18˚45’00”N and longitudes 80˚41’00”E. The total area of the district is approximately 6562.48 km2. The Bijapur district occupies the southernmost part of Chhattisgarh state. The district is bound on north by Narayanpur district, on northeast by Bastar district, on east by Dantewada district, on southeast by Sukma district of Chhattisgarh state, on south by Telangana state and on west by Maharashtra state. The four block divisions are Bijapur, Bairamgarh, Bhopalpatnam and Usoor. Most part of the district consists of hills. The loftiest peak of the district is Bailadila or the "Bullock's Hump". It is situated to the south of the Indrawati River and tilts towards north-south. The district is rich in forest.

RAINFALL OF DISTRICT BIJAPUR (MONTH WISE) YEAR 2013-14 (mm) MONTH BIJAPUR BHAIRAMGAD BHOPALPATNAM USOOR April-2013 125.30 90.00 168.00 136.20 May-2013 2.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 June-2013 628.20 434.30 414.80 473.70 July-2013 1080.10 922.20 848.00 818.30 August-2013 957.10 567.50 490.60 610.50 September-2013 157.00 222.00 199.40 76.50 October-2013 298.50 199.20 165.20 109.70 November-2013 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 December-2013 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 January-2014 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 February-2014 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 March-2014 45.60 77.30 70.20 41.70

YEAR 2014-15 (mm) MONTH BIJAPUR BHAIRAMGAD BHOPALPATNAM USOOR April-2014 19.60 0.00 0.00 0.00 May-2014 62.70 27.00 0.00 0.00 June-2014 133.80 148.60 38.40 39.20 July-2014 456.70 417.00 405.80 349.30 August-2014 486.60 355.00 350.70 229.40 September-2014 473.80 456.50 450.00 447.90 October-2014 94.80 147.80 59.20 59.10 November-2014 12.00 1.00 8.90 9.20 December-2014 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 January-2015 41.10 4.20 32.90 16.00 February-2015 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 March-2015 60.90 35.40 10.10 38.20

YEAR 2015-16 (mm) MONTH BIJAPUR BHAIRAMGAD BHOPALPATNAM USOOR April-2015 145.80 40.20 0.00 0.00 May-2015 0.00 0.00 15.80 0.00 June-2015 727.90 800.60 469.80 197.10 July-2015 279.10 297.50 160.30 37.30 August-2015 470.50 474.30 354.30 281.40 September-2015 408.50 217.10 166.20 369.50 October-2015 18.40 5.20 6.10 3.20 November-2015 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 December-2015 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 January-2016 10.20 0.00 9.00 0.00 February-2016 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 March-2016 10.20 8.40 57.80 23.40 WATER LEVEL OF PRE MONSSON & POST MONSOON

GEOLOGY

Physiographically, major part of the district exhibits pediment/pediplain landforms. Other landforms seen in the district are structural plateau of upper and lower level in the western part, structural plain in the south eastern part, structural hills and valleys in the northen and eastern part, denudational plateau in the eastern part and denudational hills and vallys in the centeral and western part. Most of the district area falls in Godavari, Indravati and Sabari catchment. Indravati, Godavari, Sabari rivers and their tributaries constitute the surface drainage network of the district. The general gradient is towards south, southeast and southwest. The maximum elevation in the area is -----1265 m above mean sea level as recorded in the Bailadila ranges in the northern part while the minimum elevation of ---99 m. above mean sea level is noted in the south western part of the district.

Rock formations belonging to Archaean to Neo Proterozoic, Cainozoic and Quaternary are exposed in the district. The olderst rocks in the area are represented by Eastern Ghat Supergroup and Bengpal group of Archaean age. Estern Ghat Supergroup is exposed from Mattimark, ,arwada to Pamed in the western part of district and comprises leptynite (garnetiferous granite gneiss), Charnockite, pyroxene granulite, khondalite and ulramafic granulite. Rock belonging to Bengapal group are exposed in the major part of the district and comprises various types of gneisses and schists, amphibolites, meta-basics, meta- ultramafics, migmatites and different varieties of quartzites e.g. pyroxene quartzite, cherty quartzite, ferruginous quartzite, sericitic quartzite,banded magnetite and grunerite-magnetite-quartzite.

Bailadila Group of Archaean to palaeo Proterozoic age are exposed from south of Kunjangwara to Kidindul in the north eastern part of the district and comprises hornblende schist, meta-basic, meta ultrabasic, talc- tremolite schist, banded magnetite quartzite, quartzite, meta-conglomerate, quartz-sericite schist, ferruginous shale, phyllite and meta-tuff. This group owes its importance due to the associated iron ore deposits which are being mined since long.

Dongarghar Granite of palaeo Proterozoic age is exposed in Madepur,Bairamghar, south of Kunjangwara and east of gangalur areas in the northern part of the district and include a variety of granite i.e. biotite granite, hornblende-biotite granite, amphibole granite, leucogranite etc.

Abujmar Group of rock of Palaeo to Meso proterozoic age are exposed from Thukanar, Murumwara to kunjangwara, Gawad in the northern part of the district. It is further divided into Gundal and maspur formations. Maspur Formation is a meta-volcanic sequence where as Gundal Formation is a sedimentaey sequence comprising conglomerate, sandstone and shale. Tulsi Dongar Group considered as equivalent to the Abujmar Group is exposed to the north east and south east of Chidpal in the eastern extent of the district. It is a volcanosedimentary sequence and comprises meta-basalt/gabbro, sandstone and quartzite.

The Bengpal and Abujmar group of rocks and Dongarghar Granite are profusely intruded by basic dykes/sills and quartz/pegmatite/aplite reefs/veins.

The Albaka formation, which is directly classified under Pakhal supergroup and the Lakhanavaram formation and Pattipalli formation of Mulug Group of Pakhal Supergroup of Meso Proterozoic age are exposed from Timed to west of Lankapalli and Utlapalli to Kottapalle in the south western part of district. The Albaka formation is mainly composed of sandstone whereas Mulug formation is mainly a shale unit with minor quartzite. Pattipalle formation is mainly a quartzite unit.

Sabari Group of rocks of Meso Proterozoic age are exposed around Rokel, Talner, Sukma, Guttaguda and bot side of Sabri/Kolab River in the south eastern part of the district and comprises sub-arkose, orthoquartzite, siltstone, conglomerate, limestone and shale.

Doli and Usar formation of Sullavai Group of Neo Proterozoic age exposed from Lankapalli to Nambi in the south western part of the district. Doli formation comprises intraformational breccias, conglomerate, pebbly sandstone and sandstone. Usar formation is mainly a sandstone.

Laterite of Caonozoic age occurs mainly on Bailadila ranges as a fairly thick blanket. Alluvium of Quaternary age occur fro Kodta to Kukanar in the mid- eastern part of the district. The district is richly endowed with mineral wealth. The major economic mineral deposits/occurrences reported in the district include gold,coper,iron ore,tin (cassiterite), radioactive mineral, chromite, asbestos, bauxite, clay, corundum, garnet, graphite, kyanite, magnesite, mica, sillimanite, and limestone. Primary gold mineralization has been reported from Puspal. Copper is reported from Modernar. Large deposits of haematitic iron ore occur associated with Bailadila Group and are reported from 3.5 km south east of Kondapal, southwest of bailaidila, 2.5 km west of Bacheli, --- 1265m, 4 km north east of Purngel and 4 km south west of kidindul. Cassiterite, the ore of tin occurs in pegmatite and also as colluvial deposit and is reported from Churwada, Govindpal, Mundval, Pushpal and Bodavada. Radioactive minerals are reported from Yenchawasa, Raiguda and Pushpal. Chromite in talc-tremolite schist is reported from Kondasanvali. Pockets and lenses of tremolite asbestos are reported from Kondasanvali and Gollapalli. Bauxite occurs associated with laterite and is reported from Taralimeta. Fairly large deposits of while/buff/variegated clay suitable for low grade pottery occur at Rokel and Sindigar. Corundum occurrence is reported from Bhopalpatnam and Kuchnoor. Granet crystals varying in size from 1 to 10 cm are reported from 12 km westnorth west of Konta. Specks of flaky graphite are reported from Borakonda-Sanuali, 3 km south west of Kamaram, Palachelam and Bate Tongu. Kyanite occurs in schists and gneisses of Bengpal Group and is repoeted from Mura-Ka-Gutta and Nilamraia-Gutta thin veinlets of magnesite associated with talc-tremolite schist and tremolite schist are reported from nedra. Minor occurrences of lepidolite (mica) are reported from Mundaval and Kawargaon. Massive sillimanite is reported from Samsatta. Deposits of limestone associated with shale formation of Sabri Group are reported from Gudra, Ikmeras, Pujariras and Rokel.

MINERALS: Occurrences of Corundum in the district is as follows :-

1. Kuchnoor - (80o24'13" : 18o51'0", Toposheet no. 65 B/5)

Kuchnoor is situated 2 km. NW of Bhopalpatnam. Corundum bearing area has been invented in detailed by D.G.M. and divided into 3 blocks namely Block-I, Block-II and Block-III. The host rock of corundum in this area is biotite granite gneisses.

The crystal of corundum found in Block-I are ruby red in colour with some translucent to faintly transparent crystals. Corundum grains obtained from Block-II are opaque, mostly of honey brown, earthy brown, yellowish or purplish colour. Crystal range is size from a few mm. to over 3 cm. Corundum recovered from Dobegutta hill (Block-III) is dark brown with a bit of bluish tinge and has developed micaceous partings along the basal pinacoid of the crystal. They are therefore, more platy as compared to the elongated crystals from two Blocks. Corundum of Block-II & III are mostly of industrial variety.

The corundum occurrence in the area is restricted to only lateral extension. Mineralization does not persist in depth. Estimated reserve of Ruby corundum in Block-I, including industrial and semi-precious varieties is 98.642 kg. Estimated reserve of industrial variety corundum in Block-II and Block-III are 24.0334 tonnes. Additional 5.69 tonnes reserves of corundum is also proved by directorate in Kuchnoor area in 1997-99.

Earlier, The State Mining Corporation Ltd was engaged in the exploitation of corundum in this area.

2. Ulloor - (80o 22' 15" : 18o 54' 00", Toposheet No. 65 B/5)

Primary and placer both type of corundum reported in the village Ulloor. Placer corundum is encountered in Pedakonta nala. Primary corundum found at the depth of 3.85 m. in biotite granite gneiss. The corundum is pinkish violet in colour, barrel shaped with perfect basal pinacoid and hexagonal prism. On the pitting work 0.0225 tonnes reserves are estimated in the area. It falls partly in forest and revenue area and partly in private land.

3. Dampaya area - (80o 29'15":18o 50'15", Toposheet No. 65 B/5)

In this area, pieces of corundum were recovered from nala section. Corundum is pinkish yellow, translucent, hexagonal barrel shaped. Country rock of the area is granite gneiss. It comes under forest area.

4. Dhangol -

The area is situated 10 km. from Madded. Area is bounded between longitude 80o30'0" to 80o50'0" and latitude 18o40'15" to 18o45'0" in the Toposheet No. 65 B/9. The corundum recovered is insitu i.e. from biotite granite gneisses. The corundum is pinkish violet in colour and characterised by basal pinacoid prism and striations. Corundum is translucent and can be placed in semiprecious stone category.

5. Chikudapalli - (80o 24' 4" : 18o 52' 00", Toposheet No. 65 B/5)

The area is situated 5 km. due NE of Bhopalpatnam. The blue corundum (Sapphire variety) was recovered from pits upper soil zone. The corundum is greyish blue to blue in colour. It is translucent, columnar shape, having basal pinacoid, hexagonal prism and characterised by oblique striations.

6. Yapla - (80o 27' 45" : 18o 51' 45", Toposheet No. 65 B/5)

The corundum is recovered from Gorla nala section near village Yapla. The corundum is yellowish and pink in colour. The country rock of the area is granite gneisss.

GEOLOGICAL AND MINERAL MAP OF DISTRICT

DRAINAGE SYSTEM WITH DESCRIPTION OF MAIN RIVER