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(The Via Latina).—Section I Papers of the British School at Rome http://journals.cambridge.org/ROM Additional services for Papers of the British School at Rome: Email alerts: Click here Subscriptions: Click here Commercial reprints: Click here Terms of use : Click here The Classical Topography of the Roman Campagna.—III. (The Via Latina).—Section I. T. Ashby Papers of the British School at Rome / Volume 4 / January 1907, pp 2 - 159 DOI: 10.1017/S0068246200005092, Published online: 09 August 2013 Link to this article: http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0068246200005092 How to cite this article: T. Ashby (1907). The Classical Topography of the Roman Campagna.—III. (The Via Latina).—Section I.. Papers of the British School at Rome, 4, pp 2-159 doi:10.1017/S0068246200005092 Request Permissions : Click here Downloaded from http://journals.cambridge.org/ROM, IP address: 169.230.243.252 on 14 Mar 2015 PAPERS OF THE BRITISH SCHOOL AT ROME. VOL. IV. No. i. THE CLASSICAL TOPOGRAPHY OF THE ROMAN CAMPAGNA PART I I I SECTION I BY T. ASHBY, D.LITT., F.S.A. Director of the British School at Rome; formerly Craven Fellow in the University of Oxford ; Corresponding Member of the German Imperial Archaeological Institute. LONDON: 1907. THE VIA LATINA. INTRODUCTION. THE Via Latina forms the third portion of the description of the Classical Topography of the Roman Campagna, of which two parts have already appeared in these Papers (Via Collatina, Via Praenestina, and Via Labicana, i. 125 sqq.; Via Salaria, Via Nomentana, and Via Tiburtina, iii. 1 sqq.). The general remarks made in the introductions apply, in • the main, to the present portion also: and the preliminary matter may, therefore, be comparatively brief. It is fortunate that Professor Tomassetti has dealt fully with the mediaeval topography of the Via Latina in La Via Latina nel Medio Evo (Rome, 1886, reprinted from the Archivio della Societd Romana di Storia Patria). This indispensable work contains also a very large amount of information as to the classical period, and it will be necessary to cite it constantly in these pages. The Via Latina originated (cf. Papers, i. 128) during the gradual establishment of the Latin League in the form in which it appears as. completed about 370 B.C. The dates of the various military operations given by Livy as occurring in Algido must not, naturally, be pressed ; we can only say generally that the pass of Algidus was a position of considerable importance in the warfare against the Aequi in 465-389 B.C., and that the road must have gone at least so far—possibly further, inasmuch as Signia is said to have been founded by Tarquinius Superbus, and a fresh colony sent there in 495 B.C. Nor can we fix the date of the transformation of the Via Latina into a permanent military highway. It is noteworthy that it never lost its ancient name : and this may be due to the fact that the difficulties of engineering that had to be overcome were so slight that it never required any one thorough reconstruction of which an individual could claim the credit, and so associate his own name with it for the future. B 2 4 THE BRITISH SCHOOL AT ROME. The construction of the Via Appia, on the other hand, especially of the section through the Pomptine marshes, was a matter of far greater difficulty, and probably undertaken at a later period. Capua joined Rome between 340 and 338 B.C. In 334 B.C. according to the traditional dating comes the foundation of the Latin colony at Cales with 2500 men, which for a long time was the centre of Roman rule in Campania; that of Fregellae follows in 328, and that of Interamna Lirenas Sucusina in 312. We may therefore infer that the Via Latina reached Cales (which is only eleven miles N. N.W. of Capua on a level road) at least as early as 334 B.C., i.e. twenty-two years before the Via Appia was constructed. The Via Latina, too, follows a line which is far more natural than that of the Via Appia. Bunbury remarks, with perfect truth, that the Via Latina ' was one of the principal of the numerous highroads that issued from the gates of Rome, and probably one of the most ancient ot them. Hence we have no account of the time of its construction, and it was probably in use as a means of communication long before it was paved and converted into a regular highroad. ' Some road or other must always have existed between Rome and Tusculum, while again beyond the Alban hills the Valley of the Sacco (Trerus) is one of the natural lines of communication that must have been in use from the earliest times. But it is not probable that the line of the Via Latina was completed as a regular road till after the complete reduction of both the Latins and the Volscians under the Roman authority. It is true that Livy (ii. 39)1 speaks of the Via Latina as if it already existed in the time of Coriolanus, but he in fact uses the name only as a geographical description, both in this passage and again in the history of B.C. 296, when he speaks of Interamna as a colony " quae Via Latina est" 1 The passage runs thus :— (Coriolanus) ' inde [from Cercei] in Latinam mam transversis tramitibus transgressurus Satricum Longulam Poluscam Coriolos Mugillam, haec Romanis oppida ademit. Inde Lavinium recepit, turn deinceps Corbionem Vitelliam Trebium Labicos Pedum cepit. postremum ad urbem a Pedo ducit, et ad fossas Cluilias V. ab urbe m. p. castris positis populatur inde agrum Romanorum.' " The topographical description is not accurately given: for Satricum, Longula, Polusca, Corioli and Mugilla are all to be sought on the W. and S.W. side of the Alban Hills—Satricum indeed has been fixed at the modern Conca 13 miles S. of Velletri by the discovery near it of the temple of Mater Matuta, mentioned by Livy (vii. 27 ; xxviii. 11)—see Notizie degli Scavi, 1896,23, 69, 99, 167, 190; 1898, 166. Lavinium (Pratica) lay close to the sea coast, and the correction Lanuyium (modern Civita Lavinia) is almost necessary : but even that lies S.W. of the Via Appia : and we do not reach the neighbourhood of the Via Latina until the next group of towns mentioned, Corbio, Vitellia, Trebium, etc. (I should add that this footnote is my own.) . CLASSICAL TOPOGRAPHY OF' THE ROMAN CAMPAGNA.—III. 5 (x. 36). Neither passage affords any proof that the road was already in existence [as to the latter I am not altogether prepared to agree with him]: though there is no doubt that there was already a way or line of communication. The course of the Via Latina is, indeed, more natural for such a line of way than that of the more celebrated Via Appia, and must have offered less difficulties before the construction of an artificial road. Nor did it present any such formidable passes from a military point of view as that of Lautulae on the Appian way, for which reason it was the route chosen both by Pyrrhus when he advanced on Rome in B.C. 280, and by Hannibal in B.C. 211. On the latter occasion the Carthaginian general seems certainly to have followed the true Via Latina across Mount Algidus and by Tusculum (Liv. /. c.); Pyrrhus, on the contrary, turned aside from it as he approached Praeneste, which was the farthest point that he reached in his advance towards Rome.' (Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography, s. v. Via Latina (London, 1856), ii. 1301.) And again (the Via Appia)•' was the earliest of all the Roman highways, of the construction of which we have any definite account, and very probably the first of all that was regularly made as a great public work ; the Via Salaria, Tiburtina, etc. having doubtless long been in use as mere natural roads, long before they were converted into solidly con- structed Viae. There must in like manner have always been some kind of road communicating from Rome with Alba and Aricia; but it is evident, from the perfectly straight line followed by the Via Appia from a point very little without the gates of Rome to Aricia, that this must have been a new work, laid out and executed at once.' {Ibid. s. v. Via Appia, ii. 1289.) Whether the first road to Tusculum was the Via Latina or the Via Labicana is uncertain {Papers, i. 132) : I am inclined to believe, however, that had it been the former, it would have run more chance of retaining its original name (which on that supposition would have been Via Tuscu- lana) ; and, further, the direction of the latter points {ib. 241) to its having originally led to Tusculum, which it need not have done had the Via Latina been habitually used as a means of communication. The distance by both roads is about the same (14^ m. from their respective gates in the Servian wall). I therefore prefer to consider the Via Latina as a road of mainly military importance, leading as it did to the important pass of Algidus, which so often appears in the military history of Rome, between 465 and 389 B.C., when it was still an advanced post of the 6 THE BRITISH SCHOOL AT ROME. Aequi against Rome. During this period (415 B.C.) the inhabitants of Bola, though a place of Latin origin (it appears among the colonies of Alba), are spoken of as suae gentis populus (Liv.
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