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ABSTRACT HERRICK, CHRISTOPHER KELLY. An ABSTRACT HERRICK, CHRISTOPHER KELLY. An Analysis of Local Out-of-Plane Buckling of Ductile Reinforced Structural Walls Due to In-Plane Loading. (Under direction of Mervyn J. Kowalsky.) Reinforced structural walls are often implemented as an effective lateral force resisting system in multi-story buildings, and despite often being referred to as “shear walls,” they are usually designed as cantilevers that deform elastically under wind loads and form a plastic hinge at their base due to seismic loadings. Past research suggests that these plastic tensile demands and subsequent load reversals cause a plastic, localized lateral instability in walls. While lateral stability is addressed by some building codes, and good engineering judgment often prevents overly slender walls, plastic buckling is rarely directly addressed in current design standards. Even where design codes attempt to prevent local lateral instability, the effectiveness of such measures has not been fully examined. In 2010 and 2011, New Zealand experienced earthquakes that damaged many structural wall buildings, and plastic buckling was observed to occur. This thesis re-examines two existing local buckling models using a range of data sources. A review of prior experimental work assesses the models' accuracy at predicting plastic buckling capacities. A parametric study on a range of walls examines the variables most influential in determining the point at which a structural wall is likely to develop lateral instability and buckle. Additionally, results from three non-linear time history analyses of buildings that experienced the 2010 and 2011 New Zealand earthquakes are presented and compared with damage observed in the field to assess each buckling model's accuracy. The impacts of these findings are discussed and revisions to the existing buckling models are suggested and recommendations are provided for future research on local instability of structural walls. © Copyright 2013 by Christopher Kelly Herrick All Rights Reserved An Analysis of Local Out-of-Plane Buckling of Ductile Reinforced Structural Walls Due to In-Plane Loading by Christopher Kelly Herrick A thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty of North Carolina State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Civil Engineering Raleigh, North Carolina 2014 APPROVED BY: _______________________________ Mervyn J. Kowalsky Committee Chair _______________________________ _______________________________ James M. Nau Rudolf Seracino DEDICATION I dedicate this thesis to my better half, Christine Nguyen. Thank you for your boundless assistance, never-ending encouragement and seemingly infinite patience and love that led to this being possible. I also dedicate this thesis to my parents, Kerry and Joseph Herrick, whom spent many days, much of their sanity and all of their patience raising me and making me the person I am today. ii BIOGRAPHY Christopher Kelly Herrick was born and raised in Matthews, North Carolina. He graduated as Valedictorian, receiving his Bachelors of Science in Civil Engineering from North Carolina State University in 2011. He continued his education at North Carolina State University to earn his Masters of Science in Civil Engineering in 2013, with an emphasis on structural design. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank my graduate advisor Dr. Mervyn Kowalsky for his time, effort and patience throughout my time as a graduate student. I am also grateful to Dr. James Nau, whose endless words of advice and support have guided my educational career to date. Towards Dr. Rudolf Seracino I also extend a special thank you, for being member on my committee and providing me his expertise on reinforced concrete. I would like to thank Dr. Sri Sritharan for providing many of the pictures within this thesis. I would also like to thank Dr. Murthy Guddati for providing his insight on analytical methods for modeling buckling. I must also extend my gratitude to my friends at the Constructed Facilities Laboratory: Yuhao Feng, Steven Fulmer, Chad Goodnight, Nicole King, Easa Khan and many others, all of whom who not only put up with my extended, over-complicated structural engineering discussions, thought experiments and “what-if” questions, but also who shared their time, knowledge, and experience with me despite this. I would also like to thank my friend, Jason Hite, who provided help with Mathematica and Matlab programming issues. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................. viii LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................. ix CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background ............................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Motivation and Objective ....................................................................................... 4 1.3 Research Goals and Scope ...................................................................................... 5 CHAPTER 2. BACKGROUND ......................................................................................... 7 2.1 General Information ................................................................................................ 7 2.1.1 Wall Background ........................................................................................... 7 2.2 Literature Review.................................................................................................... 9 [17] 2.2.1 Design of Coupled Wall-Frame Structures for Seismic Actions, Goodsir 9 [46] 2.2.2 Stability of Ductile Structural Walls, Paulay and Priestley .................... 16 2.2.3 Lateral Stability of Reinforced Concrete Columns under Axial Reversed [7] Cyclic Tension and Compression, Chai and Elayer ..................................................... 21 [8] 2.2.4 Minimum thickness of ductile RC structural walls, Chai and Kunnath ... 23 2.3 Design Code Considerations ................................................................................. 24 [51] 2.3.1 Uniform Building Code 1996 Vol. 2 ...................................................... 25 [1] 2.3.2 American Concrete Institute Building Code Requirements (ACI 318-08) 26 2.3.3 Chile Structural Code, Normal Chilena Oficial (NCh 430-2008 and 433- [32][33] 1996) 26 [36][46] 2.3.4 New Zealand Concrete Structures Standard (NZS 3101:1995,2006) 27 CHAPTER 3. EARTHQUAKES OF INTEREST ............................................................ 30 3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 30 3.2 Darfield Earthquake (September 4th, 2010) .......................................................... 31 3.3 Darfield Aftershocks ............................................................................................. 33 3.4 Christchurch Earthquake ....................................................................................... 35 3.5 Christchurch Aftershocks...................................................................................... 39 CHAPTER 4. RESEARCH METHODS .......................................................................... 40 4.1 General Discussion ............................................................................................... 40 4.2 Cumbia .................................................................................................................. 40 4.2.1 Variance of Confinement ............................................................................. 41 4.2.2 Calculation of Longitudinal Steel Reinforcement Ratio .............................. 43 4.2.3 Calculation of Plastic Hinge Lengths .......................................................... 44 4.2.4 Shear Strength .............................................................................................. 45 CHAPTER 5. EXAMINATION OF PRIOR EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS .................. 47 5.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 47 5.2 Experimental Tests of Structural Walls ................................................................ 48 v [17] 5.2.1 Goodsir .................................................................................................... 48 [48] 5.2.2 He and Priestley ...................................................................................... 51 [22] 5.2.3 Ji .............................................................................................................. 54 [23] 5.2.4 Jiang ........................................................................................................ 56 [26][27] 5.2.5 Lefas and Kotsovos ............................................................................ 58 [39][40] 5.2.6 Oesterle et al. ...................................................................................... 60 [53] 5.2.7 Zhang ...................................................................................................... 62 [54] 5.2.8 Zhou ........................................................................................................ 63 5.2.9 Comparison of Experimental Results with Predictions ............................... 65 5.3 Experimental Tests of Prism Specimens..............................................................
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