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Diversity and Richness of Bird Species in Newly Formed Habitats of Chandoli National Park in Western Ghats, Maharashtra State, India

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Diversity and Richness of Bird Species in Newly Formed Habitats of Chandoli National Park in Western Ghats, Maharashtra State, India Biodiversity Journal , 2013, 4 (1): 235-242 Diversity and richness of bird species in newly formed habitats of Chandoli National Park in Western Ghats, Maharashtra State, India Abdar Mohan Ramchandra Department of Zoology, Krantisinh Nana Patil College Walwa Dist. Sangli, 416313, Maharashtra State, India; email: [email protected] ABSTRACT The study of bird species diversity and richness in newly formed habitats of Chandoli National Park in Western Ghats (now declared as international heritage), Maharashtra State, India was carried out in early wet and dry seasons. Since richness and diversity of bird species are good indicators of the ecosystem quality, this paper focused on providing some information on the abundance, diversity and activities of various bird species occurring in Chandoli National Park. To this aim, line transect survey was used to generate data for ecological analysis. Birds observed incuded resident, migratory and palearctic species. A total of 151 species repre- senting 15 orders and 45 families were recorded from September 2009 to August 2011, and a high value calculated for the Simpson’s Index of Diversity (0.8291) indicated a marked richness and diversity of bird species in the area under examination. KEY WORDS Birds; Diversity; Richness; Western Ghats; Chandoli National Park. Received 16.01.2013; accepted 02.03.2013; printed 30.03.2013 INTRODUCTION gion. This number rises to over 2000 with sub- species included which makes the Indian check list The south-north hill range of Western Ghats lies twice the size of those of Europe and North Amer- on the Western side of Maharashtra state (India) ica. This abundance is due to the variety of habitats from the border of Gujarat up to Kerala. It harbours, and prevalent climate; altitude ranges from the sea in its heart, the Chandoli National Park and Reser - level to the peak of the Himalaya. voir, recently declared as World heritage, which is Birds and their diversity constitute a main part very rich in biodiversity. The Western Ghats include of the natural environment and play a functional several man-made reservoirs with the majority of role as agents of flower pollination, seed dispersal, streams running through it ultimately joining the source of food chain and agents in breaking seed Krishna and Kaveri rivers. dormancy (Nason, 1992). Birds are good environ - This area is also recognized internationally as the Western Ghats Endemic bird area and is known to mental indicators revealing the state of the ecosys- host some rare and globally threatened bird species. tems such as forest edges,wetlands and major river It is one of the best briding hot spots in India for va - basins. They also act as dispersal agents in transfer - riety, beauty and ecofriendliness. About 508 bird ring nutrients and spores from one place to another species have been recorded recently. The Indian re - during their migration and local movements gion is incredibly rich in birdlife. Over 1200 of the (Niemi, 1985). The avian habitat is roughly divided worlds 8650 species of birds are found in the re - into forest, scrub and wetlands, although many 236 ABDAR MOHAN RAMCHANDRA species require a mixed type of habitat. After the merous fallen boulders with dense thorny secondary snow fall, birds coming from sub tropical temperate vegetation. The area is about 308.97 Km 2.The maxi - region migrate in thousands up to North West corner mum temperature during day time ranges from 30 °C of India and then radiate into local aquatic network to 38 °C. From October both day and night tempera - of reservoirs of Western Ghats according to food tures decrease progressively. In December or January availability in each habitat. Although this region is the temperature often is up to 26 °C in day time. Dur- considered an important spot of biodiversity, never - ing rainy season maximum and minimum tempera - theless still little is known about the migrations of ture range remains between 11-28 °C. The all area is birds that inhabit the reserve throughtout the year. characterized by humid and mild climate, there are Hence, this study was set out to obtain information heavy rains during the South West monsoon season, on the presence, richness, diversity and activities of from June to September. Premonsoon starts in April. various bird species in Chandoli National Park both Therefore, this area has no notable dry season. in favourable and adverse climatic conditions. The cold season is from December to February, followed by the pleasant summer season from March to May. The forest types are tropical hill for- MATERIAL AND METHODS est, semi- evergreen forest and mixed deciduous fo - rest. Anjan ( Memecylon umbellatum ), Jambhual Study area (Syzygium cumini ) and Pisa ( Actinodaphna angu - stifolia ) are the most common species of this area. The newly formed habitat of Chandoli National Due to high altitude, perennial snow, reservoirs and Park (Fig. 1) is at the junction area of four districts presence of evergreen vegetation, general climatic (Sangli, Kolhapur, Satara and Ratnagiri). It lies be- conditions are cool and humid, which provides a tween longitudes 73°40' and 73°53'E and latitudes good habitat for wild fauna. 17°03' and 17°20'N near Sangli in Western Mahara - shtra. A very distinct feature is the presence of nu - Methods merous barren rocky lateritic plateaus locally called ‘Sadas’ devoid of any perennial vegetation and nu - Some of the basic methods used in this study as described by Bibby et al. (1992) are: a) point counts: to determine abundance by undertaking a bird count from a fixed location for a fixed period of time. The bird species seen or heard are recorded, b)line transect: suitable for estimating density and abundance which involves moving along a fixed route (transect) and recording the bird species seen and heard on both sides of the transect. The study was conducted from September 2009 to August 2011. The bird counts were carried out in the morning from 7.00 am to 10.00 am. and in the evening from 4.00 pm to 6.00 pm. A binocular (Olympus ) was used to confirm the identification of the birds; nests were located by sight. For every bird species the following parameters were recorded: (i) activity of the bird when first sighted; (ii) the number of bird species at every sighting; (iii) location of nests and species involved; all the numbers were noted. Data analysis a. Species composition: abundance for each species was calculated by summing up the number Figure.1 Map of Chandoli National Park, India. of individuals recorded in all the transect. Diversity and richness of bird species in newly formed habitats of Chandoli National Park, India 237 b. Species diversity using Simpson index (D), ACTIVITIES OF BIRD FREQUENCY % Simpson Diversity index (1-D) and Simpsons Re - SPECIES ciprocal index (1/D). c. Activities of birds recorded during the survey FEEDING 68 % period included calling, overflying, perching, walk- ing, mobbing, bissy in the construction of nest, col - BREEDING 2 7 % lection of grass materials, feeding and loafing. The LOAFING 5% frequency of each activity was summed up to give the activity rating and the percentages values of the frequence of each activity were calculated. Table 1. Activities of bird species in newly formed habitat Chandoli National Park. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Nest Birds Bird species condition Nests recorded A total of 151 species distributed in 15 orders at nest and 45 families were recorded during the survey Red Vented New and Old 15 2 period. Sixteen families were represented only by Bulbul one species each. Passerifomes was the most rich Hoopoe New and Old 5 1 of species (63 species ) followed by Ciconiiformes (39 species). Rosy starling ( Sturnus roseus ) was re - Oriental white New 4 1 corded in the months of January, February and eye March; whereas Baya Weaver ( Ploceus philippinus ) Baya Weaver New 180 1 was more abundant in the months of July, August and September. Paddy field New 6 1 Warbler The Simpson’s index (i.e. the probability that two randomly selected individuals in the commu - House Swift New 200 2 nity belong to the same category) was 0.1709 and the Simpson’s diversity index (i.e. the probability Jungle Crow New 4 1 that two randomly selected individuals in a commu - Woolly-necked New 7 1 nity belong to different species) was 0.8291. A Stork value of 5.8 was obtained as the reciprocal of Simp- Glossy Ibis N e w 11 1 son index; a total number of 151 species was recor - ded during the survey. Woodpecker N e w a n d Old 19 2 A total of 253 nests belonging to species of 15 families were recorded, most of which were of Grey Hornbill N e w 4 1 House Swift ( Apus nipalensis , 200 nests) and Baya Weaver ( Ploceus philippinus , 180) (see Table 2). Spotted Dove N e w 9 1 Black Kite N e w 5 1 Table 2. Bird nests recorded in the newly formed habitat of Chandoli National Park, India. BIRD SURVEY RESULTS GALLIFORMES - PHASIANIDAE Coturnix coturnix (Linnaeus, 1758) Common Quail Figure 2. Activities of birds of the Chandoli National Park, Perdicula asiatica (Latham, 1790) India. Jungle Bush Quail 238 ABDAR MOHAN RAMCHANDRA Figure 3. Number of nests and number of birds of the Chandoli National Park, India. Francolinus pondicerianus (Gmelin J.F., 1789) Megalaima asiatica (Latham, 1790) Grey Partridge Blue throated Barbet Pavo muticus Linnaeus, 1758 Indian Peafowl BUCEROTIFORMES - BUCEROTIDAE ANSERIFORMES - ANATIDAE Ocyceros birostris (Scopoli, 1786) Indian Grey Hornbill Tadorna ferruginea Pallas, 1764 Ruddy Shelduck UPUPIFORMES - UPUPIDAE Anas crecca Linnaeus, 1758 Upupa epops Linnaeus, 1758 Common Teal Common Hoopoe Anas acuta Linnaeus ,1758 Northern Pintail CORACIIFORMES - CORACIIDAE Nettapus coromandelianus Gmelin, 1789 Cotton Teal Coracias benghalensisis (Linnaeus, 1758) Anas poecilorhyncha J.
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