POLITECNICO DI TORINO Daylight in Zero Energy Office Buildings

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POLITECNICO DI TORINO Daylight in Zero Energy Office Buildings POLITECNICO DI TORINO Corso di Laurea Magistrale in Ingegneria Edile Tesi di Laurea Magistrale Daylight in Zero Energy Office Buildings Relatori Prof.ssa Pellegrino Anna Prof.ssa Matusiak Barbara Candidato Serena De Simone 14 luglio 2015 The author hereby certifies that the use of any copyrighted material in this thesis manuscript entitled: “Daylight in Zero Emission Office Buildings” beyond brief excerpts is with permission of the copyright owner, and will save and hold harmless the Polytechnic of Turin from any damage which may arise from such copyright violations. When Ai miei genitori, luce che guida e ombra che segue. When strong environmental targets become good business, the world is better equipped to face the challenge of climate change. [cit. Marius Holm, Managing Director Zero] Table of contents Table of contents Table of contents i 0.1 Introduzione v 0.2 Luce naturale e salute vi 0.3 Prestazioni energetiche degli edifici viii 0.3.1 Soluzioni tecnologiche dell’involucro esterno ix 0.3.2 Edificio ad energia zero x 0.3.3 Certificazioni energetiche x 0.4 Metodologia x 0.5 Il caso studio: Powerhouse Kjørbo xi 0.5.1 Il contesto urbano xi 0.5.2 Il processo costruttivo xii 0.5.3 Caratteristiche costruttive xii 0.5.4 L’analisi xiii 0.5.4.1 Misurazioni xiii 0.5.4.2 Simulazioni con Relux xiii 0.5.4.3 Intervista agli utenti xiv 0.5.5 I risultati xiv 0.5.5.1 Confronto tra simulazioni digitali xiv 0.5.5.2 Confronto tra valori misurati e calcolati xiv 0.5.5.3 Confronto con requisiti da certificazione BREEAM-NOR xviii 0.5.5.4 Comfort visivo degli utenti xviii 0.6 Conclusioni xix 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Thesis topic 1 1.2 Thesis purpose 2 1.3 Technologic and architectural background 3 1.4 Schematic list and short description of chapters 6 2 Theoretical structure 9 2.1 Values definitions and formulas 9 2.1.1 Light 9 2.1.1.1 Sources of light 11 2.1.2 The Earth’s atmosphere 11 2.1.3 Daylight 14 2.1.4 Radiometric and photometric units 14 2.1.4.1 Luminous intensity 16 2.1.4.2 Luminance 17 2.1.4.3 Illuminance 17 2.1.5 Overcast sky according to CIE 17 i Table of contents 2.1.6 Daylight factor 18 2.1.7 Light interaction with solid materials 19 2.1.7.1 Reflectance 20 2.1.7.2 Glazing transmittance 20 2.1.8 Dynamic parameters 20 2.1.8.1 Daylight Autonomies group 21 2.1.8.2 Useful Daylight Illuminances group 21 2.1.8.3 Annual Light Exposure 22 2.1.8.4 Spatial Daylight Autonomy 22 2.1.8.5 Annual Sunlight Exposure 22 2.1.9 Directionality 22 2.1.10 Colour 22 2.1.11 Colour temperature 24 2.2 List of symbols and abbreviations 25 3 Daylight and health 27 3.1 Human body physical structure 28 3.2 Circadian system 30 3.2.1 Daylight conditioning the circadian rhythm 33 3.3 Visual comfort 33 3.3.1 Glare 33 3.3.2 Required values for visual needs vs. non visual demands 34 3.3.3 Subjective daylight perception 35 3.3.4 View out 36 3.4 Daylight vs electric light health impact 36 3.4.1 Flicker 37 3.5 Importance of daylight in buildings 37 3.5.1 Office buildings 38 4 Building performances 39 4.1 Buildings energy consumption for lighting 40 4.2 History of laws, agreements between Nations and proposals 43 4.3 Constructive technologies about daylight 45 4.3.1 Glazing surfaces 46 4.3.2 Daylight systems 48 4.3.3 Shading devices 49 4.4 Zero Energy Buildings 50 4.4.1 Definition 51 4.4.2 Certifications in the world 51 4.4.2.1 BREEAM in Norway 53 4.4.2.1.1 About daylight 53 5 Methods 55 ii Table of contents 5.1 Utilized scientific method 55 5.1.1 Distribution of daylight entering the room 55 5.1.1.1 Reflectance of surfaces 55 5.1.1.2 Glazing transmittance 56 5.1.1.3 High Dynamic Range photography with fisheye lens 57 5.1.2 Illuminance 57 5.1.2.1 Exterior illuminance Eout 57 5.1.2.2 Exterior horizontal diffuse illuminance Ehd 57 5.1.2.3 Interior horizontal illuminance Ein 58 5.1.3 Daylight factor 58 5.1.4 Glare 58 5.1.5 Directionality of natural light 58 5.1.6 Colour 58 5.1.6.1 Colour standard systems 58 5.1.7 Flicker 59 5.1.8 View 59 5.1.9 User’s satisfaction 59 5.2 Utilized software 59 6 Case study: Powerhouse Kjørbo 63 6.1 Project overview 63 6.1.1 The site 64 6.1.2 History of the project 64 6.1.3 Constructive features 65 6.2 The analyses 69 6.2.1 Description of the analysed rooms 70 6.2.2 Measurements 72 6.2.2.1 Equipment description 72 6.2.2.2 Preparatory phase 73 6.2.2.3 Renovated blocks 74 6.2.3 Software simulations 79 6.2.3.1 Before refurbishment 80 6.2.3.2 After refurbishment 81 6.2.4 Users interviews 81 6.3 Results 82 6.3.1 Comparison between software simulations 82 6.3.2 Measurements and simulation results for the renovated rooms 83 Users interview results 93 6.3.3 General summary 93 6.3.3.1 Reference to BREEAM-NOR certification 97 7 Conclusions 103 iii Table of contents 8 References 105 9 Appendices 111 Appendix A 111 Appendix B 113 Appendix C 115 Appendix D 116 Appendix E 117 Appendix F 118 Appendix G 119 10 Acknowledgements 121 iv Introduzione 0 Sommario in Italiano Il presente documento è una Tesi di Laurea Magistrale in Ingegneria dei Sistemi edilizi della studentessa Serena De Simone, iscritta presso il Politecnico di Torino. I contenuti dell’elaborato sono riassunti in lingua italiana nel capitolo corrente in quanto l’intero lavoro di tesi è stato svolto in lingua inglese presso la Norwegian University of Science and Technology a Trondheim, Norvegia. Con il presente elaborato si rimarca l’importanza di ottimizzare l’uso della luce naturale per l’illuminazione di ambienti interni ed in particolare in edifici ad energia zero (ZEB) ad uso ufficio. Dopo la presentazione dello stato dell’arte in ambito di strategie bioclimatiche alla base del concetto di ZEB, e delle cause che hanno portato a modificare le tecniche costruttive nel campo dell’edilizia, sarà evidenziata l’influenza positiva della luce naturale sull’organismo umano, come incoraggiamento ad una progettazione più accorta verso il benessere dell’utente. Unitamente a ragioni fisiologiche e psicologiche verrà presentato il grande peso occupato dall’illuminazione artificiale di interni nel bilancio energetico, e quindi economico, di un edificio. In tale ottica si ripercorreranno brevemente i momenti più significativi in termini di accordi internazionali e norme elaborate circa il controllo di consumi energetici ed emissioni di gas serra, che hanno portato alla necessità di avere edifici sempre più virtuosi e sistemi di certificazione che ne attestino la prestazioni. Infine verrà presentato lo studio di un edificio ad energia zero ad uso ufficio, sito in Norvegia ed oggetto di monitoraggio dal punto di vista della condizione di illuminazione naturale. L’esperienza rientra nel programma dell’Agenzia Internazionale dell’Energia (IEA) che ha messo a punto 39 temi di ricerca, detti Tasks, riguardanti diversi aspetti del controllo del fabbisogno energetico di un edificio. In particolare la Task 50 Subtask D prevede l’elaborazione di un protocollo di monitoraggio per edifici aventi soluzioni di illuminazione avanzate ed l’edificio analizzato durante l’esperienza di tesi verrà inserito come caso studio in sede di pubblicazione. Le misurazioni ottenute secondo il protocollo di monitoraggio verranno confrontate con simulazioni di tipo illuminotecnico ottenute tramite software specifici. Poiché precedentemente soggetto a ristrutturazione, l’edificio oggetto di studio verrà analizzato anche con riferimento alla situazione di illuminazione prima e dopo il rifacimento che lo ha portato ad ottenere la certificazione di livello eccezionale. 0.1 Introduzione La luce naturale è da sempre uno degli elementi più importanti del quotidiano di ogni essere vivente, la vita sulla terra è basata sul ritmo sonno-veglia influenzato dal percorso solare nel cielo e prima dell’invenzione e diffusione di sorgenti di luce artificiali, l’uomo iniziava la sua giornata al sorgere del sole e la concludeva al tramonto. Alcune ragioni per le quali la luce naturale sia importantissima per la vita sono note ai più e facili da comprendere, altre riguardano la sfera sensoriale e sono ancora oggi oggetto d’indagine da parte di ricercatori. Inizialmente l’invenzione della lampadina ha fatto sì che l’uomo passasse da uno stile di vita basato sulla luce naturale a svincolare le sue abitudini giornaliere dal numero di ora di luce in un giorno, causando un uso incontrollato e molto spesso superfluo di fonti di luce artificiale. A partire dalla fine del XX secolo si sta cercando di invertire tale tendenza grazie ad accordi internazionali e leggi locali, all’interno di un più ampio progetto che mira alla riduzione delle emissioni di anidride carbonica, responsabili del surriscaldamento globale. Con l’evoluzione umana e la conseguente crescita tecnologica infatti, il nostro pianeta è sempre più antropizzato, gli spazi dapprima occupati da vegetazione sono stati progressivamente sostituiti da costruzioni, riducendo la possibilità di conversione di CO2 in ossigeno ed incrementando le sorgenti di produzione di gas serra.
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