Computer Security and the Data Encryption Standard
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A Quantitative Study of Advanced Encryption Standard Performance
United States Military Academy USMA Digital Commons West Point ETD 12-2018 A Quantitative Study of Advanced Encryption Standard Performance as it Relates to Cryptographic Attack Feasibility Daniel Hawthorne United States Military Academy, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usmalibrary.org/faculty_etd Part of the Information Security Commons Recommended Citation Hawthorne, Daniel, "A Quantitative Study of Advanced Encryption Standard Performance as it Relates to Cryptographic Attack Feasibility" (2018). West Point ETD. 9. https://digitalcommons.usmalibrary.org/faculty_etd/9 This Doctoral Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by USMA Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in West Point ETD by an authorized administrator of USMA Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A QUANTITATIVE STUDY OF ADVANCED ENCRYPTION STANDARD PERFORMANCE AS IT RELATES TO CRYPTOGRAPHIC ATTACK FEASIBILITY A Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Computer Science By Daniel Stephen Hawthorne Colorado Technical University December, 2018 Committee Dr. Richard Livingood, Ph.D., Chair Dr. Kelly Hughes, DCS, Committee Member Dr. James O. Webb, Ph.D., Committee Member December 17, 2018 © Daniel Stephen Hawthorne, 2018 1 Abstract The advanced encryption standard (AES) is the premier symmetric key cryptosystem in use today. Given its prevalence, the security provided by AES is of utmost importance. Technology is advancing at an incredible rate, in both capability and popularity, much faster than its rate of advancement in the late 1990s when AES was selected as the replacement standard for DES. Although the literature surrounding AES is robust, most studies fall into either theoretical or practical yet infeasible. -
Advanced Encryption Standard Real-World Alternatives
Outline Multiple Encryption Birthday Attack Advanced Encryption Standard Real-World Alternatives CPSC 367: Cryptography and Security Michael Fischer Lecture 7 February 5, 2019 Thanks to Ewa Syta for the slides on AES CPSC 367, Lecture 7 1/58 Outline Multiple Encryption Birthday Attack Advanced Encryption Standard Real-World Alternatives Multiple Encryption Composition Group property Birthday Attack Advanced Encryption Standard AES Real-World Issues Alternative Private Key Block Ciphers CPSC 367, Lecture 7 2/58 Outline Multiple Encryption Birthday Attack Advanced Encryption Standard Real-World Alternatives Multiple Encryption CPSC 367, Lecture 7 3/58 Outline Multiple Encryption Birthday Attack Advanced Encryption Standard Real-World Alternatives Composition Composition of cryptosystems Encrypting a message multiple times with the same or different ciphers and keys seems to make the cipher stronger, but that's not always the case. The security of the composition can be difficult to analyze. For example, with the one-time pad, the encryption and decryption functions Ek and Dk are the same. The composition Ek ◦ Ek is the identity function! CPSC 367, Lecture 7 4/58 Outline Multiple Encryption Birthday Attack Advanced Encryption Standard Real-World Alternatives Composition Composition within practical cryptosystems Practical symmetric cryptosystems such as DES and AES are built as a composition of simpler systems. Each component offers little security by itself, but when composed, the layers obscure the message to the point that it is difficult for an adversary to recover. The trick is to find ciphers that successfully hide useful information from a would-be attacker when used in concert. CPSC 367, Lecture 7 5/58 Outline Multiple Encryption Birthday Attack Advanced Encryption Standard Real-World Alternatives Composition Double Encryption Double encryption is when a cryptosystem is composed with itself. -
Implementations of Block Cipher SEED on Smartphone Operating Systems
SECURWARE 2011 : The Fifth International Conference on Emerging Security Information, Systems and Technologies Implementations of Block Cipher SEED on Smartphone Operating Systems HwanJin Lee, DongHoon Shin, and Hyun-Chul Jung Security R&D Team Korea Internet & Security Agency (KISA) Seoul, Korea {lhj79, dhshin, hcjung}@kisa.or.kr Abstract—As more and more people are using smartphones limited power and offers inferior performance compared to a these days, a great deal of important information, such as PC. Therefore, it is difficult to use an open cryptographic personal information and the important documents of library such as OpenSSL, which is designed for the PC corporations among other things, are being saved on environment, in a smartphone. We need to study on the way smartphones. Unlike a PC, people can access another person’s for the effective use of SEED in smartphone. smartphone without great difficulty, and there is a high This paper presents the results of implementing the block possibility of losing one’s smartphone. If smartphone is lost cipher SEED to a smartphone. The results of a comparison without encryption, important information can be exploited. In with open cryptographic libraries (OpenSSL, BouncyCastle) addition, the open cryptographic library for PCs cannot be will also be presented. The SEED is a block cipher used due to the limited performance of the smartphone. This established as an international standard ISO/IEC and the paper introduces the optimization implementation technique for the smartphone OS and the results of using that technique. Korean standard. Section 2 introduces the SEED and open In addition, the results of a speed comparison with the open cryptographic libraries; Section 3 introduces smartphone cryptographic library will be presented. -
The Order of Encryption and Authentication for Protecting Communications (Or: How Secure Is SSL?)?
The Order of Encryption and Authentication for Protecting Communications (Or: How Secure is SSL?)? Hugo Krawczyk?? Abstract. We study the question of how to generically compose sym- metric encryption and authentication when building \secure channels" for the protection of communications over insecure networks. We show that any secure channels protocol designed to work with any combina- tion of secure encryption (against chosen plaintext attacks) and secure MAC must use the encrypt-then-authenticate method. We demonstrate this by showing that the other common methods of composing encryp- tion and authentication, including the authenticate-then-encrypt method used in SSL, are not generically secure. We show an example of an en- cryption function that provides (Shannon's) perfect secrecy but when combined with any MAC function under the authenticate-then-encrypt method yields a totally insecure protocol (for example, ¯nding passwords or credit card numbers transmitted under the protection of such protocol becomes an easy task for an active attacker). The same applies to the encrypt-and-authenticate method used in SSH. On the positive side we show that the authenticate-then-encrypt method is secure if the encryption method in use is either CBC mode (with an underlying secure block cipher) or a stream cipher (that xor the data with a random or pseudorandom pad). Thus, while we show the generic security of SSL to be broken, the current practical implementations of the protocol that use the above modes of encryption are safe. 1 Introduction The most widespread application of cryptography in the Internet these days is for implementing a secure channel between two end points and then exchanging information over that channel. -
Online Payment Fraud Prevention Using Cryptographic Algorithm TDES
S. Aishwarya et al, International Journal of Computer Science and Mobile Computing, Vol.4 Issue.4, April- 2015, pg. 317-323 Available Online at www.ijcsmc.com International Journal of Computer Science and Mobile Computing A Monthly Journal of Computer Science and Information Technology ISSN 2320–088X IJCSMC, Vol. 4, Issue. 4, April 2015, pg.317 – 323 RESEARCH ARTICLE Online Payment Fraud Prevention Using Cryptographic Algorithm TDES S. AISHWARYA1 K.DEVIKA RANI DHIVYA*2 III MSc (SS), Assistant Professor, Department of CA & SS, Department of CA & SS, Sri Krishna Arts and Science College, Sri Krishna Arts and Science College, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India India ABSTRACT: Credit card is a small plastic card issued by a bank, building society, etc., allowing the holder to purchase goods or services on credit. Debit card is a card allowing the holder to transfer money electronically from their bank account when making a purchase. The use of credit cards and debit cards are increasing day by day. People are relying more on both cards nowadays than in the previous days. As credit cards and debit cards becomes the most popular mode of payment for both online as well as regular purchase, cases of fraud associated with it are also rising. In real life, fraudulent transactions are scattered with genuine transactions and simple pattern matching techniques are not often sufficient to detect those frauds accurately. In this project the process of Cryptography has been followed, it is one of the most important security technologies which used to secure the data transmission and the data itself. -
Using Address Independent Seed Encryption and Bonsai Merkle Trees to Make Secure Processors OS- and Performance-Friendly ∗
Using Address Independent Seed Encryption and Bonsai Merkle Trees to Make Secure Processors OS- and Performance-Friendly ∗ Brian Rogers, Siddhartha Chhabra, Yan Solihin Milos Prvulovic Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering College of Computing North Carolina State University Georgia Institute of Technology {bmrogers, schhabr, solihin}@ncsu.edu [email protected] Abstract and feasible threat is physical or hardware attacks which involve placing a bus analyzer that snoops data communicated between the In today’s digital world, computer security issues have become processor chip and other chips [7, 8]. Although physical attacks increasingly important. In particular, researchers have proposed may be more difficult to perform than software-based attacks, they designs for secure processors which utilize hardware-based mem- are very powerful as they can bypass any software security protec- ory encryption and integrity verification to protect the privacy and tion employed in the system. The proliferation of mod-chips that integrity of computation even from sophisticated physical attacks. bypass Digital Rights Management protection in game systems has However, currently proposed schemes remain hampered by prob- demonstrated that given sufficient financial payoffs, physical attacks lems that make them impractical for use in today’s computer sys- are very realistic threats. tems: lack of virtual memory and Inter-Process Communication Recognizing these threats, computer architecture researchers support as well as excessive storage and performance overheads. have recently proposed various types of secure processor architec- In this paper, we propose 1) Address Independent Seed Encryption tures [4, 5, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26]. Secure pro- (AISE), a counter-mode based memory encryption scheme using a cessors assume that off-chip communication is vulnerable to attack novel seed composition, and 2) Bonsai Merkle Trees (BMT), a novel and that the chip boundary provides a natural security boundary. -
Ransomware Is Here: What You Can Do About It?
WHITEPAPER Ransomware is Here: What you can do about it? Overview Over the last few years, ransomware has emerged as one of the most devastating and costly attacks in the hacker arsenal. Cyber thieves are increasingly using this form of attack to target individuals, corporate entities and public sector organizations alike by holding your system or files for ransom. Unlike other forms of cyber theft that often involve stolen financial or healthcare information, ransomware cuts out the middleman. In cases where an attacker steals health or financial documents, they must sell them on to third parties to make money. As far as ransomware is concerned, the money comes directly from the victim. Ransomware is a quickly growing threat vector. According to the FBI’s Internet Crime Complaint center (IC3), infected users made complaints about ransomware 2,453 times in 2015—nearly double the figure for 2014. What’s more, these figures most likely represent only the tip of the iceberg, as many users pay their ransom without making a report to the authorities. A recent survey conducted by a Cyber Security Research Center at the University of Kent found that over 40% of those infected with CryptoLocker actually agreed to pay the ransom demanded, which is a big incentive for hackers to target more systems. Lastly, hackers are rapidly iterating both malware and distribution techniques. In early Q2 of 2016, a new variant of ransomware, known as CryptXXX, emerged on the scene. This program is packed in such a way that users and antivirus software may initially confuse it for a Windows DLL file. -
FIPS 140-2 Non-Proprietary Security Policy Oracle Linux 7 NSS
FIPS 140-2 Non-Proprietary Security Policy Oracle Linux 7 NSS Cryptographic Module FIPS 140-2 Level 1 Validation Software Version: R7-4.0.0 Date: January 22nd, 2020 Document Version 2.3 © Oracle Corporation This document may be reproduced whole and intact including the Copyright notice. Title: Oracle Linux 7 NSS Cryptographic Module Security Policy Date: January 22nd, 2020 Author: Oracle Security Evaluations – Global Product Security Contributing Authors: Oracle Linux Engineering Oracle Corporation World Headquarters 500 Oracle Parkway Redwood Shores, CA 94065 U.S.A. Worldwide Inquiries: Phone: +1.650.506.7000 Fax: +1.650.506.7200 oracle.com Copyright © 2020, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. This document is provided for information purposes only and the contents hereof are subject to change without notice. This document is not warranted to be error-free, nor subject to any other warranties or conditions, whether expressed orally or implied in law, including implied warranties and conditions of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. Oracle specifically disclaim any liability with respect to this document and no contractual obligations are formed either directly or indirectly by this document. This document may reproduced or distributed whole and intact including this copyright notice. Oracle and Java are registered trademarks of Oracle and/or its affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners. Oracle Linux 7 NSS Cryptographic Module Security Policy i TABLE OF CONTENTS Section Title -
Security, Encryption, and Certificates FAQ
Security, Encryption, and Certificates FAQ Overview In Security Center 5.4, several new capabilities will be added that further strengthen the security of the platform itself, as well as the privacy of data. The aim is to prevent unauthorized access to stored and transmitted messages and data, as well as prevent attacks through the use of stronger encryption and authentication mechanisms. With growing demand for privacy, new capabilities in Security Center 5.4 will strengthen Genetec’s position and overall value proposition. This FAQ addresses some of the most common questions in relation to the new capabilities of Security Center: Encryption, Authentication, and Digital Certificates. These concepts are first described in generic terms; the FAQ then outlines how these new measures are used within Security Center 5.4. Encryption vs. Authentication vs. Authorization What is the difference between encryption, authentication, and authorization? Encryption is used to encrypt data so that only authorized users can see it. Authentication determines whether an entity is who they claim to be, eg. in the case of an individual, it is usually based on a username/password combination. Authentication does not actually say anything about what someone is authorized to do or has the right to do. o Client-side authentication uses username/password combinations, tokens (dual authentication), and other techniques. o Server-side authentication uses certificates to identify trusted third parties. Authorization is the function of specifying the rights, eg. defining the access rights someone has over a set of recourses such as a private data, computing resources, or an application. When users log into a Security Center system, what they are allowed or authorized to do depends on the set of privileges assigned to them by administrators. -
Preliminary Analysis: SEED’S First Year
SEED Findings Summary stocktondemonstration.org Preliminary Analysis: SEED’s First Year AUTHORS: CONTRIBUTING RESEARCHERS: Dr. Stacia West, Mina Addo, Mae Carlson, Dr. Amy Castro Baker, Conway Homes Residents Council, Sukhi Samra, Pandora Crowder, Meagan Cusack, Stacy Elliott, Erin Coltrera Daniel Horn, Jenna Steckel, Tooma Zaghloul Preliminary Analysis: SEED's First Year Executive Summary “ Poverty is the biggest issue. Everything we deal with stems from that. There’s so many people working incredibly hard, and if life happens, there’s no bottom. “ —Michael D. Tubbs The Stockton Economic Empowerment Key Findings Include: Demonstration, or SEED, was the nation’s • Guaranteed income reduced income volatility, first mayor-led guaranteed income initiative. or the month-to-month income fluctuations Launched in February 2019 by former Mayor that households face. Michael D. Tubbs, SEED gave 125 Stocktonians $500 per month for 24 months. The cash was • Unconditional cash enabled recipients unconditional, with no strings attached and no to find full-time employment. work requirements. • Recipients of guaranteed income were This Randomized Control Trial (RCT) pilot is being healthier, showing less depression and anxiety evaluated by a team of independent researchers, and enhanced wellbeing. Dr. Stacia West of the University of Tennessee • The guaranteed income alleviated financial and Dr. Amy Castro Baker of the University of scarcity creating new opportunities for Pennsylvania, and funded by the Evidence for self-determination, choice, goal-setting, Action Program at the Robert Wood Johnson and risk-taking. Foundation. SEED sought to confront, address, and humanize Our primary research questions are the following: some of the most pressing and pernicious How does guaranteed income impact problems our country faces: inequality, income income volatility? How do changes in income volatility, and poverty. -
Comparative Study of Cryptographic Encryption Algorithms
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering (IOSR-JECE) e-ISSN: 2278-2834,p- ISSN: 2278-8735.Volume 12, Issue 3, Ver. II (May - June 2017), PP 66-71 www.iosrjournals.org Comparative Study of Cryptographic Encryption Algorithms Chaitra B1, Kiran Kumar V.G.1, Shantharama Rai C2 1(Electronics & Communication Engineering, Sahyadri College of Engineering& Management, India) 1(Associate Professor Electronics & Communication Engineering, Sahyadri College of Engineering & Management, India) 2(Principal,, AJ Institute of Engineering &Technology, Mangaluru, India) Abstract: Protection of the network to enhance the safety of the information is great challenge in cryptography. With the developments in the cryptography lightweight cryptography has large space towards security by its simplicity in the implementations. For majority of applications PRESENT and TEA are excellent and preferred choices. However PRESENT is suitable for low constrained devices like RFID tags and sensor network. In this paper we describe ultra-lightweight cryptographic algorithms in detail. Both efficiency and security of information are important while designing and implementation considering security, cost and performance. The efficiency of PRESENT and TEA are higher as they have ability to resist cryptographic attacks and also due to their adequate security. In this paper the performance analysis of PRESENT and Tea are described. I. Introduction In digital era secrecy of the information plays important role in cryptography. Cryptography is the integral part of communication organization. PRESENT is newly introduced lightweight cryptographic algorithm. It is mainly designed for devices which have extremely low constrained resources in terms of area power and time. If we relate the performance analysis with other PRESENT is better block ciphers. -
Chapter 2 the Data Encryption Standard (DES)
Chapter 2 The Data Encryption Standard (DES) As mentioned earlier there are two main types of cryptography in use today - symmet- ric or secret key cryptography and asymmetric or public key cryptography. Symmet- ric key cryptography is the oldest type whereas asymmetric cryptography is only being used publicly since the late 1970’s1. Asymmetric cryptography was a major milestone in the search for a perfect encryption scheme. Secret key cryptography goes back to at least Egyptian times and is of concern here. It involves the use of only one key which is used for both encryption and decryption (hence the use of the term symmetric). Figure 2.1 depicts this idea. It is necessary for security purposes that the secret key never be revealed. Secret Key (K) Secret Key (K) ? ? - - - - Plaintext (P ) E{P,K} Ciphertext (C) D{C,K} Plaintext (P ) Figure 2.1: Secret key encryption. To accomplish encryption, most secret key algorithms use two main techniques known as substitution and permutation. Substitution is simply a mapping of one value to another whereas permutation is a reordering of the bit positions for each of the inputs. These techniques are used a number of times in iterations called rounds. Generally, the more rounds there are, the more secure the algorithm. A non-linearity is also introduced into the encryption so that decryption will be computationally infeasible2 without the secret key. This is achieved with the use of S-boxes which are basically non-linear substitution tables where either the output is smaller than the input or vice versa. 1It is claimed by some that government agencies knew about asymmetric cryptography before this.