DOCSLIB.ORG

Downloaded for Personal Non‐Commercial Research Or Study, Without Prior Permission Or Charge

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Downloaded for Personal Non‐Commercial Research Or Study, Without Prior Permission Or Charge Lee, Eugene (2018) Between identity and difference : othering, bordering and the self‐fashioning of the reading public in late Choson travel writing. PhD thesis. SOAS University of London. http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/30892 Copyright © and Moral Rights for this thesis are retained by the author and/or other copyright owners. A copy can be downloaded for personal non‐commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder/s. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. When referring to this thesis, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given e.g. AUTHOR (year of submission) "Full thesis title", name of the School or Department, PhD Thesis, pagination. 1 Between Identity and Difference: Othering, Bordering, and the Self-Fashioning of the Reading Public in Late Chosŏn Travel Writing Eugene Lee Thesis submitted for the degree of PhD 2017 Department of Japan and Korea SOAS, University of London 3 Abstract This dissertation explores Chosŏn perceptions of self, China, and the wider world during the first two centuries of Chosŏn-Qing relations, as expressed in yŏnhaengnok, Chosŏn travelers’ accounts of China that proliferated during this same period. I approach yŏnhaengnok as an unofficial counterpart and counterweight to official discourses on Chosŏn and its Others, inasmuch as the production and consumption of yŏnhaengnok involved a widening cross-section of Chosŏn society, the reading public, and provided an alternative avenue for disseminating knowledge, constructing identities, and exercising influence. The bifurcated status of yŏnhaengnok in contemporary scholarship— marginalized as outsider sources on Qing China while privileged as firsthand sources on late Chosŏn intellectuals and intellectual life—reflects a common, overriding concern among historians and literary scholars with the reliability and usefulness of yŏnhaengnok as documentary sources. The dominant scholarly practice of mining yŏnhaengnok for biographical and ideological information about the authors, though productive in its own right, has overshadowed the need to also treat yŏnhaengnok as objects of study in themselves. Here, I seek to demonstrate how attention to the evolving parameters and function of the yŏnhaengnok, as a genre and form of discourse, can contribute to a more nuanced understanding of late Chosŏn identity formation and maintenance. The greater part of this dissertation examines where and how Chosŏn travelers employed the strategies of othering and bordering to represent their encounters in contrasting and hierarchical terms. I attempt to identify the particular subjectivities invoked in such negotiations between identity and difference by combining close 4 readings with broader investigations into the social, intellectual, and literary milieus to which the authors and their readers belonged (or aspired to belong). Finally, I argue that the yŏnhaengnok’s self-referentiality and popularity as a platform for self- fashioning, particularly in the nineteenth century, indicate a stronger interaction between yŏnhaengnok production and reception than has been posited in previous scholarship. 5 Table of Contents Abstract 3 Introduction 7 Chapter One Sinocentrism and Its Discontents: Chosŏn-Qing Relations in Twentieth- and 49 Twenty-first-century Historiography Sadae as Sinocentrism and the De-centering of China in Early Twentieth- 52 Century Korean Nationalist Discourse The Chinese World Order and the Semi-Accidental Legacy of 60 Hae-jong Chun Not So “Model” After All: Challenges to the Model Tributary Thesis 69 De-centering China Again: Chosŏn Chunghwa 73 Yŏnhaengnok as Genre and Discourse 80 Chapter Two Naming the Other and Other Others: Collective Designations in Official 84 Discourse and Yŏnhaengnok Othering Labels in Official Discourse: From Yain to Hoin 89 Labels for the Manchu Qing in Yŏnhaengnok 108 Images of Manchus in Kim Ch’angŏp’s Yŏnhaeng ilgi 113 The Other Others 119 6 Chapter Three The Other Sex: Women and Gender in Yŏnhaengnok 129 Travelers’ Expectations and the Han Chinese-Manchu Dichotomy 133 Irreconcilable Differences: Gender Roles and Footbinding 141 Diminishing Differences 148 Desire and Spectacle 152 Chapter Four The Ŭiju-Fenghuang Border Region as Ritualized Space: A Response to Marion Eggert 161 Preparations and Leave-taking 166 No Man’s Land 174 The Palisade Gate 179 Chapter Five Books and Mirrors: Images of Liulichang in Yŏnhaengnok 186 Liulichang’s Rise in Historical Context 187 Eighteenth-Century Representations of Liulichang 191 Nineteenth-Century Representations of Liulichang 205 Bibliography 214 7 Introduction Ch’oe Pu 崔溥 (1454-1504) had barely settled into his post as Commissioner of Slave Registers in Cheju when a family slave came bearing the news of Ch’oe’s father’s death. Ch’oe set sail on the third day of the intercalary first month, 1488, to return to his paternal home in Chŏlla Province, but his ship fell prey to a violent storm and then to pirates, eventually forcing Ch’oe and his crew to make an inland detour through China. They traveled from the Chinese coastal province of Zhejiang up the Grand Canal to Beijing, and from there they proceeded east to the Sino-Korean border at the Yalu river. By the time Ch’oe finally set foot on mainland Chosŏn, he would have been more than five months late to his father’s funeral—but, if not for such bad luck, he would not have written the P’yohaerok 漂海錄 (Record of drifting across the sea), arguably the most sensational and famous of early Chosŏn travel accounts. Ch’oe originally wrote the P’yohaerok under the title Chungjo kyŏnmun ilgi 中朝見聞日記 (Daily Record of Things Seen and Heard in the Chinese Empire) to submit as a report to King Sŏngjong upon his return from China.1 Ch’oe had seen a part of China that most Chosŏn travelers, in taking an established land route to Beijing, did not get to see, and the unique vantage point of his eyewitness account was not lost on his readers. His Chungjo kyŏnmun ilgi was retitled P’yohaerok and underwent multiple printings in the sixteenth century: in 1511, Royal Secretary Yi Sein 李世仁 appealed for its official publication, emphasizing the informative value of its contents,2 and in 1569, Ch’oe Pu’s grandson Yu Hŭich’un 柳希春 had it printed 1 Sŏngjong sillok 217:12a (1488/06/04); Kim T’aejun, Han’guk ŭi yŏhaeng munhak, p. 107. 2 Chungjong sillok 13:33b-34a (1511/03/14). 8 privately.3 The P’yohaerok was also read in Japan, having made its way there during the Imjin War, and was known to Edo readers as the Tōdo kōteiki 唐土行程記 and, alternatively, as the Tsūzoku hyōkairoku 通俗漂海錄.4 The circumstances of the P’yohaerok’s composition and its subsequent reception history may seem extraordinary, but Ch’oe Pu himself, as an office-holding yangban male, was not unlike the typical travel writer of his day. The only crucial difference was that he had been something of an accidental tourist, more concerned about getting home to perform his filial duties than acting in any diplomatic capacity, whereas most others, as exemplified by Kwŏn Kŭn 權近 (1352-1409), Yi Sŏkhyŏng 李石亨 (1415-1477), and Sŏng Hyŏn 成俔(1439-1504), had gone to Ming China as official envoys dispatched by the Chosŏn court. Even well into the eighteenth century, long after the Ming’s demise, early Chosŏn travelers’ accounts of Ming China continued to receive favorable attention from the Chosŏn court as reliable sources of information and were considered for official publication from time to time as a means of enlightening and boosting the morale of the populace.5 Cho Hŏn’s 趙憲 Choch’ŏn ilgi 朝天日記 (1574), for example, was printed under the auspices of King Yŏngjo in 1734, on account of its not only containing “detailed descriptions of Chinese court rituals and the travel route to Beijing,” but also having miraculously survived the “double devastation” of the Imjin War and Manchu invasions.6 In contrast, embassy travel accounts of Qing China, which would have contained more up-to-date and topically relevant 3 Kim T’aejun, Han’guk ŭi yŏhaeng munhak, p. 107. 4 Pak Wŏnho, “Ch’oe Pu P’yohaerok pŏnyŏk sulp’yŏng,” pp. 369-370. 5 For example, references to the travel poetry and prose of Wŏlsa Yi Chŏnggu (1564-1635), who made four embassy trips to Ming China, can be found in the following: Kwanghaegun ilgi 158:7a (1620/11/17), Sukchong sillok 65:19a (1720/06/08), Sŭngjŏngwŏn ilgi 1318:106a (1771/06/20). 6 Yŏngjo sillok 38:29a (1734/06/21). 9 information, did not enjoy the same positive evaluation or receive nearly as much attention in state discourse.7 Yŏnhaengnok 燕行錄 (lit., record of a journey to Beijing), as these late Chosŏn travel accounts are now commonly known, were in a sense byproducts of Chosŏn Korea’s capitulation to the Manchus in 1637 and subsequent coercion into tributary relations with the Manchu Qing. As the Qing’s legitimacy was highly questionable to Chosŏn ruling elites given the Manchus’ non- Han, “barbarian” origins, so, too, was the value of officially endorsing yŏnhaengnok: why express any interest in yŏnhaengnok, when doing so could be construed as support for an illegitimate, barbarian regime? At least, this is one view implicit in the dismissive (or, more likely, discreet) silence of the Chosŏn court on the production and consumption of yŏnhaengnok, whereas the yŏnhaengnok themselves
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Korea: from Hermit Kingdom to Colony
    WORLD HISTORY: 1750–1914 KOREA From Hermit Kingdom to Colony By MiChael J. seth the World encroaches on the hermit Kingdom At the end of the eighteenth century, Korea was a land with more than a millen- nium of political unity, proud of its rigid adherence to Confucian cultural norms, and at peace with its neighbors. Under the reigns of two able kings, Yŏngjo (1724– 1776) and Chŏngjo (1776–1800), Korea prospered. In the nineteenth century, however, the state entered a period when weak kings were dominated by power- ful clans related to the monarch through royal marriages. Some historians see this as a sign that Korea was entering a decline after 1800. There was an uprising in the northwest in 1811–1812, a rice riot in Seoul in 1833, and some small scale peas- ant uprisings in the countryside, mainly aimed at local officials. Yet, its political and social institutions appeared quite stable. The social and economic domination of the country by the hereditary yangban elite (the high- est social class of Korea during the Chosŏn dynasty, 1392–1910), who competed for government office by taking the civil service exams, was secure. There was a Korea, the ”Hermit Kingdom.“ 1904. Image source: library of steady rise in population in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, but Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington. this was matched by improvements in agricultural production. The number of famines appears to have declined after 1750. Traditional arts and letters flourished well into the nineteenth century. A number of scholars, later called the Sirhak, or Practical Learning faction, were actively examining political, economic, and social issues.
    [Show full text]
  • American Oriental Society
    American Oriental Society FOUNDED 1842 Constituent of the American Council of Learned Societies And the International Union of Orientalists ABSTRACTS OF COMMUNICATIONS PRESENTED AT THE TWO HUNDRED AND TWENTY-NINTH MEETING Chicago, Illinois March 15–18, 2019 c American Oriental Society 2019 New Haven CT and Ann Arbor MI A. Ancient Near East I: Syntax and Semantics. John Huehnergard, Uni- versity of Texas, Chair (1:30 p.m.–2:30 p.m.) Picasso Ballroom ∗ 1. Øyvind Bjøru, University of Texas at Austin, and Na’ama Pat-El, The Univer- sity of Texas, Austin On the Historical Syntax of the Subordination Morpheme in Assyrian Akkadian Akkadian marks subordinated verbs with a special morpheme, Babylonian -u and Assyri-an -(¯u)ni; e.g., ˇsa ir-ra-ru ‘the one he curses’ (OB, Anzu, line 22). Semitists and Assyriologists have debated the origin of these morphemes in Akkadian in general and in Assyrian in particular (e.g., Kouwenberg 2010, Hasselbach 2012). In this paper we will concentrate on the syntax and distribution of the morpheme in Assyrian, where it is morphologically complex and its syntax differs significantly from Babylonian. We will argue that this morpheme becomes generalized in this dialect, shifting from being part of the Assyrian TAM markers with restricted distribution, to acquiring a purely syntactic function which is decoupled from the verbal paradigm. In Middle Assyrian, the morpheme is attested on all verbal and deverbal predicates, with no restriction, including with verbs carrying other suffixes, such as pronominal and ventive. The most interesting development, however, is attested in Neo-Assyrian, where the morpheme is used to mark the right-most edge of the subordinated sentence, no matter what element is located there, including pronominal subjects in nominal sentences; e.g., LU´ la ´u-da a-a-´uˇsu-tu-´u-ni ‘I don’t know who this man is’ (SAA 10, 280: r1-2).
    [Show full text]
  • Engaging with the Trans-East Asian Cultural Tradition in Modern Chinese, Japanese, Korean, and Taiwanese Literatures, 1880S-1940S
    Afterlives of the Culture: Engaging with the Trans-East Asian Cultural Tradition in Modern Chinese, Japanese, Korean, and Taiwanese Literatures, 1880s-1940s The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Hashimoto, Satoru. 2014. Afterlives of the Culture: Engaging with the Trans-East Asian Cultural Tradition in Modern Chinese, Japanese, Korean, and Taiwanese Literatures, 1880s-1940s. Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:13064962 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA Afterlives of the Culture: Engaging with the Trans-East Asian Cultural Tradition in Modern Chinese, Japanese, Korean, and Taiwanese Literatures, 1880s-1940s A dissertation presented by Satoru Hashimoto to The Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the subject of East Asian Languages and Civilizations Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts August 2014 ! ! © 2014 Satoru Hashimoto All rights reserved. ! ! Dissertation Advisor: Professor David Der-Wei Wang Satoru Hashimoto Afterlives of the Culture: Engaging with the Trans-East Asian Cultural Tradition in Modern Chinese, Japanese, Korean, and Taiwanese Literatures, 1880s-1940s Abstract This dissertation examines how modern literature in China, Japan, Korea, and Taiwan in the late-nineteenth to the early-twentieth centuries was practiced within contexts of these countries’ deeply interrelated literary traditions.
    [Show full text]
  • Violence and Predation, Mainly in the Form of Piracy, Were Two Of
    violence and predation robert j. antony Violence and Predation on the Sino-Vietnamese Maritime Frontier, 1450–1850 iolence and predation, mainly in the form of piracy, were two of V the most persistent and pervasive features of the Sino-Vietnamese maritime frontier between the mid-fifteenth and mid-nineteenth cen- turies.1 In the Gulf of Tonkin, which is the focus of this article, piracy was, in fact, an intrinsic feature of this sea frontier and a dynamic and significant force in the region’s economic, social, and cultural devel- opment. My approach, what scholars call history from the bottom up, places pirates, not the state, at center stage, recognizing their impor- tance and agency as historical actors. My research is based on various types of written history, including Qing archives, the Veritable Records of Vietnam and China, local Chinese gazetteers, and travel accounts; I also bring in my own fieldwork in the gulf region conducted over the past six years. The article is divided into three sections: first, I discuss the geopolitical characteristics of this maritime frontier as a background to our understanding of piracy in the region; second, I consider the socio-cultural aspects of the gulf region, especially the underclass who engaged in clandestine activities as a part of their daily lives; and third, I analyze five specific episodes of piracy in the Gulf of Tonkin. The Gulf of Tonkin (often referred to here simply as the gulf), which is tucked away in the northwestern corner of the South China Sea, borders on Vietnam in the west and China in the north and east.
    [Show full text]
  • A Comparison of Buddhist Music and Dance Between Ancient Cambodian and Yunnan Minority Peoples After Reading the Customs of Cambodia
    A Comparison of Buddhist Music and Dance Between Ancient Cambodian and Yunnan Minority Peoples After Reading The Customs of Cambodia Yang Minkang (Music Research Institute, The Central Conservatory of Music, Beijing) [Summary] Over 700 years ago, The Customs of Cambodia was written by Zhou Daguan. It provided a detailed, reliable record and description of the Buddhist culture of Chenla, describing the Buddhist sects, characteristics of temples, Theravada rituals, ritual music activities, and related folklore activities. Compared with the music of some Yunnan ethnic groups that believe in Theravada, such as Dai, Blang, De’ang, etc, they all have some common features. In the vast sea of Chinese historical records, this is another important historical document that records ceremonies and ritual music and dance in detail after the Pyu Music.1 It helps us to understand the ins and outs of Theravada music and dance culture in China today, it also sheds light on the research of Theravada’s cultural history in Southeast Asia. [Keywords] The Customs of Cambodia, Dai Minority, Blang Minority, Theravada, Ritual music. [Chinese Library Classification] J607， J608, J609.2 [Document Code] A [Article ID] 1008－9667（2009）03－0027－08 During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, Chenla which was a vassal state of Funan, began to rise. Its original territories included today's northern Cambodia and southern Laos. Around the mid-6th century, A.D, Chenla annexed the eastern border area of Funan and gradually became stronger. In the 7th century, it eventually replaced Funan and became the most powerful Indianized countries in Southeast Asia. During the Song2 and Yuan3 dynasties, this country that once belonged to Funan grew stronger.
    [Show full text]
  • The Road to Literary Culture: Revisiting the Jurchen Language Examination System*
    T’OUNG PAO 130 T’oung PaoXin 101-1-3 Wen (2015) 130-167 www.brill.com/tpao The Road to Literary Culture: Revisiting the Jurchen Language Examination System* Xin Wen (Harvard University) Abstract This essay contextualizes the unique institution of the Jurchen language examination system in the creation of a new literary culture in the Jin dynasty (1115–1234). Unlike the civil examinations in Chinese, which rested on a well-established classical canon, the Jurchen language examinations developed in close connection with the establishment of a Jurchen school system and the formation of a literary canon in the Jurchen language and scripts. In addition to being an official selection mechanism, the Jurchen examinations were more importantly part of a literary endeavor toward a cultural ideal. Through complementing transmitted Chinese sources with epigraphic sources in Jurchen, this essay questions the conventional view of this institution as a “Jurchenization” measure, and proposes that what the Jurchen emperors and officials envisioned was a road leading not to Jurchenization, but to a distinctively hybrid literary culture. Résumé Cet article replace l’institution unique des examens en langue Jurchen dans le contexte de la création d’une nouvelle culture littéraire sous la dynastie des Jin (1115–1234). Contrairement aux examens civils en chinois, qui s’appuyaient sur un canon classique bien établi, les examens en Jurchen se sont développés en rapport étroit avec la mise en place d’un système d’écoles Jurchen et avec la formation d’un canon littéraire en langue et en écriture Jurchen. En plus de servir à la sélection des fonctionnaires, et de façon plus importante, les examens en Jurchen s’inscrivaient * This article originated from Professor Peter Bol’s seminar at Harvard University.
    [Show full text]
  • Preface of Selections of Refined Literature”
    Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 416 4th International Conference on Culture, Education and Economic Development of Modern Society (ICCESE 2020) Exploration on the Completion Time of the “Preface of Selections of Refined Literature” Yong Yu The College of Literature and Journalism Sichuan University Chengdu, China Abstract—The opinions on the completion time of the At the end of the "Preface of Selections of Refined "Preface of Selections of Refined Literature" have always been Literature", it describes the beginning year and end year of divergent and inconsistent. To examine its completion time, it the works collected in "Selections of Refined Literature" and is necessary to combine various internal and external factors the total number of volumes, and explains the basis of the such as the preface, the compilation style of "Selections of style order arrangement. Especially, the poems are Refined Literature", the life story of the editor, and the process subdivided into subtypes and sequenced according to the of writing the book. It helps to make clear the long-standing times. Obviously, it is neither possible for the editor to related disputes in the researches on "anthologizing presume the total number of volumes compiled before principles". completion of "Selections of Refined Literature" nor possible Keywords: “Preface of Selections of Refined Literature”, to previously have an idea of subdividing poems into Xiao Tong, completion time subtypes. If the "Preface of Selections of Refined Literature" was written in the compilation process but before completion I. INTRODUCTION of "Selections of Refined Literature", the editor would also not available to conclude that the total number of volumes is When was the "Preface of Selections of Refined thirty.
    [Show full text]
  • Hsian.G Lectqres on Chinese.Poet
    Hsian.g LectQres on Chinese.Poet: Centre for East Asian Research . McGill University Hsiang Lectures on Chinese Poetry Volume 7, 2015 Grace S. Fong Editor Chris Byrne Editorial Assistant Centre for East Asian Research McGill University Copyright © 2015 by Centre for East Asian Research, McGill University 688 Sherbrooke Street West McGill University Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 3R1 Calligraphy by: Han Zhenhu For additional copies please send request to: Hsiang Lectures on Chinese Poetry Centre for East Asian Research McGill University 688 Sherbrooke Street West Montreal, Quebec Canada H3A 3R1 A contribution of $5 towards postage and handling will be appreciated. This volume is printed on acid-free paper. Endowed by Professor Paul Stanislaus Hsiang (1915-2000) Contents Editor’s Note vii Nostalgia and Resistance: Gender and the Poetry of 1 Chen Yinke Wai-yee Li History as Leisure Reading for Ming-Qing Women Poets 27 Clara Wing-chung Ho Gold Mountain Dreams: Classical-Style Poetry from 65 San Francisco Chinatown Lap Lam Classical Poetry, Photography, and the Social Life of 107 Emotions in 1910s China Shengqing Wu Editor’s Note For many reasons, Volume 7 has taken much longer than anticipated to appear. One was the decision to wait in order to have four Hsiang Lectures in this volume rather than the customary three. The delay and small increase in the number of lectures bring new horizons in research on Chinese poetry to our readers. Indeed, in terms of the time frame covered, this volume focuses mostly, but not exclusively, on the twentieth century. Three of the four lectures are fascinating studies of the manifold significations of classical verse and their continued vitality in the discursive space of Chinese politics and culture in a century of modernization.
    [Show full text]
  • The Seal of the Unity of the Three SAMPLE
    !"# $#%& '( !"# )*+!, '( !"# !"-## By the same author: Great Clarity: Daoism and Alchemy in Early Medieval China (Stanford University Press, 2006) The Encyclopedia of Taoism, editor (Routledge, 2008) Awakening to Reality: The “Regulated Verses” of the Wuzhen pian, a Taoist Classic of Internal Alchemy (Golden Elixir Press, 2009) Fabrizio Pregadio The Seal of the Unity of the Three A Study and Translation of the Cantong qi, the Source of the Taoist Way of the Golden Elixir Golden Elixir Press This sample contains parts of the Introduction, translations of 9 of the 88 sections of the Cantong qi, and parts of the back matter. For other samples and more information visit this web page: www.goldenelixir.com/press/trl_02_ctq.html Golden Elixir Press, Mountain View, CA www.goldenelixir.com [email protected] © 2011 Fabrizio Pregadio ISBN 978-0-9843082-7-9 (cloth) ISBN 978-0-9843082-8-6 (paperback) All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations, no part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Typeset in Sabon. Text area proportioned in the Golden Section. Cover: The Chinese character dan 丹 , “Elixir.” To Yoshiko Contents Preface, ix Introduction, 1 The Title of the Cantong qi, 2 A Single Author, or Multiple Authors?, 5 The Dating Riddle, 11 The Three Books and the “Ancient Text,” 28 Main Commentaries, 33 Dao, Cosmos, and Man, 36 The Way of “Non-Doing,” 47 Alchemy in the Cantong qi, 53 From the External Elixir to the Internal Elixir, 58 Translation, 65 Book 1, 69 Book 2, 92 Book 3, 114 Notes, 127 Textual Notes, 231 Tables and Figures, 245 Appendixes, 261 Two Biographies of Wei Boyang, 263 Chinese Text, 266 Index of Main Subjects, 286 Glossary of Chinese Characters, 295 Works Quoted, 303 www.goldenelixir.com/press/trl_02_ctq.html www.goldenelixir.com/press/trl_02_ctq.html Introduction “The Cantong qi is the forefather of the scriptures on the Elixir of all times.
    [Show full text]
  • The Education Movement of the Royal Family of the Empire of Great Han and Myeongshin Girls’ School* 1
    The Education Movement of the royal family of the Empire of Great Han and Myeongshin Girls’ School* 1 Suhwa Yuk Seoul National University, South Korea Abstract The purpose of this study is to examine various aspects of the civilization policy and education movement of King Gojong, who tried to protect independence through the modernization of the Empire of Great Han (1897~1910) and to trace the establishment process and spirit of Myeongshin girls’ school, which was estab- lished and supported by the royal family. This study will give readers an oppor- tunity to reconsider their perspective of King Gojong, which has been distorted by Japan, and to grasp a better idea of how the royal family supported the na- tional salvation movement through education. King Gojong demonstrated his will for enlightenment by often signing protective trading treaties with powers of the West despite violent opposition by the con- servatives in the cabinet against his opening policy after 1880, and by emphasizing that education is the basis for the preservation of state through his “national salva- tion movement through education.” Gojong sought to establish a modern educa- tional system, thus positively promoting the project of educational modernization and the educational project through missionaries. Myeongshin girls' school was a royal women’s school established by Wunheon Hwang-gwibi, the wife of the king, in order to educate and train elite persons to restore the sovereignty of the state. Even though it was established based on the Japanese noble women’s school as a model, the school actively and continuously participated in the protest movement against Japan with an outstanding sense of sovereignty and patriotism against the colonization of Korea.
    [Show full text]
  • Tibet Was Never Part of China Before 1950: Examples of Authoritative Pre-1949 Chinese Documents That Prove It
    Article Tibet was Never Part of China Before 1950: Examples of Authoritative pre-1949 Chinese Documents that Prove It Hon-Shiang LAU Abstract The claim ‘Tibet has been part of China since antiquity’ is crucial for the PRC to legitimize her annexation of Tibet in 1950. However, the vast amount of China’s pre-1949 primary-source records consistently indicate that this claim is false. This paper presents a very small sample of these records from the Ming and the Qing dynasties to illustrate how they unequivocally contradict PRC’s claim. he People’s Republic of China (PRC) claims that ‘Tibet has been part of China T since antiquity西藏自古以来就是中国的一部分.’ The Central Tibet Administration (CTA), based in Dharamshala in India, refuses to accede to this claim, and this refusal by the CTA is used by the PRC as: 1. A prima facie proof of CTA’s betrayal to her motherland (i.e., China), and 2. Justification for not negotiating with the CTA or the Dalai Lama. Why must the PRC’s insist that ‘Tibet has been part of China since antiquity’? China is a signatory to the 1918 League-of-Nations Covenants and the 1945 United- Nations Charter; both documents prohibit future (i.e., post-1918) territorial acquisitions via conquest. Moreover, the PRC incessantly paints a sorry picture of Prof. Hon-Shiang LAU is an eminent Chinese scholar and was Chair Professor at the City University of Hong Kong. He retired in 2011 and has since then pursued research on Chinese government records and practices. His study of Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming, and Manchu period official records show that Tibet was never treated as part of China.
    [Show full text]
  • Title Application of Center-Periphery Theory to the Study of Vietnam-China Relations in the Middle Ages Author(S) Hanh, Nguyen T
    Application of Center-Periphery Theory to the Study of Title Vietnam-China Relations in the Middle Ages Author(s) Hanh, Nguyen Thi My Citation Southeast Asian Studies (2019), 8(1): 53-79 Issue Date 2019-04 URL http://hdl.handle.net/2433/241641 Right © Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University Type Departmental Bulletin Paper Textversion publisher Kyoto University Southeast Asian Studies, Vol. 49, No. 2, September 2011 Application of Center-Periphery Theory to the Study of Vietnam-China Relations in the Middle Ages* Nguyen Thi My Hanh** Based on the generalizations in international researchers’ views on the relationship between the center and the periphery, the author maps out a theory on the relation- ship between Vietnam (as the periphery) and China (as the center of East Asia) during feudalism. On the basis of the theory of central-peripheral relationships and the realities of a diplomatic relationship between Vietnam and China during feudal- ism, the article proves not only that China considered itself to be the center of East Asia with the role of “educating” surrounding peripheries, but also that surrounding countries were influenced by Chinese Confucian ideologies. For example, Vietnam also followed the Chinese-centric order. Accordingly, acts such as requesting inves- titure and tribute from Vietnam to the “center” (China) were sustained for a long period, although there was no balance in interest between the two countries. In addition to the subordinate tendency of the periphery in relation to the center, there is a centrifugal tendency because of the asymmetry in interest. In the case of the Vietnam-China relationship at that time, Vietnam’s subordinate tendency was rela- tive and superficial, while the centrifugal tendency was mainstream.
    [Show full text]