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In the Mining Areas of Bangka Island and Its Effects on Human Health (Literature Review)

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In the Mining Areas of Bangka Island and Its Effects on Human Health (Literature Review) Luthviatin et al (2021): Lead (Pb) Effects on Human Health Jan 2021 Vol. 24 Issue 01 The Analysis of Potential Exposure to Lead (Pb) in The Mining Areas of Bangka Island and Its Effects on Human Health (Literature Review) Novia Luthviatin1*, Hertanto W Subagio2, Onny Setiani3, Bagoes Widjanarko4 1Magister of Public Health, Doctoral Program, Faculty of Public Health, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia. 2Professor of medicine, Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia. 3Doctor of Philosophy. Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Public Health, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia. 4Doctoral of Public Health, Department of Health Promotion, Faculty of Public Health, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia *Corresponding author: Novia Luthviatin Pangkalpinang, Bangka Belitung Province, Indonesia Phone Numbers: +6288286018021, +6285236333360 Email: [email protected] Abstract Background: Bangka Belitung Islands province is the largest industrial tin mining area. A high prevalence rate of metabolic diseases occurs in the province as Pb exposure can affect organ systems and hormones negatively and cause metabolic disease. Aims:This review aimed to analyze the distribution of lead (Pb) in the mining areas of Bangka Island, potential exposure, and its effects on human health.Settings and Design:-Methods and Material:Literature search collected articles published in Indonesian and English related to the distribution of lead (Pb) in Bangka Island with keywords, such as Pb and Bangka Belitung. The search was carried out on the Google search engine, several websites, and direct information from researchers. All articles retrieved were narratively reviewed. Statistical analysis used:- Results:Lead (Pb) was found in rivers, post-tin mining ponds, sea, and aquatic biotas such as snails, fish, shellfish, and shrimp. Post-tin mining ponds is a source of water used by the community for drinking and fulfilling all household needs, while they always consume marine products such as fish, shellfish, and shrimp daily. Discussion: Lead (Pb) is exposed to human most likely through daily consumption, such as drinking water and food. Lead (Pb) which transmits the human body at certain levels may cause metabolic disorders, including hypertension, high cholesterol, obesity, type-2 diabetes mellitus, and coronary heart disease.Conclusions:Lead (Pb) exposure in the mining areas of Bangka Island is significantly predicted to affect public health and Annals of Tropical Medicine & Public Health http://doi.org/10.36295/ASRO.2021.24193 Luthviatin et al (2021): Lead (Pb) Effects on Human Health Jan 2021 Vol. 24 Issue 01 lead to the increased prevalence of metabolic diseases. It is necessary to measure the levels of heavy metals in the human body to find out its effect on health. In the long run, the provincial government of Bangka Belitung should make prevention and control measures of exposure to heavy metals that is normally below the human body's threshold. Keywords: lead (Pb), distribution, exposure, health impacts, tin mining, Bangka Island Key Messages: Lead (Pb) is produced from tin mining activities in Bangka Islands. Lead (Pb) was found in several area and biota. Lead (Pb) exposure is significantly predicted to affect public health. How to cite this article: Luthviatin N, Subagio HW, et al (2021): The analysis of potential exposure to lead (Pb) in the mining areas of Bangka Island and its effect on human health (Literature review) , Ann Trop Med & Public Health; 22(S01): SP24193. DOI: http://doi.org/10.36295/ASRO.2021.24193 Introduction Currently, there has been an increase in the prevalence of metabolic diseases worldwide,1 including in Asian countries.2 This increase also occurred in Indonesia as the 2013-2018 Basic Health Research has shown. Metabolic diseases and metabolic syndromes, such as Diabetes Mellitus (2.1%- 2.0%), central obesity (26.6%-31.0%), and hypertension (25.8%-34.11%). Several provinces with higher prevalence of such diseases include Bangka Belitung Province which the prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus (2.5%-2.5%), central obesity (31.8%-33.8%), and hypertension (30.9%-29.9%) was above the national prevalence rate.3,4 Bangka Belitung province had the highest prevalence of hypertension and became the third- highest prevalence of stroke in Indonesia in 2013.3 In 2018, the prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus was in the sixth highest, and that of stroke was in the seventh place of all Indonesia provinces. The prevalence of obesity in the province was above the national prevalence rate in each age group, such as toddlers, children, adolescents, and adults.4Although Indonesia has been known as the global tin producer for hundreds of years, with the largest producing area on the Bangka Belitung Islands, the mining activity remains to cause health risks, including metabolic diseases. This issue has not been studied further although data have reported incidents of high metabolic diseases in Bangka Belitung province. The increase in the prevalence of metabolic diseases and syndromes over the last 3 decades cannot be examined only from traditional factors such as genetics, diet pattern, and physical activity. Additional environmental factors may be contributing to this epidemic.5,6Since 2002, studies have begun to investigate the presence of chemicals in the environment both as natural effects and Annals of Tropical Medicine & Public Health http://doi.org/10.36295/ASRO.2021.24193 Luthviatin et al (2021): Lead (Pb) Effects on Human Health Jan 2021 Vol. 24 Issue 01 pollutants that contribute to the increased prevalence.7 These chemicals affect the endocrine system in animals and humans, thereby disrupting the function of hormones and organs. These chemicals are called endocrine disruptor chemicals that involve heavy metals, including lead (Pb).6 Heavy metal is a general term often used to describe groups of metals (metals) or semi-metals (metalloids) associated with contamination.8 Among the elements that exist in nature, sixty elements are classified as heavy metals, such as Pb, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Zn, Hg, and so on.9 Heavy metals, such as lead, cadmium, and mercury, are absorbed from contaminated food and water sources, as well as cigarette smoke and polluted air, especially from certain industries such as electroplating, welding, smelting, refining, and battery manufacturing10 as well as the mining industries of tin, gold, silver, and kaolinite.11,12 Indonesia is the largest tin producer (Sn) in the world after China, while the Bangka Belitung Islands province is the largest tin mining area in Indonesia.13 The mining activities result in environmental damage to the community.14 Heavy metal pollution including Pb occurs in rivers, sea, and kolong (ex-excavated tin mining ponds).11,15Lead (Pb) exposure to humans can disrupt organ systems and hormones in the body and potentially cause metabolic diseases.16,17 This study drew some conclusions of the distribution of lead (Pb) in the mining areas of Bangka Belitung Province, its exposure and its effects on human health by reviewing findings of previous studies. Subjects and Methods Literature search only collected articles published in Indonesian and English related to the distribution of lead (Pb) in Bangka Island with keywords, such as Pb and Bangka Belitung. Literature search was done on Google Search Engine, specific websites, and some studies reviewed were also references from other researchers. Direct information from the Indonesian public health researchers by telephone, email, and WhatsApp. The total number of studies reviewed here was 23 articles. All articles were screened with the inclusion criteria which could be determined by reading the abstracts. After the screening process, 10 articles were qualified to the full text screening. Often relevant articles, 8 articles were continued to the analysis stage, but 2 articles were not accessible. All articles retrieved were narratively reviewed. The selected articles were published in accredited journals (SINTA, Google Scholar, and Scopus). The literature searching process is available in figure 1, and the complete list of articles is available in table 1. Annals of Tropical Medicine & Public Health http://doi.org/10.36295/ASRO.2021.24193 Luthviatin et al (2021): Lead (Pb) Effects on Human Health Jan 2021 Vol. 24 Issue 01 Results Distribution of Lead Metal (Pb) in Bangka Belitung Province Pb sources exist due to natural and anthropogenic consequences. Naturally, Pb in the environment occurs as a result of geological weathering and volcanic eruptions. Anthropogenic activities that produce Pb include mining and smelting activities, and Pb also exists as a by-product of the battery, cables, pigments, and steel industries as well as from the combustion of gasoline fuel containing TEL and TML additives. It is estimated that mining and smelting activities could produce the amount of Pb emitted into the environment at around 126,000 tons/year, and other activities could result in Pb emission at around 3 million tons/year (Manahan, 1992).18 The Bangka Belitung Islands province is located at 104 ° 50 'to 109 ° 30' East Longitude and 0 ° 50 'to 4 ° 10' South Latitude, bordered with the Bangka Strait in the West, the Strait Karimata in the East, the Natuna Sea in the North, and the Java Sea in the South. The Bangka Belitung Islands province has six districts and one city; Bangka district, West Bangka district, Central Bangka district, South Bangka district, Belitung
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